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Ajmal Vs. The State of Kerala

  Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appeal /1838/2019
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Case Background

As per the case facts, three accused appealed a High Court judgment that partly allowed their appeals, confirming their conviction and sentence for various IPC sections, including murder. The Supreme ...

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

Criminal Appeal No. 1838 of 2019

AJMAL                         APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

THE STATE OF KERALA    RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

Criminal Appeal No. 1839 of 2019

AND WITH

Criminal Appeal No. 1840 of 2019

J U D G M E N T

Vikram Nath, J.

1.The   present   set   of   three   appeals   filed   by

accused­appellants   namely,   Biju   (accused   no.1),

Ashique Salam (accused no.2) and Ajmal (accused

no.3) assail the correctness of the judgment and

1

order dated 30

th

  May, 2019 passed by the High

Court of Kerala in Criminal Appeal Nos. 91, 238 and

564 of 2014, whereby the aforesaid appeals were

partly   allowed.   The   conviction   of   these   three

appellants under sections 143, 147, 148 IPC

1

 read

with section 149 IPC was set aside, however, their

conviction and sentence under sections 341, 323,

324, 427 and 302 read with section 34 IPC as

awarded by the Trial Court was confirmed.

2.At the outset, it may be pointed out that there

were 10 (ten) accused, who were charge­sheeted.

The present appellants are accused nos. A1, A2 and

A3. Four accused namely accused nos. 4, 5, 7 and

10 were acquitted of all the charges by the Trial

Court. Further High Court acquitted three accused

namely accused nos. 6, 8 and 9 of all the charges.

Thus, out of 10 (ten) accused, the present three

1 IPC – Indian Penal Code, 1860

2

accused­appellants A1, A2 and A3 stand convicted

by the High Court and, as such, are before this

Court.

3.According to the prosecution case the entire

transaction was in three parts.  It is briefly stated as

under:

3.1.In the last week of January, 2008, there

were festivals going on in the Church located at

Thidanadu and Variyanikkadu. The deceased­

Varkeychen @ George Thomas along with his

friends initially went to Thidanadu Church in a

Scorpio Car, which was driven by Saji Joseph

(P.W.­1) to attend a musical festival (gana mela).

The deceased along with his friends watched the

programme   for   about   half   an   hour   and,

thereafter, proceeded towards another Church

at Variyanikkadu to enjoy the festival going on

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there. At about 9:00 p.m., they were returning to

Thidanadu   Church,   when   two   motor­bikes

driven by accused no.9 (Sabeer) and accused

no.3, Ajmal were moving in front of their Car

and blocked their way. Accused no.6 (Razique

Jalal @ Razee) was sitting as a pillion on the

motor­cycle, driven by A3 (Ajmal). At that time, a

verbal   altercation   took   place   between   Saji

Joseph   (PW­1)   and   A3   (Ajmal)   regarding   the

bikes   not   giving   way   to   their   vehicle   (four

wheeler). 

3.2.At around 10:45 p.m., deceased along with

his   friends   were   returning,   when   their   Car

reached   the   place   called   Veyilukanampara

Junction in Thidanadu Kara, they saw accused

no.9 (Sabeer) waiting for them by the side of the

road and soon thereafter the other accused also

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joined   him   on   different   bikes.   All   the   ten

accused­persons formed an unlawful assembly

and   in   prosecution   of   a   common   object

wrongfully   restrained   the   deceased   and   his

friends and compelled them to alight from their

vehicle. Once, they were out of the vehicle, they

were attacked by the accused­appellants. The

accused no.1 (Biju) hit the deceased with a stick

of casuarina tree (marked as MO­2).  Whereas

accused no.2 (Ashique Salam) hit on the back of

his neck with a brick (marked as MO­3), as a

result of these two injuries, deceased fell on the

road.   Accused   no.   3   (Ajmal)   assaulted   Saji

Joseph (PW­1) with a stick of casuarina tree

(marked as MO­1) causing injuries on his head

and other parts of the body. As by this time,

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public had started gathering, the accused left

the place of occurrence. 

3.3.Further,   when   the   deceased   was   being

taken in the car by his friends towards the

hospital, once again, the vehicle was stopped by

the accused­persons near Chennadu Junction,

where accused no.3, Ajmal threw stones at the

car causing damage to the wind screen and

other glasses. 

