2024 INSC 849 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

ARBITRATION PETITION NO. 20 OF 2019

ASLAM ISMAIL KHAN DESHMUKH …PETITIONER

VERSUS

ASAP FLUIDS PVT. LTD. & ANR. …RESPONDENTS

WITH

ARBITRATION PETITION NO. 22 OF 2019

J U D G M E N T

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 1 of 31

J. B. PARDIWALA, J.:

1. Since the captioned petitions raise analogous issues between the same

parties, those were taken up together and are being disposed of by this

common judgment and order.

2. The petitioner has filed the present two petitions in terms of Section 11(6)

read with Section 11(12)(a) of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 (for

short “the Act, 1996”), seeking appointment of an arbitrator for the

adjudication of disputes and claims in terms of Clause 13.10 of the

Shareholders Agreement dated 25.07.2011 entered into between the

petitioner and the respondents.

I. FACTUAL MATRIX

3. Aslam Ismail Khan Deshmukh (hereinafter referred to as the “petitioner”)

is a Non-Resident Indian, who is currently residing and working in Dubai,

UAE, having experience and expertise in the drilling fluid industry.

4. ASAP Fluids Pvt. Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as the “respondent no.1”) is

an Indian private limited company engaged in providing drilling fluids

services to the oil and gas industry, whereas Gumpro Drilling Fluids Pvt. Ltd.

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 2 of 31

(hereinafter referred to as the “respondent no. 2”) is a private limited

company that specializes in oil field services and offers mud services.

5. A Shareholders Agreement dated 25.07.2011 (hereinafter referred to as

“Shareholders Agreement”) was executed by and among the petitioner,

respondent no.1, respondent no.2, Mr. Robert Wayne Pantermuehl, and Mr.

Sunil B. Shitole. In terms of the said Shareholders Agreement, the petitioner

was to hold 4,00,000 equity shares of respondent no. 1 and also participate

in the management of respondent no.1 company. The relevant clauses from

the same are reproduced hereinbelow:

“4. RIGHT OF PRE-EMPTION FOR ISSUE OF NEW

DILUTION INSTRUMENTS OR DILUTION OF

SHAREHOLDING

Present issued, subscribed and paid up share capital of the

Company is Rs.2,64,00.000/- divided into 26,40,000 equity

shares of INR 10 each which is held by the members as

mentioned below:

a. Gumpro holding 18,00,000 equity shares of Rs. 10/-

each in the Company.

b. Bob currently holding only 40,000 equity shares of Rs.

10/- each and shall be allotted additional 360,000

equity shares subject to getting the approval of

Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB).

Ministry of' Finance and Reserve Bank of India or

such other approval as may be required as per Indian

Law.

c. Aslam Khan holding 400,000 equity shares of Rs. 10/-

each in the Company and

d. Sunil Shitole holding 400,000 equity shares of Rs. 10/-

each in the Company.

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 3 of 31

On allotment of further 360,000 equity shares to Bob, the

issued, subscribed and paid up share capital of the Company

will be Rs. 3 Crores divided into 30,00,000 equity shares of

Rs. 10/- each which will be held as follow:

a. Gumpro 18,00,000 equity shares of Rs. 10/- each in

the Company

b. Bob 400,000 equity shares of Rs. 10/- each in the

Company

c. Aslam Khan 400,000 equity shares of Rs. 10/- each in

the Company and

d. Sunil Shitole 400,000 equity shares of Rs. 10/- each in

the Company·

Gumpro has provided Rs.4,58,39,200 Crores as unsecured

Loan (as on 31

st

March 2011) and Gumpro will additionally

raise Rs.6.6 Crores for the Company from private equity fund

or venture capital fund and advance it to the Company as

secured loan against the security of equipments of the

Company.

General. Subject to the terms and conditions specified in

Section 4.3, the affirmative approval provisions contained in

Section 9 and applicable Indian law, in the event that the

Company proposes to issue any Dilution Instruments, the

Company shall first offer such Dilution Instruments to all the

Shareholders on rights basis, in proportion to their

shareholding ratio in the Company on the date immediately

prior to such further issue, in accordance with the procedure

set forth in Section 4.2. It is clarified that the shareholding

pattern of the Company as stated in Clause 4.1 shall be

maintained at all times, save and except in the circumstances

specified in Clause 4.2 below. It is agreed and understood by

all the Parties to this Agreement that any Shares offered/

issued or subscribed by the Other Shareholder will be under

lock -in period of 3 (Three) years from the date of its

allotment. The Board shall prior to undertaking any such

issue appoint any reputed investment banker/ Chartered

accountant to carry out a valuation of the Company. The

Board shall ensure that the capital shall be raised at

valuation no lower than the valuation set forth in the report

of such investment banker/ Chartered Accountant.

