No Acts & Articles mentioned in this case
JUDGMENT-WP-19221-2024+378-2025(2).DOCX
Chaitanya
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
WRIT PETITION NO. 19221 OF 2024
Crosseas Capital Services Pvt. Ltd. ]
1303 Lodha Supreme, ]
13
th
floor, Dr. E. Moses Road, ]
Worli Naka, Worli Mumbai – 400018 ]
Through Authorized Representative ]
Manish O Garg ]…Petitioner
Versus
Securities And Exchange Board of India ]
PN-C/7, G Block, BKC, ]
Bandra Kurla Complex, ]
Bandra East, ]
Mumbai -400051 ]…Respondent
WITH
WRIT PETITION NO. 378 OF 2025
PRB Securities Pvt. Ltd. ]
residing at Poddar Court ]
gate no 3 6
th
floor 18 rabindra ]
sarani Kolkata – 700001 ]
Authorized to sign Director ]
Mr Gaurav Bahety ]…Petitioner
Versus
Securities And Exchange Board of India ]
SEBI BHAVAN BKC : PLOT NO. ]
C4-A, ‘G’ BLOCK BANDRA-KURLA ]
COMPLEX, BANDRA (EAST), ]
MUMBAI- 400051. ]…Respondent
1
CHAITANYA
ASHOK
JADHAV
Digitally
signed by
CHAITANYA
ASHOK
JADHAV
Date:
2025.07.14
11:22:53
+0530 2025:BHC-AS:28601-DB
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______________________________________________________
Mr Janak Dwarkadas, Senior Advocate a/w Mr Ashim Sood,
Mr Siddharth Satija, Ms Sowjhanya Shankaran, Ms Anuka
Baehawat, Mr Deepak Sanchety, Mr Tamannam Tavadia,
for Petitioner in WP/19221/2024.
Dr Birendra Saraf, Advocate General a/w Mr Ashim Sood, Mr
Siddharth Satija, Ms Sowjhanya Shankaran, Ms Anuka
Baehawat, Mr Deepak Sanchety, Mr Tamannam Tavadia,
for Petitioner in WP/378/2025.
Mr Mustafa Doctor, Senior Advocate a/w Ms Nidhi Singh, Mr
Hubab Sayyed, Mr Nishin Shrikhande, Ms Komal Shah, Ms
Nidhi Faganiya i/b Vidhi Partners for Respondent-SEBI in
WP/19221/2024.
Mr Mustafa Doctor, Senior Advocate a/w Mr Manish
Chhanagani, Mr Abhay Chauhan, Mr Atul Agrawal, i/b,
The Law Point for the Respondent- SEBI in WP/378/2025.
______________________________________________________
CORAM:M.S. Sonak &
Jitendra Jain, JJ.
Reserved on :02 July 2025
Pronounced on :11 July 2025
JUDGMENT : (Per M. S. Sonak, J.)
1.Heard Mr Janak Dwarkadas, learned Senior Counsel,
appearing for the Petitioner in Writ Petition No. 19221 of
2024, Dr Birendra Saraf, learned Advocate General, appearing
for the Petitioner in Writ Petition No. 378 of 2025, and Mr
Mustafa Doctor, learned Senior Counsel, appearing for
Respondent-SEBI in both Petitions.
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2.Rule in both these Petitions. The rule is made returnable
immediately, at the request and with the consent of the
learned counsel for the parties. The learned counsel for the
parties agree that both these Petitions can be disposed of by a
common Judgment and Order, since the issues involved are
substantially similar, though not identical.
THE CHALLENGE
3.In both these Petitions, the challenges are to the
impugned Show Cause Notice (“SCN”) dated 05 September
2023 and 29 August 2023, issued under the provisions of the
Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (“the SEBI
Act”). The Petitioners argue that since the jurisdictional facts
regarding the breach of PUFTP regulations, or the making of
any disproportionate gains, or securing unfair advantage, are
absent, the impugned SCNs could not have been issued.
Secondly, they contend that the earlier issued SCNs
concerning the same allegations were disposed of by imposing
penalties of Rs 3 to 6 lakhs on the Petitioners, which were
paid. Therefore, the impugned SCNs, based on the same
allegations, are barred by the principles of res judicata or
issue estoppel.
PETITIONERS CONTENTIONS
4.On behalf of the Petitioners, three primary contentions
were raised to challenge the impugned SCN. However, in the
alternative, the learned Senior Counsel for the Petitioners
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submitted that the Petitioners would be satisfied if they were
permitted to raise their challenges before the Quasi-Judicial
Authority [QJA] seized of the hearing of the impugned SCN
and such authority is directed to treat the three
challenges/issues as preliminary issues and decide the same
before proceedings with any further hearings in the impugned
SCN dated 05 September 2023.
5.The learned Senior Counsel for the Petitioners, basically
urged the following three issues: -
(i) that the impugned SCN is lacking in jurisdiction.
(ii) that the impugned SCN suffers from the vice of res
judicata or issue estoppel principle.