3.4.The injured­deceased was taken to IHM

Hospital, Bharananganam and from there, he

was referred to the Medical College Hospital at

Kottayam. His condition was deteriorating, as

such, he was shifted to Medical Trust Hospital,

Ernakulam, where he succumbed to the injuries

on the following day at about 4:45 a.m. The First

Information Report was lodged by Peter (PW­2)

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on his statement, which was registered as FIR

(Ext.P.­1).

4.The investigation was taken over by the Circle

Inspector (PW­20), who prepared the inquest report

(Ext.­P2). The dead body was sent for post­mortem,

which   was   conducted   by   Assistant   Professor   of

Forensic   Medicine   and   Deputy   Police   Surgeon,

Medical   College   Hospital,   Kottayam   (PW­13)   at

about 2:05 p.m. on 28.01.2008.  He prepared the

post­mortem   report   (Ext.P­10)   mentioning   the

following ante­mortem injuries:

“(1) Contusion of scalp 10 X 8 c.m. involving the full

thickness of left occipital region, its lower extent 3

c.m., above root of neck and 2 c.m. outer to midline.

(2) Contusion of right cheek 5 X 4 c.m. X 0.5 c.m.

(3) Abraded contusion 8 X 1 c.m.­2 c.m. X 1 c.m.

horizontally oblique involving right side of neck and

fact, its lower outer extent 7 c.m. above root of neck

and 10 c.m. outer to midline.

The   skull   showed   fissured   fracture   8   c.m.   long

involving the occipital bone of left side of posterior

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cranial   fossa,   1­1.5   c.m.   outer   to   midline,

corresponding to injury No.1. Dura was intact had a

bluish   tint   and   tense,   subdural   clots   were   seen

overlying right frontal and temporal lobe of brain

with bilateral subarachnoid haemorrhage. The pons

on sectioning showed haemorrhagic area 1.5 c.m. x

1 c.m. The right frontal pole of brain had contusion

3 x 2 x 0.5 c.m. Brain showed fattened gyri and

narrow sulci. The anterior cranial fossa a right side

showed fissured fracture 4 c.m. long.

(4) Contusion 5 x 4 x 0.5 c.m. long.

(5) Abrasion 2 x 1 c.m. on front of left knee.”

5.After completing the investigations, the police

report under section 173(2) Cr.P.C.

2

 was submitted,

whereupon, cognizance was taken by the Magistrate

and the matter committed to the Sessions Court for

trial. The Trial Court framed charges under sections

143, 147, 148, 341, 323, 324, 427 and 302 read

with section 149 IPC. The charges were read over to

the accused, who pleaded not guilty and, as such,

were put to trial.

2 Cr.P.C. – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

8

6.The prosecution examined 21 witnesses as PW­

1   to   PW­21   and   exhibited   as   many   as   74

documentary evidence marked as Exts:P­1 to P­74

and further produced 19 material objects marked as

MO­1 to MO­19. After the close of the prosecution

evidence, the accused were examined under section

313 Cr.P.C. and the incriminating material was put

to them. They denied all such circumstances and

reiterated their innocence. The Investigating Officer

also conducted a test identification parade. 

7.After   considering   the   material   evidence   on

record and after hearing the learned counsel for the

parties,   the   Trial   Court   acquitted   four   accused

namely, accused nos.4, 5, 7 and 10 namely, Nijas,

Naseebulla @ Nazeeb, Seenaj and Shihab. It further

convicted the rest of the 6 (six) accused nos. 1, 2, 3,

6, 8 and 9, namely, Biju, Ashique Salam, Ajmal,

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Razique Jalal @ Razee, Salim Basheer @ Saly and

Sabeer respectively.

8.Aggrieved   by   the   conviction,   all   the   6   (six)

accused preferred appeals before the High Court.

Criminal Appeal No.87 of 2014 was filed by the

accused nos.6 and 8 namely, Razique Jalal @ Razee

and Salim Basheer @ Saly, whereas Criminal Appeal

No.132 of 2014 was filed by accused no.9­Sabeer.

