A

B

B.S. JOSHI AND ORS.

V.

STATE OF HARYANA AND ANR.

MARCH 13, 2003

[Y.K. SABHARWAL AND H.K. SEMA, JJ.]

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973-Sections 482 and 320-Quashing

of criminal proceeding/FIR/complaint-Scope and ambit of in relation to

C matrimonial disputes-Held: When chances of conviction of accused are bleak

and quashing

of the proceedings is to secure justice, High Court in exercise

of its inherent powers can quash FIR for offences under section which are

non-compoundable and

Section 320 does not limit or bar the powers of

quashing-Penal Code, 1860 Sections 498A, 323 and 406.

D Penal Code, 1860-Chapter Y.X-A, Section 498A-Object of-Discussed.

Respondent No.2 registered an FIR under Sections 498A/323 and 406

IPC against appellant No.4-her husband. Thereafter parties settled their

disputes. Appellants filed petition for quashing of FIR. High Court

dismissed the petition as the offences under Sections 498A and 406 IPC

E are non-compoundable and the inherent powers under Section 482 Cr.P.C.

cannot be invoked to by pass mandatory provision of Section 320 Cr.P.C .

. Hence the present appeal.

Allowing the appeal, the

Court

F HELD 1.1 If for the purpose of securing the ends of justice, quashing

of FIR becomes necessary, Section

320 Cr.P.C. would not be a bar to_ the

exercise

of power of quashing under Section 482 of the Code. Therefore

the High

Court in exercise of its inherent powers can quash criminal

proceedings

or FIR or complaint. It is,

however, a different matter

G depending upon the facts and circumstances of each case whether to

exercise or not such a power. ill09-D, E]

H

1.2. Where the chances of an ultimate conviction is bleak, and no

useful purpose

is likely to be served by allowing a criminal prosecution to

continue, the court

may, while taking into consideration the special facts

1104

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B.S. JOSHI v. STATE OF HARYANA 1105

of a case, also quash the proceedings. In the instant case, wife has filed an A

affidavit that the FIR was registered at h instance due to temperamental

differences

and implied imputations. There niay be many reasons for not

supporting the imputations.

It may be either for the reason that she has

resolved disputes with

her husband and his other family members and as

a result thereof she has again

started

living with her husband with whom B

she earlier had difference or she has willingly parted company and is living

happily on

her own or has married someone else or earlier marriage

having been dissolved by divorce on consent of parties or fails to support

the prosecution on some other similar grounds. In such eventuality, there

would almost be no chance of the accused being convicted of the offence.

Thus, it would not be proper to decline to exercise power of quashing on C

the ground that it would

"be permitting the parties to compound non­

compoundable offences. It would, however, be a different matter if the

High

Court on facts declines the prayer for quashing for any valid reasons

including lack of

bona fides.

11110-D-H]

1.3. The special features in matrimonial mattes are evident. It D

becomes the duty of the Court to encourage genuine settlements of

matrimonial disputes. IJ 111-8]

1.4.

The object of introducing Chapter XX-A containing

Section

498A in the Penal Code was to prevent the torture to a woman by her E

husband or by relative of her husband. Section 498A was added with a

view to punishing a

husband and his relatives who harass or torture the

wife to coerce her or her relatives to satisfy unlawful demands of

dowr.y.

The hyper-technical view would be counter productive and would act

against interests of women and against the object for which this provision

was added.

There is every

likelihood· that non-exercise of inherent power F

to quash the proceedings to meet the ends of justice would prevent women

from settling earlier.

That is not the object of Chapter XXA of the Penal

Code.

11111-F, GI

State of Haryana and Ors. v. Bhajan Lal and Ors., 119921Supp.1 SCC

335; Surandra Nath Mohanty and Anr. v. State ofOrissa, AIR (1999) SC G

2181; Pepsi Food Ltd and Anr. v. Special Judicial Magistrate and Ors., 11998]

5 SCC 749; State of Karnataka v. L. Muniswamy and Ors., 11977] 2 SCC

699; Madhavrao Jiwajirao Scindia and Ors. v. Sambhajirao Chandrajirao

Angre and Ors., 11988] l SCC 692; G.V. Rao v. L.H.V Prasad and Ors.,

12000] 3 SCC 693 and Madhu Limaya v. The State of Maharashtra, 119771 4 H

1106 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003] 2 S. C.R.

A sec 551, referred to.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.

383 of 2003.

From the Judgment and Order dated 18.7.2002 of the Punjab and

B Haryana High Court in Cr!. M. No. 27450 of 2002.

c

D

Puneet Bali and S.S. Juhar, for the Appellants.

