FIR quash, cheating, criminal breach of trust, Section 482 Cr.P.C., civil dispute, criminal liability, monetary transaction, Punjab & Haryana High Court
 29 Jul, 2026
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Harvinder Kaur and others Vs. State of Punjab and another

  Punjab & Haryana High Court CRM-M-32246-2023 (O&M)
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Case Background

As per case facts, the complainant alleged that the petitioners, through misrepresentation about business expansion, induced him to transfer a substantial amount, which they later refused to return, leading to ...

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CRM-M-32246-2023 (O&M)    -1-    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IN THE HIGH COURT FOR THE STATES OF PUNJAB AND   

HARYANA AT CHANDIGARH   

 

 

            CRM-M-32246-2023 (O&M) 

 

 

Harvinder Kaur and others            ...Petitioners

 

 

Versus

 

 

State of Punjab and another                 ...Respondents 

 

Sr. No.  Particulars  Details 

1  The date when the judgment is reserved  20.07.2026 

2  The date when the judgment is pronounced  29.07.2026 

3  The date when the judgment is uploaded on the website  29.07.2026 

Whether only operative part of the judgment is pronounced or full 

judgment is pronounced 

Full 

The delay, if any, of the pronouncement of full judgment, and 

reasons thereof 

Not 

applicable 

 

CORAM:  HON'BLE MRS. JUSTICE MANISHA BATRA  

 

Present:-  Mr. Anil Kashyap, Advocate 

    for the petitioners. 

 

    Ms. Ruchika Sabherwal, Senior DAG, Punjab. 

 

    Mr. Nirmaljeet Singh Sidhu, Advocate 

    for respondent No. 2. 

 

 

MANISHA BATRA, J.

 

 

1.     Prayer in the present petition, filed under Section 482 Cr.P.C., 

is for quashing of FIR No. 06 dated 25.06.2020, registered at Police Station 

NRI, District Bathinda, under Sections 406, 420 and 120-B IPC, along with 

all consequential proceedings arising therefrom.  

2.    As  per  the  allegations  in  the  FIR,  the  complainant,  Pargat 

Singh,  a  resident  of  Canada,  got  engaged  to  Gurmeet  Kaur,  daughter  of 

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Gurnam Singh, in May, 2015. At the time of the Roka ceremony, Gurmeet 

Kaur,  her  parents  Gurnam  Singh  and  Tej  Kaur  had  come  to  India  from 

Canada. Since petitioner Nos.2 and 3, namely Nirmal Singh Gill and Satvir 

Kaur Gill, were residing in Canada, the complainant came in contact with 

them through his prospective wife and her family after the engagement. It 

was  further  alleged  that  after  the  engagement,  petitioner  No.1,  Harvinder 

Kaur, who is the complainant's sister-in-law, informed him that her brother 

Nirmal Singh Gill (petitioner No.2) and his wife Satvir Kaur Gill (petitioner 

No.3),  who  were  carrying  on  business  in  Canada,  required  a  sum  of 

₹20,00,000/-  for  expansion  of  their  business.  She  represented  that  if  the 

complainant advanced the said amount, the same would be returned after 

some time. Trusting the representation made by his prospective relatives, the 

complainant  agreed  to  lend  the  money.  Petitioner  No.  1  Harvinder  Kaur 

allegedly asked him to deposit the amount in the joint savings bank account 

maintained by herself and her father Gurnam Singh with Oriental Bank of 

Commerce,  Moga,  assuring  him  that  the  amount  would thereafter  be 

remitted  to  Nirmal  Singh  and  Satvir  Kaur  in  Canada.  Acting  upon  the 

aforesaid assurance, the complainant transferred a sum of ₹20,00,000/- on 

13.11.2015 from his HDFC Bank account, Bhakta Bhai Branch, to the joint 

bank account of Harvinder Kaur and Gurnam Singh bearing Account No. 

03912010004830.  The  complainant  retained  the  receipt  of  the  said 

transaction. It is stated in the FIR that at the relevant time, his marriage had 

not yet taken place and, therefore, he had no reason to doubt the assurances 

extended by his prospective in-laws.  

