Page 1 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. OF 2013

(Arising out of S.L.P. (Crl.) No.6287 of 2011)

Ankush Shivaji Gaikwad …Appellant

Versus

State of Maharashtra …Respondent

J U D G M E N T

T.S. THAKUR, J.

1.Leave granted.

2.This appeal arises out of a judgement and order dated

24

th

August, 2010 passed by the High Court of Judicature at

Bombay, Aurangabad Bench, whereby Criminal Appeal

No.359 of 2008 filed by the appellant and two others has

been dismissed in so far as the appellant is concerned and

allowed qua the remaining two, thereby upholding the

1

Page 2 appellant’s conviction for the offence of murder punishable

under Section 302 of the I.P.C and the sentence of

imprisonment for life with a fine of Rs.2,000/- awarded to

him. In default of payment of fine the appellant has been

sentenced to undergo a further imprisonment for a period of

three months.

3.The factual matrix in which the appellant came to be

prosecuted and convicted has been set out in detail by the

trial Court as also the High Court in the orders passed by

them. We need not, therefore, recapitulate the same all over

again except to the extent it is necessary to do so for the

disposal of this appeal. Briefly stated, the incident that

culminated in the death of deceased-Nilkanth Pawar and the

consequent prosecution of the appellant and two others

occurred at about 10.00 p.m. on 3

rd

February, 2006 while the

deceased and his wife P.W.1-Mangalbai were guarding their

Jaggery crop growing in their field. The prosecution story is

that the appellant-Ankush Shivaji Gaikwad accompanied by

Madhav Shivaji Gaikwad (accused No.2) and Shivaji Bhivaji

Gaikwad (accused No.3) were walking past the field of the

2

Page 3 deceased when a dog owned by the deceased started

barking at them. Angered by the barking of the animal, the

appellant is alleged to have hit the dog with the iron pipe

that he was carrying in his hand. The deceased objected to

the appellant beating the dog, whereupon the appellant

started abusing the former and told him to keep quiet or else

he too would be beaten like a dog. The exchange of hot

words, it appears, led to a scuffle between the deceased and

the accused persons in the course whereof, while accused

Nos.2 and 3 beat the deceased with fist and kicks, the

appellant hit the deceased with the iron pipe on the head. On

account of the injury inflicted upon him, the deceased fell to

the ground whereupon all the three accused persons ran

away from the spot. The incident was witnessed by the wife

of the deceased, P.W.1- Mangalbai and by P.W.5-Ramesh

Ganpati Pawar who was also present in the field nearby at

the time of the occurrence. The deceased was carried on a

motorcycle to the hospital of one Dr. Chinchole at Omerga

from where he was shifted to Solapur for further treatment.

Two days after the occurrence when the condition of the

deceased became precarious, P.W.1-Mangalbai filed a

3

Page 4 complaint at the Police Station, Omerga on 5

th

February,

2006 on the basis whereby Crime No.25 of 2006 under

Sections 326, 504 and 323 read with Section 34 of the I.P.C

was registered by the police. Investigation of the case was

taken up by P.W.6-Police Sub Inspector Parihar who recorded

the panchnama of the scene of the crime and arrested the

accused persons. The deceased eventually succumbed to his

injuries on 7

th

February, 2006 whereupon Section 302 read

with Section 34 of the I.P.C. was added to the case.

4.Post-mortem examination of the deceased revealed a

contusion behind his right ear, a contusion on the right arm

and an abrasion on the right ankle joint. Internal

examination, however, showed that the deceased had

sustained an internal injury to the temporal and occipital

region under the scalp and a fracture on the base of the

skull. Blood clots were noted in the brain tissues and the

base of the skull, besides internal bleeding. According to the

doctor, the death was caused by the injury to the head. After

completion of the investigation that included seizure of the

alleged weapon used by the appellant, the police filed a

4

Page 5 chargesheet before the judicial Magistrate, who committed

the appellant and co-accused to face trial for the offence of

murder punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 of

the I.P.C. before the Sessions Court. Before the Sessions

Court the appellant and his co-accused pleaded not guilty

and claimed a trial.

5.The prosecution examined as many as six witnesses

including P.W.1-Mangalbai, the widow of the deceased and

P.W.5-Ramesh, both of whom were presented as eye

witnesses to the occurrence. The remaining witnesses

included P.W.3-Dr. Kamble and P.W.6-Police Sub-Inspector

Parihar. Appraisal of the evidence adduced by the

prosecution led the trial Court to hold the appellant and his

co-accused guilty for the offence of murder and sentenced

them to imprisonment for life besides a fine of Rs.2,000/-

each and a default sentence of three months rigorous

imprisonment.

6.The appellant and his co-accused preferred Criminal

Appeal No.359 of 2008 before the High Court of Judicature at

Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad. The High Court has by the

5

Page 6 judgment impugned in this appeal dismissed the appeal of

the appellant before us but allowed the same in so far as the

co-accused are concerned. The correctness of the said

judgment and order is under challenge before us.

7.When the matter initially came up before us for hearing

on 2

nd

September, 2011 we issued notice to the respondent-

State confined to the question of the nature of offence only.

We have accordingly heard learned counsel for the parties on

the said question. The trial Court as also the High Court

have, as noticed earlier, found the appellant guilty of

murder. The question, however, is whether in the facts and

circumstances of the case the appellant has been rightly

convicted for the capital offence and if not whether the act

attributed to him would constitute a lesser offence like

culpable homicide not amounting to murder punishable under

Section 304 Part I or II of the I.P.C.

8.On behalf of the appellant it was contended that the

appellant’s case fell within Exception 4 to Section 300 of the

I.P.C. which reads as under:

6

Page 7 “Exception 4.— Culpable homicide is not murder if it

is committed without premeditation in a sudden

fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel

and without the offender having taken undue

advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner.”

9.It was argued that the incident in question took place

on a sudden fight without any premeditation and the act of

the appellant hitting the deceased was committed in the heat

of passion upon a sudden quarrel without the appellant

having taken undue advantage or acting in a cruel or unusual

manner. There is, in our opinion, considerable merit in that

contention. We say so for three distinct reasons. Firstly,

because even according to the prosecution version, there

was no premeditation in the commission of the crime. There

is not even a suggestion that the appellant had any enmity

or motive to commit any offence against the deceased, leave

alone a serious offence like murder. The prosecution case, as

seen earlier, is that the deceased and his wife were guarding

their Jaggery crop in their field at around 10 p.m. when their

dog started barking at the appellant and his two companions

who were walking along a mud path by the side of the field

nearby. It was the barking of the dog that provoked the

7

Page 8 appellant to beat the dog with the rod that he was carrying

apparently to protect himself against being harmed by any

stray dog or animal. The deceased took objection to the

beating of the dog without in the least anticipating that the

same would escalate into a serious incident in the heat of the

moment. The exchange of hot words in the quarrel over the

barking of the dog led to a sudden fight which in turn

culminated in the deceased being hit with the rod

unfortunately on a vital part like the head. Secondly,

because the weapon used was not lethal nor was the

deceased given a second blow once he had collapsed to the

ground. The prosecution case is that no sooner the deceased

fell to the ground on account of the blow on the head, the

appellant and his companions took to their heels – a

circumstance that shows that the appellant had not acted in

an unusual or cruel manner in the prevailing situation so as

to deprive him of the benefit of Exception 4. Thirdly, because

during the exchange of hot words between the deceased and

the appellant all that was said by the appellant was that if

the deceased did not keep quiet even he would be beaten

like a dog. The use of these words also clearly shows that the

8

Page 9 intention of the appellant and his companions was at best to

belabour him and not to kill him as such. The cumulative

effect of all these circumstances, in our opinion, should

entitle the appellant to the benefit of Exception 4 to Section

300 of the I.P.C.