Praveen Kr. Pai for Ranbir Singh Yadav for State of Haryana for the

Respondent.

Amita

Gupta for the Respondent No. 2.

The Judgment of the

Court was delivered by

Y.K. SABHARWAL, J. Leave granted.

The question that falls for determination in the instant case is about the

ambit of the inherent powers of the High Courts under Section 482, Code 0f

Criminal Procedure (Code) read with Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution

of India to quash criminal proceedings. The scope and ambit of power under

E Section 482 has been examined by this Court in catena of earlier decisions

but

in the present case that is required to be considered in relation to

matrimonial disputes. The matrimonial disputes of the kind in the present

case have been on considerable increase in recent times resulting in

filing of

complaints by the wife under Sections 498A and 406, !PC not only against

the husband but his other family members also. When such matters are resolved

F either by wife agreeing to rejoin the matrimonial home or mutual separation

of husband

and wife and

also mutual settlement of other pending disputes as

a result whereof both sides approach the High Court and jointly pray for

quashing of the criminal proceedings or the First Information Report or

complaint filed by the wife under Sections 498A and 406, !PC, can the

G prayer be declined on the ground that sin:e the offences are non-compoundable

under Section 320 of the Code and, therefore, it is not permissible for the

Court to quash the criminal proceedings or FIR or complaint.

The facts here are not in dispute. Appellant No.4 is the husband.

Respondent

No.2 is his wife. Their marriage had taken place on 21st July,

H 1999. They are living separately since 15th July,

2000. Appellant Nos. I to

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B.S. JOSHI v. STATE OF HARYANA [SABHARWAL, J.] 1107

3 are father, mother and younger brother of appellant No.4. FIR No.8 of A

2002 was registered under Sections 498A/323 and 406 !PC at Police Station,

Central Faridabad at the instance of the wife on 2nd January, 2002. She has

filed an affidavit that the FIR was registered at her instance due to

temperamental differences and implied imputations. According to that affidavit,

her dispJtes with the appellants have been finally settled and she and Appellant B

No.4 have agreed for mutual divorce. The affidavit further states that on

filing of the petition for mutual divorce, statements on first motion were

recorded on 18th July, 2002 and 2nd September, 2002. Also that in second

motion filed by the parties to the marriage, their statements were recorded by

the Court of Additional District Judge, Delhi on 13th September, 2002. Counsel

for respondent No.2 supporting the appeal also prays for quashing of the FIR. C

There is, however, serious opposition on behalf of the State.

The High Court has, by the impugned judgment, dismissed the petition

filed

by the appellants seeking quashing of the FIR for in view of the High

Court the offences under

Sections 498A and 406 IPC are non-compoundable

and the inherent powers under Section 482 of the Code cannot be invoked D

to bypass the mandatory provision of Section 320 of the Code. For its view,

the High Court has referred to and relied upon the decisions of this Court in

State of Haryana and Ors. v. Bhajan Lal and Ors., [1992] Supp. I SCC 335;

Madhu Limaye v. The State of Maharashtra, [1977] 4 SCC 551; and Surendra

Nath Mohanty and Anr.

v. State

o/Orissa, AIR (1999) SC 2181. E

After reproducing the seven categories of cases as given in para I 02 of

Bhajan Lal's case, the High Court !\as held th&t the parameters, principles

and guidelines for quashing of c.omplaints, first information report and criminal

proceedings

have been settled in terms thereof and has concluded therefrom

that

the instant case does not fall in any of the said categories. It is quite clear F

that the High

Court has lost sight of the earlier part of para l 02 which made

it abundantly clear that the said categories of cases were being given by way

of illustration. Neither the categories of cases given were exhaustive nor it

could be so. Before giving those categories, it was said in Bhajan Lal's case

that :

G

"In the backdrop of the interpretation of the various relevant provisions

of

the Code under

Chapter XIV and of the principles oflaw enunciated

by this Court in a series of decisions relating to the exercise of the

extraordinary power under Article 226 or the inherent powers under

~.>ection 482 of the Code which we have extracted and reproduced H

A

B

1108 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003] 2 S.C.R.

above, we give the following categories of cases by way of illustration

wherein such power could be exercised either to prevent abuse of the

process of any court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice, though

it may not be possible to lay down any precise, clearly defined and

sufficiently channelised and inflexible guidelines or rigid formulate

and to give an exhaustive list of myriad kinds of cases wherein such

power should be exercised."

In Pepsi Food Ltd. and Anr. v. Special Judicial Magistrate and Ors.