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 4 of 31

xxx xxx xxx

5 RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFER OF SHARES AND

PROVISIONS RELATING TO TRANSMISSION OF

SHARES

5.1 Other Shareholder Share Sale Restriction.

Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this

Shareholder's Agreement, the Other Shareholder agree that

they shall not, whether collectively or individually, directly

or indirectly, Transfer any part of their shareholding in the

Company in whatever form, or any legal or beneficial

interest therein, until the earlier of: (a) Gumpro ceasing to

hold a minimum of two percent (2%) of its shareholding in

the Company and (b) the completion of a Qualified Public

Offering, except in compliance with this Shareholders'

Agreement, particularly Section 6. Without prejudice to the

generality of the foregoing. The Other Shareholder shall not

Transfer any part of their individual shareholding until the

expiry of three (03) years from the date of issue of such

shares. It has been clearly understood and agreed that the

shares of the Other Shareholder are locked-in for a period of

three years from the date of its issuance or conversion of it

into equity shares.

xxx xxx xxx

6. RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL AND RIGHT OF CO -

SALE

6.1 General. Subject to the provisions of Section 5, the Other

Shareholder (for this Section "Selling Shareholder") hereby

unconditionally and irrevocably grants to Gumpro a right

(the "Right of First Refusal") to purchase all or a portion of

the Shares that such Selling Shareholder may propose to

Transfer ("Sale Shares").”

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 5 of 31

6. Mr. Anand Gupta, the Managing Director of respondent no.2 informed the

petitioner, vide letter dated 22.09.2011, that 2,00,010 equity shares of

respondent no.1 which belong to the petitioner were being held by

respondent no.2 in its name. It was stated therein that this arrangement was

made to provide comfort to the potential investors in respondent nos.1 and 2

respectively. It was further clarified that the abovementioned shares held by

respondent no.2 would be governed by the Shareholders Agreement dated

25.07.2011 and that those shall not be pledged or sold at any time without

the written consent of the petitioner. At the time of sale of respondent no.1,

it was confirmed that the value of these shares net of taxes would be paid to

the petitioner or his nominee.

7. Subsequently, the respondent no.1 along with its Dubai subsidiary company,

ASAP Fluids DMCC (hereinafter referred to as the “Dubai subsidiary”)

entered into a Service Agreement dated 18.10.2011 (hereinafter referred to

as, the “Service Agreement”) with the petitioner. By the Service Agreement,

the petitioner was appointed as a Director of respondent no.1 and its Dubai

subsidiary. Among his responsibilities in relation to respondent no.1, the

petitioner was also required to carry on the responsibilities of the full

operations of the Dubai subsidiary. He was obligated to hold office for an

initial period of 3 years w.e.f. 01.01.2011. The Service Agreement provided

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 6 of 31

for the remuneration and benefits that the petitioner was entitled to. The

relevant clauses from the same are reproduced hereinbelow:

“3. TERM

3.1 The Director shall hold the office for a period of three

years commencing from ________ subject to the

determination thereof as hereinafter provided.

xxx xxx xxx

10. TERM AND TERMINATION

[…]

10.2 Aslam Khan shall not for a period of three (3) years

from the Effective Date (Initial Term), terminate this

Agreement. In case if he terminates his employment prior to

Initial Term, he shall transfer all the equity shares held by

him in favour of the Promoter of the Company at zero

consideration implying his outstation from the register of

members of the Company.”

8. On the same day, i.e., on 18.10.2011, the petitioner signed an Agreement for

Transfer of Commercial Expertise (hereinafter referred to as “Commercial

Expertise Agreement”) with respondent nos. 1 and 2 respectively, agreeing

to the transfer of all his commercial expertise, knowledge and experience in

the field of getting approvals from the government, and handling

administrative and legal aspects of the business to respondent no. 1. In return,

respondent no. 1 agreed to issue 4,00,000 equity shares of Rs. 10/- each to

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 7 of 31

the petitioner for consideration other than cash. The relevant recitals and

clauses from the same are reproduced hereinbelow:

“ WHEREAS

[…]

3. The Parties have agreed before starting this venture that

the Transferor shall transfer all his commercial expertise

knowledge and experience in the field of getting the

approvals of government. handling administrative and legal

aspects of the Business ("Commercial Expertise·') to the

Transferee and the Transferee shall issue him 400,000 equity

shares of Rs.10/- each in the Transferee Company for the

consideration other than cash for transferring such

Commercial Expertise to the Transferee and continuing with

the transferee Company for minimum period of three (3)

years and the such shares allotted to him shall be under lock

in for three years.

xxx xxx xxx

3. TRANSFER OF COMMERCIAL EXPERTISE AND

ISSUE OF SHARES

3.1 It is hereby agreed by and between the parties hereto that

all the Commercial Expertise of the Transferor pertaining to

or referable to all expertise in the management of the

Business and its related activities including Administration,

ensuring smooth performance, high efficiency and

productivity along with knowledge on tender participations

etc. shall be transferred to and unto the transferee and the

Transferor shall work for a minimum period of 3 years for

the Transferee or its affiliate or group company either in

India or Overseas effective from 1

st

January 2011 and the

Transferee shall issue and allot 400,000 Equity Shares of Rs.

