As per case facts, the petitioner challenged an order from the Joint Charity Commissioner that revoked an earlier sanction for a property transaction involving a public trust, including a lease ...
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AGK
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
WRIT PETITION NO.1736 OF 2020
WITH
INTERIM APPLICATION NO.2281 OF 2020
WITH
INTERIM APPLICATION NO.107 OF 2026
Bagasarwala Property LLP … Petitioner
V/s.
The Joint Charity Commissioner
Worli, Mumbai 400 018 & Ors. … Respondents
WITH
INTERIM APPLICATION (ST.) NO.92918 OF 2020
IN
WRIT PETITION NO.1736 OF 2020
Vinod Srikrishna Poddar … Applicant
In the matter between
Bagasarwala Property LLP … Petitioner
V/s.
The Joint Charity Commissioner
Worli, Mumbai 400 018 & Ors. … Respondents
WITH
INTERIM APPLICATION NO.110 OF 2026
IN
WRIT PETITION NO.1736 OF 2020
Vivek Vinod Poddar … Applicant
In the matter between
Bagasarwala Property LLP … Petitioner
V/s.
The Joint Charity Commissioner
Worli, Mumbai 400 018 & Ors. … Respondents
1
ATUL
GANESH
KULKARNI
Digitally signed by
ATUL GANESH
KULKARNI
Date: 2026.06.10
11:23:47 +0530
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Mr. Girish Godbole, Senior Advocate with Mr. Neveille
Mukherji and Mr. Asim Tirmizi i/by RJD & Partners for
the petitioner.
Smt. V.R. Raje, AGP for respondent Nos.1 and 8-State.
Mr. Veerendra Tulzapurkar, Senior Advocate with Mr.
Durgesh Kulkarni, Mr. Durgesh Rege and Mr.
Dharmedra Sinha for respondent Nos.2(a) and 2(b).
Mr.Prasad Dani, Senior Advocate i/by Z.A.K. Najam-Es-
Sani for respondent Nos.3 to 7.
CORAM :AMIT BORKAR, J.
RESERVED ON :JUNE 8, 2026
PRONOUNCED ON:JUNE __, 2026
JUDGMENT:
1.By filing the present petition under Articles 226 and 227 of
the Constitution of India, the petitioner has questioned order dated
29 January 2020 passed by respondent No.1. By the said order,
respondent No.1 cancelled the earlier permission granted by the
Office of the Joint Charity Commissioner on 24 May 2018.
Respondent No.1 further directed respondent Nos.4 to 7, who are
trustees of respondent No.3-Trust, to return to the petitioner
entire amount of Rs.6,53,00,000/- paid in relation to the property
along with yearly rent of Rs.30,000/-, if such amount had been
paid. Respondent No.1 also directed the Trustees to take steps for
bringing the property back in the records of the Trust and to make
necessary entries regarding the same within 180 days from the
date of the impugned order.
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2.The facts giving rise to the present proceedings, according to
the petitioner, may briefly be stated. Respondent No.3-Trust had
executed a lease deed concerning the property on 5 April 1917.
Thereafter, an assignment deed relating to the same property came
to be executed on 6 December 1932. According to the petitioner,
the Trust later issued a notice dated 30 August 2016 stating that
the lease and assignment rights in respect of the property stood
terminated. It is further the case of the petitioner that on 27 April
2018 the Trust approached the Joint Charity Commissioner
seeking permission to grant the property to the petitioner on lease
for a period of 29 years. The proposal also contained a provision
giving the petitioner a right to renew the lease from time to time
and also a right to purchase reversionary rights relating to the
property. After considering the proposal, the Joint Charity
Commissioner granted permission on 24 May 2018. Thereafter, a
lease deed came to be executed in favour of the petitioner on 18
September 2018. Soon thereafter, by a letter dated 20 September
2018, the petitioner exercised the option available under the
agreement for purchase of reversionary rights. As a result, a
conveyance deed came to be executed by the Trust in favour of the
petitioner transferring such rights.
3.The record further shows that thereafter the Trust submitted
a Change Report seeking deletion of the property from the Trust
Register and other trust records. The said Change Report was
accepted by the competent authority on 12 October 2018.