(iii) The fact that the Petitioners may have participated in
the hearings on the impugned SCN, thus far, does not
estop the Petitioners from challenging the validity of
the impugned SCN or raising the above issues as
preliminary issues on the principle that there can be
no waiver of fundamental rights.
6.Learned Senior Counsel for the Petitioners submitted
that the SEBI, based upon identical allegations now referred
to in the impugned SCN, appointed an investigating authority
in May 2017. After that, the SEBI also initiated an
independent investigation into the very same allegations. In
particular, the investigating authority was appointed to
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investigate into violations of the Securities and Exchange
Board of India (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade
Practices relating to Securities Market) Regulations, 2003
(“the PFUTP Regulations”). The investigating authority, in the
case of Crosseas Capital Services Pvt. Ltd., i.e. the Petitioner in
Writ Petition No. 19221 of 2024, [CCSP] did not recommend
any action under Section 15HA of the SEBI Act or the PFUTP
Regulations. Only a recommendation was made under Section
15HB of the SEBI Act, for alleged violation of certain
provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India
(Stockbrokers and the Sub-Brokers) Regulations, 1992 (“the
SBSB Regulations, 1992”).
7.Learned Senior Counsel submitted that based upon such
recommendation, by order dated 11 November 2020, the
adjudicating officer merely imposed a penalty of Rs. 3 lakhs
for violation of the SBSB Regulations. CCSP paid this penalty,
after which the proceedings stood concluded. Learned Senior
Counsel submitted that, although the investigating authority
was asked to determine whether the Petitioners gained any
quantifiable benefit or unfair advantage, it did not make any
such finding.
8.The learned Senior Counsel for the Petitioners argued
that in the case of PRB Securities Pvt. Ltd., the Petitioner in
Writ Petition No. 378 of 2025 [PRBS], the investigating
authority concluded there was no breach of regulations 3(b),
3(c), and 3(d) of the PFUTP Regulations in conjunction with
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Sections 12A(a), 12A(b), and 12A(c) of the SEBI Act.
However, the investigation only identified a violation of
Regulation 4(1) of the PFUTP Regulations.
9.Dr Saraf, learned Advocate General, pointed out that
there was no finding about any unfair gain or advantage by
PRB Securities. He pointed out that the SEBI’s adjudication
officer made an order dated 16 April 2021, imposing a penalty
of Rs. 6 lakhs, considering that no disproportionate gains
were made by PRB Securities Pvt. Ltd. This amount was paid,
and the matter stood closed.
10.Learned Senior Counsel submitted that since the
previous show cause notice or investigation into the same
allegations had resulted in findings of minor breaches and
penalties of Rs. 3 lakhs and Rs. 6 lakhs respectively, there was
no question of once again issuing the impugned SCN into the
same allegations. They submitted that the impugned SCN
suffers from the vice of res judicata or issue estoppel principle.
They relied on Securities and Exchange Board of India V/s.
Ram Kishori Gupta and Anr.
1
for the proposition that the
principle of res judicata equally applies to SEBI and the
issuance of the impugned SCN was without jurisdiction. They
also relied on Aman Kokrady V/s. Securities and Exchange
Board of India
2
, in which the Co-ordinate Bench of this Court
directed the issue of res judicata to be framed as a preliminary
1
2025 SCC OnLine SC 748
2
Writ Petition No. 2461 of 2024
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issue and depending upon the decision on the same, proceed
further for adjudication. They pointed out that in Aman
Kokrady (supra), the Petitioner was already exonerated in the
first show cause notice. Still, a second show cause notice was
issued based on the same allegations.
11.Learned Senior Counsel for the Petitioners contended
that violation of PFUTP Regulations and the finding that
parties had made unlawful gain or derived unlawful
advantage were jurisdictional facts in the absence of which
the impugned SCN could not be issued. They submitted that
regarding CCSP in the context of the earlier show cause
notice, there were categorical findings about the absence of
violations of the PUFTP Regulations and that the Petitioners
had made no disproportionate gain or derived unfair
advantage. They pointed out that even in the case of PRBS,
there was a minor violation of Regulation 4(1) of the PUFTP
Regulations. Still, there was no finding about disproportionate
gain or unfair advantage. They submitted that in the absence
of such jurisdictional facts, the very issuance of the impugned
SCN was questionable. They relied on Arun Kumar And Ors.
V/s. Union of India And Ors.
3
to support this contention.
12.Learned Senior Counsel for the Petitioners submitted
that if, for any reason, this Court would not deem it
appropriate to decide the jurisdictional challenges raised by
the Petitioners, the Petitioners were agreeable to raise such
3
(2007) 1 SCC 732
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challenges before the adjudication authorities, provided such
issues were decided as preliminary issues. Learned Senior
Counsel submitted that there was no point in subjecting the
Petitioners to lengthy proceedings and unnecessary
harassment when they had an excellent case regarding their
preliminary objections.