10.Time now to refer to a few decisions of this Court where

in similar circumstances this Court has held Exception 4 to

Section 300 of the I.P.C. to be applicable and converted the

offence against the appellant in those cases from murder to

culpable homicide not amounting murder. In Surinder

Kumar v. Union Territory, Chandigarh (1989) 2 SCC

217, this Court held that if on a sudden quarrel a person in

the heat of the moment picks up a weapon which is handy

and causes injuries out of which only one proves fatal, he

would be entitled to the benefit of the Exception provided he

has not acted cruelly. This Court held that the number of

wounds caused during the occurrence in such a situation was

not the decisive factor. What was important was that the

occurrence had taken place on account of a sudden and

unpremeditated fight and the offender must have acted in a

9

Page 10 fit of anger. Dealing with the provision of Exception 4 to

Section 300 this Court observed:

“….. To invoke this exception four requirements

must be satisfied, namely, (i) it was a sudden fight;

(ii) there was no premeditation; (iii) the act was

done in a heat of passion; and (iv) the assailant had

not taken any undue advantage or acted in a cruel

manner. The cause of the quarrel is not relevant nor

is it relevant who offered the provocation or started

the assault. The number of wounds caused during

the occurrence is not a decisive factor but what is

important is that the occurrence must have been

sudden and unpremeditated and the offender must

have acted in a fit of anger. Of course, the offender

must not have taken any undue advantage or acted

in a cruel manner. Where, on a sudden quarrel, a

person in the heat of the moment picks up a weapon

which is handy and causes injuries, one of which

proves fatal, he would be entitled to the benefit of

this exception provided he has not acted cruelly.”

(emphasis

supplied)

11.We may also refer to the decision of this Court in

Ghapoo Yadav and Ors. v. State of M.P. (2003) 3 SCC

528, where this Court held that in a heat of passion there

must be no time for the passions to cool down and that the

parties had in that case before the Court worked themselves

into a fury on account of the verbal altercation in the

beginning. Apart from the incident being the result of a

sudden quarrel without premeditation, the law requires that

10

Page 11 the offender should not have taken undue advantage or

acted in a cruel or unusual manner to be able to claim the

benefit of Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC. Whether or not the

fight was sudden, was declared by the Court to be decided in

the facts and circumstances of each case. The following

passage from the decision is apposite:

“...The help of Exception 4 can be invoked if death is

caused (a) without premeditation, (b) in a sudden

fight: (c) without the offender's having taken undue

advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner;

and (d) the fight must have been with the person

killed. To bring a case within Exception 4 all the

ingredients mentioned in it must be found. It is to

be noted that the 'fight' occurring in Exception 4 to

Section 300. IPC is not defined in the IPC. It takes

two to make a fight. Heat of passion requires that

there must be no time for the passions to cool down

and in this case, the parties have worked

themselves into a fury on account of the verbal

altercation in the beginning. A fight is a combat

between two and more persons whether with or

without weapons. It is not possible to enunciate any

general rule as to what shall be deemed to be a

sudden quarrel. It is a question of fact and whether

a quarrel is sudden or not must necessarily depend

upon the proved facts of each case. For the

application of Exception 4 It is not sufficient to show

that there was a sudden quarrel and there was no

premeditation. It must further be shown that the

offender has not taken undue advantage or acted in

cruel or unusual manner . The expression 'undue

advantage' as used in the provision means 'unfair

advantage'.”

xxx xxx xxx

...After the injuries were inflicted the injured

has fallen down, but there is no material to show

11

Page 12 that thereafter any injury was inflicted when he was

in a helpless condition. The assaults were made at

random. Even the previous altercations were verbal

and not physical. It is not the case of the

prosecution that the accused appellants had come

prepared and armed for attacking the

deceased....This goes to show that in the heat of

passion upon a sudden quarrel followed by a fight

the accused persons had caused injuries on the

deceased, but had not acted in cruel or unusual

manner. That being so, Exception 4 to Section

300 IPC is clearly applicable…”

(emphasis supplied)

12.In Sukbhir Singh v. State of Haryana (2002) 3 SCC

327, the appellant caused two Bhala blows on the vital part

of the body of the deceased that was sufficient in the

ordinary course of nature to cause death. The High Court

held that the appellant had acted in a cruel and unusual

manner. Reversing the view taken by the High Court this

Court held that all fatal injuries resulting in death cannot be

termed as cruel or unusual for the purposes of Exception 4 of

Section 300 IPC. In cases where after the injured had fallen

down, the appellant did not inflict any further injury when he

was in a helpless position, it may indicate that he had not

acted in a cruel or unusual manner. The Court observed:

12

Page 13 “...All fatal injuries resulting in death cannot be

termed as cruel or unusual for the purposes of not

availing the benefit of Exception 4 of Section 300

IPC. After the injuries were inflicted and the injured

had fallen down, the appellant is not shown to have

inflicted any other injury upon his person when he

was in a helpless position. It is proved that in the

heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel followed by a

fight, the accused who was armed with Bhala caused

injuries at random and thus did not act in a cruel or

unusual manner.”

(emphasis supplied)

13.Reference may also be made to the decision in Mahesh

v. State of MP (1996) 10 SCC 668 , where the appellant

had assaulted the deceased in a sudden fight and after giving

him one blow he had not caused any further injury to the

deceased which fact situation was held by this Court to be

sufficient to bring the case under Exception 4 to Section 300

of the IPC. This Court held:

“...Thus, placed as the appellant and the deceased

were at the time of the occurrence, it appears to us

that the appellant assaulted the deceased in that

sudden fight and after giving him one blow took to

his heels. He did not cause any other injury to the

deceased and therefore it cannot be said that he

acted in any cruel or unusual manner. Admittedly,

he did not assault PW-2 or PW-6 who were also

present also with the deceased and who had also

requested the appellant not to allow his cattle to

graze in the field of PW-1. This fortifies our belief

that the assault on the deceased was made during a

sudden quarrel without any premeditation. In this

fact situation, we are of the opinion that Exception-4

13

Page 14 to Section 300 IPC is clearly attracted to the case of

the appellant and the offence of which the appellant

can be said to be guilty would squarely fall under

Section 304 (Part-I) IPC...”