Subsequently, on 14 December 2018, respondent No.2 initiated
proceedings before respondent No.1 under Section 36(2) of the
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Maharashtra Public Trusts Act seeking cancellation of the sanction
granted by the Joint Charity Commissioner on 24 May 2018. The
petitioner opposed the said proceedings by filing an Affidavit in
Reply on 25 February 2019. Thereafter, respondent No.2 filed an
Affidavit in Rejoinder on 18 March 2019. The petitioner then filed
an Affidavit in Sur-Rejoinder on 20 August 2019 and placed
additional material on record opposing the prayer seeking
cancellation of the sanction.
4.By the impugned order dated 29 January 2020, respondent
No.1 allowed the application for revocation and cancelled the
sanction granted under the order dated 24 May 2018. The main
reasons recorded by respondent No.1 were that the termination
notice dated 30 June 2016 issued by the Trust to the earlier lessee,
Shri Brijmohan Sharma, alleging breach of lease conditions, was
not placed before the Joint Charity Commissioner at the time of
obtaining sanction. Respondent No.1 further observed that the
public advertisement inviting offers did not mention the proposed
right of renewal of lease or the proposed right relating to purchase
of reversionary rights and therefore persons interested in the
process were not given complete information. It was also observed
that the valuer was not supplied with all necessary particulars
required for assessing the proper lease value or sale value of the
property. Respondent No.1 additionally recorded a finding that the
Trust had not shown any need for dealing with the property in the
manner proposed. According to respondent No.1, the entire
process was completed in unusual haste. On the basis of these
circumstances, respondent No.1 concluded that the sanction
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granted by the Joint Charity Commissioner was liable to be
cancelled.
5.Mr. Godbole, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the
petitioner, submitted that the application filed by respondent No.2
under Section 36(2) of the Maharashtra Public Trusts Act itself was
not maintainable. According to him, respondent No.2 was neither
a trustee nor a person having any legally recognised interest in the
management, benefit, or welfare of the Trust. He therefore argued
that respondent No.2 had no right to invoke powers under Section
36(2). Learned Senior Counsel further submitted that respondent
No.1 failed to appreciate that respondent No.2 had approached the
authority only as a heir and legal representative of the earlier
assignee and was attempting to advance a claim against the
interest of the Trust. According to him, any attempt by the earlier
assignee or his successors to assert rights contrary to the interests
of the Trust could not be regarded as an action taken for the
benefit of the Trust. He submitted that such a person could not be
permitted to invoke Section 36(2) merely to defeat a transaction
entered into by the Trust and already approved by the Competent
Authority. It was, therefore, argued that respondent No.1 ought
not to have entertained and allowed the application filed by
respondent No.2.
6.Mr. Godbole further submitted that respondent No.1
committed a serious error in recording findings regarding fraud,
suppression, and concealment. According to him, the allegations of
fraud made by respondent No.2 were not supported by proper
pleadings or evidence. He submitted that the application seeking
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revocation did not contain specific particulars of fraud as required
by law and that merely using the word "fraud" was not sufficient.
Learned Senior Counsel argued that despite receiving adequate
opportunity, respondent No.2 failed to produce any oral or
documentary evidence showing fraud or concealment. In absence
of such evidence, respondent No.1 could not have concluded that
the sanction was obtained by fraud or suppression of material
facts. He further submitted that all important terms of the
proposed transaction were clearly mentioned in the tender
documents. The advertisements published in local newspapers
specifically directed interested persons to those tender documents
and therefore the process was completely transparent. Learned
Senior Counsel also relied upon the valuation report and
submitted that valuation was carried out according to accepted
market principles. According to him, the valuation reflected the
price which a willing purchaser would pay to a willing seller in an
open market transaction where both parties were aware of all
relevant circumstances. He therefore submitted that the valuation
exercise was fair and based upon recognised principles. It was
further argued that the sanction application itself disclosed that
the earlier tenancy had been terminated and that after such
termination the Trust had become responsible for maintenance,
preservation, taxes and other liabilities relating to the property.
According to him, these liabilities created a financial burden upon
the Trust and therefore constituted a valid reason for entering into
the transaction. Since all these facts were disclosed before the
authority, learned Senior Counsel submitted that there was neither
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suppression nor any fraudulent conduct in obtaining the sanction.