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3.    As  per  the  further  allegations,  thereafter  the complainant's 

Shagun  ceremony  was  held  on  24.02.2016  at  Taj  Hotel,  Moga  and  his 

marriage  with  Gurmeet  Kaur  was  solemnized  on  28.02.2016  at  Majestic 

Palace, Moga. After obtaining the necessary visa, the complainant left for 

Canada on 05.03.2017 and started residing there along with his wife. After 

reaching Canada, the complainant demanded repayment of the amount of 

₹20,00,000/- from all the three petitioners. Initially, they kept postponing the 

matter on one pretext or another. However, subsequently, they flatly refused 

to  return  the  amount  and  allegedly  told  the  complainant  that  they  had 

cheated him on the pretext of business and that they would not repay any 

money. They are also alleged to have told the complainant that he could take 

whatever legal action he wished, as they had no intention of returning the 

money. They also threatened the complainant with dire consequences and 

warned him that if he persisted in demanding the money, they would get him 

killed.  On  these  allegations,  the  impugned  FIR  was registered  and 

investigation proceedings were initiated. Since petitioners No. 2 and 3 were 

residing  abroad,  they  could  not  be  joined  into  investigation  and  after 

completion of investigation, challan qua petitioner No. 1 only was presented 

and charges against her have been framed. Aggrieved from registration of 

the  impugned  FIR  against  them,  the  petitioners  have  filed  the  present 

petition.    Vide  order  dated  07.07.2023,  passed  by  this  Court,  the  further 

proceedings before the learned trial Court were stayed. 

4.    It  is  argued  by  learned  counsel  for  the  petitioners  that  the 

impugned FIR is a gross abuse of the process of law and deserves to be 

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quashed  as  the  dispute  is  purely  civil  in  nature  arising  out  of  an  alleged 

monetary transaction. It is argued that the complainant has already instituted 

a  civil  suit  for  recovery  of  the  alleged  amount  and,  therefore,  resort  to 

criminal proceedings is nothing but an attempt to exert pressure upon the 

petitioners for recovery of money. It is further submitted that the amount of 

₹20 lakhs was never advanced as a business loan. Rather, it was deposited 

by  the  complainant  in  the  bank  account  of  his  prospective  father-in-law, 

Gurnam Singh, as security in connection with his proposed marriage with 

Gurmeet Kaur. According to the petitioners, the entire amount stood settled 

in  the  year  2017  itself,  whereafter  10,000  Canadian  Dollars  and  5,000 

Canadian Dollars were transferred to the complainant and his wife through 

banking channels and the balance amount of ₹9 lakhs was paid in cash in the 

presence of mediators. Affidavits of the mediators have also been placed on 

record in support of the alleged settlement. 

5.    It  is  further  argued  that  petitioner  No.1  was  merely  a  joint 

account  holder  with  her  father  and  petitioner  Nos.2  and  3  have  been 

permanent  residents  of  Canada  since  1997  and  had  no  connection 

whatsoever  with  the  alleged  transaction.  It  is  submitted  that  the  essential 

ingredients  of  the  offences  under  Sections  420,  406  and  120-B  IPC  are 

completely absent. There was neither any dishonest intention at the inception 

of the transaction nor any entrustment of property or criminal conspiracy 

attributable  to  the  petitioners.  It  is  also  contended  that  the  FIR  has  been 

lodged after an unexplained delay of more than four years from the alleged 

transaction  and  only  after  the  complainant  initiated  civil  proceedings. 

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Learned counsel submits that the complainant has deliberately converted a 

civil dispute into a criminal prosecution with an oblique motive to harass the 

petitioners and their aged family members. It is also argued that the alleged 

occurrence  took  place  at  Moga,  whereas  the  FIR  has been  registered  at 

Police Station NRI, Bathinda, thereby raising an issue regarding territorial 

jurisdiction. Hence, it is urged that the petition deserves to be allowed and 

the impugned FIR along with all the subsequent proceedings is liable to be 

quashed. To buttress his arguments, learned counsel for the petitioners has 

relied upon Usha Chakraborty and another v. State of West Bengal and 

another,  2023  LiveLaw  (SC)  67 and Delhi  Race  Club  (1940)  Ltd.  and 

others v. State of Uttar Pradesh and another, 2024 INSC 626.  

