Page 1 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2316 OF 2013

(Arising out of SLP(C) No. 192 of 2012)

Debabrata Dash and Anr. …… Appellants

Vs.

Jatindra Prasad Das & Ors. ……Respondents

JUDGMENT

R.M. LODHA, J.

Leave granted.

2. The inter se seniority between the appellants and respondent

no. 1 in the Senior Branch cadre of Orissa Superior Judicial Service is the

subject matter of this appeal.

3. In the writ petition filed by the respondent no.1 before the High

Court, the principal question under consideration was whether the service

rendered by him (writ petitioner) in the Fast Track Court as Additional

District Judge is to be taken into account while fixing his seniority after

1

Page 2 regularization of his service in the Senior Branch cadre under the Orissa

Superior Judicial Service Rules, 1963 (for short, “1963 Rules”). The High

Court in the impugned judgment dated 15.11.2011 has answered the

above question in favour of the writ petitioner, allowed the writ petition and

directed the Orissa High Court on administrative side to treat the period of

service rendered by the writ petitioner in the Fast Track Court for the

purpose of seniority from the date of his joining the post i.e., 26.04.2002

and re-fix his seniority in light of the judgment.

4. The appellants, direct recruits, who were respondent nos. 3

and 4 in the writ petition, have challenged the above judgment principally

on the ground that it is not consistent with the 1963 Rules, Orissa Judicial

Service (Special Schemes) Rules, 2001 and Orissa Superior Judicial

Service and Orissa Judicial Service Rules, 2007. The appellants contend

that the High Court has not correctly applied the decisions of this Court in

O.P Singla and Another v. Union of India and Others

1

, Direct Recruit Class

II Engineering Officers’ Association v. State of Maharashtra and Others

2

,

Rudra Kumar Sain and Others v. Union of India and Others

3

, Brij Mohan

Lal v. Union of India and Others

4

[Brij Mohan Lal 1] and Brij Mohan Lal v.

Union of India and Others

5

[Brij Mohan Lal 2].

1

(1984) 4 SCC 450

2

(1990) 2 SCC 715

3

(2000) 8 SCC 25

4

(2002) 5 SCC 1

5

(2012) 6 SCC 502

2

Page 3 5. The brief facts leading to the controversy are these: The writ

petitioner joined the judicial service in the State of Orissa as Munsiff on

probation on 15.07.1981 under the Orissa Judicial Service Rules, 1964.

He was promoted to the Junior Branch of the Superior Judicial Service on

19.07.1999. On 05.01.2002, the writ petitioner, who was continuing as a

member of Superior Judicial Service (Junior Branch), was appointed, on

ad hoc basis, as Additional District Judge in the Fast Track Court.

Pursuant to the above order of appointment, on 11.04.2002 writ petitioner

was posted as an ad hoc Additional District Judge in the Fast Track Court

at Bargarh where he joined on 26.04.2002.

6. On 13.01.2003, the appellants were appointed in the Senior

Branch cadre of Orissa Superior Judicial Service by way of direct

recruitment under the 1963 Rules. Pursuant to the posting order dated

22.01.2003, they joined as Additional District and Sessions Judges at

Cuttack and Behrampur on 03.02.2003 and 07.02.2003 respectively.

7. By an order dated 28.05.2003, the tenure of writ petitioner as

ad hoc Additional District Judge (Fast Track Court), Bargarh was extended

for a further period of one year or 31.03.2004 (whichever was earlier).

8. By a notification dated 15.12.2003, the writ petitioner was

allowed to officiate in the Senior Branch of the Superior Judicial Service on

regular basis on account of a vacancy that arose due to retirement of an

officer of the Senior Branch on 31.07.2003. The writ petitioner was posted

3

Page 4 on 19.01.2004 as Additional District and Sessions Judge, Bargarh

pursuant to the notification dated 15.12.2003 to which post the writ

petitioner joined on 03.02.2004.

9. Appellant no. 1 was confirmed in the cadre of Senior Branch,

Superior Judicial Service with effect from 03.02.2004 while appellant no. 2

was confirmed with effect from 07.02.2004. The appellants were conferred

selection grade with effect from 03.02.2008 and 07.02.2008 respectively.

10. The writ petitioner was substantively appointed in the cadre of

District Judge with effect from 17.01.2007 and he was granted selection

grade with effect from 22.10.2009.