10/- each at par in the Transferee Company in lieu thereof by

way of consideration for transfer of such Commercial

Expertise as mentioned above and holding such shares under

lock in for minimum period of 3 years. The Transferor shall

then assign and transfer all the Transferor’s right, title and

interest in all the Commercial Expertise for the entire world

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 8 of 31

and for entire period during which this Commercial

Expertise subsists to and unto the Transferee absolutely.

xxx xxx xxx

4. COVENANTS OF THE TRANSFEROR

4.1 The Transferor ensures that he shall continue in the

employment of the Transferee for minimum period of three

years effective from 1

st

January 2011.

[…]

4.3 If at any time after a minimum period of 3 years as

locking of shares the transferee wish to sell his share to the

transferee he must first offer for sale to management, all (and

not only some unless management agrees otherwise) of the

shares owned by him ("the Sale Shares") at a price as

mutually agreed with him and the management at the

relevant time."

xxx xxx xxx

10. TERM OF THE AGREEMENT

[…]

10.2 The term for this Agreement will start on Allotment of

Shares by the Transferee to the Transferor and the such

allotted Shares will be under Lock in for a period of three

years from the date of its Allotment and the Transferor shall

not leave the services with the Transferee for a period of

three years from the date of Allotment of Shares in the

Company as per terms of this Agreement”

(Emphasis supplied)

9. Upon certain other issues arising between the parties, the petitioner tendered

his resignation as the Director in respondent no. 1 and its Dubai subsidiary.

The resignation was accepted by the Dubai subsidiary vide Director’s

Resolution dated 18.07.2013.

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 9 of 31

10. The petitioner was concerned with the failure of respondent no.2 in

transferring 2,00,010 shares in respondent no.1 which belonged to the

petitioner despite confirmation of the same vide letter dated 22.09.2011 and

also the non-issuance of the share certificates evidencing allotment of

additional 2,00,010 shares in the name of the petitioner by respondent no. 1.

The petitioner further contended that despite holding 4,00,000 equity shares

in respondent no.1 as per the Shareholders Agreement, respondent no.1 failed

to issue duly stamped, signed and sealed share certificates evidencing such

an allotment to the petitioner.

11. It is the case of the petitioner that he had requested respondent no.1 on several

occasions to either issue the share certificates evidencing allotment of

4,00,000 equity shares or in the alternate, return the amount equivalent to

such shares. The petitioner alleged that, since the share certificates were not

issued to him, he was unable to send an ‘offer notice’ to sell his portion of

equity shares to respondent no.2 who has the “Right of First Refusal” under

Clause 6 of the Shareholders Agreement.

12. The petitioner stated that since the respondents were not paying heed to his

repeated requests for issuance of share certificates, the petitioner sent a

Common Notice dated 23.01.2017 (hereinafter referred to as “Arbitration

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 10 of 31

Notice”) to both the respondents, directing them to either issue the share

certificates evidencing allotment of 2,00,010 and 4,00,000 shares

respectively or in the alternate, to return the amount equivalent to those

shares. The same was received by both the respondents on 24.01.2017. In the

event of a dispute, the Arbitration Notice called upon the respondents to

appoint arbitrators in terms of Clause 13.10 of the Shareholders Agreement.

The said clause is reproduced hereinbelow:

“13.10. Dispute Resolution. Any dispute, claim or

controversy arising under or relating to this Agreement,

including without limitation any dispute concerning the

existence or enforceability hereof, shall be resolved by

arbitration in Mumbai in accordance with the Arbitration

and Conciliation Act, 1996. The dispute will be referred to

the arbitrator, and Gumpro has right to appoint 2 (two)

arbitrators and Other Shareholder have the right to appoint

1(one) arbitrator. All these three (03) arbitrators, will

appoint one of them to act as umpire of the arbitral tribunal.

The language of the arbitration shall be English. Any

arbitration award by the arbitral tribunal shall be final and

binding upon the Parties, shall not be subject to appeal, and

shall be enforced by judgment of a court of competent

jurisdiction.”

13. As there was no response from the respondents, the petitioner filed two

separate applications dated 03.03.2017 under Section 11(6) of the Act, 1996,

bearing Arbitration Application No. 50 of 2017 for adjudication of disputes

pertaining to the 4,00,000 equity shares and Arbitration Application No. 51

of 2017 for adjudication of disputes pertaining to 2,00,010 equity shares,

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 11 of 31

before the High Court of Bombay, praying for the appointment of an arbitral

tribunal.

14. After nearly 10 months from the date of the arbitration notice, on 07.11.2017,

the respondents sent a reply denying and disputing all the claims and

allegations made by the petitioner. Without prejudice to the contentions in

the reply, the respondents appointed two arbitrators in terms of clause 13.10

of the Shareholders Agreement and called upon the petitioner to nominate

the third arbitrator. It was asserted that the alleged claim of 2,00,010 shares

or the value thereof cannot be referred to arbitration as it does not fall within

the remit of the dispute resolution clause of the Shareholders Agreement.

15. The High Court of Bombay vide Judgment and final order dated 22.02.2019

held that the petitioner is a Non-Resident Indian who habitually resides and

works in Dubai. The proceedings would constitute an “international

commercial arbitration” and therefore, the Section 11 applications filed

before it were not maintainable.