13.Learned Senior Counsel for the Petitioners submitted
that the circumstance of having participated in the show cause
notice proceedings thus far can never operate as a bar or any
estoppel. They submitted that the fundamental rights of the
Petitioners were at stake and therefore, there was no question
of any waiver of such fundamental rights. They relied on
Basheshar Nath V/s. CIT
4
to support this contention.
14.Based upon the above submissions, which were
substantially transcribed in the written submissions handed
over by the learned Counsel for the Petitioners, the learned
Counsel for the Petitioners submitted that the impugned SCN
may either be quashed or liberty be granted to the Petitioners
to urge all the issues raised in this Petition as preliminary
issues before the adjudicating officer. They further submitted
that directions be issued to the QJA to decide all such issues
as preliminary issues before proceeding with any further
hearings in the impugned SCN.
4
1958 SCC OnLine SC 7
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SEBI’S CONTENTIONS
15.Mr Doctor, learned Senior Counsel for SEBI, submitted
that the Petitioners’ only wish to stall the hearings in the
impugned SCN and therefore, these Petitions, which are only
challenging show cause notices, may not be entertained. He
submitted that none of the contentions raised by the
Petitioners go to the root of jurisdiction, and the same have
been raised almost two years after the issuance of the
impugned SCN. He pointed out that, in the meantime, the
Petitioners participated in the hearings, including, by way of
seeking several documents and cross-examining witnesses. He
submitted that the jurisdiction under Article 226 of the
Constitution is equitable and discretionary. He submitted that,
looking at the conduct of the Petitioners and their manifest
intention to simply stall the proceedings for one reason or
another, this Court should not entertain the present Petitions.
He relied on Nalwa Sons Investments Limited And Ors. V/s.
Securities and Exchange Board of India
5
.
16.Mr Doctor submitted that since the learned Senior
Counsel appearing for the Petitioners, after arguing the matter
at some length, conceded to urge the objections raised in
these Petitions before the QJA, the only issue to be determined
in these Petitions was whether such issues should be heard as
preliminary issues before proceeding with the adjudication in
the impugned SCN any further. In other words, he submitted
5
2024 SCC OnLine Bom 3747
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that the only issue involved in these Petitions was whether the
directions in Aman Kokrady (supra), which were the mainstay
of the Petitioners’ case, were to be followed in the present
matters in the context of hearing the objections now raised in
these Petitions as preliminary objections.
17.Mr Doctor submitted that the decision in Aman Kokrady
(supra) was restricted to the peculiar facts of that case, as was
specified in paragraph 13 of the said Judgment and Order. He
submitted that the factual position in Aman Kokrady (supra)
was entirely different from the facts in the present Petitions.
There, the Petitioner, Aman, was expressly exonerated in
respect of the very same charges for which the second show
cause notice was issued. He submitted that in the present
Petitions, the scope of the earlier show cause notices was
entirely different from the impugned SCN and in any event,
there was no exoneration as is sought to be portrayed by the
Petitioners.
18.Mr Doctor made submissions on the proceedings in the
CCSB and PRBS case to point out the distinction between the
two. He also submitted that the scope of the previous
proceedings and the proceedings commenced under the
impugned SCN were different. He submitted that even the
adjudicating officer’s jurisdiction in the earlier round was
distinct and separate from the Whole Time Member’s
(“WTM”) jurisdiction. He submitted that WTM exercise has
broad powers to pass such orders as may be necessary for
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protecting the investors and the markets. This includes the
power to direct disgorgement of illegal gains made by parties.
He submitted that the scope of the earlier proceedings was
not to determine illegal gains or unfair advantage in the
context of the action of disgorgement. He submitted that the
earlier proceedings referred to the material then produced
before the adjudicating authority and since the scope of the
adjudicating authority was quite different from the scope of
proceedings before the WTM, any observations in the previous
proceedings can neither be regarded as findings nor, in any
event, conclusive findings on the aspect of illegal gains or
unfair advantage. Mr Doctor also distinguished the decisions
relied upon by Dr Saraf in the context of res judicata. He
submitted that, in any event, a res judicata plea, in these
matters, involves mixed questions of law and fact. He
submitted that such a plea does not go to the root of
jurisdiction, and therefore, there is no case made out to treat
such an issue as a preliminary issue.
19.Mr Doctor finally took us through the list of dates. He
submitted that the Petitioners have been consistently delaying
the proceedings to stall their progress for one reason or
another. He submitted that the institution of these Petitions is
nothing but an attempt in that direction. He submitted that
any direction for framing a preliminary issue will also lead to
unnecessary and avoidable delays. He submitted that the
Petitioners have already cross-examined several witnesses.
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After the proceedings in the impugned SCN had reached an
advanced stage, this Petition was instituted to challenge the
impugned SCN, only to stall the further proceedings. He
therefore submitted that no directions for framing the issues
urged in this Petition as preliminary objections should be
issued. He submitted that all issues could be disposed of
together, and in case the outcome aggrieved the Petitioners,
the law had provided them with the remedy of a substantive
Appeal, where the decision on all such issues, if adverse to the
interests of the Petitioners, could be very well agitated.