11. On 13.11.2009, the writ petitioner submitted a representation

to the High Court on administrative side seeking seniority in the cadre of

District Judge with effect from 26.04.2002, i.e., the date of his joining as

ad hoc Additional District Judge (Fast Track Court), Bargarh. The claim of

seniority by the writ petitioner over and above the appellants was based on

the ground that the period of his service as an ad hoc Additional District

Judge (Fast Track Court) should be included for the purpose of computing

his length of service in the cadre of Senior Branch, Superior Judicial

Service under the 1963 Rules.

12. A committee to consider the representation of the writ

petitioner was constituted. The committee by majority opined that the writ

petitioner’s representation was liable to be rejected. On 02.08.2011 the

4

Page 5 Full Court of the High Court considered the report of the committee. The

representation of the writ petitioner was rejected on 08.08.2011. It was this

administrative decision of the High Court that was challenged by the writ

petitioner before the High Court on the judicial side.

13. The writ petition was contested by the appellants as well as

the High Court on the administrative side and the State of Orissa.

14. Before we deal with the relevant rules, reference may be

made to the various notifications concerning the appointments of the writ

petitioner and the appellants. As noted above, by a notification dated

05.01.2002, the writ petitioner was allowed ad hoc promotion to the Senior

Branch of the service. To the extent it is relevant, the said notification

reads as under:

“ GOVERNMENT OF ORISSA

HOME DEPARTMENT

NOTIFICATION

Bhubaneswar the 5

th

January 2002.

xxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxx

No. 993/Sri Jatindra Prasad Das, an officer of Orissa

Superior Judicial Service (Junior Branch) at present Adviser,

Orissa Electricity Regularity Commission Orissa,

Bhubaneswar is allowed adhoc promotion to the Senior

Branch of the said service in the scale of pay of Rs. 10,650-

325-15,850/- with effect from the date he joins as such until

further order in pursuance of Rule 3,4 & 5 of Orissa Judicial

Service, (Special Scheme) Rules, 2001 for his appointment

as adhoc Additional District Judge in the Fast & Track Court

established out of 11

th

Finance Commission Award.”

5

Page 6 15. The notification dated 11.04.2002 whereby the writ petitioner

was posted as an ad hoc Additional District Judge pursuant to the

notification dated 05.01.2002 reads as under:

“ ORISSA HIGH COURT : CUTTACK

NOTIFICATION

Dated, Cuttack the 11

th

April, 2002.

No. 150/A: On being reverted to the general line, Shri

Jatindra Prasad Das, an officer of Orissa Superior Judicial

Service (Junior Branch) at present Adviser, Orissa Electricity

Regulatory Commission, Bhubaneswar, who has been

allowed ad hoc promotion to the Senior Branch of the said

service vide Home Department Notification No. 1933 dated

05.1.2002 is transferred and appointed to be the Ad hoc

Additional District Judge in the Additional District Judge

Court established out of the 11

th

Finance Commission Award

in the Judgeship and Sessions Division of Sambalpur

Bargarh Deogarh Jharsuguda with headquarters at Bargarh

Vice Shri Susanta Kumar Patnaik transferred on promotion.”

16. The appellants were appointed as direct recruits in the cadre

of Senior Branch, Superior Judicial Service by a notification dated

13.01.2003 which reads as follows:

“ GOVERNMENT OF ORISSA

HOME DEPARTMENT

NOTIFICATION

Dated, Bhubaneswar, the 13.01.2003

No. 2495/SJS/1-13/2002/HS. In pursuance of Rule 8 of the

Orissa Superior Judicial Service Rules, 1963 Sri Debabrata

Dash, Advocate, Mayurbhanj, Baripada is hereby appointed

on probation for a period of one year on the Orissa Superior

Judicial Service (Senior Branch) in the scale of pay of Rs.

10,610-335-15,850/- by direct recruitment with effect from

the date he joins the said service.

6

Page 7 No.2496/HS. In pursuance of Rule 8 Orissa Superior

Judicial Service Rules, 1963, Sri Satrughana Fujahari,

Advocate, Sambalpur is hereby appointed in probation for a

period one year in the Orissa Superior Judicial Service

(Senior Branch) in the scale of pay of Rs. 10,650-325-

15,850/- by direct recruitment with effect from the date he

joins the said service.”

17. We may now refer to the relevant rules. The 1963 Rules have

been made by the Governor of Orissa under the proviso to Article 309 of

the Constitution of India for the regulation of recruitment to posts in, and

the conditions of service of persons appointed to the Orissa Superior

Judicial Service.

18. Rule 3(d) provides that “Service” means the Orissa Superior

Judicial Service. An officer appointed to the service in accordance with

Rule 8 is called the “Direct Recruit” under rule 3(f), while an officer

appointed to the service in accordance with Rule 9 is called the “Promoted

Officer” under rule 3(g).