(emphasis supplied)

14.To the same effect are the decisions of this Court in

Vadla Chandraiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2006)

14 SCALE 108 , and Shankar Diwal Wadu v. State of

Maharashtra (2007) 12 SCC 518.

15.The next question then is whether the case falls under

Section 304 Part I or Part II of the IPC. The distinction

between the two parts of that provision was drawn by this

Court in Alister Anthony Pareira v. State of

Maharashtra (2012) 2 SCC 648 , in the following words:

“.....For punishment under Section 304 Part I, the

prosecution must prove: the death of the person in

question; that such death was caused by the act of

the accused and that the accused intended by such

act to cause death or cause such bodily injury as

was likely to cause death. As regards punishment for

Section 304 Part II, the prosecution has to prove the

death of the person in question; that such death was

caused by the act of the accused and that he knew

that such act of his was likely to cause death....”

14

Page 15 16.Reference may also be made to the decision of this

Court in Singapagu Anjaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh

(2010) 9 SCC 799 where this Court observed:

“16. In our opinion, as nobody can enter into the

mind of the accused, its intention has to be gathered

from the weapon used, the part of the body chosen

for the assault and the nature of the injuries

caused...”

(emphasis supplied)

17.The decision of this Court in Basdev v. The State of

PEPSU AIR 1956 SC 488 , drew a distinction between

motive, intention and knowledge in the following words:

“....Of course, we have to distinguish between

motive, intention and knowledge. Motive is

something which prompts a man to form an

intention and knowledge is an awareness of the

consequences of the act. In many cases intention

and knowledge merge into each other and mean the

same thing more or less and intention can be

presumed from knowledge. The demarcating line

between knowledge and intention is no doubt thin

but it is not difficult to perceive that they connote

different things...”

18.This Court in the above decisions quoted the following

passage from Reg. v. Monkhouse (1849) 4 Cox C. C. 55

where Coleridge J. speaking for the Court observed:

"The inquiry as to intent is far less simple than that

as to whether an act has been committed, because

15

Page 16 you cannot look into a man's mind to see what was

passing there at any given time. What he intends

can only be judged of by what he does or says, and

if he says nothing, then his act alone must guide

you to your decision. It is a general rule in criminal

law, and one founded on common sense, that juries

are to presume a man to do what is the natural

consequence of his act. The consequence is

sometimes so apparent as to leave no doubt of the

intention. A man could not put a pistol which he

knew to be loaded to another's head, and fire it off,

without intending to kill him; but even there the

state of mind of the party is most material to be

considered...”

(emphasis

supplied)

19.In Camilo Vaz v. State of Goa (2000) 9 SCC 1, the

accused had hit the deceased with a danda during a

premeditated gang-fight, resulting in the death of the victim.

Both the Trial Court and the Bombay High Court convicted

the appellant under Section 302 I.P.C. This Court, however,

converted the conviction to one under Section 304, Part II,

I.P.C. and observed:

“....When a person hits another with a danda on a

vital part of the body with such a force that the

person hit meets his death, knowledge has to be

imputed to the accused. In that situation case will

fall in Part II of Section 304, IPC as in the present

case...”

(emphasis supplied)

16

Page 17 20.In Jagrup Singh v. State of Haryana (1981) 3 SCC

616 the accused had given a blow on the head of the

deceased with the blunt side of a gandhala during a sudden

fight causing a fracture to the skull and consequent death.

This Court altered the conviction from Section 302 to Section

304, Part II IPC placing reliance upon the decision in

Chamru Budhwa v. State of Madhya Pradesh AIR 1954

SC 652 in which case also the exchange of abuses had led

both the parties to use lathis in a fight that ensued in which

the deceased was hit on the head by one of the lathi blows

causing a fracture of the skull and his ultimate death. The

accused was convicted for the offence of culpable homicide

not amounting to murder under Section 304, Part II of the

IPC.

21.Reference may also be made to the decisions of this

Court in Sarabjeet Singh and Ors. v. State of Uttar

Pradesh (1984) 1 SCC 673, Mer Dhana Sida v. State of

Gujarat (1985) 1 SCC 200 and Sukhmandar Singh v.

State of Punjab AIR 1995 SC 583 in which cases also the

cause of death was a fracture to the skull in a sudden fight

17

Page 18 without premeditation. The Court altered the conviction from

Section 302 IPC to Section 304, Part II of IPC.

22.Though the accused had inflicted only one injury upon

the deceased, the fact that he had attempted to stab him a

second time was taken as an indication of the accused having

any intention to kill for the purpose of Section 304 Part I, IPC

in Kasam Abdulla Hafiz v. State of Maharashtra (1998)

1 SCC 526, where this Court observed:

“....Looking at the nature of injuries sustained by the

deceased and the circumstances as enumerated

above the conclusion is irresistible that the death

was caused by the acts of the accused done with the

intention of causing such bodily injury as is likely to

cause death and therefore the offence would

squarely come within the Ist part of Section

304 I.P.C. The guilty intention of the accused to

cause such bodily injury as is likely to cause death is

apparent from the fact that he did attempt a second

blow though did not succeed in the same and it

somehow missed...”

(emphasis supplied)

23.We may lastly refer to the decision of this Court in

Pulicherla Nagaraju @ Nagaraja Reddy v. State of

Andhra Pradesh (2006) 11 SCC 444 where this Court

enumerated some of the circumstances relevant to finding

18

Page 19 out whether there was any intention to cause death on the

part of the accused. This Court observed:

“...Therefore, the court should proceed to decide the

pivotal question of intention, with care and caution,

as that will decide whether the case falls under

Section 302 or 304 Part I or 304 Part II. Many petty

or insignificant matters - plucking of a fruit, straying

of a cattle, quarrel of children, utterance of a rude

word or even an objectionable glance, may lead to

altercations and group clashes culminating in

deaths. Usual motives like revenge, greed, jealousy

or suspicion may be totally absent in such cases.

There may be no intention. There may be no pre-

meditation. In fact, there may not even be

criminality. At the other end of the spectrum, there

may be cases of murder where the accused attempts

to avoid the penalty for murder by attempting to put

forth a case that there was no intention to cause

death. It is for the courts to ensure that the cases of

murder punishable under Section 302, are not

converted into offences punishable under Section

304 Part I/II, or cases of culpable homicide not

amounting to murder, are treated as murder

punishable under Section 302. The intention to

cause death can be gathered generally from a

combination of a few or several of the following,

among other, circumstances : (i) nature of the

weapon used; (ii) whether the weapon was carried

by the accused or was picked up from the spot; (iii)

whether the blow is aimed at a vital part of the

body; (iv) the amount of force employed in causing

injury; (v) whether the act was in the course of

sudden quarrel or sudden fight or free for all fight;

(vi) whether the incident occurs by chance or

whether there was any pre- meditation; (vii)

whether there was any prior enmity or whether the

deceased was a stranger; (viii) whether there was

any grave and sudden provocation, and if so, the

cause for such provocation; (ix) whether it was in

the heat of passion; (x) whether the person inflicting

the injury has taken undue advantage or has acted

in a cruel and unusual manner; (xi) whether the

accused dealt a single blow or several blows. The

above list of circumstances is, of course, not

exhaustive and there may be several other special

19

Page 20 circumstances with reference to individual cases

which may throw light on the question of

intention...”