16. In light of the above and upon the dismissal of the Section 11 applications by

the High Court, the petitioner has filed the present petitions before this Court

i.e., Arbitration Petition No.20 and Arbitration Petition No. 22 under Section

11(6), for appointment of an arbitral tribunal, to adjudicate the disputes under

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 12 of 31

the Shareholders Agreement pertaining to 2,00,010 shares and 4,00,000

shares respectively.

II. SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE PETITIONER

17. Mr. Kunal Cheema, the learned counsel appearing for the petitioner,

submitted that both the arbitration petitions arise out of disputes under the

Shareholders Agreement. Clause 13.10 of the agreement provides for the

arbitration clause and the same has not been disputed by the parties.

18. It was submitted that the petitioner was entitled to be allotted 4,00,000 equity

shares of Rs. 10 each in respondent no.1 company under the Shareholders

Agreement. In addition, as per the letter dated 22.09.2011, respondent no.2

further confirmed that 2,00,010 equity shares in respondent no.1 which

belonged to the petitioner, were being held by respondent no.2. Despite

repeated reminders to both the respondents, the share certificates of the

aforementioned shares were not issued to the petitioner.

19. The counsel submitted that the respondents have raised two broad

contentions - one, with respect to the merits of the dispute; and two, that the

claims made in the petitions are not maintainable as they are barred by

limitation. As regards the first aspect, it was submitted that the merits of the

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 13 of 31

dispute can be looked into by the arbitral tribunal and arguments on merit

can be made after the parties file their pleadings and lead evidence therein.

20. On the issue of limitation, it was submitted that under the Shareholders

Agreement, there was no time frame within which the share certificates were

to be issued to the petitioner. On a reading of the letter dated 22.09.2011, the

value of the share was to be paid to the petitioner at the time of sale of

respondent no.1 company. As far as the petitioner is aware, such a sale has

not been made, at least till the issuance of notice dated 23.02.2017. Hence,

there is no specific date/day on which it can be ascertained that the cause of

action had arisen.

21. The counsel submitted that it is the case of the respondents that certain

correspondence was exchanged between the parties in the period between

06.08.2015 and 15.10.2015. Therefore, the Arbitration Notice dated

23.01.2017 was sent within 3 years from 15.10.2015 which is the date of the

last legal notice sent by the respondents to the petitioner. Thereafter, the

petitioner filed two arbitration applications on 03.03.2017 before the High

Court of Bombay which were ultimately dismissed on 22.02.2019.

Immediately thereafter, on 09.04.2019, the present petitions were filed before

this Court. Therefore, the arbitration petitions cannot be said to be ex-facie

time barred and the implication or interpretation of the said correspondences

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 14 of 31

could be looked into by the arbitral tribunal while deciding the claim and its

maintainability on the question of limitation and merits.

22. It was submitted that, without prejudice to the aforesaid contention, even if

it is assumed that the “cause of action” had arisen at any specific point of

time, there is a continuing breach of contract since the respondents failed to

provide the share certificates and abide by the Shareholders Agreement and

the letter dated 22.09.2011. Therefore, in view of Section 22 of the Limitation

Act, 1963, a fresh period of limitation would begin to run at every moment

of time during which the breach continues.

23. Another submission of the counsel was that the respondents, on 07.11.2017

had sent a reply to the Arbitration Notice dated 23.01.2017 wherein they

appointed two arbitrators as per Clause 13.10 of the Shareholders Agreement.

The same was sent after the applications under Section 11(6) were filed

before the High Court of Bombay. In the said letter, the respondents have not

contended that the claim is time barred.

24. It was further submitted that, in reply to the Arbitration Notice, the only case

of the respondents is that the issue regarding the 2,00,010 shares cannot be

referred to arbitration under clause 13.10 of the Shareholders Agreement and

that the scope of arbitration should be confined only to the issue of the

4,00,000 shares. However, the letter dated 22.09.2011 clearly states that the

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 15 of 31

2,00,010 shares will be governed by the Shareholders Agreement. Therefore,

this being a contentious issue should be considered by the arbitral tribunal.

25. The counsel finally submitted that, in the event the Court is inclined to allow

the petition, then, considering the nature and low value of the claim, instead

of a three-member tribunal, a sole arbitrator may be appointed.

III. SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENTS

26. On the other hand, Ms. Jasmine Damkewala, the learned counsel appearing

for the respondents submitted that the petitioner is seeking implementation

of the Shareholders Agreement dated 25.07.2011. However, the petitioner

has violated the Lock-in Period of 3 years, in as much as the petitioner’s date

of employment is 01.01.2011 and the date of acceptance of resignation vide

the board resolution is 18.07.2013.

27. It was submitted that in terms of Clause 4 of the Shareholders Agreement,

the petitioner was holding 4,00,000 equity shares in respondent no.1. Clause

5.1 of the said Shareholders Agreement specifically indicates that the

petitioner shall not transfer any part of his individual shareholding until the

expiry of 3 years from the date of issue of such shares. It was argued that

there was a clear understanding which was agreed upon by the parties that

the shares of the petitioner shall remain locked for a period of 3 years from

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 16 of 31

the date of their issuance or conversion of it into equity shares. However, any

right over the said shares would accrue only if the petitioner remained in

employment.