19. In Rule 4, it is provided that cadre of service shall consist of

two branches, (i) Superior Judicial Service (Senior Branch) and (ii)

Superior Judicial Service (Junior Branch). The cadre of Superior Judicial

Service (Senior Branch) comprises of diverse posts, including District and

Sessions Judges and Additional District and Sessions Judges. Rule 4(3)

provides that the cadre of the Superior Judicial Service, Junior Branch,

shall consist of 13 Chief Judicial Magistrates and 06 Additional Chief

Judicial Magistrates.

7

Page 8 20. Part III of the 1963 Rules which deals with recruitment, is

crucial to the controversy. Rule 5 thereof provides as follows :

“5. Recruitment to the service shall be made by the

following methods, namely :

(1) In respect of the Senior Branch—

(a) by direct recruitment in accordance with Rule 8,

and

(b) by promotion of officers from the Junior Branch of

the service.

(2) In respect of the Junior Branch by promotion of

officers of the Orissa Judicial Service (Class-I) in

accordance with the Rule 10.”

21. Rule 7 enables the government to fill up the vacancy in Senior

Branch of the service in consultation with the High Court by direct

recruitment or promotion. It reads as under:

“7. When a vacancy occurs in the Senior Branch of the

service, Government shall decide in consultation with the

High Court whether it may be filled up by direct recruitment

or promotion:

Provided that the number of direct recruits in the

Senior Branch of the service shall not exceed twenty-five per

cent of the cadre posts mentioned in Sub-rule (2) of Rule 4.”

22. Rule 9 lays down as follows:

“9. (1) Whenever a vacancy in the Senior Branch of the

service is decided to be filled up by promotion the

Government shall fill up the same after due consideration of

the recommendation of the High Court in accordance with

sub-rule (2).

(2)The High Court shall recommend for appointment to

such vacancy, an officer of the Junior Branch of the service,

who in the opinion of the High Court is the most suitable for

the purpose:

Provided that if for any reason, Government are

unable to accept the recommendation as aforesaid they may

call for further recommendations from the High Court to fill

up the vacancy.”

8

Page 9 23. Rule 17 makes provision for seniority of officers in the

following manner.

“17. Seniority of officers in the service shall be determined

in accordance with the dates of substantive appointment to

the service.

Provided that a promoted officer, who may have been

allowed to continuously officiate from a date prior to the date

of appointment of a direct recruit, shall, if he is subsequently

substantively appointed in the service without reversion to

his parent service, take his seniority in the cadre over such

direct recruit.”

24. In exercise of the powers conferred by the proviso to Article

309 read with Articles 233 and 234 of the Constitution of India, the

Governor of Orissa, after consultation with the High Court of Orissa,

framed the rules entitled, “Orissa Judicial Service (Special Scheme) Rules,

2001” which we shall refer to as “the 2001 Rules” hereinafter. 2001

Rules were made to regulate the recruitment of judicial officers in the State

on ad hoc and purely on temporary basis exclusively for implementation of

the recommendations of 11

th

Finance Commission for upgradation of

judicial administration under upgradation grant for elimination of old

pending cases. The 2001 Rules define “service” in Rule 2(f) which means

the judicial service of the State of Orissa. Rules 3 and 4 of these rules

make provision for appointment which read as under:

“3. Appointment – Notwithstanding anything contained in the

Orissa Superior Judicial Service Rules, 1963 and Orissa

Judicial Service Rules, 1994 the appointment of Additional

District Judges on ad hoc and purely temporary basis for

implementation of the Scheme will be made under these

rules.

9

Page 10 4. (1) The appointment made under these rules shall be

purely on ad hoc and temporary basis.

(2) The appointment shall be made initially for a

period of one year and shall be liable to be terminated at any

time without any prior notice.

(3) During the term of such appointment the

appointees will be under the administrative and disciplinary

control of the High Court.”

25. Rule 5 of the 2001 Rules prescribes eligibility. Clause (c) of

sub-rule (1) of Rule 5 is relevant which reads as follows:

“5. Eligibility. – (1) The appointment of Additional District

Judges on ad hoc and purely temporary basis shall be made

by the Governor on recommendation of the High Court from

amongst;

(a)xxxxxxxxx

(b)xxxxxxxxx

(c)in-service Chief Judicial Magistrates/Additional

Magistrates having three years of service as

such.”

26. Rule 6 of the 2001 Rules provides that the selection of in-

service Judicial Officers for ad hoc appointment under the scheme shall be

based on scrutiny of their judgments and their service record.