20.For all the above reasons, Mr Doctor submitted that
these Petitions may be dismissed.
REJOINDER
21.In rejoinder, the learned Senior Counsel for the
Petitioners placed on record the order dated 20 January 2025
made by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the Petition for Special
Leave to Appeal No. 1571 of 2025 challenging this Court's
order in Nalwa Sons Investments Ltd (supra). They pointed
out that though the impugned order was not interfered with,
still, liberty was granted to the Petitioners therein to apply for
some of their contentions to be treated as preliminary issues.
EVALUATION OF RIVAL CONTENTIONS
22.The rival contentions now fall for our determination.
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23.The Petitioners are brokers registered with the National
Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange
(BSE), respectively. In their capacity as brokers, the Petitioners
were given access to the Colocation Facility (COLO Facility)
comprising two kinds of servers, primary & secondary.
Through these servers, the trading data was relayed to brokers
who had access to a similar COLO Facility. Under the NSE
Colocation Guidelines, a broker is only allowed to connect to
the secondary server when the primary server is unavailable.
Furthermore, before establishing a connection to the
secondary server, the broker must notify NSE.
24.Between January 2015 and October 2015, complaints
were received by SEBI regarding preferential access provided
to certain Trading Members by NSE for Tick-By-Tick (TBT)
Data Feed. These were essentially complaints,
inter alia,
against the Petitioners connecting to the secondary server
contrary to the NSE Colocation Guidelines. Upon receiving the
complaints, SEBI instructed its Cross Functional Team (CFT)
to conduct a preliminary inquiry and submit a report.
Subsequently, a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) was also
formed to investigate the matter and produce its report. On
09 September 2016, SEBI directed NSE to undertake an
independent examination or forensic audit. The investigation
covered the period from 2009 to 2016, as SEBI received
another complaint on 14 February 2017.
25.The NSE involved Deloitte LLP, Indian School of
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Business (ISB), Ernst & Young (E&Y) in the investigations and
to advise NSE and SEBI on the allegations in the complaint by
submitting their respective reports. These agencies submitted
their reports to NSE and SEBI.
26.On 10 December 2018, the SEBI issued a show cause
notice to CCSP calling upon it to show cause as to why a
penalty should not be imposed under Section 15HB, SEBI Act.
This was disposed of by the Adjudicating Officer (AO) by
order dated 11 November 2020. In this order, the AO
recorded that CCSP had violated SBSB Regulations, but there
was no finding about a violation of the PUFTP Regulations.
This order also noted that there was no material on record to
conclude any quantifiable gain or unfair advantage.
Accordingly, a penalty of Rs . 3 lakhs was imposed on CCSP,
which penalty was paid on 01 December 2020.
27.A show cause notice dated 18 November 2020 was also
issued to PBRS by SEBI under Section 15HA and 15HB of the
SEBI Act. This show cause notice culminated in an
Adjudication Order dated 16 April 2021 in which the
Adjudicating Officer (AO) recorded a violation of Regulation
4(1) of PUFTP Regulations. However, this order noted that it
could not be said that PRBS had violated the provisions of
Regulations 3(b), 3(c) and 3(d) of the PFUTP Regulations.
There was also a remark that the material on record does not
establish any unfair gain or advantage that may have accrued
to PRBS. Accordingly, a penalty of Rs. 6 lakhs was imposed,
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which was duly paid on 25 May 2021.
28.Neither the Petitioners nor the SEBI appealed against
the orders dated 11 November 2020 and 16 April 2021. The
Petitioners have pleaded that they believed that the matters
were given a quietus, particularly since the Petitioners paid
the penalties imposed upon them without any demur.
29.On 07 June 2021, SEBI appointed ISB to calculate the
gains made by approximately 28 stockbrokers, including the
Petitioners herein, during the period 2009-2016. This covered
the Futures & Options (F&O) segment, Cash Market
(CM)segment, and Currency Derivatives (CD) segment. The
ISB submitted its report on 10 April 2023, indicating that
CCPS had connected to the secondary server of NSE, in
violation of the NSE Colocation Guidelines, and had made an
abnormal/unlawful profit of INR 1346 lakhs. A similar report
was made by the ISB concerning PRBS, indicating that they
had made abnormal/unlawful profit of INR 11997 lakhs.
Based
inter alia on the ISB reports, the impugned show cause
notices dated 05 September 2023 and 29 August 2023 were
issued to the Petitioners, essentially requiring them to show
cause why these amounts should not be ordered to be
disgorged.
30.CCPS was granted 21 days to respond to the show cause
notice. On 22 September 2023, CCPS sought the inspection of
documents, which consumed a significant amount of time and
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concluded on 5 February 2024. On 12 February 2024, SEBI
invited CCPS for a hearing on 26 February 2024. On 26
February 2024, CCPS sought an adjournment and requested
cross-examination of persons involved in the preparation of
the reports submitted by ISB, Deloitte and E&Y. The hearing
was deferred, and CCPS was informed that they could cross-
examine the E&Y officials and the ISB professor on 04 March
2024 and 12 April 2024, respectively.