6.    Reply  has  been  filed  by  the  respondent  No.1-State.  Learned 

State counsel has argued that the impugned FIR has been registered only 

after  a  detailed  inquiry  conducted  by  the  NRI  Wing.  During  the  inquiry, 

statements of the concerned witnesses were recorded, the bank transactions 

were verified and sufficient material was found to indicate that respondent 

No.2 had transferred Rs.20 lakhs to the joint bank account of petitioner No.1 

and her father on the assurance that the amount was required for expansion 

of  the  business  of  petitioners  No.2  and  3  in  Canada.  It  is  submitted  that 

although an amount of Rs.5 lakhs was subsequently returned, the remaining 

amount was not repaid and the petitioners refused to honour their promise, 

thereby  disclosing  a  prima  facie  case  of  cheating  and  criminal  breach  of 

trust. After completion of investigation, challan has already been presented 

against petitioner No.1, charges have been framed and the trial is at the stage 

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of prosecution evidence. It was further argued that petitioners No.2 and 3 did 

not cooperate during the inquiry and investigation despite notices issued to 

them and appropriate proceedings were initiated in accordance with law. The 

plea that the dispute is purely of civil in nature is misconceived. The matter 

involves disputed questions of facts which can be decided only during trial 

and not in a petition filed under Section 482 of the Code. Hence, it is urged 

that the petition is liable to be dismissed.  

7.    Reply  on  behalf  of  respondent  No.  2  has  also  been  filed. 

Learned counsel for respondent No.2 has adopted the submissions advanced 

on  behalf  of  the  State  and  has  further  argued  that the  petitioners  have 

deliberately attempted to portray a serious act of cheating as a simple civil 

dispute. Respondent No.2 had parted with a substantial amount solely on the 

representations  made  by  the  petitioners  that  the  money  was  required  for 

business purposes and would be returned within a short time. However, after 

receiving  the  amount,  the  petitioners  failed  to  repay  the  same  despite 

repeated demands. It was submitted that the subsequent institution of a civil 

suit  for  recovery  cannot  dilute  or  extinguish  the  criminal  liability  arising 

from the fraudulent conduct alleged in the FIR. It is, thus, prayed that the 

petition is devoid of any merit and deserves dismissal. Reliance has been 

placed upon Sita Ram v. State of Haryana, CRM-M-9624-1993, decided on 

19.01.1995 to contend that simply because civil litigation was pending, it 

could not be said that universally, in the facts and circumstances of all cases, 

criminal proceedings have to be stayed or kept in abeyance.  

8.    The rival submissions made by the parties have been heard and 

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given due deliberations by this Court.  

9.    At the outset, it will be profitable to look into the scope and 

ambit of the Court’s power under Section 482 Cr.P.C. (which is pari materia 

with Section 528 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023) as spelt out 

in several  judicial pronouncements  of  Hon’ble  Supreme  Court  as  well  as 

different High Courts. The well settled proposition of law is that in exercise 

of  inherent  powers  under  Section  482  Cr.P.C.,  the  High  Court  is  not 

expected to analyze all the facts, which are to be placed before the High 

Court. The power conferred under this section is very specific. To secure the 

ends of justice, to prevent the abuse of process of Court or to make any such 

orders as may be necessary to give effect to any order under the Code, such 

power can be exercised to prevent abuse of process of Court. The Hon’ble 

Supreme Court has drawn up some guidelines in some categories of cases by 

way  of  illustration  to  circumscribe  the  exercise  of  inherent  power  under 