27. Rule 7 of 2001 Rules provides that inservice judicial officer

shall not claim regular promotion in the regular cadre on the basis of

his/her appointment made under this scheme.

28 . The Division Bench in the impugned judgment has observed

that though the promotion of the writ petitioner in Senior Branch cadre of

Superior Judicial Service was initially ad hoc but that was given to him

after the High Court adjudged his suitability for promotion by following the

10

Page 11 1963 Rules. The Division Bench observed that such ad hoc promotion was

regularized vide notification dated 15.12.2003 under the 1963 Rules as the

writ petitioner had rendered uninterrupted service. The Division Bench has

referred to and considered the minutes of the meeting of the Full Court

held on 14.12.2001 against agenda no. 3 which concerned promotion of

officers of Junior Branch to the cadre of Senior Branch for their posting as

ad hoc Additional District Judges against Fast Track Courts. The relevant

portion of the minutes of the meeting dated 14.12.2001 referred to and

considered by the Division Bench, reads as follows:

“Considered the Judicial and administrative capabilities

along with C.C.Rs. of the following officers in the cadre of

Orissa Superior Judicial Service (Jr. Br.) for the purpose of

their promotion to the cadre of Orissa Superior Judicial

Service for their posting as ad hoc Additional District Judges

against Fast Track Courts (Sr. Branch).

1.Shri G.R. Purohit, Secretary, Consumer Disputes

Redressal Commission, Cuttack.

2.Shri M.K. Panda, Deputy Secretary, Orissa Legal

Services Authority, Cuttack.

3.Shri J.P. Das, Adviser, O.E.R.C., Bhubaneswar.

Resolved that all the above named officers are found

suitable for promotion to the cadre of O.S.J.S. (Sr. Branch)

and accordingly their names be recommended to the State

Government for promotion to the cadre of O.S.J.S. (Sr.

Branch) for their appointment against the Fast Track Courts

on ad-hoc basis.”

29. The Division Bench, thus, found that promotion of the writ

petitioner along with two others was considered by the Full Court taking

into account their judicial and administrative capabilities and the

confidential reports and thereafter the name of the writ petitioner was

11

Page 12 recommended to the state government for promotion to the Senior Branch

of the service and such promotion could have been granted only under the

1963 Rules. In the opinion of the Division Bench the resolution of the Full

Court dated 14.12.2001 has left no ambiguity that writ petitioner was

promoted to the Senior Branch cadre in Superior Judicial Service under

the 1963 Rules and his promotion as ad hoc Additional District Judge

cannot be treated under the 2001 Rules. The Division Bench has held that

the promotion of the writ petitioner to the Senior Branch has to be counted

with effect from 26.04.2002 when he joined the post initially and his

subsequent regularization deserves to be considered to be effective from

that date.

30. In the impugned judgment, the Division Bench has held that

the view taken by the High Court on administrative side was in ignorance

of the law laid down by this Court in Brij Mohan Lal 1

4

. In paragraph 17 of

the impugned judgment, the consideration of the matter by the High Court

with reference to the Brij Mohan Lal 1

4

is as follows :

“17.The aforesaid direction of the apex Court clearly lays

down the mandate that the promotees’ service in such Fast

Track Courts shall be counted towards regular service.