As already recorded above, the other three appeals

bearing nos.564, 238 and 91 of 2014 were filed by

the accused nos.1, 2 and 3 respectively namely,

Biju, Ashique Salam and Ajmal. As already recorded

above, the High Court allowed Appeal Nos.87 and

132 of 2014 acquitting the three accused nos.6, 8

and 9 of all the charges, whereas it partly allowed

the appeal nos.564, 238 and 91 of 2014 of the

present three appellants. Aggrieved by the judgment

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of the High Court, the three appellants are before

this Court.

9.The prosecution has established:

(i) that the death of deceased­Varkeychen @

George Thomas was homicidal;

(ii)  that   PW­1,   PW­2   and   PW­4   suffered

simple and grievous hurt which took place

at the date, time and place stated in the

FIR.

(iii) that the FIR was promptly lodged; 

(iv)the ante­mortem injuries suffered by the

deceased is in consonance with the report

registered by PW­2 and also established

from the statements of PW­1, PW­2 and

PW­4, who are the injured eye­witnesses.

(v)The recovery of the material objects (MO

nos.1,   2   and   3)   used   by   the   three

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appellants in causing the fatal injuries to

the deceased as also the injuries to PW­1,

PW­2 and PW­4. 

10.Insofar   as   the   test   identification   parade   is

concerned, the same has not been found to be very

reliable   by   the   courts   below,   however,   as   the

witnesses and the injured knew the accused, their

identification   in   Court   has   been   found   to   be

sufficient   by   the   Courts   below.   They   were   all

residents of neighbourhood and knew each other. 

11.We are, thus, satisfied that the occurrence in

the manner as set up by the prosecution has been

duly  established.   The  deceased  died   due  to   the

injuries caused by accused nos.1 and 2 by using a

stick   (MO­2)   and   a   brick   (MO­3),   whereas,   the

injuries caused to the PW­1, PW­2 and PW­4 is on

account of the assault by accused no.3 by using a

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stick   (MO­1).   The   only   question   which   requires

consideration is whether it was a culpable homicide

amounting to murder punishable under section 302

IPC as has been held by the courts below or it was a

culpable   homicide   not   amounting   to   murder

punishable under section 304 of IPC as submitted

by the Counsel for the appellants.

12.Learned counsel for the appellants have led

great   emphasis   on   the   manner,   in   which   the

incident occurred. According to them, 

(i) there was no pre­meditation of committing

murder. 

(ii) the accused, admittedly, when they accosted

the vehicle and compelled the deceased and the

injured to come out of the vehicle, were not

armed with any weapons. 

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(iii) It was only when they alighted from the

vehicle and some heated arguments took place

as a result of the earlier verbal altercation in

not giving a pass to the Scorpio  vehicle to

overtake   the   motor­bikes,   that   the  accused­

appellants picked up the stick of casuarina tree

from the decorations, which had been made at

that place and also the brick from the side of

the road and assaulted with it. 

(iv) both these weapons used could not be said

to be deadly weapons but could have definitely

caused   grievous   hurt   and   may   be   injuries,

which could result into death. 

(v) it is true that the injuries noted in the post­

mortem report of the deceased were on the vital

part   i.e.   the   head   and   neck   and   which,

according   to   the   medical   evidence,   was

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sufficient in ordinary course to cause death,

but the same was unintentional. 

(vi) only one blow each was given by accused

nos. 1 and 2 to the deceased.  There was no

repeated assault.

(vii) there was no mens rea to commit murder,

therefore,   the   same   would   fall   within   the

exception of section 300 IPC. 

(viii) On the own findings of the High Court, it

was not a case of culpable homicide amounting

to murder. 

(ix) Our attention has been drawn to paragraph

nos.27 and 28 of the judgment of the High

Court,   which   took   into   consideration   the

evidence led by the eye­witnesses and injured

namely, PW­1, PW­2 and PW­4, according to

which, the charge under section 302 ought to

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have been converted to section 304 IPC. The

appellants ought to have been acquitted under

section 302 IPC and at best could have been

convicted under section 304 IPC.