Section  482  of  Cr.P.C.  to  prevent  abuse  of  process of  any  Court  or  to 

securethe ends of the justice or to give effect to an order of the Court. A 

celebrated pronouncement on this point is the case cited as State of Haryana 

Vs. Bhajan Lal : 1992 SUPP (1) SCC 335, wherein Hon’ble Supreme Court 

has discussed different categories of cases wherein the power under Section 

482 Cr.P.C. could be exercised either to prevent abuse of process of law or 

otherwise to secure the ends of justice, while observing that it might not be 

possible to lay down any precise, clearly defined, sufficiently channelized, 

inflexible  guidelines  or  rigid  formulae  and  to  give  an  exhaustive  list  or 

myriad kind of cases where such powers should be exercised. The following 

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principles have been culled out:- 

“102  (1)  Where  the  allegations  made  in  the  First 

Information Report or the complaint, even if they are taken 

at  their  face  value  and  accepted  in  their  entirety do  not 

prima  facie  constitute  any  offence  or  make  out  a  case 

against the accused;  

(2)  Where  the  allegations  in  the  First  Information Report 

and other materials, if any, accompanying the FIR do not 

disclose a cognizable offence, justifying an investigation by 

police  officers  under  Section  156(1)  of  the  Code  except 

under an order of a Magistrate within the purview of Section 

155(2) of the Code; 

(3) Where the uncontroverted allegations made in the FIR or 

complaint and the evidence collected in support of the same 

do not disclose the commission of any offence and make out 

a case against the accused;  

(4)  Where  the  allegations  in  the  FIR  do  not  constitute  a 

cognizable  offence  but  constitute  only  a  non-cognizable 

offence,  no  investigation  is  permitted  by  a  police officer 

without  an  order  of  a  Magistrate  as  contemplated  under 

Section 155 (2) of the Code;  

(5) Where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint are 

so absurd and inherently improbable on the basis of which 

no prudent person can ever reach a just conclusion that there 

is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused;  

(6) Where there is an express legal bar engrafted in any of 

the  provisions  of  the  Code  or  the  concerned  Act  (under 

which a criminal proceeding is instituted) to the institution 

and continuance of the proceedings and/or where there is a 

specific  provision  in  the  Code  or  the  concerned  Act, 

providing  efficacious  redress  for  the  grievance  of the 

aggrieved party;  

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(7) Where a criminal proceeding is manifestly attended with 

mala  fide  and/or  where  the  proceeding  is  maliciously 

instituted with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on 

the accused and with a view to spite him due to private and 

personal grudge.” 

 

10.     The principles of law as laid down by Hon’ble Supreme Court 

in Bhajan Lal’s case (supra) have been followed in a catena of judgments. 

In Paramjeet Batra vs. State of Uttarakhand, (2013) 11 SCC 673, it was 

observed by Hon’ble Supreme Court that although the inherent powers of a 

High Court under Section 482 of the Code should be exercised sparingly and 

only  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  abuse  of  process  of  any  Court  or 

otherwise to secure ends of justice, yet, the High Court must not hesitate in 

quashing  such  criminal  proceedings,  where  essential  ingredients  of  the 

offence are not made out. In Randheer Singh vs. State of Uttar Pradesh, 

(2021)  14  SCC  626,  it  was  observed  by  Hon’ble  Supreme  Court  that 

criminal proceedings cannot be taken recourse to as a weapon of harassment.

11. Reference can further be made to Gian Singh vs. State of

Punjab, (2012) 10 SCC 303, wherein Hon’ble Supreme Court observed that

the power of the High Court in quashing a criminal complaint or an FIR, in

exercise of its inherent jurisdiction, is distinct and different from the power

given to a criminal court for compounding the offences under

Section 320 of

the Code. Inherent power is of wide plentitude with no statutory limitation

but it has to be exercised in accordance with the guidelines engrafted in such

power viz; (i) to secure the ends of justice or (ii) to prevent abuse of the

process of any Court. Reference can further be made to Narinder Singh and

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Ors. Vs. State of Punjab : (2014) 6 SCC 466, wherein it was by Hon’ble

Supreme Court that while exercising power under Section 482 of Cr.P.C.,

the High Court has to examine as to whether the possibility of conviction is

remote and bleak and continuation of criminal case would put him into great

oppression and prejudice and injustice would be caused to him by not

quashing criminal case.