31.On 26 February 2024, CCPS requested the QJA for
additional information, which they claimed was not provided
during the inspection that concluded on 05 February 2024.
Just two days before the scheduled cross-examination of the
E&Y partner, on 02 March 2024, CCPS sought an
adjournment,
primarily because Mr. Rajesh Baheti, responsible
for handling the matter, was unwell. Seizing the opportunity
of the adjournment, CCPS, on 03 March 2024, appealed to the
Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) to set aside the
“Proceedings of Inspection” dated 05 February 2024.
32.On 04 March 2024, on behalf of CCPS, adjournment
was pressed and secured, though the matter was scheduled
for cross-examination of Mr. Amit Rahane, Partner of E&Y. By
letters dated 01 July 2024, 11 July 2024, 18 July 2024, and
23 August 2024, CCPS renewed its allegations that the
inspection was incomplete and requested cross-examination of
“
all auditors of TAC, experts, and ISB personnel whose
statements or reports were considered when issuing the
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impugned show cause notice.” On 05 August 2024, CCPS
withdrew the SAT Appeal, submitting that correspondence
with SEBI indicated that the Appeal might not be necessary at
this stage.
33.On 07 October 2024, CCPS conducted cross-
examination of Mr. Jayant Saran, Partner, Deloitte, concerning
the Deloitte report. On 08 October 2024, the cross-
examination of Prof. Ramabhadran was conducted. On 15
October 2024, cross-examination of Mr. Amit Rahane, Partner,
E&Y, was conducted and concluded. On 07 November 2024,
further cross-examination of Prof. Ramabhadran was
conducted, but not concluded, since time was sought on
medical grounds by the representative of CCPS.
34.On 07 November 2024, the SEBI shared the Trading
Data with CCPS and on 12 November 2024, the cross-
examination of Mr. Jayant Saran, Partner, Deloitte, was
continued and concluded.
35.After the proceedings in the impugned show cause
notice had reached such an advanced stage, on 18 December
2024, CCPS filed the present Petition and sought inter alia a
stay on further proceedings pursuant to the impugned SCN.
On 18 January 2025, CCPS sought an adjournment to further
cross-examine Professor Ramabhadran, which the QJA
granted. On 17 June 2025 and 20 June 2026, SEBI addressed
emails to CCPS informing them that the cross-examination of
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ISB witnesses was scheduled on 10 July 2025 and advised
them to confirm their presence, latest by 27 June 2025.
Though there was no interim relief granted in these Petitions,
on 27 June 2025, on the grounds of pendency of the present
Petition, CCPS sought a deferment of the cross-examination of
Professor Ramabhadran.
36.The position concerning PRBS is not significantly
different. After the hearings in the impugned SCN had
substantially advanced, PRBS instituted this Petition and
sought a stay on further proceedings in the impugned SCN.
Even though no stay was granted, based merely on the
pendency of the Petition, deferments were applied for and
secured.
37.Mr. Dwarkadas and Dr. Saraf submitted that though the
Petitioners had challenged the impugned SCN, they would be
satisfied if all such challenges were permitted to be raised
before the QJA and the QJA was directed to decide such
challenges to the impugned SCN as preliminary issues before
proceeding with any further hearings in the impugned SCN.
38.Therefore, we propose to allow the Petitioners to raise
all their objections, including those to the impugned SCN,
before the QJA. However, for reasons discussed hereafter, we
do not believe that, given the facts and circumstances of this
case, the Petitioners should be permitted to delay the
proceedings on the impugned SCN by insisting that their
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challenges be treated as preliminary issues. We are convinced
that the interests of justice would be best served if all issues,
including those related to the bar of res judicata or the alleged
lack of jurisdictional facts, are considered and resolved by the
QJA either in one comprehensive hearing or simultaneously
without resorting to any piecemeal adjudication being insisted
by the Petitioners.
39.The reason why we have referred to the progress of
proceedings in the impugned show cause notices in
paragraphs 30 to 36 above, is to indicate how the Petitioners
have succeeded in delaying the proceedings in the impugned
SCN or if possible, stalling the proceedings so that the
allegations in the impugned show cause notices are not
adjudicated upon. To begin with, an inspection of documents
was sought. Following the provision of such inspections, the
inspection proceedings were belatedly challenged before the
SAT. Perhaps realising that there was not much merit in such a
challenge, the proceedings were withdrawn by citing some
flimsy reason.
40.Adjournments were sought, among other reasons, by
citing medical grounds on some occasions. The Petitioners
were aware that the witnesses are experts and senior partners
at Deloitte, ISB, or E&Y; therefore, scheduling their dates for
cross-examination was not straightforward. Nevertheless,
adjournments were requested and granted. It almost seemed
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as though some foundations were being laid to ultimately
argue the failure of natural justice.