(x) Paragraph Nos.27 and 28 of the judgment of

the High Court are reproduced below:

“27. We have no dispute with the proposition

that common object may be formed at the spur

of the moment, and that prior meeting of minds

or a formal assembly consisting of the members

of the unlawful assembly to commit a particular

crime may not be essential. The precedent on

the point referred to earlier would indicate that

the knowledge of the members of the assembly

that the act which actually occurred was very

likely to be caused by their acts, is sufficient to

make them vicariously liable for the ultimate

consequences. But, in the instant case, wheat

we see from the evidence is that the first part of

the occurrence at Chemmalamattom was only

an altercation between P.W.­1 and A3 in the

presence of A6 and A9 with regard to the bikers

not giving way and passage to the car driven by

P.W.­1 for overtaking. The altercation also did

not last long enough so as to form a vengeance

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in the mind of A3, A6 and A9 so as to garner

support of the remaining accused to form an

unlawful assembly with the common object of

committing   murder,   particularly   of   the

deceased, because the altercation was only with

A3 and P.W.­1 and the deceased had nothing to

do   with   the   altercation.   Under   the

circumstances, we are of the opinion that the

accused   definitely   did   not   have   a   common

object   of   murdering   the   deceased.   It   is   also

relevant   to   note   that   had   the   accused

entertained   the   common   object   to   commit

murder or even previous act, they would have

been lying in wait for the Scorpio car armed

with deadly weapons.. None of the prosecution

witness   has   a   case   that   the   accused   had

accosted them at the scene of occurrence armed

with   deadly   weapons.   It   is   only   after   the

witnesses alighted from the car, P.W.­1 had a

conversation with A9 and accused nos.1, 2 and

3 picked up the weapons which were available

there and attacked the passengers in the car,

including the deceased. Even if A3 had called

for others to kill, it could not have been the

deceased   because   he   only   had   a   vengeance

against   P.W.­1,   and,   therefore,   the   entire

occurrence   as   appeared   to   us   from   the   oral

testimony of witnesses would indicate that it is

only   a   chance   encounter   without   any

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premeditated motive in prosecution of common

object.

28. It is also pertinent to note that P.W.­1

had testified that he had a friendly conversation

with A9 in the beginning after he alighted from

the car at the scene of occurrence. It is also

testified that when the accused went to attack

the passengers of the car, including the P.W.­1,

A9 had prevented others from causing injuries.

This particular statement in the testimony of

P.W.­1 clearly exonerated A9 of the allegations

of having acted in prosecution of common object

of committing murder. He was not even wielding

any weapon in his hands. In fact, except A1, A2

and A3, none of the other accused had picked

up any weapon from the scene of occurrence.

Even A1 and A3 had picked up sticks, which

were hanging at the scene of occurrence as part

of the decoration done in connection with the

Church festival. MO3 brick was picked up by A2

from the side of the road abruptly during the

scuffle   that   ensued   in   consequence   of   the

passengers   of   the   car   alighting.   Under   the

circumstances, we are of the considered opinion

that apart from A1, A2 and A3, none of the

other accused could be guilty for attacking the

deceased, P.W.­1 and P.W.­2. The prosecution

has   not   succeeded   in   establishing  that   there

was formation of an unlawful assembly acting

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in furtherance of common object. The finding of

the learned  Sessions Judge  roping in all the

appellants resorting to section 149 is therefore

not held good. It is also pertinent to note that

none of the accused were earlier armed with

deadly weapons and therefore it cannot be said

that they were guilty of committing riot armed

with   deadly   weapons,   an   offence   punishable

under section 148 of the IPC.”

(xi)   As   there   was   no   intention   to   commit

murder or a pre­planned attempt to commit

murder, section 302 IPC, charge could not have

been sustained. 

(xii)   that   appellants   are   in   jail   and   have

suffered incarceration of several years. 

13. On behalf of the State of Kerala, it is submitted

that the entire transaction took place in three parts.

The   first   incident   took   place   when   a   verbal

altercation took place in overtaking the vehicles.

The   second   incident   took   place,   in   which   the

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physical assault occurred causing fatal injuries to

the deceased and causing simple and grievous hurt

to the three witnesses namely, PW­1, PW­2 and PW­

4. The third incident took place when the injured

was being taken to the hospital; stones were pelted

by accused no.3 causing damage to the vehicle.