12. In Dhruvaram Murlidhar Sonar vs. State of Maharashtra :

2019 (18) SCC 191, Hon’ble Supreme Court, while reiterating the

parameters as laid down in Bhajan Lal’s case (supra), had observed that for

quashing of the proceedings, meticulous analysis of factum of taking

cognizance of an offence by the Magistrate was not called for. Appreciation

of evidence was also not permissible in exercise of inherent powers. If the

allegations set out in the complaint did not constitute the offence of which

cognizance has been taken, it is open to the High Court to quash the same in

exercise of its inherent powers.

13. In Neeharika Infrastructure vs. State of Maharashtra : 2021

SCC OnLine SC 315, the Apex Court observed that the Courts ought to be

cautious in exercising powers under Section 482 of Cr.P.C. They do have

power to quash. The test is whether or not the allegations in the FIR disclose

the commission of a cognizable offence? The merits of the allegations are

not to be entered into nor the power of the investigating agency to

investigate into allegations involving the commission of a cognizable

offence is to be trenched upon.

14.    On applying the above discussed position of law to the facts of 

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the present case, this Court is of the considered opinion that the case in hand 

does  not  fall  within  any  of  the  well-recognized  categories  warranting 

exercise of inherent jurisdiction under Section 482 Cr.P.C. for quashing of 

the criminal proceedings. The allegations contained in the impugned FIR, if 

taken  at  their  face  value,  disclose  that  respondent  No.2  was  allegedly 

induced by petitioner No.1 to part with an amount of Rs.20,00,000/- on the 

representation  that  petitioner  Nos.2  and  3  required  the  said  amount  for 

expansion of their business in Canada and that the money, if deposited in the 

joint bank account of petitioner No.1 and her father, would be transmitted to 

them. Acting upon the said representation, the complainant transferred the 

amount  through  banking  channels.  It  is  further  alleged  that  after  the 

complainant reached Canada and demanded the return of the money, all the 

three  petitioners  initially  avoided  repayment  and  subsequently  refused  to 

return  the  amount  while  claiming  that  they  had  cheated  him.  During  the 

inquiry conducted by the NRI Wing, the investigating agency also verified 

the  bank  transactions  and  found  prima  facie  material  supporting  the 

allegations,  whereafter  the  impugned  FIR  came  to  be  registered.  These 

allegations  cannot,  at  this  stage,  be  brushed  aside  as  being  so  absurd  or 

inherently improbable that no offence is made out. Rather, they disclose a 

prima facie case requiring investigation and adjudication by the trial Court. 

15.    The principal contention of the petitioners is that the dispute is 

purely civil in nature and that the amount in question had been deposited as 

security  in  connection  with  the  proposed  marriage  and  not  as  a  business 

loan. It has further been pleaded that the amount stood settled in the year 

CRM-M-32246-2023 (O&M)    -12-    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2017 and that substantial payments were made to the complainant through 

banking  channels  as  well  as  in  cash.  However,  these  pleas  constitute  the 

defence of the petitioners and are founded upon disputed questions of fact. 

Whether the amount was advanced as a loan for business purposes or as 

security for the marriage; whether the alleged settlement was in fact arrived 

at; whether the amount was fully repaid; and whether the affidavits relied 

upon by the petitioners truly establish discharge of liability are all matters 

which require appreciation of oral as well as documentary evidence. Such 

disputed  issues  cannot  be  conclusively  adjudicated while  exercising  the 

limited  jurisdiction  under  Section  482  Cr.P.C.,  which  is  not  intended  to 

conduct a mini trial or to evaluate the probative value of the defence sought 

to be projected by the accused. 