7.Mr. Godbole further submitted that respondent No.1 had
proceeded on an incorrect understanding of the concept of
reversionary rights. According to him, the impugned order wrongly
proceeds on the basis that grant of reversionary rights
automatically amounted to transfer or sale of trust property
without sanction and that such rights could never result in deletion
of the property from trust records. Learned Senior Counsel
submitted that such reasoning was wholly misplaced. According to
him, the Trust had clearly informed the Charity Commissioner that
the earlier leasehold rights had already been terminated, and the
proposed transaction proceeded on that basis. He submitted that
whether such termination was valid or invalid was an independent
question which could be decided only in appropriate proceedings
before a competent forum. According to him, respondent No.1
travelled beyond the limited scope of inquiry under Section 36(2)
by examining issues relating to legality of the termination notice
and continuation of tenancy rights. Such questions, according to
learned Senior Counsel, had no place in proceedings under Section
36(2). He therefore argued that the impugned order suffers from a
serious legal error in treating disputes relating to tenancy and
reversionary rights as grounds for cancellation of the sanction.
8.On the other hand, Mr. Tulzapurkar, learned Senior Counsel
appearing on behalf of respondent Nos.2(a) and 2(b), supported
the impugned order. He submitted that the respondents possess
ownership rights in the structure standing upon the land in
question. According to him, the option for renewal of lease granted
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to the proposed lessee was never disclosed in the public
advertisement which formed the basis of the tender process, and
ultimately resulted in grant of sanction under Section 36(1) of the
Bombay Public Trusts Act. He argued that failure to disclose such
an important condition deprived other interested persons of an
opportunity to make informed offers and therefore the process
lacked transparency. Learned Senior Counsel further submitted
that the Trust itself had no authority to create the lease and
therefore the Charity Commissioner could not have granted
permission for leasing property in respect of which respondent
No.2 continued to claim leasehold rights. According to him, if the
permission to grant lease itself was invalid, then the grant of
reversionary rights flowing from it would also become invalid. He
further submitted that rights of a lessee do not automatically come
to an end merely because a termination notice is issued and such
rights continue unless lawfully determined in accordance with law.
Therefore, according to him, the Trust could not have proceeded
on the assumption that the earlier tenancy rights had ceased. He
also submitted that respondent No.1 rightly found lack of
transparency in the transaction and correctly concluded that
important facts were not disclosed while obtaining sanction.
Learned Senior Counsel further supported the findings relating to
valuation and argued that the amount received by the Trust was
much lower than the value which ought to have been realised.
According to him, respondent No.1 correctly held that the
transaction was not in the best interest of the Trust. He also
submitted that reversionary rights could not be treated as giving
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unrestricted power to transfer trust property without obtaining
proper sanction. On these grounds, he submitted that the writ
petition deserves to be dismissed.
9.Mr. Dani, learned Senior Counsel appearing for respondent
Nos.3 to 7, adopted the submissions advanced on behalf of the
petitioner and supported the challenge to the impugned order.
Inviting attention to the original sanction order passed under
Section 36(1), he submitted that the Charity Commissioner had
examined all relevant facts before granting permission. According
to him, the authority had specifically considered the earlier lease
arrangements under agreements dated 5 October 1970 and 6
December 1972 as well as proceedings pending before the Court of
Small Causes. Learned Senior Counsel submitted that the Charity
Commissioner was fully aware of disputes concerning the property
and nevertheless granted sanction after considering the overall
circumstances. He further submitted that the decision of the Trust
to deal with the property on an “as is where is basis, subject to
encumbrances” was clearly mentioned in the tender documents
and was taken into consideration while granting approval.
Referring to paragraph 35 of the sanction order, he submitted that
the Trustees had appointed a Government approved valuer for
determining the value of the property and that the reserve price
was fixed only after considering the valuation report and structural
audit reports relating to the condition of the building. According to
him, the Charity Commissioner examined the nature of the
property, disputes, encumbrances and other defects affecting it
before arriving at the conclusion that the transaction was
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beneficial to the Trust. Learned Senior Counsel submitted that
even the leasehold rights claimed by respondent No.2 and the
litigation arising therefrom had been specifically brought to the
notice of the Charity Commissioner. In such circumstances, it could
not be said that the sanction had been obtained by suppressing
material facts or by practising fraud upon the authority. He
therefore submitted that the findings recorded in the impugned
order are contrary to the record and that the writ petition deserves
to be allowed.