41.After the Petitioners participated in the hearing pursuant
to the impugned show cause notices and after the hearings
had reached a substantially advanced stage, this Petition was
instituted to challenge the impugned show cause notices.
Such a challenge was raised almost two years after the
issuance of the impugned show cause notices and following
several hearings before the QJA, during which multiple
witnesses had been cross-examined or partly cross-examined
by and on behalf of the Petitioners. Although there was no
interim relief sought in these Petitions, adjournments were
requested and granted at the hearings before the QJA on the
grounds of pendency of these Petitions.
42.Upon consideration of the above facts and
circumstances, it is reasonable to believe that the very
institution of these Petitions and now, the insistence that the
objections to the impugned SCN be decided as preliminary
issues, is merely an attempt to unduly delay the proceedings
pursuant to the impugned SCN. The aim is to stall or postpone
adjudication in the impugned SCN by employing various
stratagems. The pressure on the Court’s docket is fully
exploited. Often, there is an insistence on interim relief to stay
further proceedings or to bring the matter up earlier, fully
aware that the arguments may be lengthy and that the courts
genuinely cannot allocate early dates and ample times for
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such matters, given more pressing matters. Even if interim
relief is not granted, postponement is sought by citing
pending issues. The equitable and discretionary jurisdiction
under Article 226 of the Constitution cannot support such
strategies or attempts simply because the Petitioners may have
the means and the wherewithal to sustain the same.
43.There is a necessity that the show cause notices issued
by SEBI are expeditiously disposed of because if the Noticees
are innocent, then the earlier they are cleared, the better for
them and better for the investors and clients who trade
through them. At the same time, if the Noticees are not as
innocent as they assert to be, they should be brought to book
at the earliest to boost investor confidence and curb nefarious
activities and subterfuges that unfortunately affect the share
market. Therefore, unless a very strong case is made out,
there is no point in splitting the issues as preliminary and
final. Even otherwise, the normal rule is that all issues must
be decided simultaneously and in one go.
44.An issue, in the discretion of the Court or a quasi-
judicial authority, can be framed as a preliminary issue where
the disputed factual content is minimal and the matter can be
disposed of expeditiously on a point of law. The plea of res
judicata, which is the main ground of challenge to the
impugned SCN, at least in the present matters, involves a
mixed question of law and fact. Therefore, while it is not as if
the plea of res judicata can never be decided as a preliminary
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issue, in cases when a mixed question of law or fact is raised,
the issue is best decided alongwith the remaining issues that
arise in the matter. (See Jamia Masjid Vs. Shri. K. V.
Rudrappa
6
.)
45. The challenges to the impugned show cause notice are
twofold. Firstly, on behalf of CCPS, it is urged that the
violation of PUFTP Regulations is a jurisdictional fact. Since
there was no such violation found when disposing of the
earlier show cause notices, there was no jurisdiction to issue
the impugned SCN. An additional argument raised by both
the Petitioners is that a finding regarding undue gain or unfair
advantage was also a jurisdictional fact. Since the same was
absent in the orders disposing of the earlier show cause
notices, the issuance of the impugned show cause notices was
without jurisdiction. Secondly, the argument is that the orders
disposing of the earlier show cause notices were based on the
same allegations. Therefore, they operate as res judicata qua
the impugned SCN.
46.Without going into the question of whether what the
Petitioners claim are indeed jurisdictional facts or that they do
not exist, admittedly, insofar as PRBS is concerned, there was
a finding about a violation of Regulation 4(1) of PUFTP.
Besides, the basis of the assertion that a violation of the
PUFTP Regulation was a jurisdictional fact was never made
6
(2022 ) 9 SCC 225)
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good. The same applies to the finding of undue gains or unfair
advantage.
47.In any event, at least prima facie, there was a difference
between the scope of the proceedings initiated by the earlier
show-cause notices and the impugned show-cause notices.
There were no conclusive findings on the issue of undue gains
or unfair advantage. The orders disposing of the show cause
notices merely pointed out that they could not detect these
factors based upon the material then placed before them. Mr
Doctor’s contention that the earlier proceedings had nothing
to do with disgorgement or that the issues of disproportionate
gain or unfair advantage were not directly or substantially
involved in the earlier proceedings cannot simply be brushed
aside and would warrant examination in the SCN
proceedings.
48. Admittedly, the ISB reports, or the further Deloitte or
E&Y reports were not available when the earlier show cause
notices were disposed of. Since, we wish to leave the
challenges to the impugned SCN open to be decided by the
QJA, we refrain from making any observations on the
contentions raised on behalf of the Petitioners or for that
matter, the SEBI. However, the limited and prima facie
reference is only to support our reasoning that in the facts of
the present case, there is no warrant for even treating the
issue of res judicata or the alleged absence of the
jurisdictional facts, as preliminary issues, thereby, delaying the
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adjudication in the impugned SCN, when such delay is not in
public interest.