16.    Equally  untenable  is  the  submission  that  the  ingredients  of 

Sections 406 and 420 IPC are ex-facie absent. The FIR specifically alleges 

that  the  complainant  transferred  the  amount  only  because  of  the 

representations  allegedly  made  by  petitioner  No.1  that  the  money  was 

required for the business of petitioner Nos.2 and 3 and would be remitted to 

them.  It  is  further  alleged  that  the  amount  was  transferred  into  the  joint 

account of petitioner No.1 and her father for a specified purpose and that 

despite repeated demands, the petitioners dishonestly refused to return the 

same. Whether the transaction amounts to entrustment attracting Section 406 

IPC, whether it was induced by dishonest representations attracting Section 

420 IPC, or whether the evidence ultimately establishes one offence, both 

offences or neither, are matters which necessarily depend upon the evidence 

CRM-M-32246-2023 (O&M)    -13-    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

to be led before the trial Court. At this stage, this Court cannot undertake a 

meticulous  examination  of  these  contentious  issues so  as  to  record  a 

definitive  finding  regarding  the  applicability  or  otherwise  of  the  penal 

provisions invoked in the FIR. The reliance placed by learned counsel for 

the petitioners upon the aforecited judgments also does not advance their 

case. They are distinguishable on the facts. The present case stands on a 

different  footing.  The  prosecution  case  is  not  founded  merely  upon  non-

payment of money or breach of a contractual obligation but upon specific 

allegations  that  the  complainant  was  induced  to  part  with  a  substantial 

amount  on  the  basis  of  representations  allegedly  made  by  the  petitioners 

regarding  the  requirement  of  funds  for  business  purposes  and  that  the 

amount was thereafter dishonestly withheld. Whether those allegations are 

ultimately proved is a matter of evidence; however, at this stage they cannot 

be discarded as giving rise to only a civil dispute. It is equally well settled 

that the mere availability or pendency of a civil remedy does not by itself 

extinguish  criminal  liability  if  the  factual  allegations  disclose  the 

commission of a cognizable offence. 

17.    This  Court  also  finds  no  merit  in  the  contention  that  the 

proceedings  deserve  to  be  quashed  qua  petitioner  Nos.2  and  3  merely 

because the amount was credited into the account of petitioner No.1 and her 

father. The FIR specifically attributes a role to petitioner Nos.2 and 3 by 

alleging  that  the  amount  was  sought  for  expansion  of  their  business  in 

Canada  and  that  after  the  complainant  reached  Canada,  all  the  three 

petitioners jointly refused to return the money. The inquiry report further 

CRM-M-32246-2023 (O&M)    -14-    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

reveals  that  petitioner  Nos.2  and  3,  despite  being contacted  by  the 

investigating agency through electronic means while residing abroad, did not 

furnish their version during the inquiry. Whether petitioner No.1 was acting 

independently or on behalf of petitioner Nos.2 and 3, whether the amount 

was actually transmitted to them, and whether there existed any common 

intention or criminal conspiracy amongst the accused are questions which 

cannot be conclusively answered without a full-fledged trial. The absence of 

a detailed defence from petitioner Nos.2 and 3 during the inquiry cannot be 

treated as proof of guilt, but it certainly cannot furnish a ground for this 

Court to return findings in their favour while exercising jurisdiction under 

Section 482 Cr.P.C. The argument regarding delay in lodging the FIR and 

the  plea  relating  to  territorial  jurisdiction  are  also  matters  which  would 

require  examination  in  the  light  of  the  evidence  and  the  factual  matrix 

brought on record during trial. Neither of these aspects, in the facts of the 

present case, renders the prosecution inherently illegal or demonstrates that 

continuation of the proceedings would amount to an abuse of the process of 

law. 

18.    In view of the aforesaid discussion, this Court is satisfied that 

the allegations contained in the FIR, read along with the material collected 

during  the  preliminary  inquiry,  disclose  a  prima  facie  commission  of 

cognizable  offences  and  raise  several  disputed  questions  of  fact  which 

cannot  be  adjudicated  in  proceedings  under  Section 482  Cr.P.C.  The 

defences sought to be raised by the petitioners are matters to be established 

before the learned trial Court by leading appropriate evidence. Interference 

CRM-M-32246-2023 (O&M)    -15-    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

by  this  Court  at  this  stage  would  amount  to  entering  into  a  premature 

appreciation of the merits of the prosecution case, which is impermissible in 

exercise of inherent jurisdiction. Accordingly, finding no merit in the present 

petition, the same is dismissed. The interim order, if any, shall stand vacated.  