(emphasis supplied)

24.Coming back to the case at hand, we are of the opinion

that the nature of the simple injury inflicted by the accused,

the part of the body on which it was inflicted, the weapon

used to inflict the same and the circumstances in which the

injury was inflicted do not suggest that the appellant had the

intention to kill the deceased. All that can be said is that the

appellant had the knowledge that the injury inflicted by him

was likely to cause the death of the deceased. The case

would, therefore, more appropriately fall under Section 304

Part II of the IPC.

25.The only other aspect that needs to be examined is

whether any compensation be awarded against the appellant

and in favour of the bereaved family under Section 357 of

the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. This aspect arises

very often and has been a subject matter of several

pronouncements of this Court. The same may require some

elaboration to place in bold relief certain aspects that need to

20

Page 21 be addressed by Courts but have despite the decisions of this

Court remained obscure and neglected by the Courts at

different levels in this country.

26.More than four decades back Krishna Iyer J. speaking

for the Court in Maru Ram & Ors. v. Union of India and

Ors. (1981) 1 SCC 107 , in his inimitable style said that

while social responsibility of the criminal to restore the loss or

heal the injury is a part of the punitive exercise, the length of

the prison term is no reparation to the crippled or bereaved

but is futility compounded with cruelty. Victimology must find

fulfilment said the Court, not through barbarity but by

compulsory recoupment by the wrong doer of the damage

inflicted not by giving more pain to the offender but by

lessening the loss of the forlorn. In Hari Singh v. Sukhbir

Singh and Ors. (1988) 4 SCC 551 , this Court lamented

the failure of the Courts in awarding compensation to the

victims in terms of Section 357 (1) of the Cr.P.C. The Court

recommended to all Courts to exercise the power available

under Section 357 of the Cr.P.C. liberally so as to meet the

ends of justice. The Court said:

21

Page 22 “…. Sub-section (1) of Section 357 provides power

to award compensation to victims of the offence out

of the sentence of fine imposed on accused… It is an

important provision but Courts have seldom invoked

it. Perhaps due to ignorance of the object of it. It

empowers the Court to award compensation to

victims while passing judgment of conviction. In

addition to conviction, the Court may order the

accused to pay some amount by way of

compensation to victim who has suffered by the

action of accused. It may be noted that this power

of Courts to award compensation is not ancillary to

other sentences but it is in addition thereto. This

power was intended to do something to reassure the

victim that he or she is not forgotten in the criminal

justice system. It is a measure of responding

appropriately to crime as well of reconciling the

victim with the offender. It is, to some extent, a

constructive approach to crimes. It is indeed a step

forward in our criminal justice system. We,

therefore, recommend to all Courts to exercise this

power liberally so as to meet the ends of justice in a

better way.

(emphasis supplied)

27.The amount of compensation, observed this Court, was

to be determined by the Courts depending upon the facts

and circumstances of each case, the nature of the crime, the

justness of the claim and the capacity of the accused to pay.

28.In Sarwan Singh and others v. State of Punjab

(1978) 4 SCC 111, Balraj v. State of U.P. (1994) 4 SCC

29, Baldev Singh and Anr. v. State of Punjab (1995) 6

SCC 593, Dilip S. Dahanukar v. Kotak Mahindra Co.

22

Page 23 Ltd. and Anr. (2007) 6 SCC 528 , this Court held that the

power of the Courts to award compensation to victims under

Section 357 is not ancillary to other sentences but in addition

thereto and that imposition of fine and/or grant of

compensation to a great extent must depend upon the

relevant factors apart from such fine or compensation being

just and reasonable. In Dilip S. Dahanukar’s case (supra)

this Court even favoured an inquiry albeit summary in nature

to determine the paying capacity of the offender. The Court

said:

“.... The purpose of imposition of fine and/or grant

of compensation to a great extent must be

considered having the relevant factors therefore in

mind. It may be compensating the person in one

way or the other. The amount of compensation

sought to be imposed, thus, must be reasonable and

not arbitrary. Before issuing a direction to pay

compensation, the capacity of accused to pay the

same must be judged. A fortiori, an enquiry in this

behalf even in a summary way may be necessary.

Some reasons, which may not be very elaborate,

may also have to be assigned; the purpose being

that whereas the power to impose fine is limited and

direction to pay compensation can be made for one

or the other factors enumerated out of the same;

but sub- Section (3) of Section 357 does not impose

any such limitation and thus, power thereunder

should be exercised only in appropriate cases. Such

a jurisdiction cannot be exercised at the whims and

caprice of a judge.”

23

Page 24 29.The long line of judicial pronouncements of this Court

recognised in no uncertain terms a paradigm shift in the

approach towards victims of crimes who were held entitled to

reparation, restitution or compensation for loss or injury

suffered by them. This shift from retribution to restitution

began in the mid 1960s and gained momentum in the

decades that followed. Interestingly the clock appears to

have come full circle by the law makers and courts going

back in a great measure to what was in ancient times

common place. Harvard Law Review (1984) in an article

on “Victim Restitution in Criminal Law Process: A

Procedural Analysis” sums up the historical perspective of

the concept of restitution in the following words:

“Far from being a novel approach to sentencing,

restitution has been employed as a punitive sanction

throughout history. In ancient societies, before the

conceptual separation of civil and criminal law, it

was standard practice to require an offender to

reimburse the victim or his family for any loss

caused by the offense. The primary purpose of such

restitution was not to compensate the victim, but to

protect the offender from violent retaliation by the

victim or the community. It was a means by which

the offender could buy back the peace he had

broken. As the state gradually established a

monopoly over the institution of punishment, and a

division between civil and criminal law emerged, the

victim's right to compensation was incorporated into

civil law.”

24

Page 25 30.With modern concepts creating a distinction between

civil and criminal law in which civil law provides for remedies

to award compensation for private wrongs and the criminal

law takes care of punishing the wrong doer, the legal position

that emerged till recent times was that criminal law need not

concern itself with compensation to the victims since

compensation was a civil remedy that fell within the domain

of the civil Courts. This conventional position has in recent

times undergone a notable sea change, as societies world

over have increasingly felt that victims of the crimes were

being neglected by the legislatures and the Courts alike.