28. Clause 3 of the Service Agreement indicates that the Director shall hold

office for a period of 3 years commencing from the date of employment

(w.e.f. 01.01.2011) which is a Lock-in Period. Further Clause 10.2 of the

Service Agreement states that the petitioner shall transfer all the equity shares

held by him in favour of the Promoter of respondent no.1 at zero

consideration if he terminates his employment prior to the Initial Term of 3

years. Accordingly, the petitioner would in any case, have no valid right or

claim over the subject shares having terminated his employment before a

period of 3 years.

29. It was submitted that as per Recital 3, and Clauses 3.1 and 4.1 respectively

of the Commercial Expertise Agreement, for the petitioner to hold the shares,

he ought to have worked for a period of 3 years. Since the petitioner resigned

on 18.07.2013, he is not entitled to these shares. In any case, any claim

regarding the 4,00,000 equity shares, howsoever misconceived, can arise

only upon the date of resignation i.e., 18.07.2013 and the Arbitration Notice

being issued on 23.01.2017 was clearly outside of limitation. Therefore, the

present petition is stale, belated and misconceived.

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 17 of 31

30. The counsel, in the last, submitted that Section 43 of the Act, 1996 lays down

that the Limitation Act, 1963 is applicable to arbitrations. An arbitration

commences upon issuing the notice of invocation of arbitration in accordance

with the arbitral clause i.e., Clause 13.10 of the Shareholders Agreement.

Accordingly, where the petitioner seeks enforcement of the letter dated

22.09.2011, the Notice for Invocation of Arbitration was served 6 years later

i.e., on 23.01.2017 and is hopelessly outside of limitation. For the sake of

argument and without admitting, even if limitation for the claim of the

petitioner with respect to the 2,00,010 shares is calculated from the date when

he ceased to be in employment, i.e., from 18.07.2013, the claim is still clearly

time-barred.

\

IV. ANALYSIS

31. Having heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and having gone

through the materials on record, the short question that falls for our

consideration is whether we should decline to make a reference under Section

11(6) of the Act, 1996 by examining whether the substantive claims of the

petitioner are ex facie and hopelessly time barred?

32. A three-judge bench of this Court in Vidya Drolia & Ors v. Durga Trading

Corporation reported in (2021) 2 SCC 1 while dealing with the scope of

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 18 of 31

powers of the referral court under Sections 8 and 11 respectively, endorsed

the prima facie test and opined that Courts at the referral stage can interfere

only in rare cases where it is manifest that the claims are ex facie time-barred

and dead, or there is no subsisting dispute. Such a restricted and limited

review was considered necessary to check and protect parties from being

forced to arbitrate when the matter is demonstrably “non-arbitrable” and to

cut off the deadwood. The relevant observations are reproduced hereinbelow:

“148. Section 43(1) of the Arbitration Act states that the

Limitation Act, 1963 shall apply to arbitrations as it applies

to court proceedings. Sub-section (2) states that for the

purposes of the Arbitration Act and Limitation Act,

arbitration shall be deemed to have commenced on the date

referred to in Section 21. Limitation law is procedural and

normally disputes, being factual, would be for the arbitrator

to decide guided by the facts found and the law applicable.

The court at the referral stage can interfere only when it is

manifest that the claims are ex facie time-barred and dead,

or there is no subsisting dispute. All other cases should be

referred to the Arbitral Tribunal for decision on merits.

Similar would be the position in case of disputed “no-claim

certificate” or defence on the plea of novation and “accord

and satisfaction”. As observed in Premium Nafta Products

Ltd. [Fili Shipping Co. Ltd. v. Premium Nafta Products Ltd.,

2007 UKHL 40 : 2007 Bus LR 1719 (HL)] , it is not to be

expected that commercial men while entering transactions

inter se would knowingly create a system which would

require that the court should first decide whether the contract

should be rectified or avoided or rescinded, as the case may

be, and then if the contract is held to be valid, it would

require the arbitrator to resolve the issues that have arisen.

xxx xxx xxx

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 19 of 31

154.4. Rarely as a demurrer the court may interfere at

Section 8 or 11 stage when it is manifestly and ex facie

certain that the arbitration agreement is non-existent, invalid

or the disputes are non-arbitrable, though the nature and

facet of non-arbitrability would, to some extent, determine

the level and nature of judicial scrutiny. The restricted and

limited review is to check and protect parties from being

forced to arbitrate when the matter is demonstrably “non-

arbitrable” and to cut off the deadwood. The court by default

would refer the matter when contentions relating to non-

arbitrability are plainly arguable; when consideration in

summary proceedings would be insufficient and

inconclusive; when facts are contested; when the party

opposing arbitration adopts delaying tactics or impairs

conduct of arbitration proceedings. This is not the stage for

the court to enter into a mini trial or elaborate review so as

to usurp the jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal but to affirm

and uphold integrity and efficacy of arbitration as an

alternative dispute resolution mechanism.”