REASONS AND ANALYSIS:
10.Having heard the learned Senior Advocates appearing for the
respective parties at considerable length and after careful
consideration of pleadings, documents placed on record,
proceedings concerning grant of sanction and the impugned order,
this Court is of the view that though several factual disputes and
rival contentions have been raised, the controversy which falls for
determination is required to be examined within the limited
statutory scheme of Section 36(2) of the Maharashtra Public Trusts
Act. Section 36 reads as under :
“Section 36. Alienation pf immovable property of public
trust.—
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the instrument
of trust—
(
a) no sale, exchange or gift of any immovable
property, and
(
b) no lease for a period exceeding ten years in the
case of agricultural land or for a period exceeding three
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years in the case of non-agricultural land or a building,
belonging to a public trust, shall be valid without the
previous sanction of the Charity Commissioner.
[Sanction may be accorded subject to such condition as
the Charity Commissioner may think fit to impose,
regard being had to the interest, benefit or protection
of the trust;
(
c) if the Charity Commissioner is satisfied that in
the interest of any public trust any immovable property
thereof should be disposed of, he may, on application,
authorise any trustee to dispose of such property
subject to such conditions as he may think fit to
impose, regard being had to the interest or benefit or
protection of the trust.
Provided that, the Charity Commissioner may, before
the transaction for which previous sanction is given under
Clause (a), (b) or (c) is completed, modify the conditions
imposed thereunder, as he deems fit:
Provided further that, if such condition is of time-limit
for execution of any contract or conveyance, then application
for modification of such condition shall be made before the
expiry of such stipulated time.
(1A) The Charity Commissioner shall not sanction any lease
for a period exceeding thirty years under this Act.
(2) The Charity Commissioner may revoke the sanction
given under clause (
a) or Clause (b) of sub-section (1) on
the ground that such sanction was obtained by fraud or mis-
representation made to him or by concealing from the
Charity Commissioner, facts material for the purpose of
giving sanction; and direct the trustee to take such steps
within a period of one hundred and eighty days from the
date of revocation (or such further period not exceeding in
the aggregate one year as the Charity Commissioner may
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from time to time determine) as may be specified in the
direction for the recovery of the property.
Provided that, no sanction shall be revoked under this
section after the execution of the conveyance except on the
ground that such sanction was obtained by fraud practiced
upon the Charity Commissioner before the grant of such
sanction.
(3) No sanction shall be revoked under this section unless
the person in whose favour such sanction has been made has
been given a reasonable opportunity to show-cause why the
sanction should not be revoked.
(4) ………………………………….
(5) …………………………...”
11.Section 36 of the Maharashtra Public Trusts Act, 1950
appears to have been made for protecting immovable properties
belonging to public trusts. The idea behind the provision seems to
be that properties which are kept for charitable and public
purposes should not be sold, transferred or otherwise dealt with in
a manner which may cause loss to the trust. The law appears to
recognise that such properties are held for larger public purposes.
For that reason, the legislature has placed supervisory control in
the hands of the Charity Commissioner. The provision further
contemplates that certain transactions relating to trust property
cannot become legally valid unless prior permission of the Charity
Commissioner is obtained. The purpose behind requiring such
prior sanction appears to be to ensure that trust property is not
parted with in a hurried manner. The Charity Commissioner is
therefore expected to examine whether the proposed transaction is
in the interest of the trust and whether it would protect the trust
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from possible loss. The intention of the provision seems to be that
before any important decision concerning trust property is taken,
the matter should undergo scrutiny by charity commissioner. Such
scrutiny is intended to ensure that the transaction is beneficial to
the trust, protects the trust property and serves the objects for
which the trust has been created. The provision therefore acts as a
safeguard so that trust properties are not dealt with in a manner
detrimental to the welfare of the trust.
12.Sub-section (1) of Section 36 makes it clear that
notwithstanding anything contained in the instrument creating the
trust, no sale, exchange or gift of immovable property belonging to
a public trust can be effected without obtaining previous sanction
of the Charity Commissioner. Similarly, any lease exceeding the
statutory period prescribed therein also requires prior approval.
While considering such proposal, the Charity Commissioner is not
expected merely to accord approval mechanically. The provision
confers discretion upon the authority to impose such terms and
conditions as may be considered necessary having regard to the
interest, benefit, and protection of the trust. Clause (c) further
authorises the Charity Commissioner to permit disposal of trust
property if he is satisfied that such course is required in the
interest of the trust. Therefore, at the stage of grant of sanction,
the authority is required to consider whether the proposed
transaction is beneficial to the trust, whether the trust is receiving
adequate value for the property proposed to be dealt with and
whether safeguards exist so that trust property remains protected
from possible loss.