14. Learned counsel for the State further submitted

that there was clear motive to commit murder as

after  the  first  episode  of  verbal  altercation  took

place,   it  was   only   with   an   intention   to   commit

murder   that   all   the   accused   joined   together   by

forming an unlawful assembly accosting the vehicle

in   which   the   deceased   was   travelling   with   his

friends compelling them to come out of the vehicle

and thereafter it was an open assault with sticks

and   bricks,   which   were   used   with   such   force

causing   fatal   injuries   to   the   deceased   and,

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therefore, it was nothing short of committing a pre­

planned murder. Even after having caused the fatal

injuries, the accused further tried to prevent the

deceased from being taken to the hospital and the

intention was to stop the vehicle and cause enough

delay so that the deceased, who was still alive may

ultimately die. The judgment of the High Court does

not suffer from any infirmity and the appeal, acco

rdingly   deserves   to   be   dismissed.   Learned

counsel has placed reliance upon a judgment of this

Court in Gulab vs. State of U.P.

3

15. Having considered the submissions and having

perused the material on record, we do not find any

infirmity   in   the   prosecution   establishing   the

incident as set up in the First Information Report.

For the said conclusion, we have taken note of the

following:

3 2021(12) JT 134

21

(i)First   Information   Report   was   promptly

lodged.

(ii)The prosecution story as set up in the FIR

appears to be probable.

(iii)The   medical   evidence   fully   corroborates

the prosecution story.

(iv)PW­1,   PW­2   and   PW­4,   the   three   eye­

witnesses have fully supported the prosecution

story and have narrated the same incident as it

occurred. 

(v)   Formal   witnesses   have   discharged   their

burden by proving the police papers and other

documentary evidence placed on record by the

prosecution. 

(vi) The material objects recovered have also

been duly proved. 

(vii)   According   to   the   medical   evidence,   the

material objects alleged to have been used in

22

the   commission   of   crime   could   have   been

actually used in causing the injuries.

16.   The   only   question   which   falls   for   our

consideration is as to whether the manner in which

the   entire   transaction   took   place   in   particular

relating to the physical assault, would amount to

culpable homicide amounting to murder or culpable

homicide not amounting to murder.

17. The distinctive features and the considerations

relevant   for   determining   a   culpable   homicide

amounting to murder and distinguishing it from the

culpable homicide not amounting to murder has

been a matter of debate in large number of cases.

Instead of referring to several decisions on the point

reference is being made to a recent decision in the

case of  Mohd. Rafiq vs. State of M.P.

4

,  wherein

Justice Ravindra Bhatt,  speaking for the Bench,

4 (2021) 10 SCC 706

23

relied upon two previous judgments dealing with

the issue as narrated in paragraph nos.11, 12 and

13 of the report which are reproduced below: ­

“11. The question of whether in a given case, a

homicide is murder 3, punishable under section

302   IPC,   or   culpable   homicide,   of   either

description, punishable under section 304 IPC has

engaged the attention of courts in this country for

over one and a half century, since the enactment

of the IPC; a welter of case law, on this aspect

exists, including perhaps several hundred rulings

by   this   court.   The   use   of   the   term   “likely”   in

several   places   in   respect   of   culpable   homicide,

highlights the element of uncertainty that the act

of the accused may or may not have killed the

person.   Section  300   IPC   which   defines   murder,

however refrains from the use of the term likely,

which reveals absence of ambiguity left on behalf

of the accused. The accused is for sure that his act

will definitely cause death. It is often difficult to

distinguish   between   culpable   homicide   and

murder   as   both   involve   death.   Yet,   there   is   a

subtle   distinction   of   intention   and   knowledge

involved in both the crimes. This difference lies in

the degree of the act. There is a very wide variance

of degree of intention and knowledge among both

the crimes.