(Emphasis supplied)

33. In Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and Another v. Nortel Networks India

Private Limited reported in (2021) 5 SCC 738, the notice invoking

arbitration was issued 5 ½ years after the cause of action arose, i.e., rejection

of the claims of Nortel by BSNL and the claim was therefore held to be ex

facie time-barred. This Court clarified that the period of limitation for filing

a petition seeking appointment of an arbitrator(s) cannot be confused or

conflated with the period of limitation applicable to substantive claims made

in the underlying commercial contract. By placing reliance on Vidya Drolia

(supra) it was held that, a referral court exercising its jurisdiction under

section 11 may decline to make the reference in a very limited category of

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 20 of 31

cases, where there is not even a vestige of doubt that the claim is ex facie

time-barred. The relevant observations are reproduced hereinbelow:

“44. The issue of limitation which concerns the

“admissibility” of the claim, must be decided by the Arbitral

Tribunal either as a preliminary issue, or at the final stage

after evidence is led by the parties.

xxx xxx xxx

47. It is only in the very limited category of cases, where

there is not even a vestige of doubt that the claim is ex facie

time-barred, or that the dispute is non-arbitrable, that the

court may decline to make the reference. However, if there is

even the slightest doubt, the rule is to refer the disputes to

arbitration, otherwise it would encroach upon what is

essentially a matter to be determined by the tribunal.

48. Applying the law to the facts of the present case, it is clear

that this is a case where the claims are ex facie time-barred

by over 5½ years, since Nortel did not take any action

whatsoever after the rejection of its claim by BSNL on 4-8-

2014. The notice of arbitration was invoked on 29-4-2020.

There is not even an averment either in the notice of

arbitration, or the petition filed under Section 11, or before

this Court, of any intervening facts which may have

occurred, which would extend the period of limitation falling

within Sections 5 to 20 of the Limitation Act. Unless, there is

a pleaded case specifically adverting to the applicable

section, and how it extends the limitation from the date on

which the cause of action originally arose, there can be no

basis to save the time of limitation.

49. The present case is a case of deadwood/no subsisting

dispute since the cause of action arose on 4-8-2014, when the

claims made by Nortel were rejected by BSNL. The

respondent has not stated any event which would extend the

period of limitation, which commenced as per Article 55 of

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 21 of 31

the Schedule of the Limitation Act (which provides the

limitation for cases pertaining to breach of contract)

immediately after the rejection of the final bill by making

deductions.”

(Emphasis supplied)

34. This very Bench in Arif Azim Company Limited v. Aptech Limited reported

in (2024) 5 SCC 313 was concerned with the following two issues while

deciding an application for the appointment of an arbitrator under Section

11(6) of the Act, 1996 – first, whether the Limitation Act, 1963 is applicable

to an application for appointment of arbitrator under Section 11(6) of the Act,

1996?; and second, whether the Court may decline to make a reference under

Section 11 of the Act, 1996 where the claims are ex-facie and hopelessly time

barred.

35. On the first issue in Arif Azim (supra), it was observed that Section 11(6) of

the Act, 1996 would be covered by Article 137 of the Limitation Act, 1963

which prescribes a limitation period of 3 years from the date when the right

to apply accrues. The limitation period for filing an application seeking

appointment of an arbitrator was held to commence only after a valid notice

invoking arbitration had been issued by one of the parties to the other party

and there had been either a failure or refusal on the part of the other party to

comply with the requirements of the said notice.

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 22 of 31

36. On the second issue in Arif Azim (supra), which is identical to the issue

raised in the present petitions, it was observed that, although, limitation is an

admissibility issue, yet it is the duty of the Courts to prima facie examine and

reject non-arbitrable or dead claims, so as to protect the other party from

being drawn into a time-consuming and costly arbitration process. The

findings on both the issues were summarized as thus:

“92. Thus, from an exhaustive analysis of the position of law

on the issues, we are of the view that while considering the

issue of limitation in relation to a petition under Section

11(6) of the 1996 Act, the Courts should satisfy themselves

on two aspects by employing a two-pronged test — first,

whether the petition under Section 11(6) of the 1996 Act is

barred by limitation; and secondly, whether the claims

sought to be arbitrated are ex facie dead claims and are thus

barred by limitation on the date of commencement of

arbitration proceedings. If either of these issues are

answered against the party seeking referral of disputes to

arbitration, the Court may refuse to appoint an Arbitral

Tribunal.”

(Emphasis supplied)

37. However, subsequently, very pertinent observations were made by a seven-

judge Bench of this Court in Interplay between Arbitration Agreements

Under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and the Indian Stamp

Act, 1899, In Re, reported in 2023 INSC 1066 regarding the scope of judicial

interference at the Section 11 stage with a view to give complete meaning to

the legislative intention behind the insertion of Section 11(6-A) of the Act,

1996. This Court referred to the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 23 of 31

2015 Amendment Act and opined that the same indicated that the referral

courts shall “examine the existence of a prima facie arbitration agreement

and not other issues” at the stage of appointment of an arbitrator. These

“other issues” would include the examination of any other issue which has

the consequence of unnecessary judicial interference in the arbitral

proceedings. The relevant observations are reproduced hereinbelow:

“208. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the 2015

Amendment Act are as follows:

“(iii) an application for appointment of an arbitrator shall

be disposed of by the High Court or Supreme Court, as the

case may be, as expeditiously as possible and an

endeavour should be made to dispose of the matter within

a period of sixty days.