Legislations have, therefore, been introduced in many

countries including Canada, Australia, England, New Zealand,

Northern Ireland and in certain States in the USA providing

for restitution/reparation by Courts administering criminal

justice.

31.England was perhaps the first to adopt a separate

statutory scheme for victim compensation by the State under

the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme, 1964. Under

the Criminal Justice Act, 1972 the idea of payment of

25

Page 26 compensation by the offender was introduced. The following

extract from the Oxford Handbook of Criminology (1994

Edn., p.1237-1238), which has been quoted with approval in

Delhi Domestic Working Women's Forum v. Union of

India and Ors. (1995) 1 SCC 14 is apposite:

“Compensation payable by the offender was

introduced in the Criminal Justice Act 1972 which

gave the Courts powers to make an ancillary order

for compensation in addition to the main penalty in

cases where 'injury', loss, or damage' had resulted.

The Criminal Justice Act 1982 made it possible for

the first time to make a compensation order as the

sole penalty. It also required that in cases where

fines and compensation orders were given together,

the payment of compensation should take priority

over the fine. These developments signified a major

shift in penology thinking, reflecting the growing

importance attached to restitution and reparation

over the more narrowly retributive aims of

conventional punishment. The Criminal Justice Act

1982 furthered this shift. It required courts to

consider the making of a compensation order in

every case of death, injury, loss or damage and,

where such an order was not given, imposed a duty

on the court to give reasons for not doing so. It also

extended the range of injuries eligible for

compensation. These new requirements mean that if

the court fails to make a compensation order it must

furnish reasons. Where reasons are given, the victim

may apply for these to be subject to judicial review.

The 1991 Criminal Justice Act contains a number of

provisions which directly or indirectly encourage an

even greater role for compensation...”

(emphasis supplied)

26

Page 27 32.In the United States of America, the Victim and Witness

Protection Act of 1982 authorizes a federal court to award

restitution by means of monetary compensation as a part of

a convict's sentence. Section 3553(a)(7) of Title 18 of the

Act requires Courts to consider in every case “the need to

provide restitution to any victims of the offense”. Though it is

not mandatory for the Court to award restitution in every

case, the Act demands that the Court provide its reasons for

denying the same. Section 3553(c) of Title 18 of the Act

states as follows:

“If the court does not order restitution or orders only

partial restitution, the court shall include in the

statement the reason thereof.”

(emphasis supplied)

33.In order to be better equipped to decide the quantum of

money to be paid in a restitution order, the United States

federal law requires that details such as the financial history

of the offender, the monetary loss caused to the victim by

the offence, etc. be obtained during a Presentence

Investigation, which is carried out over a period of 5 weeks

after an offender is convicted.

27

Page 28 34.Domestic/Municipal Legislation apart even the UN

General Assembly recognized the right of victims of crimes to

receive compensation by passing a resolution titled

'Declaration on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims

and Abuse of Power, 1985' . The Resolution contained the

following provisions on restitution and compensation:

“Restitution

8. Offenders or third parties responsible for their

behaviour should, where appropriate, make fair

restitution to victims, their families or dependants.

Such restitution should include the return of

property or payment for the harm or loss suffered,

reimbursement of expenses incurred as a result of

the victimization, the provision of services and the

restoration of rights.

9. Governments should review their practices,

regulations and laws to consider restitution as an

available sentencing option in criminal cases, in

addition to other criminal sanctions.

10. In cases of substantial harm to the environment,

restitution, if ordered, should include, as far as

possible, restoration of the environment,

reconstruction of the infrastructure, replacement of

community facilities and reimbursement of the

expenses of relocation, whenever such harm results

in the dislocation of a community.

11. Where public officials or other agents acting in

an official or quasi-official capacity have violated

national criminal laws, the victims should receive

restitution from the State whose officials or agents

were responsible for the harm inflicted. In cases

where the Government under whose authority the

victimizing act or omission occurred is no longer in

existence, the State or Government successor in

title should provide restitution to the victims.

28

Page 29 Compensation

12. When compensation is not fully available from

the offender or other sources, States should

endeavour to provide financial compensation to:

(a) Victims who have sustained significant bodily

injury or impairment of physical or mental health as

a result of serious crimes;

(b) The family, in particular dependants of persons

who have died or become physically or mentally

incapacitated as a result of such victimization.

13. The establishment, strengthening and expansion

of national funds for compensation to victims should

be encouraged. Where appropriate, other funds may

also be established for this purpose, including in

those cases where the State of which the victim is a

national is not in a position to compensate the

victim for the harm.”

35.The UN General Assembly passed a resolution titled

Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a

Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations

of International Human Rights Law and Serious

Violations of International Humanitarian Law, 2005

which deals with the rights of victims of international crimes

and human rights violations. These Principles (while in their

Draft form) were quoted with approval by this Court in State

of Gujarat and Anr. v. Hon'ble High Court of Gujarat

(1998) 7 SCC 392 in the following words:

“94. In recent years the right to reparation for

victims of violation of human rights is gaining

ground. United Nations Commission of Human

29

Page 30 Rights has circulated draft Basic Principles and

Guidelines on the Right to Reparation for Victims of

Violation of Human Rights, (see Annexure).”

36.Amongst others the following provisions on restitution

and compensation have been made:

“12. Restitution shall be provided to reestablish the

situation that existed prior to the violations of

human rights or international humanitarian law.

Restitution requires inter alia, restoration of liberty,

family life citizenship, return to one's place of

residence, and restoration of employment or

property.

13. Compensation shall be provided for any

economically assessable damage resulting from

violations of human rights or international

humanitarian law, such as :

(a) Physical or mental harm, including pain,

suffering and emotional distress;

(b) Lost opportunities including education;

(c) Material damages and loss of earnings, including

loss of earning potential;

(d) Harm to reputation or dignity;

(e) Costs required for legal or expert assistance,

medicines and medical services.”

37.Back home the Criminal Procedure Code of 1898

contained a provision for restitution in the form of Section

545, which stated in sub-clause 1(b) that the Court may

direct “payment to any person of compensation for any loss

or injury caused by the offence when substantial

30

Page 31 compensation is, in the opinion of the Court, recoverable by

such person in a Civil Court”.

38.The Law Commission of India in its 41

st

Report

submitted in 1969 discussed Section 545 of the Cr.P.C. of

1898 extensively and stated as follows:

“46.12. Under clause (b) of sub-sec. (1) of Section

545, the Court may direct “payment to any person

of compensation for any loss or injury caused by the

offence when substantial compensation is, in the

opinion of the Court, recoverable by such person in

a Civil Court.” The significance of the requirement

that compensation should be recoverable in a Civil

Court is that the act which constitutes the offence in

question should also be a tort. The word

“substantial” appears to have been used to exclude

cases where only nominal damages would be

recoverable. We think it is hardly necessary to

emphasise this aspect, since in any event it is purely

within the discretion of the Criminal Courts to order

or not to order payment of compensation, and in

practice, they are not particularly liberal in utilizing

this provision . We propose to omit the word

“substantial” from the clause.”