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13.Sub-section (2), authorises revocation of a sanction already
granted. At the same time, the legislature has restricted the
exercise of such power to limited contingencies alone. Revocation
can be resorted to only where the sanction has been obtained by
practising fraud upon the authority, by making misrepresentation
or by concealing facts which were material for the purpose of grant
of sanction. The language used by the legislature is specific. The
jurisdiction under sub-section (2) is therefore not appellate in
nature. It does not permit the Charity Commissioner to reconsider
the correctness of the original decision merely because another
view may also be possible on the same material. Nor does it
authorise a fresh assessment of the transaction. Once sanction has
been granted after consideration of the relevant material, the
inquiry under Section 36(2) becomes confined to examining
whether the sanction itself was obtained by fraud,
misrepresentation, or suppression of material facts. The scope of
such inquiry is thus narrow and incapable of being converted into
a rehearing on merits.
14.The proviso to sub-section (2) assumes significance while
understanding the legislative scheme. The legislature has provided
that once a conveyance has been executed pursuant to a sanction
granted under Section 36(1), such sanction cannot thereafter be
revoked except on the ground that fraud had been practised upon
the Charity Commissioner before the grant of sanction. This
proviso indicates a legislative intention that transactions which
have already attained completion should achieve finality. A
transaction cannot be unsettled merely because certain
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irregularities are later alleged or because another authority may
have formed a different opinion regarding the desirability of such
transaction. The consequence flowing from the proviso is that after
execution of the conveyance, the scope of inquiry becomes
restricted. At that stage, the only question which survives for
consideration is whether fraud was practised upon the authority
while obtaining sanction. However, once the conveyance is
executed, such considerations by themselves cannot furnish a
basis for revocation unless they establish that the sanction was
obtained by practising fraud upon the Charity Commissioner.
15.A combined and harmonious reading of sub-sections (1), (2)
and the proviso thereto would show that the statute contemplates
two separate jurisdictions to be exercised by the Charity
Commissioner. The first is the jurisdiction relating to grant of
sanction. While exercising such jurisdiction, the authority is
required to examine the necessity of the transaction, its
desirability, the adequacy of the consideration proposed and the
overall benefit likely to accrue to the trust. The second jurisdiction
relates to revocation of sanction. This latter jurisdiction is
considerably narrower. It is not intended to undertake a fresh
scrutiny of the earlier sanction order. The inquiry is confined to
deciding whether the sanction was obtained by fraud,
misrepresentation, or concealment of material facts.
16.In the present case, it is not in dispute that sanction under
Section 36(1) came to be granted on 24 May 2018. It is
undisputed that pursuant thereto a Deed of Lease was executed on
18 September 2018 and thereafter a Deed of Conveyance also
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came to be executed in favour of the petitioner. Thus, by the time
the impugned order came to be passed, the transaction had
culminated into execution of assignment of lease rights. In such
circumstances, the jurisdiction of respondent No.1 could have been
exercised only if there existed material indicating that the sanction
dated 24 May 2018 had been obtained by practising fraud upon
the Charity Commissioner. Consequently, the legality and
sustainability of the impugned order must be examined within the
statutory parameters of Section 36(2) and the proviso and not by
importing considerations which properly fall for examination at
the stage of grant of sanction under Section 36(1) of the Act.
17.The submission advanced by Mr. Godbole that respondent
No.2 lacked locus to maintain proceedings under Section 36(2)
requires consideration. The contention proceeds on the basis that
respondent No.2 is neither trustee nor person claiming through the
Trust and, on the contrary, asserts rights adverse to the Trust by
claiming succession to interests of the erstwhile assignee. There
appears force in the argument that proceedings under the
Maharashtra Public Trusts Act are intended for protection of trust
property and not for advancement of claims hostile to the Trust
itself. However, upon careful examination of Section 36(2), this
Court is unable to find any statutory restriction prohibiting a
person other than a trustee from bringing relevant facts to the
notice of the Charity Commissioner. The Legislature has not
employed language restricting initiation of such proceedings
exclusively to trustees, beneficiaries, or persons concerned with
administration of the Trust. In such circumstances, it may not be
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permissible in law to reject proceedings merely because
respondent No.2 claims through a former lessee. However, the
matter cannot end there. Maintainability of proceedings and
correctness of allegations raised therein are distinct. Even
assuming that respondent No.2 was entitled to place material
before the authority, the burden still remained upon him to
establish existence of grounds contemplated under Section 36(2).