(iv) to provide that while considering any application for

appointment of arbitrator, the High Court or the Supreme

Court shall examine the existence of a prima facie

arbitration agreement and not other issues.”

209. The above extract indicates that the Supreme Court or

High Court at the stage of the appointment of an arbitrator

shall “examine the existence of a prima facie arbitration

agreement and not other issues”. These other issues not only

pertain to the validity of the arbitration agreement, but also

include any other issues which are a consequence of

unnecessary judicial interference in the arbitration

proceedings. Accordingly, the “other issues” also include

examination and impounding of an unstamped instrument by

the referral court at the Section 8 or Section 11 stage […]”

(Emphasis supplied)

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 24 of 31

38. In light of the aforesaid observations, the ratio of Arif Azim (supra) was

reconsidered by this very Bench in SBI General Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Krish

Spinning reported in 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1754. The position of law was

clarified as thus:

“128. On the first issue, it was observed by us that

the Limitation Act, 1963 is applicable to the applications

filed under Section 11(6) of the Act, 1996. Further, we also

held that it is the duty of the referral court to examine that

the application under Section 11(6) of the Act, 1996 is not

barred by period of limitation as prescribed under Article

137 of the Limitation Act, 1963, i.e., 3 years from the date

when the right to apply accrues in favour of the applicant. To

determine as to when the right to apply would accrue, we had

observed in paragraph 56 of the said decision that “the

limitation period for filing a petition under Section 11(6) of

the Act, 1996 can only commence once a valid notice

invoking arbitration has been sent by the applicant to the

other party, and there has been a failure or refusal on part of

that other party in complying with the requirements

mentioned in such notice.”

129. Insofar as the first issue is concerned, we are of the

opinion that the observations made by us in Arif

Azim (supra) do not require any clarification and should be

construed as explained therein.

xxx xxx xxx

132. Insofar as our observations on the second issue are

concerned, we clarify that the same were made in light of the

observations made by this Court in many of its previous

decisions, more particularly in Vidya Drolia (supra)

and NTPC v. SPML (supra). However, in the case at hand, as

is evident from the discussion in the preceding parts of this

judgment, we have had the benefit of reconsidering certain

aspects of the two decisions referred to above in the light of

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 25 of 31

the pertinent observations made by a seven-Judge Bench of

this Court in In Re : Interplay (supra).

133. Thus, we clarify that while determining the issue of

limitation in exercise of the powers under Section 11(6) of

the Act, 1996, the referral court should limit its enquiry to

examining whether Section 11(6) application has been filed

within the period of limitation of three years or not. The date

of commencement of limitation period for this purpose shall

have to be construed as per the decision in Arif Azim (supra).

As a natural corollary, it is further clarified that the referral

courts, at the stage of deciding an application for

appointment of arbitrator, must not conduct an intricate

evidentiary enquiry into the question whether the claims

raised by the applicant are time barred and should leave that

question for determination by the arbitrator. Such an

approach gives true meaning to the legislative intention

underlying Section 11(6-A) of the Act, and also to the view

taken in In Re : Interplay (supra).

134. The observations made by us in Arif Azim (supra) are

accordingly clarified. We need not mention that the effect of

the aforesaid clarification is only to streamline the position

of law, so as to bring it in conformity with the evolving

principles of modern-day arbitration, and further to avoid

the possibility of any conflict between the two decisions that

may arise in future. These clarifications shall not be

construed as affecting the verdict given by us in the facts

of Arif Azim (supra), which shall be given full effect to

notwithstanding the observations made herein.”

(Emphasis supplied)

39. Therefore, while determining the issue of limitation in the exercise of

powers under Section 11(6) of the Act, 1996, the referral court must only

conduct a limited enquiry for the purpose of examining whether the Section

11(6) application has been filed within the limitation period of three years or

not. At this stage, it would not be proper for the referral court to indulge in

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 26 of 31

an intricate evidentiary enquiry into the question of whether the claims raised

by the petitioner are time barred. Such a determination must be left to the

decision of the arbitrator. After all, in a scenario where the referral court is

able to discern the frivolity in the litigation on the basis of bare minimum

pleadings, it would be incorrect to assume or doubt that the arbitral tribunal

would not be able to arrive at the same inference, especially when they are

equipped with the power to undertake an extensive examination of the

pleadings and evidence adduced before them.

40. As observed by us in Krish Spinning (supra), the power of the referral court

under Section 11 must essentially be seen in light of the fact that the parties

do not have the right of appeal against any order passed by the referral court

under Section 11, be it for either appointing or refusing to appoint an

arbitrator. Therefore, if the referral court delves into the domain of the

arbitral tribunal at the Section 11 stage and rejects the application of the

claimant, we run a serious risk of leaving the claimant remediless for the

adjudication of their claims. Moreover, the Courts are vested with the power

of subsequent review in which the award passed by the arbitrator may be

subjected to challenge by any party to the arbitration. Therefore, the Courts

may take a second look at the adjudication done by the arbitral tribunal at a

later stage, if considered necessary and appropriate in the circumstances.