49.In SEBI Vs. Ram Kishori Gupta (Supra), the Hon’ble
Supreme Court has held that the principle of res judicata or
issue estoppel applies to proceedings before SEBI. The
question in these petitions is not whether this principle
applies, but whether, in the facts and circumstances here, the
same should be treated as a preliminary issue.
50.In Smt. V. Rajeshwari vs T.C. Saravanabava
7
, the Hon’ble
Supreme Court has held that the rule of res judicata does not
strike at the root of the jurisdiction of the Court trying the
subsequent suit. It is a rule of estoppel by judgment based on
public policy that there should be finality to litigation and no
one should be vexed twice for the same cause. The plea of res
judicata is founded on proof of certain facts and then by
applying the law to the facts so far. The plea is basically
founded on the identity of the cause of action in the two
proceedings. Such pleas cannot be left to be determined by
mere speculation or inferring by a process of deduction what
the facts stated in the previous pleadings.
51.In V. Rajeshwari (supra), the Hon’ble Supreme Court
also held that the plea of res judicata, depending on the facts
of a given case, is capable of being waived, if not properly
raised at an appropriate stage and in an appropriate manner.
7
(2004) 1 SCC 551
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The party adversely affected by a plea of res judicata may
proceed on the assumption that his opponent had waived the
plea by his failure to raise the same.
52. One of the issues raised by SEBI relates to the waiver of
the plea of res judicata. In answer, the learned Counsel for the
Petitioners have contended that fundamental rights can never
be waived and in support, they relied upon
Basheshar Nath
(
supra).
The Petitioners have not demonstrated which of their
fundamental rights are at stake in these proceedings. Be that
as it may, we do not propose to go into the issue of whether
the plea of res judicata could be said to have been waived in
these proceedings by the Petitioners because we believe that
even this is a matter which can be considered by the QJA
along with all other issues simultaneously. The only reason
why we have referred to the decision in V. Rajeshwari (supra)
is to support our reasoning and conclusion that this is not at
all a fit case to direct the QJA to treat the issue of res judicata
as a preliminary issue in these proceedings.
53.Order XIV of Rule 1 of Code of Civil Procedure, 1908,
[though it may not be applicable to proceedings under the
SEBI with all its rigour ], provides that notwithstanding that a
case may be disposed of on a preliminary issue, the Court
shall, subject to the provisions of Sub Rule-(2), pronounce
judgment on all issues. Order XIV Rule 2(2) provides that
where issues both of law and of fact arise in the same suit,
and the Court is of the opinion that the case or any part
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thereof may be disposed of on an issue of law only, it may try
that issue first if the issue relates to—
(a) the jurisdiction of the Court, or
(b) a bar to the suit created by any law for the time
being in force,
and for that purpose, may, if it thinks fit, postpone the
settlement of the other issues until after that issue has been
determined, and may deal with the suit in accordance with
the decision on that issue.
54.Thus, even Order XIV Rule 2(2) mainly applies to
treating an issue as a preliminary issue where such issue is of
law only. There are several decisions which take the view that
a mixed question of law or fact should normally not be
decided as a preliminary issue (see Nusli Neville Wadia V/s.
Ivory Properties
8
, Mongia Realty And Buildwell Pvt. Ltd. V/s.
Manik Sethi
9
and Prem Kishor And Ors. V/s. Brahm Prakash
And Ors.
10
). These decisions hold that where the plea of res
judicata involves mixed questions of law and fact, there is no
obligation to decide such issue as a preliminary issue.
55.The scheme of Order XIV, Rules 1& 2 of the CPC is that
ordinarily, the Court must pronounce on all issues instead of
any piecemeal adjudication. However, the Court has also been
8
AIR 2019 SC 5125
9
AIR OnLine 2022 SC 481
10
(2023) 19 SCC 244
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conferred a discretion to frame an issue of law as a
preliminary issue if such issue relates to the jurisdiction of the
Court or a bar to the suit created by any law for the time
being enforced. The discretion must be exercised judicially,
and at least in the present facts, no case is made out to direct
the QJA to treat the Petitioners’ objections as preliminary
issues.
56.The Petitioners’ entire emphasis was on the decision of
the Co-ordinate Bench in Aman Kokrady (supra), where the
directions were issued to treat the issue of res judicata as a
preliminary issue before any other issues were decided. In
Aman Kokrady (supra), the Whole Time Director (“WTD”) had
originally issued show cause notices to several Noticees,
including Aman, under Section 11(b) of the SEBI Act, for
disgorgement. The WTM, after adjudication of the show cause
notices, passed an order dated 30 April 2019, expressly
exonerating Aman but holding that the charges were proved
against the other Noticees. One of the parties that was
indicted appealed against the order dated 30 April 2019 to the
SAT. The order dated 30 April 2019, to the extent that it had
indicated the said noticee was set aside and the matter was
remanded to SEBI to commence proceedings afresh. This
time, the SEBI issued a fresh show cause notice to the parties
to whom the original show cause notice had been issued,
including Aman, ignoring the crucial fact that Aman had
already been exonerated and the order to the extent of
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exoneration had neither been appealed by SEBI nor been set
aside by the SAT. It is in these circumstances that the Co-
ordinate Bench directed the framing of the issue of res
judicata and its trial as a preliminary issue. The facts and
circumstances in the present cases are, therefore, not at all
comparable to the gross and clear facts and circumstances in
Aman Kokrady (supra).