[1998] 5 SCC 749, this Court with reference to Bhajan La/'s case observed

that the guidelines laid therein as to where the court will exercise jurisdiction

C under Section 482 of the Code could not be inflexible or laying rigid formulae

to be followed by the courts. Exercise of such power would depend upon the

facts and circumstances of each case but with the sole purpose to prevent

abuse of the process of any court or otherwise to secure the ends of justice.

It is well settled that these powers have no limits. Of course, where there is

more power, it becomes necessary to exercise utmost care and caution while

D invoking such powers.

The High Court has relied upon Madhu Limaye 's case for coming to

the conclusion that since the offences under Sections 498A and 406 !PC are

non-compoundable, it would be impermissible in law to quash the FIR on the

ground that there has been a settlement between the parties. The decision in

E Madhu Limaye 's case has been misread and misapplied by the High Court.

The question considered in that case was when there was a bar on the power

of

revision in relation to any

interlocut~ry order passed in an appeal, enquiry,

trial

or other proceedings, what would be its effect on exercise of power

under

Section 482 of the Code. Sub-section (2) of Section 397 of Cr.P.C

F providing that the power of revision conferred by sub-section (I) shall not be

exercised in relation to any interlocutory order passed in any appeal, inquiry,

trial or other proceedings was noticed and it was held that on a plain reading

of Section 482, it would follow that nothing in the Code, which would include

sub-section (2) of Section 397 also, "shall be deemed to limit or affect the

inherent powers of the High Court". The Court said that if we were to say

G that the said bar is not to operate in the exercise of the inherent power at all,

it will be setting at naught one of the limitations imposed upon the exercise

of

the revisional powers but adopting a harmonious approach held that the

bar provided in sub-section (2) of

Section 397 operates only in exercise of

the revisionai power of the High Court meaning thereby that the High Court

H will have no power of revision in relation to any interlocutory order. It was

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B.S. JOSHI v. STATE OF HARYANA [SABHARWAL, J.] 1109

further held that, then, in accordance with one of the other principles enunciated A

above, the inherent power will come into play, there being no other provision

in the Code for the redressal of the grievance of the aggrieved party. In

Madhu limaye 's case, it was, inter alia, said that if for the purpose of securing

the ends of justice interference by the High Court is absolutely necessary,

then nothing contained in Section 397(2) can limit or affect the exercise of B

the inherent power by the High Court. By way of illustration, an example

was given where without jurisdiction the Court takes cognizance or issues

process and assumes it to be an interlocutory order, would it stand to reason

to say that inherent power of the High Court cannot be exercised for stopping

the criminal proceedings as early as possible, since being an interlocutory

order,

it was not revisable and

resultantly the accused had to be harassed up C

to the end, though the order taking cognizance or issuing process was without

jurisdiction.

It was held that the bar

will not operate to prevent the abuse of

the process of the Court and/or to secure the ends of justice.

It is, thus, clear that Madhu Limaye 's case does not lay down any

general proposition limiting power of quashing the criminal proceedings or D

FIR or complaint as vested in Section 482 of the Code or extra ordinary

power

under Article 226 of the

Constitution of India. We are, therefore, of

the view that if for the purpose of securing the ends of justice, quashing of

FIR becomes necessary, Section 320 would not be a bar to the exercise of

power of quashing. It is; how~ver, a different matter depending upon the E

facts and circumstances of each case whether to exercise or not such a power.

The High Court has also relied upon the decision in case of Surendra

Nath Mohanty 's case (supra) for the proposition that offence declared to be

non-compoundable cannot be compounded at all even with the permission of

the Court. That is of course so. The offences which can be compounded are p

mentioned in Section 320. Those offences which are not mentioned therein

cannot

be permitted to be compounded.

In Mohanty's case, the appellants

were convicted by the trial court for offence under Section 307. The High

Court altered the conviction of the appellants and convicted them for offence

under Section 326 and imposed sentence of six months. The trial court had

sentenced the appellants for a period of five years RI. The application for G

compounding was, however, dismissed by the High Court. This Court holding

that the offence for which the appellants had been convicted was non~

compoundable and, therefore, it could not be permitted to be compounded

but considering that the parties had settled their dispute outside the court, the

sentence

was reduced to the period

already undergone. It is, however, to be. H

1110 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003] 2 S.C.R.

A borne in mind that in the present case the appellants had not sought

compounding of the offences. They had approached the Court seeking quashing

of FIR under the circumstance abovestated.