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 27 of 31

41. In view of the above discussion, we must restrict ourselves to examining

whether the Section 11 petitions made before us are within limitation. The

petitioner herein issued a notice invoking arbitration on 23.01.2017 and the

same was delivered to both the respondents on 24.01.2017. However, the

respondents failed to reply to the said notice within a period of 30 days i.e.

within 23.02.2017. Therefore, the period of limitation of three years, for the

purposes of a Section 11(6) petition, would begin to run from 23.02.2017 i.e.,

the date of failure or refusal by the other party to comply with the

requirements mentioned in the notice invoking arbitration. The present

petitions under Section 11(6) were filed on 09.04.2019. Even including the

period during which the parties proceeded before the Bombay High Court

which ultimately held that the applications before it were not maintainable

i.e., 03.03.2017 to 22.02.2019, these petitions are well within the bounds of

limitation.

42. The primary issue that has been canvassed by the respondents is that the

substantive claims of the petitioner are ex-facie time barred and therefore,

incapable of being referred to arbitration. The respondents contend that, with

respect to the issue relating to the 2,00,010 equity shares, the petitioner has

sought enforcement of the letter dated 22.09.2011 but has however, served a

notice invoking arbitration 6 years later on 23.01.2017. Further, with respect

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 28 of 31

to the 4,00,000 equity shares, it was contended that the claim can only arise

upon the date of resignation i.e., 18.07.2013 and the claim would, therefore,

again be time-barred. Conversely, the case of the petitioners is that the date

of 15.10.2015 i.e., the date of the last legal notice sent by the respondents to

the petitioner, can be considered as the date of cause of action for the

purposes of limitation. In the alternative, they assert that there is no specific

date or day on which it can be ascertained that the cause of action had arisen

since there is a continuous breach of contract on part of the respondents. As

evident from the aforesaid discussion and especially in light of the

observations made in Krish Spinning (supra), this Court cannot conduct an

intricate evidentiary enquiry into the question of when the cause of action

can be said to have arisen between the parties and whether the claim raised

by the petitioner is time barred. This has to be strictly left for the

determination by the arbitral tribunal.

43. All other submissions made by the parties regarding the entitlement of the

petitioner to 4,00,000 and 2,00,010 equity shares in the respondent no.1

company are concerned with the merits of the dispute which squarely falls

within the domain of the arbitral tribunal.

44. It is now well settled law that, at the stage of Section 11 application, the

referral Courts need only to examine whether the arbitration agreement exists

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 29 of 31

– nothing more, nothing less. This approach upholds the intention of the

parties, at the time of entering into the agreement, to refer all disputes arising

between themselves to arbitration. However, some parties might take undue

advantage of such a limited scope of judicial interference of the referral

courts and force other parties to the agreement into participating in a time-

consuming and costly arbitration process. This is especially possible in

instances, including but not limited to, where the claimant canvasses either

ex facie time-barred claims or claims which have been discharged through

"accord and satisfaction", or cases where the impleadment of a non-signatory

to the arbitration agreement is sought etc. In order to balance such a limited

scope of judicial interference with the interests of the parties who might be

constrained to participate in the arbitration proceedings, the arbitral tribunal

may direct that the costs of the arbitration shall be borne by the party which

the Tribunal ultimately finds to have abused the process of law and caused

unnecessary harassment to the other party to the arbitration.

V. CONCLUSION

45. The existence of the arbitration agreement as contained in Clause 13.10 of

the Shareholders Agreement is not disputed by either of the parties. The

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 30 of 31

submissions as regard the claim of the petitioner being ex-facie time barred

may be adjudicated upon by the arbitral tribunal as a preliminary issue.

46. In view of the aforesaid, the present petitions are allowed. Taking into

consideration the fact that an arbitral tribunal comprising of a sole arbitrator,

Mr. Mayur Khandeparkar (Advocate, High Court of Judicature at Bombay)

has already been constituted for the adjudication of disputes between the

same parties in relation to the Service Agreement dated 18.10.2011, it would

be desirable to constitute an arbitral tribunal comprising of the same sole

arbitrator for adjudication of the present disputes pertaining to the

Shareholders Agreement dated 25.07.2011. The fees of the arbitrator

including other modalities shall be fixed in consultation with the parties.

47. In the facts of the present case, it would be apposite to observe that, in the

event the arbitral tribunal ultimately finds the present claims of the petitioner

to be time-barred, it may direct that the costs of the arbitration pertaining to

these claims be borne solely by the petitioner herein.

48. It is made clear that all the other rights and contentions of the parties are left

open for adjudication by the learned arbitrator.

Arbitration Petition No. 20 & 22 of 2019 Page 31 of 31

49. Pending applications(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.

…………………………………….CJI .

(Dr. Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud)

………………………………………J.

(J.B. Pardiwala)

………………………………………J.

(Manoj Misra)

New Delhi;

7

th

November, 2024.