The provision does not permit revocation proceedings to become
forum for adjudication of title disputes, tenancy disputes,
succession claims or rival assertions regarding possession. The
legislative focus remains confined to fraud, misrepresentation, and
concealment of material facts. Therefore, though this Court is not
inclined to accept the objection regarding locus, the submission
highlights necessity of ensuring that the enquiry remains within
statutory limits and does not become an indirect method for
deciding disputes outside the scope of Section 36(2).
18.Coming to the allegation of fraud, this Court finds substance
in the submissions advanced on behalf of the petitioner. Fraud is
not a matter which can be lightly inferred. It is serious allegation
because a finding of fraud carries serious consequences. Courts
have repeatedly held that fraud vitiates even solemn proceedings.
However, because of its serious character, law insists upon strict
pleadings and proof. Fraud cannot be founded upon suspicion. It
also cannot be presumed merely because another authority, on
same material, may take a different view. The person alleging
fraud must identify the representation alleged to be false, the
person making such representation, the manner in which it was
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false, the intention behind such conduct and the connection
between such deception and the order obtained. Examined from
this angle, the application seeking revocation does not appear to
contain particulars expected in a case alleging fraud. The
allegations remain general in nature and lack necessary
particulars. More importantly, despite extensive arguments
advanced before this Court, no material has been produced to
show that trustees withheld information with intention of
misleading the Charity Commissioner. The impugned order
proceeds upon inferences drawn from alleged omissions. Such
circumstances may justify scrutiny at the stage of grant of sanction.
However, they cannot by themselves amount to proof of fraud.
Section 36(2) requires clear establishment of fraudulent conduct.
The provision does not authorise revocation merely because
doubts are subsequently entertained regarding prudence of the
transaction. Jurisdiction under the provision becomes available
only when fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in legal sense
stands established. In the present matter, this essential
requirement remains unfulfilled.
19.Respondent No.1 has attached significance to alleged
suppression of the termination notice dated 30 June 2016 issued
to the erstwhile lessee. There can be no dispute that the notice was
a relevant document. Equally, documents relating to prior tenancy
rights, disputes concerning occupation and earlier dealings
affecting trust property are matters having bearing upon decision-
making process. However, the statute does not treat every non-
disclosure as fraud. There exists a distinction between omission to
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disclose a relevant fact and fraudulent concealment of a material
fact. The former may amount to irregularity. The latter necessarily
requires withholding of information with intention to deceive the
authority. Upon examination of the original sanction order and
material available before the authority, it becomes apparent that
the Charity Commissioner was conscious of existence of disputes
surrounding the property. The order itself records reference to
earlier transactions, pending proceedings and encumbrances
affecting the property. The property was never projected as one
free from litigation or complications. On the contrary, the authority
appears to have proceeded with awareness that disputes existed
concerning the property. In such circumstances, mere non-
production of one additional document cannot automatically
justify a finding of fraud. To sustain such conclusion, there must
exist material demonstrating that the document was withheld
because its disclosure would have materially altered the decision
making process. No such material is forthcoming. The impugned
order appears to infer concealment solely from absence of
production of the notice. However, inference cannot take place of
proof. Once it is shown that the authority was already aware of
nature of disputes affecting the property, omission to produce one
particular notice assumes a different character. At the highest, it
may amount to an irregularity. It may even justify criticism. Yet, in
absence of further material, it cannot be elevated to level of fraud
contemplated under Section 36(2).
20.Mr. Tulzapurkar submitted that respondent No.2 and his
predecessors were having ownership rights in the structure
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standing on the land and also argued that the option of renewal
given to the petitioner was not mentioned in the newspaper
advertisement. These submissions raise questions regarding
fairness in dealing with trust property. Since trust property is held
for charitable purposes, transparency in such transactions is
expected. However, the issue before this Court is not whether the
process could have been done in a better manner or whether more
details could have been disclosed in the advertisement. The real
question is whether these alleged deficiencies are sufficient to
show fraud upon the Charity Commissioner. From the record, it
appears that the detailed tender documents contained the terms
and conditions governing the transaction and those documents
formed part of the sanction proceedings. Thus, the Charity
Commissioner was not acting only on the basis of the newspaper
advertisement. The advertisement was merely for inviting
interested persons to participate, whereas the actual terms of the
transaction were contained in the tender papers placed before the
authority. It may be true that a clear advertisement could have
avoided future controversy. However, every defect in an
advertisement cannot automatically mean fraud. Section 36(2)
does not say that sanction can be revoked whenever some
procedural lapse is noticed. The law requires proof of deception
and concealment. Such proof is not seen from the material placed
before this Court. Therefore, though the submission regarding
transparency cannot be brushed aside entirely, it does not provide
sufficient basis for revoking a transaction which already stands
completed.