12. The decision in State of  Andhra Pradesh v

Rayavarapu   Punnayya   &   Anr

5

  notes   the

important distinction between the two provisions,

and   their   differing,   but   subtle   distinction.   The

court   pertinently   pointed   out   that:   "12.   In   the

scheme of the Penal Code, "culpable homicide" is

genus   and   "murder"   its   specie.   All   "murder"   is

"culpable homicide" but not vice­ versa. Speaking

generally,   "culpable   homicide"   sans   "special

5 1976 (4) SCC 382

24

characteristics of murder", is "culpable homicide

not   amounting   to   murder".   For   the   purpose   of

fixing punishment, proportionate to the gravity of

this   generic   offence,   the   Code   practically

recognises three degrees of culpable homicide. The

first is, what may be called, "culpable homicide of

the   first   degree".   This   is   the   greatest   form   of

culpable homicide, which is defined in section 300

as   "murder".   The   second   may   be   termed   as

"culpable homicide of the second degree". This is

punishable   under   the   first   part   of   section   304.

Then,   there   is   "culpable   homicide   of   the   third

degree".   This   is   the   lowest   type   of   culpable

homicide and the punishment provided for it is,

also, the lowest among the punishments provided

for   the   three   grades.   Culpable   homicide   of   this

degree   is   punishable   under   the   second   part   of

section 304.. 13. The academic distinction between

"murder" and "culpable homicide not amounting to

murder"   has   vexed   the   courts   for  more   than   a

century. The confusion is caused, if courts losing

sight of the true scope and meaning of the terms

used   by  the   legislature   in  these   sections,   allow

themselves to be drawn into minute abstractions.

The safest way of approach to the interpretation

and application of these provisions seems to be to

keep in focus the keywords used in the various

clauses of sections 299 and 300."

13.   The   considerations   that   should   weigh   with

courts, in discerning whether an act is punishable

as murder, or culpable homicide, not amounting to

murder, were outlined in  Pulicherla Nagaraju @

Nagaraja Reddy v State of Andhra Pradesh

6

  .

This court observed that: "29. Therefore, the Court

should proceed to decide the pivotal question of

intention,   with   care   and   caution,   as   that   will

decide whether the case falls under section 302 or

304   Part   I   or   304   Part   II.   Many   petty   or

insignificant matters ­ plucking of a fruit, straying

of cattle, quarrel of children, utterance of a rude

6 (2006) 11 SCC 444

25

word or even an objectionable glance, may lead to

altercations   and   group   clashes   culminating   in

deaths. Usual motives like revenge, greed, jealousy

or suspicion may be totally absent in such cases.

There   may   be   no   intention.   There   may   be   no

premeditation.   In   fact,   there   may   not   even   be

criminality. At the other end of the spectrum, there

may   be   cases   of   murder   where   the   accused

attempts   to   avoid   the   penalty   for   murder   by

attempting to put forth a case that there was no

intention to cause death. It is for the courts to

ensure that the cases of murder punishable under

section   302,   are   not   converted   into   offences

punishable under section 304 Part I/II, or cases of

culpable homicide not amounting to murder are

treated as murder punishable under section 302.

The   intention   to   cause   death   can   be   gathered

generally from a combination of a few or several of

the   following,   among   other,   circumstances;   (i)

nature   of   the   weapon   used;   (ii)   whether   the

weapon was carried by the accused or was picked

up from the spot; (iii) whether the blow is aimed at

a vital part of the body;(iv) the amount of force

employed in causing injury; (v) whether the act

was in the course of sudden quarrel or sudden

fight or free for all fight; (vi) whether the incident

occurs   by   chance   or   whether   there   was   any

premeditation; (vii) whether there was any prior

enmity or whether the deceased was a stranger;

(viii)   whether   there   was   any   grave   and   sudden

provocation,   and   if   so,   the   cause   for   such

provocation;   (ix)   whether   it   was   in   the   heat   of

passion;   (x)   whether   the   person   inflicting   the

injury has taken undue advantage or has acted in

a   cruel   and   unusual   manner;   (xi)   whether   the

accused dealt a single blow or several blows. The

above   list   of   circumstances   is,   of   course,   not

exhaustive and there may be several other special

circumstances with reference to individual cases

which   may   throw   light   on   the   question   of

intention.””

26

18. For the said purpose, we examined the evidence

on   record   as   narrated   in   the   First   Information

Report, during investigation as per the evidence

collected by the Investigating Officer and also the

evidence led during the course of trial in particular

by the injured eye­witnesses.