Moreover, the appointment of the petitioner was never on

officiating basis for any particular period, but was a final

selection in accordance with the Rules, 1963 and Scheme

Rules 2001 and that is why the apex Court directed for filling

up all the consequential vacancies in the lower cadre from

which the promotions are given in Fast Track Courts

simultaneously. Moreover, it was also made clear that the

persons appointed under the Scheme shall get all service

benefits which are applicable to the members of Judicial

12

Page 13 Service of the State on equivalent status. The State

Government took cognizance and promoted the incumbents

like the petitioner from the cadre of Orissa Superior Judicial

Service (Junior Branch) to Orissa Superior Judicial Service

(Senior Branch) by following the prescribed procedure. The

opposite parties 3 and 4 joined in Orissa Superior Judicial

Service (Senior Branch) as direct recruits as contemplated

under Rules 5 and 8 of the Rules, 1963. They were

appointed as Addl. District Judges vide Home Department

Notification Nos. 2495 and 2496 dated 13.01.2003, copy of

which is filed as Annexure-8 to the writ petition and the High

Court notifications dated 22.1.2003, filed as Annexure-9 and

9-A respectively. The opposite parties 3 and 4 joined in their

respective posts on 3.2.2003 and 7.2.2003 respectively,

meaning thereby they were born in the cadre of Orissa

Superior Judicial Service (Senior Branch) after about 10

months of the petitioner entering into such cadre on

promotion to the post. But even then the opposite parties 3

and 4 were given selection grade with effect from 3.2.2008

and 7.2.2008 respectively vide Court’s notification no. 79

and 80 dated 22.2.2008, copy of which is annexed as

Annexure-10, thereby ignoring the claim of the petitioner

with regard to his seniority. All this clearly spells out that the

petitioner and other officers were superseded by the

opposite parties 3 and 4 and on the other hand the petitioner

was promoted to the cadre of Selection grade with effect

from 22

nd

October, 2009 vide notification no. 899 dated

29.10.2009 of the High Court (Annexure-11) and in this

manner the period of service as Addl. District Judge (Fast

Track) was not taken into consideration ignoring the settled

law of the apex Court.”

31. The crucial question that arises for consideration in this

appeal is, whether promotion of the writ petitioner as an ad hoc Additional

District Judge vide Notification dated 5.1.2002 to the Senior Branch of the

Superior Judicial Service for being posted in the Fast Track Court

established out of 11

th

Finance Commission recommendations can be said

to be an appointment in the Senior Branch cadre of Superior Judicial

13

Page 14 Service. The fate of the appeal depends upon answer to this question. If

the answer to this question is found in the affirmative, the appeal must fail.

On the other hand, appeal must succeed if the answer is in the negative.

32. It is not in dispute that immediately before writ petitioner’s ad

hoc promotion to the Senior Branch of Superior Judicial Service for being

posted in the Fast Track Court, he was a member of the Junior Branch of

the Superior Judicial Service. There is also no dispute before us that there

was no cadre post available on 05.01.2002 or 26.04.2002 under the 1963

Rules. The fact of the matter is that 72 posts of ad hoc Additional District

Judges (Fast Track Court) were created out of 11

th

Finance Commission

recommendations and these posts were to be filled up under the 2001

Rules.

33. In the backdrop of the above factual position, we shall now

consider the scheme of the 1963 Rules. Rule 4 of the 1963 Rules

provides that cadre of Superior Judicial Service shall consist of two

branches; (i) Superior Judicial Service, Senior Branch and (ii) Superior

Judicial Service, Junior Branch. There are two modes of recruitment to the

Superior Judicial Service in respect of Senior Branch. These two modes

prescribed in Rule 5, are, (a) by direct recruitment in accordance with Rule

8 and (b) by promotion of officers from the Junior Branch of the service.

Rule 9(1) lays down that whenever a vacancy in the Senior Branch of the

service is decided to be filled up by promotion, the government shall fill up

14

Page 15 the same after due consideration of the recommendation of the High Court

in accordance with sub-rule (2). As per sub-rule (2) of Rule 9, the High

Court shall recommend for appointment to such vacancy an officer of the

Junior Branch of the service, who, in the opinion of the High Court, is the

most suitable for the purpose. If the government is unable to accept the

recommendation of the High Court, it may call for further recommendations

from the High Court to fill up the vacancy. Rule 7 of the 1963 Rules,

enables the government to fill up the vacancy in the Senior Branch of the

service in consultation with the High Court either by direct recruitment or

promotion. As regards the strength of direct recruits in the Senior Branch

of the service, a cap is put that their number shall not exceed 25 per cent

of the cadre posts mentioned in Rule 4 (2). The direct recruitment to the

Senior Branch of the service is required to be made from the Bar. Rule 8

makes the complete provision about the eligibility of the candidates,

reservation and the procedure for filling up the vacancies available to

direct recruits to the Senior Branch of the service. Rules 7,8 and 9 of the

1963 Rules are quite significant. The position that emerges from these

provisions is this : When a vacancy occurs in the Senior Branch of the

service, first a decision is taken whether such vacancy is to be filled up by

promotion or direct recruitment. Obviously, while taking such decision, the

cap on the number of the direct recruits has to be kept in view. If the

vacancy is to be filled up by direct recruitment, Rule 8 comes into play. In

15

Page 16 case, such vacancy is decided to be filled by promotion, the procedure in

Rule 9 has to be followed. In other words, for a vacancy in the Senior

Branch of service to be filled by promotion, the High Court makes

recommendation for appointment to such vacancy an officer of the Junior

Branch of the service, who in the opinion of High Court is the most suitable

for the purpose. When such recommendation is made by the High Court

for filling the vacancy, either the government accepts the recommendation

or if, for any reason the government is unable to accept the

recommendation, it may call for further recommendations from the High

Court. Thus, in the absence of any vacancy in the Senior Branch cadre of

Superior Judicial Service to be filled up by promotion, no appointment to

the Senior Branch of service by way of promotion can be made. It is as

fundamental as this.