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21.The further argument that the Trust itself had no authority to
grant the lease and therefore the Charity Commissioner could not
have granted sanction also does not take the matter much further.
In substance, the argument questions the correctness of the
original sanction order itself. It seeks examination of whether the
Trust was justified in proceeding on the basis that the earlier
tenancy had come to an end and whether respondent No.2
continued to possess enforceable rights in respect of the property.
These are important questions. However, they belong to a different
area of law. They concern rights arising under tenancy law and
property law and involve examination of legal claims between
parties. Such questions can be decided by a competent forum in
appropriate proceedings. Proceedings under Section 36(2) are not
meant for deciding such disputes unless those disputes directly
establish fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment. If every
dispute regarding validity of termination notice or continuation of
tenancy rights is treated as a sufficient ground for revocation, then
the limited jurisdiction under Section 36(2) would become an
appellate jurisdiction against sanction order. Such does not appear
to be the intention of the legislature. The inquiry under Section
36(2) is much narrower. Therefore, while the submission may be
relevant in some other proceeding, it does not support the case for
revocation under Section 36(2).
22.Respondent No.1 has also relied considerably upon the
alleged non-disclosure of renewal rights and reversionary rights.
This Court is unable to accept that such circumstance by itself
establishes fraud. The material available on record indicates that
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the transaction was based on the footing that the earlier tenancy
had been terminated and that the property continued to be
affected by dispute. The sanction application as well as the tender
documents formed part of the record before the authority. In such
circumstances, it becomes difficult to hold that the Charity
Commissioner was unaware of the nature of the proposed
transaction. The reasoning adopted in the impugned order appears
to proceed on the basis that every omission must amount to
suppression. However, the law does not proceed on such
assumption. The statute requires proof of concealment having a
direct bearing on the grant of sanction. Unless it is shown that the
alleged omission had such impact that the sanction would
probably not have been granted if the fact had been disclosed,
revocation cannot be sustained. No such material has been
demonstrated in the present case.
23.The valuation aspect also does not persuade this Court to
uphold the impugned order. The record shows that a Government
approved valuer had been appointed, and a valuation report was
prepared after taking into consideration the condition of the
building. The authority granting sanction had before it not only
the valuation report but also material regarding disputes,
encumbrances, and liabilities affecting the property. After
considering all these factors, the Charity Commissioner proceeded
to grant sanction. Once such exercise had been undertaken, it is
not possible to hold that a later disagreement regarding valuation
establishes fraud. Valuation involves estimation. Different valuers
may arrive at different figures depending upon the factors
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considered by them. The legislature appears to have recognised
these realities. Therefore, even if it is assumed that another
valuation could have produced a different figure, that by itself
would not establish fraud. Inadequacy of consideration becomes
relevant only when it is connected with fraud, misrepresentation
or concealment. No such connection has been established in the
present case. What the impugned order effectively does is to
substitute a view regarding valuation in place of the view accepted
at the stage of sanction.
24.This Court also finds considerable substance in the
submission advanced by Mr. Godbole regarding the treatment of
reversionary rights in the impugned order. The reasoning adopted
by respondent No.1 appears to proceed on the assumption that
grant of reversionary rights was itself impermissible. In the opinion
of this Court, reversionary rights form part of arrangements which
may arise in property transactions and whether such rights could
be granted and on what conditions were matters required to be
examined at the stage of sanction itself. The authority granting
sanction was expected to consider the overall nature of the
proposed transaction and the record indicates that such exercise
was undertaken. Once sanction had been granted after
consideration of those aspects, it was not open to the authority
exercising powers under Section 36(2) to revisit the same issue
merely because another view appeared possible. Such an approach
would convert revocation proceedings into a fresh examination of
the merits of the sanction. The statutory scheme does not
contemplate such a course. The jurisdiction under Section 36(2) is
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confined to examining whether sanction was obtained by fraud,
misrepresentation, or concealment of material facts.