19. From the perusal of all the above material, the

prosecution story as set up and as established in

brief can be summarized as under:

(i) On the fateful evening of 27

th

 January, 2008,

the first incident took place around 9:00 p.m.

regarding the overtaking of the vehicles of one

party   and  the  other   resulting   into   a  verbal

altercation at that stage between PW­1 and A9. 

(ii) Both the parties went in separate directions

after the verbal altercation. 

27

(iii) Later on, at about 10:45 p.m., when the

deceased along with his other friends PW­1,

PW­2   and   PW­4   were   returning,   they   were

stopped by the accused 10 (ten) in number,

they were wrongfully restrained, compelled to

alight from their vehicle.

(iv)   Again,   a   verbal   altercation   took   place

whereafter accused nos. 1 and 3 picked up a

stick of casuarina tree from the decoration set

up on the road side and accused No.2 picked

up a brick from the road side. Accused No.1 hit

the deceased with a stick on his head, whereas

accused No.2 hit the deceased with the brick,

as a result of which, the deceased fell on the

ground. Accused No.3 attacked the others with

a stick and caused them simple and grievous

hurt.  

28

(v) Accused Nos.1 and 2 had caused only one

injury each on the deceased. It was not a repeat

or a multiple assault by them. 

(vi) Although, role of exhortation to kill the

deceased was assigned to accused No.3, but

during trial and in the cross­examination, all

the   three   witnesses   PW­1,   PW­2   and   PW­4

stated that they were not sure whether they

have said so in their statements under section

161 Cr.P.C. Thus, apparently, there was no role

assigned to exhortation to any of the accused to

kill the deceased.

20. The Trial Court had acquitted 4 (four) accused

namely accused nos.4, 5, 7 and 10 and the High

Court   acquitted   three   other   accused   namely

accused nos.6, 8 and 9 of all the charges. 

29

21. Considering the statutory provisions laid down

in IPC and the law on the point, we find that the

present case falls into the category of a culpable

homicide not amounting to murder falling under

section 304 Part­II IPC for the following reasons:

(i)There was no pre­meditation of mind to

commit murder.

(ii)All the accused were admittedly not armed

when they stopped the vehicle of the deceased

and his friends and compelled them to alight

from the same.

(iii)It was during the verbal altercation at that

stage that the three accused picked up the

weapon of assault namely, sticks of casuarina

tree and a brick from the road side. 

(iv) Single blow was given to the deceased by

the accused nos.1 and 2.

30

(v) The case set up for exhortation to kill the

deceased has not been found to be proved. 

(vi) Both the groups consisted of young men. 

(vii) The High Court found that there was no

unlawful   assembly   formed   with   a   common

object   and   accordingly   had   acquitted   three

other accused and also the present appellants

from the charge of unlawful assembly under

section 149 IPC. 

(viii) The appellants have been convicted with

the aid of section 34 IPC.

22. The reference to the judgment in the case of

Gulab Singh (supra) by the learned counsel for the

State of Kerala, in our opinion, is of no relevance to

the facts and circumstances of the present case.

There   was   no   issue   involved   relating   to   the

distinction between culpable homicide amounting to

31

murder or not amounting to murder. The issue

involved in the case of Gulab Singh was relating to

the applicability of section 34 IPC.

23. Thus, for all the reasons stated above, we are of

the view that the appellants would be entitled for

acquittal under section 302 IPC but would be liable

to be convicted under section 304 Part­II IPC. Rest

of the conviction upheld by the High Court and the

sentence for the charges under sections 341, 323,

324   and   427   read   with   section   34   IPC   is

maintained.  It is ordered accordingly.

24. Now coming to the question of sentence upon

conviction under section 304 Part­II IPC, we find

that all the three appellants are in jail and have

undergone   several   years   of   incarceration.   We

accordingly   award   the   sentence   for   the   period

already undergone by all the three appellants. The

32

appellants would be released forthwith unless they

are required in any other case.   

25.Appeals stand partly allowed as above.   The

impugned   judgment   of   the   High   Court   stands

modified to the aforesaid extent.

…………..........................J.

[AJAY RASTOGI]

………….........................J.

[VIKRAM NATH]

NEW DELHI

JULY 12, 2022. 

33

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