19.    It is, however, clarified that any observation made herein is only 

for the purpose of deciding the present petition and shall not be construed as 

an  expression  on  the  merits  of  the  case  pending  before  the  learned  trial 

Court,  which  shall  decide  the  matter  independently on  the  basis  of  the 

evidence adduced before it.    

 

29.07.2026                      (MANISHA BATRA)  

WaseemWaseemWaseemWaseem    R.R.R.R.    AnsariAnsariAnsariAnsari                      JUDGE  

 

 

 

 

    Whether speaking/reasoned        Yes/No  

 

    Whether reportable          Yes/No  

Description

High Court Upholds FIR Against Petitioners in Cheating and Criminal Breach of Trust Case

In a significant ruling concerning the scope of inherent powers under Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.P.C.), the Hon'ble Punjab and Haryana High Court recently dismissed a petition seeking the Quashing of FIR under Section 482 CrPC related to allegations of Cheating and Criminal Breach of Trust India. This pivotal judgment, CRM-M-32246-2023 (O&M), by Justice Manisha Batra, underscores the Court's reluctance to intervene where a prima facie case of cognizable offenses is disclosed, emphasizing that disputed facts necessitate a full trial. This case analysis is now available on CaseOn, offering legal professionals and students crucial insights into the Court's application of statutory powers.

Understanding the Case: Harvinder Kaur v. State of Punjab

The case originated from an FIR (No. 06 dated 25.06.2020) registered at Police Station NRI, District Bathinda, under Sections 406, 420, and 120-B of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). The complainant, Pargat Singh (an NRI), alleged that after his engagement in May 2015, Petitioner No.1, Harvinder Kaur (his sister-in-law), represented that her brother, Nirmal Singh Gill (Petitioner No.2), and his wife, Satvir Kaur Gill (Petitioner No.3), required ₹20,00,000/- for their business expansion in Canada. Trusting these prospective relatives, the complainant transferred the amount into a joint savings bank account of Petitioner No.1 and her father, with the assurance that it would be remitted to the Canadian residents.

After the complainant moved to Canada in March 2017, he demanded the repayment. The petitioners allegedly initially postponed the matter but later flatly refused, claiming they had cheated him and would not repay, even threatening him. This led to the registration of the FIR. While Petitioners No.2 and 3, residing abroad, could not be joined in the investigation, a challan was presented against Petitioner No.1, and charges were framed.

The Legal Challenge: Quashing of FIR

Issue Presented

The primary legal question before the High Court was whether the FIR and subsequent criminal proceedings should be quashed under Section 482 Cr.P.C., given the petitioners' contention that the dispute was purely civil, involved an alleged settlement, and lacked the essential ingredients of criminal offenses like cheating and criminal breach of trust.

Governing Legal Principles (The Rule)

The Court carefully considered the well-established principles governing the exercise of inherent powers under Section 482 Cr.P.C. (now Section 528 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023). Key precedents cited included:

  • State of Haryana Vs. Bhajan Lal (1992 SUPP (1) SCC 335): This landmark case outlines categories where inherent powers can be exercised, emphasizing that the High Court should intervene only when allegations, even taken at face value, do not prima facie constitute an offense or when the process is a clear abuse of law.
  • Paramjeet Batra vs. State of Uttarakhand (2013) 11 SCC 673: Reiterated the sparse use of Section 482, but highlighted its application where essential ingredients of an offense are missing.
  • Randheer Singh vs. State of Uttar Pradesh (2021) 14 SCC 626: Stressed that criminal proceedings should not be a tool for harassment.
  • Gian Singh vs. State of Punjab (2012) 10 SCC 303: Distinguished inherent power from compounding, emphasizing its use to secure justice or prevent abuse of process.
  • Dhruvaram Murlidhar Sonar vs. State of Maharashtra (2019) 18 SCC 191: Reaffirmed that meticulous analysis of facts and appreciation of evidence are not permissible under Section 482.
  • Neeharika Infrastructure vs. State of Maharashtra (2021 SCC OnLine SC 315): Cautioned courts in exercising these powers, affirming that the test is whether allegations disclose a cognizable offense.
  • Sita Ram v. State of Haryana, CRM-M-9624-1993: Held that merely because civil litigation is pending, criminal proceedings are not universally stayed or abated.

These judgments collectively establish that the High Court's power under Section 482 Cr.P.C. is not for conducting a mini-trial but for quashing proceedings only when a clear abuse of process or an absolute lack of a cognizable offense is evident. For legal professionals looking to quickly grasp the essence of these critical rulings, CaseOn.in offers concise 2-minute audio briefs, enabling efficient analysis of such specific judgments and their implications.

The Court's Examination (Analysis)

The petitioners argued that the dispute was civil, related to marriage security, and had been settled with partial repayment. They also claimed Petitioners No.2 and 3 had no connection to the transaction, and there was a delay in lodging the FIR, raising questions of territorial jurisdiction and absence of criminal intent.

However, the State and the complainant countered that a detailed inquiry by the NRI Wing had verified bank transactions and witness statements, confirming that ₹20 lakhs was transferred based on representations for business expansion. They alleged that ₹5 lakhs was returned, but the remaining amount was not, constituting prima facie cheating and criminal breach of trust. They also highlighted the non-cooperation of Petitioners No.2 and 3 during the inquiry.

The High Court found that the allegations, supported by the inquiry, clearly disclosed a prima facie commission of cognizable offenses. The petitioners' arguments—such as the nature of the transaction (business loan vs. marriage security), the alleged settlement, and partial repayments—were deemed matters of defense involving disputed facts that require appreciation of oral and documentary evidence during a trial. The Court explicitly stated that it could not conduct a 'mini-trial' or evaluate the probative value of the defense at this stage.

Regarding the essential ingredients of Sections 406 and 420 IPC, the Court observed that the FIR specifically alleged fraudulent inducement (dishonest representations) and subsequent dishonest withholding of the money, which are core elements of these offenses. The Court further noted that attributing a role to Petitioners No.2 and 3, coupled with their non-cooperation in the inquiry, reinforced the need for a full trial to ascertain common intention or criminal conspiracy. Issues like delay in FIR and territorial jurisdiction were also deemed matters for examination during the trial, not grounds for premature quashing.

The Verdict (Conclusion)

Ultimately, the High Court concluded that the case did not fall into any category warranting the exercise of inherent jurisdiction under Section 482 Cr.P.C. It found that the allegations, when taken at face value along with the material collected during the preliminary inquiry, disclosed a prima facie commission of cognizable offenses and raised numerous disputed questions of fact that could only be adjudicated during a trial. Consequently, the petition was dismissed, and any interim orders were vacated. The Court clarified that its observations were solely for the purpose of deciding the present petition and should not influence the trial court's independent decision on the merits of the case based on adduced evidence.

Why This Judgment Matters for Legal Professionals and Students

This judgment serves as a critical reminder of the limited scope of Section 482 Cr.P.C. It reinforces the principle that courts will not intervene to quash an FIR when a prima facie case of cognizable offenses is made out, even if parallel civil proceedings exist or if the accused presents a plausible defense. For lawyers, it highlights the importance of distinguishing between civil disputes and criminal acts, especially when allegations involve elements of fraud and criminal breach of trust. For law students, it provides a practical illustration of the application of the 'Bhajan Lal guidelines' and the Court's approach to allegations involving complex factual matrices, emphasizing that disputed facts are the domain of the trial court.

Disclaimer

All information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Readers should consult with a qualified legal professional for advice on specific legal issues.

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