57.In Nalwa Sons (supra), this Court rejected the challenge
to the show cause notices by discussing the principles for
interference with show cause notices. One of the arguments
raised was that the principles of res judicata and double
jeopardy barred the show cause notices. This plea was
rejected by observing that the consideration of such a plea
would involve an investigation into factual aspects. In this
case, the Court was constrained to observe that the
extraordinary jurisdiction of this Court was being invoked to
stall or delay the proceedings in the show cause notice to the
extent possible. This Court observed that fairness in such
matters was never a one-way street but two-way traffic. Even
the Petitioners must co-operate with the expeditious disposal
of the show cause notice so that if they are clean, they do not
suffer on account of prolonged adjudication. The earlier the
air is cleared, the better it is for all concerned, including the
system that SEBI must regulate.
58.Nalwa Sons (supra) was appealed to the Hon’ble
Supreme Court. The Hon’ble Supreme Court noted that a
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number of contentions and issues have been raised, including
the plea that the earlier decision would operate as res judicata
and there is no power of review. However, the Court observed
that it was not inclined to issue notice in the Special Leave
Petition but to leave it open to the Petitioners to raise all pleas
and contentions before the SEBI. The Court also held that the
Petitioners may pray that some pleas and contentions may be
treated as preliminary issues. The SLP was accordingly
dismissed.
59.The Petitioners have relied upon Whirlpool Corporation
V/s. Registrar of Trademark
11
and Union of India And Anr.
V/s. Vicco Laboratories
12
, primarily in the context of a
challenge to the impugned SCN. Although the Petitioners have
now opted for alternative relief of raising the challenges
before the SEBI, we note that Whirlpool Corporation (supra)
reiterates that ordinarily, challenges to a show cause notice
must not be entertained in Petitions under Article 226 of the
Constitution. The Petitions may be entertained where there
has been a violation of principles of natural justice or where
the order or proceedings are wholly without jurisdiction or
the vires of the act is challenged. Considering the rival
contentions on the issue of alleged absence of jurisdictional
facts or the plea of res judicata, in these matters, no case is
made out to hold that the impugned SCN was wholly without
11
(1998) 8 SCC 1
12
2007 13 SCC 270
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jurisdiction. At the highest, these issues are contentious and
may be gone into by the authority adjudicating the show
cause notices.
60.In Vicco Laboratories (supra), the Hon’ble Supreme
Court has held that non-interference at the stage of a show
cause notice is the normal rule. However, if a show cause
notice is issued without jurisdiction or in abuse of the process
of law, it could be interfered with. Such interference should be
rare and not in a routine manner. Moreover, in order to invoke
such interference, it should prima facie be established that the
notice was without jurisdiction or was an abuse of process of
law. Mere such assertion is not sufficient.
61.From the chronology of the events, it does seem that the
Petitioners are aiming to delay and stall the proceedings,
citing various reasons. These reasons are presented
successively rather than simultaneously, leading to delays. The
plea to treat the issues now raised as preliminary issues
appears to be a plea to establish a scope for further delay if
the preliminary issues are decided against them. It is
noteworthy that these petitions were filed nearly two years
after the impugned SCNs were issued and after the
proceedings on the impugned SCNs had substantially
progressed.
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CONCLUSION
62.For all the above reasons, we dispose of these Petitions,
leaving it open to the Petitioners to raise all their challenges to
the impugned SCN, including challenges like the absence of
jurisdictional facts or the plea of res judicata. However, we
decline to order the QJA to treat such issues as preliminary
issues. We are satisfied that this is a fit case where all the
issues must be tried together instead of any piecemeal
adjudication. Any direction to treat the issues now raised in
these Petitions as preliminary issues would not be in the
public interest and would unduly delay the disposal of the
impugned SCN.
63.However, we clarify that the observations in this
Judgment and Order on merits or demerits of the challenges
are prima facie and for the limited purpose of addressing the
Petitioners’ contention that their objections to the impugned
SCN must be decided as preliminary issues. Without such
observations, it was not possible to address the Petitioners’
insistence that the issues which they have now raised must be
treated as preliminary issues. Therefore, we clarify that none
of the observations in this Judgment and Order need to
influence the QJA in deciding all the issues that arise in the
impugned SCN, including the issues now raised by the
Petitioners in these Petitions. All such issues must be decided
simultaneously, expeditiously and without being influenced by
the observations in this Judgment and Order. In fact, the
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observations are not intended to reflect on the merits of the
matter.
64.The rule in both these Petitions is disposed of in the
above terms. No costs.
(Jitendra Jain, J) (M.S. Sonak, J)
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