(emphasis supplied)

39.On the basis of the recommendations made by the Law

Commission in the above report, the Government of India

introduced the Criminal Procedure Code Bill, 1970, which

aimed at revising Section 545 and introducing it in the form

31

Page 32 of Section 357 as it reads today. The Statement of Objects

and Reasons underlying the Bill was as follows:

“Clause 365 [now s.357] which corresponds to

section 545 makes provision for payment of

compensation to victims of crimes. At present such

compensation can be ordered only when the Court

imposes a fine the amount is limited to the amount

of fine. Under the new provision, compensation can

be awarded irrespective of whether the offence is

punishable with fine and fine is actually imposed,

but such compensation can be ordered only if the

accused is convicted. The compensation should be

payable for any loss or injury whether physical or

pecuniary and the Court shall have due regard to

the nature of injury, the manner of inflicting the

same, the capacity of the accused to pay and other

relevant factors.”

(emphasis supplied)

40.As regards the need for Courts to obtain comprehensive

details regarding the background of the offender for the

purpose of sentencing, the Law Commission in its 48

th

Report

on 'Some Questions Under the Code of Criminal Procedure

Bill, 1970' submitted in 1972 discussed the matter in some

detail, stating as follows:

“45. It is now being increasingly recognised that a

rational and consistent sentencing policy requires

the removal of several deficiencies in the present

system. One such deficiency is a lack of

comprehensive information as to the characteristics

and background of the offender.

The aims of sentencing-–themselves obscure--

become all the more so in the absence of

32

Page 33 comprehensive information on which the correctional

process is to operate. The public as well as the as

the courts themselves are in the dark about judicial

approach in this regard.

We are of the view that the taking of evidence

as to the circumstances relevant to sentencing

should be encouraged, and both the prosecution and

the accused should be allowed to cooperate in the

process.”

(emphasis supplied)

41.The Cr.P.C. of 1973 which incorporated the changes

proposed in the said Bill of 1970 states in its Objects and

Reasons that s.357 was “intended to provide relief to the

proper sections of the community” and that the amended

CrPC empowered the Court to order payment of

compensation by the accused to the victims of crimes “to a

larger extent” than was previously permissible under the

Code. The changes brought about by the introduction of

s.357 were as follows:

(i)The word “substantial” was excluded.

(ii)A new sub-section (3) was added which provides for

payment of compensation even in cases where the fine does

not form part of the sentence imposed.

33

Page 34 (iii)Sub-section (4) was introduced which states that an

order awarding compensation may be made by an Appellate

Court or by the High Court or Court of Session when

exercising its powers of revision.

42.The amendments to the Cr.P.C. brought about in 2008

focused heavily on the rights of victims in a criminal trial,

particularly in trials relating to sexual offences. Though the

2008 amendments left Section 357 unchanged, they

introduced Section 357A under which the Court is

empowered to direct the State to pay compensation to the

victim in such cases where “ the compensation awarded

under Section 357 is not adequate for such rehabilitation, or

where the case ends in acquittal or discharge and the victim

has to be rehabilitated.” Under this provision, even if the

accused is not tried but the victim needs to be rehabilitated,

the victim may request the State or District Legal Services

Authority to award him/her compensation. This provision was

introduced due to the recommendations made by the Law

Commission of India in its 152

nd

and 154

th

Reports in 1994

and 1996 respectively.

34

Page 35 43.The 154

th

Law Commission Report on the CrPC devoted

an entire chapter to ‘Victimology’ in which the growing

emphasis on victim’s rights in criminal trials was discussed

extensively as under:

“1. Increasingly the attention of criminologists,

penologists and reformers of criminal justice system

has been directed to victimology, control of

victimization and protection of victims of crimes.

Crimes often entail substantive harms to people and

not merely symbolic harm to the social order.

Consequently the needs and rights of victims of

crime should receive priority attention in the total

response to crime. One recognized method of

protection of victims is compensation to victims of

crime. The needs of victims and their family are

extensive and varied.

xx xx xx xx xx

9.1 The principles of victimology has foundations in

Indian constitutional jurisprudence. The provision on

Fundamental Rights (Part III) and Directive

Principles of State Policy (Part IV) form the bulwark

for a new social order in which social and economic

justice would blossom in the national life of the

country (Article 38). Article 41 mandates inter alia

that the State shall make effective provisions for

“securing the right to public assistance in cases of

disablement and in other cases of undeserved

want.” So also Article 51-A makes it a fundamental

duty of every Indian citizen, inter alia ‘to have

compassion for living creatures’ and to ‘develop

humanism’. If emphatically interpreted and

imaginatively expanded these provisions can form

the constitutional underpinnings for victimology.

9.2 However, in India the criminal law provides

compensation to the victims and their dependants

only in a limited manner. Section 357 of the Code of

Criminal Procedure incorporates this concept to an

extent and empowers the Criminal Courts to grant

compensation to the victims.

35

Page 36 xx xx xx xx

11. In India the principles of compensation to crime

victims need to be reviewed and expanded to cover

all cases. The compensation should not be limited

only to fines, penalties and forfeitures realized. The

State should accept the principle of providing

assistance to victims out of its own funds…”

44.The question then is whether the plenitude of the power

vested in the Courts under Section 357 & 357-A,

notwithstanding, the Courts can simply ignore the provisions

or neglect the exercise of a power that is primarily meant to

be exercised for the benefit of the victims of crimes that are

so often committed though less frequently punished by the

Courts. In other words, whether Courts have a duty to

advert to the question of awarding compensation to the

victim and record reasons while granting or refusing relief to

them?

45.The language of Section 357 Cr.P.C. at a glance may

not suggest that any obligation is cast upon a Court to apply

its mind to the question of compensation. Sub-section (1) of

s.357 states that the Court “may” order for the whole or any

36

Page 37 part of a fine recovered to be applied towards compensation

in the following cases:

(i) To any person who has suffered loss or injury by the

offence, when in the opinion of the Court, such

compensation would be recoverable by such person in a

Civil Court.

(ii) To a person who is entitled to recover damages

under the Fatal Accidents Act, when there is a

conviction for causing death or abetment thereof.

(iii) To a bona fide purchaser of property, which has

become the subject of theft, criminal misappropriation,

criminal breach of trust, cheating, or receiving or

retaining or disposing of stolen property, and which is

ordered to be restored to its rightful owner.

46.Sub-section (3) of Section 357 further empowers the

Court by stating that it “may” award compensation even in

such cases where the sentence imposed does not include a

fine. The legal position is, however, well-established that

cases may arise where a provision is mandatory despite the

use of language that makes it discretionary. We may at the

37

Page 38 outset, refer to the oft quoted passage from Julius v. Lord

Bishop of Oxford (1880) 5 AC 214 where the Court

summed up the legal position thus:

“The words 'it shall be lawful' are not equivocal.