25.The submission of Mr. Dani that the Charity Commissioner
had considered earlier lease agreements, proceedings before the
Court of Small Causes and condition of the property while
granting sanction finds support from the record. The original
sanction order demonstrates awareness of these matters. It further
indicates consideration of condition of the property and valuation
exercise undertaken by the Trust. These circumstances assume
significance because they indicate that the authority was not acting
in ignorance of material facts. The picture emerging from the
record indicates that substantial information was available before
the authority and decision was taken after consideration thereof.
At the highest, it may be said that respondent No.1 subsequently
formed a different opinion regarding adequacy of disclosure.
However, a subsequent difference of opinion cannot be equated
with fraud. The distinction is fundamental because the statute
authorises revocation only in the latter situation.
26.This Court is conscious of the fact that respondent No.2 may
continue to assert rights arising from tenancy, ownership of
structures or succession to interests of the erstwhile assignee. Such
claims may give rise to disputes between the parties. However, the
present proceedings are not concerned with adjudication of those
disputes. The legality of the revocation order alone falls for
consideration. Section 36(2) is enacted to revoke sanctions
obtained by fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment. The
impugned order appears to have mixed questions relating to
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tenancy, title and private rights with the statutory enquiry
contemplated under Section 36(2). Such mixing has resulted in
enlargement of the enquiry beyond limits permitted by the statute.
27.Upon cumulative assessment of the entire material available
on record, this Court is unable to arrive at the conclusion that the
sanction dated 24 May 2018 was obtained by practising fraud
upon the Charity Commissioner. The findings recorded in the
impugned order are based upon alleged concealment of the
termination notice, alleged non-disclosure of renewal rights and
reversionary rights, alleged inadequacy of valuation and alleged
absence of necessity. Each of these circumstances has been
independently examined by this Court. Even when viewed
collectively, they do not establish fraud, misrepresentation or
concealment within the meaning of Section 36(2). They may give
rise to issue concerning prudence of the transaction. However,
issue cannot assume the character of proof. The statute requires
proof of fraud. Such proof is absent.
28.Accordingly, this Court reaches the conclusion that
respondent No.1 travelled beyond the jurisdiction conferred under
Section 36(2). The impugned order is an exercise involving
reassessment of the sanction order rather than revocation founded
upon statutory grounds. Such an approach is not permissible in
law. The power of revocation cannot be converted into an
appellate jurisdiction. If such conversion is permitted, the finality
attached by the Legislature to completed transactions would stand
diluted.
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29.In view of the foregoing discussion, and upon overall
assessment of the material submissions, evidence on record, and
the findings arrived at hereinabove, the following order is passed:
(a) The writ petition is allowed;
(b) The impugned order dated 29 January 2020 passed by
respondent No.1 under Section 36(2) of the Maharashtra
Public Trusts Act, 1950 is quashed and set aside;
(c) Consequently, the sanction order dated 24 May 2018
granted under Section 36(1) of the Maharashtra Public
Trusts Act, 1950 shall continue to remain valid and operative
in accordance with law;
(d) The directions contained in the impugned order
requiring respondent Nos.4 to 7 to reimburse the petitioner
the consideration amount paid under the transaction and
directing restoration of the demised premises in the trust
records stand set aside;
(e) It is clarified that this Court has examined the matter
only in the context of the legality and validity of the exercise
of jurisdiction under Section 36(2) of the Maharashtra Public
Trusts Act, 1950. This judgment shall not be construed as an
adjudication upon any independent rights, title, tenancy
rights, leasehold rights, ownership rights in structures,
succession claims or any other proprietary claims asserted by
any party in relation to the subject property. All such issues
are expressly kept open to be agitated before the appropriate
forum in accordance with law;
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(f) It is further clarified that this Court has not expressed
any opinion on the legality, validity, or effect of the
termination notice issued by the Trust, nor on the merits of
any pending or future proceedings concerning the property
in question;
(g) Rule is made absolute in the aforesaid terms;
(h) In the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall
be no order as to costs.
(i) All pending interlocutory applications, if any, do not
survive and are accordingly disposed of.
30.At this stage, learned Advocate for respondent Nos.2(a) &
2(b) requests for stay on the implementation of this judgment.
However, for the reasons recorded above, request for stay is
rejected.
(AMIT BORKAR, J.)
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