In State of Karnataka v. L. Muniswamy and Ors., (1977] 2 SCC 699,

considering the scope of inherent power of quashing under Section 482, this

B Court held that in the exercise of this wholesome power, the High Court is

entitled to quash proceedings if it comes to the conclusion that ends of justice

so require. It was observed that in a criminal case, the veiled object behind

a lame prosecution, the very nature of the material on which the structure of

the prosecution rests and the like would justify the High Court in quashing .

C the proceeding in the interests of justice and that the ends of justice are

higher than the ends of mere law though justice had got to be administered

according

to laws made by the legislature. This Court said that the compelling

necessity

for making these observations is that without a proper realization

of

the object and purpose of the provision which seeks to save the inherent

powers of the High Court to do justice between the

State and its subjects, it

D would be impossible to appreciate the width and contours of that salient

jurisdiction. On f~cts, it was also noticed that there was no reasonable

likelihood of

the accused being convicted of the offence. What would happen

to the trial of the case where the wife does not support the imputations made

in the FIR of the type in question. As earlier noticed, now she has filed an

E affidavit that the FIR was registered at her instance due to temperamental

differences

and implied imputations. There may be many reasons for not

supporting the imputations. It may be either for the reason that she has

resolved disputes with her husband and his other family members and as a

result thereof

she has again started living with her husband with whom she

earlier had differences or she has willingly parted company and is living

F happily on her own or has married someone else on earlier marriage having

been dissolved by divorce on consent of parties or fails to support the

prosecution on some other similar grounds. In such eventuality, there would

almost be no chance of conviction. Would it then be proper to decline to

exercise power of quashing on the ground that it would be permitting the

G parties to compound non-compoundable offences. Answer

clearly has to be

in 'negative'. It would, however, be a different matter if the High Court on

facts declines the prayer for quashing for any valid reasons including lack of

bona fides.ln Madhavrao Jiwajirao Scindia and Ors. v. Sambhajirao

Chandrajirao Angre and

Ors., (1988]

I SCC 692, it was hel~ that while

~ercising inherent power of quashing under Section 482, it is for the High

H Court to take into consideration any special features which appear in a

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B.S. JOSHI v. STATE OF HARYANA (SABHARWAL, J.] 1111

particular case to consider whether it is expedient and in the inter.est of A

justice to permit a prosecution to continue. Where, in the opinion of the

Court, chances of an ultimate conviction is bleak and, therefore, no useful

purpose is likely to be served by allowing a criminal prosecution to continue,

the

court may, while taking into consideration the special facts of a case, also

quash the proceedings.

The special features in such matrimonial matters are evident. It becomes

the duty of the

Court to encourage genuine settlements of matrimonial disputes.

B

The observations made by this Court, though in a slightly different

context,

in G.

V Rao v. L.H. V Prasad and Ors., [2000] 3 SCC 693 are very C

apt for determining the approach required to be kept in view in matrimonial

dispute

by the courts, it was said that there has been an outburst of matrimonial

disputes

in recent times. Marriage is a sacred ceremony, the main purpose of

which is to enable the young couple to settle down in life and live peacefully.

But little matrimonial skirmishes suddenly erupt which often assume serious

proportions resulting

in commission of heinous crimes in which elders of the D

family are also involved with the result that those who could have counselled

and brought about rapprochement are rendered helpless on their being arrayed

as accused in the criminal case. There are many other reasons which need not

be mentioned here for not encouraging matrimonial litigation so that the

parties

may ponder over their defaults and terminate their disputes amicably E

by mutual agreement instead of fighting it out in a court of law where it takes

years

and years to conclude and in that process the parties lose their

"young"

days in chasing their "cases" in different courts.

There is no doubt that the object of introducing Chapter XX-A containing

Section

498A in the Indian

Penal Code was to prevent the torture to a woman F

by her husband or by relatives of her husband. Section 498A was added with

a view to punishing a husband and his relatives who harass or torture the

wife to coerce her or her relatives to satisfy unlawful demands of dowry. The

hyper-technical view would be counter productive and would act against

interests of

women and against the object for which this provision was added. G

There is every likelihood that non-exercise of inherent power to quash the

proceedings

to meet the ends of justice would prevent women from settling

earlier.

That is not the object of

Chapter XXA of Indian Penal Code.

In view of the above discussion, we hold that the High Court in exercise

of

its inherent powers can quash criminal proceedings or FIR or complaint H

1112 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] 2 S. C.R.

A and Section 320 of the Code does not limit or affect the powers under Section

482 of the Code.

For the foregoing reasons, we set aside the impugned judgment and

allow the appeal and quash the FIR above mentioned.

B N.J. Appeal allowed.

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