They are plain and unambiguous. They are words

merely making that legal and possible which there

would otherwise be no right or authority to do. They

confer a faculty or power and they do not of

themselves do more than confer a faculty or

power. But there may be something in the nature of

the thing empowered to be done, something in the

object for which it is to be done, something in the

title of the person or persons for whose benefit the

power is to be exercised, which may couple the

power with a duty, and make it the duty of the

person in whom the power is reposed, to exercise

that power when called upon to do so...”

47.There is no gainsaying that Section 357 confers a power

on the Court in so far as it makes it “legal and possible which

there would otherwise be no right or authority to do” viz. to

award compensation to victims in criminal cases. The

question is whether despite the use of discretionary language

such as the word “may”, there is “something” in the nature

of the power to award compensation in criminal cases, in the

object for which the power is conferred or in the title of the

persons for whose benefit it is to be exercised which, coupled

with the power conferred under the provision, casts a duty

38

Page 39 on the Court to apply its mind to the question of exercise of

this power in every criminal case.

48.In Smt. Bachahan Devi and Anr. v. Nagar Nigam,

Gorakhpur and Anr. AIR 2008 SC 1282 , this Court while

dealing with the use of the word “may” summoned up the

legal position thus:

“...It is well-settled that the use of word `may' in a

statutory provision would not by itself show that the

provision is directory in nature. In some cases, the

legislature may use the word `may' as a matter of

pure conventional courtesy and yet intend a

mandatory force. In order, therefore, to interpret

the legal import of the word `may', the court has to

consider various factors, namely, the object and the

scheme of the Act, the context and the background

against which the words have been used, the

purpose and the advantages sought to be achieved

by the use of this word, and the like. It is equally

well-settled that where the word `may' involves a

discretion coupled with an obligation or where it

confers a positive benefit to a general class of

subjects in a utility Act, or where the court advances

a remedy and suppresses the mischief, or where

giving the words directory significance would defeat

the very object of the Act, the word `may' should be

interpreted to convey a mandatory force...”

(emphasis supplied)

49.Similarly in Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd. v. State of U.

P. and Ors. (2007) 8 SCC 338 , this Court held that the

mere use of word 'may' or 'shall' was not conclusive. The

39

Page 40 question whether a particular provision of a statute is

directory or mandatory, held the Court, can be resolved by

ascertaining the intention of the Legislature and not by

looking at the language in which the provision is clothed. And

for finding out the legislative intent, the Court must examine

the scheme of the Act, purpose and object underlying the

provision, consequences likely to ensue or inconvenience

likely to result if the provision is read one way or the other

and many more considerations relevant thereto.

50.Applying the tests which emerge from the above cases

to Section 357, it appears to us that the provision confers a

power coupled with a duty on the Courts to apply its mind to

the question of awarding compensation in every criminal

case. We say so because in the background and context in

which it was introduced, the power to award compensation

was intended to reassure the victim that he or she is not

forgotten in the criminal justice system. The victim would

remain forgotten in the criminal justice system if despite

Legislature having gone so far as to enact specific provisions

relating to victim compensation, Courts choose to ignore the

40

Page 41 provisions altogether and do not even apply their mind to the

question of compensation. It follows that unless Section 357

is read to confer an obligation on Courts to apply their mind

to the question of compensation, it would defeat the very

object behind the introduction of the provision.

51.If application of mind is not considered mandatory, the

entire provision would be rendered a dead letter. It was held

in NEPC Micon Ltd. and Ors. v. Magma Leasing Ltd.

(1999) 4 SCC 253 , albeit in the context of s.138 of the

Negotiable Instruments Act that even in regard to a penal

provision, any interpretation, which withdraws the life and

blood of the provision and makes it ineffective and a

dead letter should be avoided.

52.Similarly in Swantraj and Ors. v. State of

Maharashtra (1975) 3 SCC 322 , this Court speaking

through Justice Krishna Iyer held:

“1. Every legislation is a social document and

judicial construction seeks to decipher the statutory

mission, language permitting, taking the cue from

the rule in Heydon's case of suppressing the evil and

advancing the remedy...”

41

Page 42 53.The Court extracted with approval the following passage

from Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes :

“There is no doubt that 'the office of the Judge is, to

make such construction as will suppress the

mischief, and advance the remedy, and to suppress

all evasions for the continuance of the mischief.' To

carry out effectually the object of a statute, it must

be so construed as to defeat all attempts to do, or

avoid doing, in an indirect or circuitous manner that

which it has prohibited or enjoined : quando aliquid

prohibetur, prohibetur et omne per quod devenitur

ad illud.”

54.This Court has through a line of cases beginning with

Hari Singh's case (supra) held that the power to award

compensation under Section 357 is not ancillary to other

sentences but in addition thereto. It would necessarily follow

that the Court has a duty to apply its mind to the question of

awarding compensation under Section 357 too. Reference

may also be made to the decision of this Court in State of

Andhra Pradesh v. Polamala Raju @ Rajarao (2000) 7

SCC 75 where a three-judge bench of this Court set aside a

judgment of the High Court for non-application of mind to

the question of sentencing. In that case, this Court

reprimanded the High Court for having reduced the sentence

of the accused convicted under Section 376, IPC from 10

42

Page 43 years imprisonment to 5 years without recording any reasons

for the same. This Court said:

“...We are of the considered opinion that it is an

obligation of the sentencing court to consider all

relevant facts and circumstances bearing on the

question of sentence and impose a sentence

commensurate with the gravity of the offence...

xx xx xx xx

...To say the least, the order contains no reasons,

much less “special or adequate reasons”. The

sentence has been reduced in a rather mechanical

manner without proper application of mind...”

55.In State of Punjab v. Prem Sagar and Ors. (2008)

7 SCC 550 this Court stressed the need for greater

application of mind of the Courts in the field of sentencing.

Setting aside the order granting probation by the High Court,

the Court stated as follows:

“30....The High Court does not rest its decision on

any legal principle. No sufficient or cogent reason

has been arrived.

31.We have noticed the development of law in

this behalf in other countries only to emphasise that

the courts while imposing sentence must take into

consideration the principles applicable thereto. It

requires application of mind. The purpose of

imposition of sentence must also be kept in mind...”

56.Although speaking in the context of capital punishment,

the following observation of this Court in Sangeet & Anr. v.

43

Page 44 State of Haryana (2013) 2 SCC 452 could be said to

apply to other sentences as well, particularly the award of

compensation to the victim:

“In the sentencing process, both the crime and the

criminal are equally important. We have

unfortunately, not taken the sentencing process as

seriously as it should be with the result that in

capital offences, it has become judge-centric

sentencing rather than principled sentencing.”

57.Section 357 Cr.P.C. confers a duty on the Court to apply

its mind to the question of compensation in every criminal

case. It necessarily follows that the Court must disclose that

it has applied its mind to this question in every criminal case.