34. The cadre strength in Orissa Superior Judicial Service, Senior

Branch has been fixed in the 1963 Rules. No ad hoc or temporary posts of

Additional District Judges have been created under these Rules before

05.01.2002 or 26.04.2002. The cadre strength of Senior Branch of service

has not been increased. In this view of the matter, the question of giving

any promotion to the Senior Branch of service in the absence of a vacancy

in the cadre does not arise.

35. It is appropriate at this stage to consider the 2001 Rules and

its scheme. 2001 Rules were made to regulate the recruitment of Judicial

16

Page 17 Officers in the State of Orissa on ad hoc and purely temporary basis

exclusively for implementation of the recommendations of 11

th

Finance

Commission for upgradation of Judicial Administration under upgradation

grant for elimination of old pending cases. Rule 2 of the 2001 Rules

defines “service” to mean the Judicial Service of State of Orissa. Rule 3

thereof provides that notwithstanding anything contained in the 1963 Rules

and Orissa Judicial Service Rules, 1994 the appointment of Additional

District Judges on ad hoc and purely temporary basis shall be made for

implementation of the scheme. Rule 4 again clarifies that the appointment

made under 2001 Rules is purely on ad hoc and temporary basis. It also

provides that appointment under these Rules shall be made initially for a

period of one year and shall be liable to be terminated at any time without

any prior notice. Rule 5 of the 2001 Rules lays down the eligibility for the

appointment of Additional District Judges. The appointment of the

Additional District Judges under this scheme can be made from 4 sources,

one of such sources is in-service Chief Judicial Magistrates/Additional

Magistrates having three years of service as such. Rule 6 of these Rules

provides that the selection of in-service Judicial Officers for ad hoc

appointment shall be based on scrutiny of their judgments and service

record. The selection shall be made on the basis of seniority-cum-merit.

Rule 7 makes the provision that inservice Judicial Officer shall not claim

17

Page 18 regular promotion in the regular cadre on the basis of appointment made

under this scheme.

36. As noted earlier, 72 posts of ad hoc Additional District Judges

were created under the 2001 Rules to meet its objectives. These posts

were not part of cadre strength of Senior Branch Service in the 1963 Rules

nor by creation of these posts under the 2001 Rules, the cadre strength of

the Senior Branch of service got increased. The writ petitioner’s promotion

as an ad hoc Additional District Judge vide Notification dated 05.01.2002

pursuant to which he joined the post of ad hoc Additional District Judge,

Bargarh on 26.04.2002 is traceable wholly and squarely to the 2001 Rules.

Merely because the writ petitioner was adjudged suitable on the

touchstone of the 1963 Rules, we are afraid, it cannot be said that he was

given appointment to the post of ad hoc Additional District Judge under the

1963 Rules. As noted above, there was no vacancy to be filled by

promotion in cadre strength of Senior Branch of the service under the 1963

Rules on that date.

37. As a matter of fact, on the representation made by the writ

petitioner, the Committee advised to the Full Court of the Orissa High

Court to reject the representation, inter alia, for the following reason:

“Shri Das claims seniority over and above Shri D. Dash and

Shri S. Pujhari as he was appointed as Ad hoc Addl.

Sessions Judge prior to them. Shri Dash and Shri Pujhari

were appointed in regular cadre vacancy of 44 against the

available direct recruit quota of 2(11 being the total quota).

18

Page 19 When Shri Dash and Shri Pujhari were appointed, no quota

to the promotees was available either in the cadre or in the

ex-cadre (44+36). So no substantive vacancy was available

for being filled up from the promotion quota. When Shri Das

was not born in the cadre of substantive vacancy of District

Judge (which includes cadre + ex-cadre) and also even no

vacancy was available to absorb him in the cadre then, his

claim for seniority in the cadre by no stretch of imagination

be allowed”.

38. The essence of the reason given by the Committee is that

when appellants were appointed as Additional District Judges, no vacancy

to be filled by way of promotion to the Senior Branch of the service was

available either in the cadre or in the ex-cadre. When no vacancy was

available against which the writ petitioner could have been brought into the

cadre then his claim for seniority in the cadre over the appellants did not

arise. The above Report of the Committee was accepted by the Full

Court and the writ petitioner’s representation claiming seniority over the

appellants was rejected. There is no legal flaw at all in the decision of the

Full Court which is founded on the above view of the Committee. In view

of the admitted factual position, the proviso following the main provision in

Rule 17 of the 1963 Rules does not help the writ petitioner at all.

39. The Division Bench committed two fundamental errors, one, in

holding that the promotion of the writ petitioner on 05.01.2002 as

Additional District Judge is under the 1963 Rules and two, that the

existence of substantive vacancy in the Senior Branch cadre of Superior

Judicial Service on 05.01.2002 or for that matter 26.04.2002 is wholly

19

Page 20 academic. The Division Bench overlooked the true scope of Rules 7, 8 and

9 of the 1963 Rules. In the absence of vacancy in the Senior Branch

cadre of service to be filled up by promotion on the relevant date, no

promotion could have been accorded on ad hoc basis or otherwise under

the 1963 Rules.

40. The question of inter se seniority between promotees and

direct recruits has engaged the attention of this Court on more than one

occasion. In the words of Y.V. Chandrachud, C.J. in O.P. Singla

1

, “there

are many decisions bearing upon the familiar controversy between

promotees and direct recruits and this will be one more. Perhaps, just

another.” We do not think that anybody will dispute this apt description in

respect of litigations between promotees and direct recruits. In O.P.

Singla

1

, this Court was concerned with the question of inter se seniority

between promotees and direct recruits in the Judicial Service of Delhi.

This Court considered the above question in light of the provisions in Delhi

Higher Judicial Service Rules, 1970. Having regard to the provisions

contained in Rule 2(d), the majority decision in para 21 of the Report held

as under:

21. …….. This Rule shows that two conditions must co-exist

in order that a person can become a ‘Member of the

Service’. Firstly, his appointment has to be in a substantive

capacity and secondly, the appointment has to be to the

Service, that is, to a post in the Service. Persons who hold

posts bearing designations similar to the designations of

posts comprised in the Service cannot, for that reason

alone, become members of the Service. It is only when they

20

Page 21 are appointed in a substantive capacity to a post in the

Service, that they become members of the Service.”

(emphasis supplied by us)

41. Rules 3(d), 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 of the 1963 Rules leave no

manner of doubt that a person can become a member of the Senior

Branch of the Superior Judicial Service only if his appointment has been

made to a post in the service. If there is no vacancy to be filled in by

promotion in the cadre of Senior Branch service, there is no question of

any appointment being made to the service. The membership of service is

limited to the persons who are appointed within the cadre strength by

direct recruitment and by promotion.

42. A five-Judge Bench of this Court in Direct Recruit Class II

Engineering Officers’ Association

2

was concerned with a question of

seniority in service between the direct recruits and promotees amongst

Deputy Engineers in the State of Maharashtra. This Court considered

previous decisions of this Court, including S.B. Patwardhan v. State of

Maharashtra

6

and Baleshwar Dass v. State of U.P.

7

and in paragraph 47

of the Report summed up the legal position. Clauses (A), (B) and (C) of

paragraph 47 are relevant for the present purpose which read as follows:

(A) Once an incumbent is appointed to a post according to

rule, his seniority has to be counted from the date of his

6

1977 (3) SCC 399

7

1980 (4) SCC 226

21

Page 22 appointment and not according to the date of his

confirmation.

The corollary of the above rule is that where the initial

appointment is only ad hoc and not according to rules and

made as a stop gap arrangement, the officiation in such post

cannot be taken into account for considering the seniority.

(B) If the initial appointment is not made by following the

procedure laid down by the rules but the appointee

continues in the post uninterruptedly till the regularization of

his service in accordance with the rules, the period of

officiating service will be counted.

(C) When appointments are made from more than one

source, it is permissible to fix the ratio for recruitment from

the different sources, and if rules are framed in this regard

they must ordinarily be followed strictly.

43. The essence of direction in clause (A) is that the seniority of

an appointee has to be counted from the date of his appointment and not

according to the date of his confirmation once a recruitee is appointed to a

post according to rules. In other words, where initial appointment is only

ad hoc and not according to rules and made as a stop-gap arrangement,

the officiation in such post cannot be taken into account for considering the

seniority. The writ petitioner’s appointment as an ad hoc Additional District

Judge is not traceable to the 1963 Rules. The simple reason leading to this

consequence is that there was no vacancy available which was to be filled

up by promotion on that date in Superior Judicial Service (Senior Branch).