In Maya Devi (Dead) through LRs and Ors. v. Raj

Kumari Batra (Dead) through LRs and Ors. (2010) 9

SCC 486, this Court held that disclosure of application of

mind is best demonstrated by recording reasons in support of

the order or conclusion. The Court observed:

“28. ...There is nothing like a power without any limits

or constraints. That is so even when a court or other

authority may be vested with wide discretionary

power, for even discretion has to be exercised only

along well-recognised and sound juristic principles

with a view to promoting fairness, inducing

transparency and aiding equity.

29. What then are the safeguards against an arbitrary

exercise of power? The first and the most effective

check against any such exercise is the well-recognised

44

Page 45 legal principle that orders can be made only after due

application of mind. Application of mind brings

reasonableness not only to the exercise of power but

to the ultimate conclusion also. Application of mind in

turn is best demonstrated by disclosure of mind. And

disclosure is best demonstrated by recording reasons

in support of the order or conclusion.

30. Recording of reasons in cases where the order is

subject to further appeal is very important from yet

another angle. An appellate court or the authority

ought to have the advantage of examining the

reasons that prevailed with the court or the authority

making the order. Conversely, absence of reasons in

an appealable order deprives the appellate court or

the authority of that advantage and casts an onerous

responsibility upon it to examine and determine the

question on its own...”

(emphasis supplied)

58.Similarly, in State of Rajasthan v. Sohan Lal and

Ors. (2004) 5 SCC 573 , this Court emphasised the need

for reasons thus:

“...The giving of reasons for a decision is an

essential attribute of judicial and judicious disposal

of a matter before courts, and which is the only

indication to know about the manner and quality of

exercise undertaken, as also the fact that the court

concerned had really applied its mind...”

59.In Hindustan Times Ltd. v. Union of India (1998)

2 SCC 242 this Court stated that the absence of reasons in

an order would burden the appellate court with the

45

Page 46 responsibility of going through the evidence or law for the

first time. The Court observed :

“...In our view, the satisfaction which a reasoned

Judgment gives to the losing party or his lawyer is

the test of a good Judgment. Disposal of cases is no

doubt important but quality of the judgment is

equally, if not more, important. There is no point in

shifting the burden to the higher Court either to

support the judgment by reasons or to consider the

evidence or law for the first time to see if the

judgment needs a reversal...”

60.In Director, Horticulture Punjab and Ors. v.

Jagjivan Parshad (2008) 5 SCC 539 , this Court stated

that the spelling out of reasons in an order is a requirement

of natural justice:

“...Reasons substitute subjectivity by objectivity.

The emphasis on recording reasons is that if the

decision reveals the “inscrutable face of the sphinx”,

it can, by its silence, render it virtually impossible

for the courts to perform their appellate function or

exercise the power of judicial review in adjudging

the validity of the decision. Right to reason is an

indispensable part of a sound judicial system.

Another rationale is that the affected party can know

why the decision has gone against him. One of the

salutary requirements of natural justice is spelling

out reasons for the order made, in other words, a

speaking-out. The “inscrutable face of the sphinx” is

ordinarily incongruous with a judicial or quasi-

judicial performance...”

46

Page 47 61.In Maya Devi's case (supra), this Court summarised

the existing case law on the need for reasoned orders as

follows:

“22. The juristic basis underlying the requirement

that courts and indeed all such authorities, as

exercise the power to determine the rights and

obligations of individuals must give reasons in

support of their orders has been examined in a long

line of decisions rendered by this Court. In

Hindustan Times Ltd. v. Union of India (1998)

2 SCC 242 the need to give reasons has been held

to arise out of the need to minimise chances of

arbitrariness and induce clarity.

23. In Arun v. Inspector General of Police

(1986) 3 SCC 696 the recording of reasons in

support of the order passed by the High Court has

been held to inspire public confidence in

administration of justice, and help the Apex Court to

dispose of appeals filed against such orders.

24. In Union of India v. Jai Prakash Singh

(2007) 10 SCC 712, reasons were held to be live

links between the mind of the decision-maker and

the controversy in question as also the decision or

conclusion arrived at.

25. In Victoria Memorial Hall v. Howrah

Ganatantrik Nagrik Samity (2010) 3 SCC 732,

reasons were held to be the heartbeat of every

conclusion, apart from being an essential feature of

the principles of natural justice, that ensure

transparency and fairness, in the decision-making

process.

26. In Ram Phal v. State of Haryana (2009) 3

SCC 258, giving of satisfactory reasons was held to

be a requirement arising out of an ordinary man's

sense of justice and a healthy discipline for all those

who exercise power over others.

27. In Director, Horticulture, Punjab v. Jagjivan

Parshad (2008) 5 SCC 539, the recording of

reasons was held to be indicative of application of

47

Page 48 mind specially when the order is amenable to further

avenues of challenge.”

62.To sum up: While the award or refusal of compensation

in a particular case may be within the Court's discretion,

there exists a mandatory duty on the Court to apply its mind

to the question in every criminal case. Application of mind to

the question is best disclosed by recording reasons for

awarding/refusing compensation. It is axiomatic that for any

exercise involving application of mind, the Court ought to

have the necessary material which it would evaluate to arrive

at a fair and reasonable conclusion. It is also beyond dispute

that the occasion to consider the question of award of

compensation would logically arise only after the court

records a conviction of the accused. Capacity of the accused

to pay which constitutes an important aspect of any order

under Section 357 Cr.P.C. would involve a certain enquiry

albeit summary unless of course the facts as emerging in the

course of the trial are so clear that the court considers it

unnecessary to do so. Such an enquiry can precede an order

on sentence to enable the court to take a view, both on the

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Page 49 question of sentence and compensation that it may in its

wisdom decide to award to the victim or his/her family.

63.Coming then to the case at hand, we regret to say that

the trial Court and the High Court appear to have remained

oblivious to the provisions of Section 357 Cr.P.C. The

judgments under appeal betray ignorance of the Courts

below about the statutory provisions and the duty cast upon

the Courts. Remand at this distant point of time does not

appear to be a good option either. This may not be a happy

situation but having regard to the facts and the

circumstances of the case and the time lag since the offence

was committed, we conclude this chapter in the hope that

the courts remain careful in future.

64.In the result, we allow this appeal but only to the extent

that instead of Section 302 IPC the appellant shall stand

convicted for the offence of culpable homicide not amounting

to murder punishable under Section 304 Part II IPC and

sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of

five years. The fine imposed upon the appellant and the

default sentence awarded to him shall remain unaltered. The

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Page 50 appeal is disposed of in the above terms in modification of

the order passed by the Courts below. A copy of this order be

forwarded to the Registrars General of the High Courts in the

country for circulation among the Judges handling criminal

trials and hearing appeals.

……...………….……….…..…J.

(T.S. Thakur)

………………………… ..…..…J.

(Gyan Sudha Misra)

New Delhi

May 3, 2013

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