44. In Rudra Kumar Sain

3

, a Five-Judge Bench of this Court was

again concerned with the inter se seniority between the promotees and

direct recruits in the Delhi Higher Judicial Service. The contention was

whether the guidelines and directions given by this Court in O.P. Singla

1

22

Page 23 have been followed or not. The Court considered the 3 terms “ad hoc”,

“stop-gap” and “fortuitous” in the context of the service jurisprudence and

in para 20 of the Report held as under:

“20. In service jurisprudence, a person who possesses the

requisite qualification for being appointed to a particular post

and then he is appointed with the approval and consultation

of the appropriate authority and continues in the post for a

fairly long period, then such an appointment cannot be held

to be “stopgap or fortuitous or purely ad hoc”. In this view of

the matter, the reasoning and basis on which the

appointment of the promotees in the Delhi Higher Judicial

Service in the case in hand was held by the High Court to be

“fortuitous/ad hoc/stopgap” are wholly erroneous and,

therefore, exclusion of those appointees to have their

continuous length of service for seniority is erroneous.”

45. The Division Bench in the impugned order has quoted the

above paragraph from Rudra Kumar Sain

3

but applied it wrongly.

46. In Brij Mohan Lal 1

4

, a three-Judge Bench of this Court, inter

alia, considered the Fast Track Courts scheme. In paragraph 10 of the

judgment, this Court gave various directions. Direction no. 14 in that para

is relevant which can be paraphrased as follows:

(i) No right will be conferred on judicial officers in service

for claiming any regular promotion on the basis of

his/her appointment on ad hoc basis under the scheme.

(ii) The service rendered in Fast Track Courts will be

deemed as service rendered in the parent cadre.

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Page 24 (iii) In case any judicial officer is promoted to higher grade

in the parent cadre during his tenure in Fast Track

Courts, the service rendered in Fast Track Courts will

be deemed to be service in such higher grade.

47. Learned senior counsel for the writ petitioner heavily relied

upon the third part of direction no. 14. As a matter of fact, this part has

been relied upon in the impugned judgment as well. It is submitted on

behalf of the writ petitioner that on promotion to the Senior Branch cadre

of Superior Judicial Service during his tenure in the Fast Track Courts, the

writ petitioner is entitled to the counting of the service rendered by him in

the Fast Track Court as a service in Superior Judicial Service (Senior

Branch). The submission overlooks the first two parts of direction no. 14,

one, no right will be conferred in judicial service for claiming any regular

promotion on the basis of his/her appointment on ad hoc basis under the

scheme; and two, the service rendered in Fast Track Courts will be

deemed as service rendered in the parent cadre. In our opinion, until the

vacancy occurred in the cadre of Superior Judicial Service (Senior

Branch) which was to be filled up by promotion, the service rendered by

the writ petitioner in the Fast Track Court cannot be deemed to be service

rendered in the Superior Judicial Service, Senior Branch. Rather until

then, he continued to be a member of the parent cadre, i.e., Superior

Judicial Service (Junior Branch). The third part of direction no. 14, in our

24

Page 25 view, does not deserve to be read in a manner that overrides the 1963

Rules.

48. In Brij Mohan Lal 2

5

, inter alia, the controversy centered

around the closure of Fast Track Courts Scheme and the appointment of

retired district and sessions judges as ad hoc judges of the Fast Track

Courts. In one of the writ petitions filed before this Court, the relief was

intended to ensure that only the members of the Bar were appointed by

direct recruitment to the post of ad hoc district and sessions judges under

the Fast Track Courts Scheme. The Court considered the directions given

by this Court in Brij Mohan Lal 1

4

. The Court observed in Brij Mohan Lal

2

5

, that this Court had foreseen the possibility of the closure of the Fast

Track Courts Scheme. The Court noted the directions given in Brij Mohan

Lal 1

4

, inter alia, in the following manner: “…. that the service in FTCs will

be deemed as service of the promoted judicial officers rendered in the

parent cadre. However, no right would accrue to such recruits

promoted/posted on ad hoc basis from the lower judiciary for regular

promotion on the basis of such appointment. For direct recruits,

continuation in service will be dependent on review by the High Court and

there could be possibility of absorption in the regular vacancy if their

performance was found to be satisfactory………..”.

25

Page 26 49. In Brij Mohan Lal 2

5

, this Court with reference to the Superior

Judicial Service in the State of Orissa, noted in paragraph 171 of the

Report thus:

“171. Similarly, we also find no merit in the contention that

this Court should quash the advertisement issued by the

State of Orissa for making selections to the Orissa Higher

Judicial Services on the basis of the claims for regularisation

of the petitioners against such posts. There are two different

sets of Rules, applicable in different situations, to these two

different classes of officers and further they are governed by

different conditions of service. They cannot be placed on a

par. The process of their appointments is distinct and

different. These petitioners have no right to the post. Thus, it

would neither be permissible nor proper for the Court to halt

the regular process of selection on the plea that these

petitioners have a right to be absorbed against the posts in

the regular cadre.”

50. Then, in paragraph 176 of the Report, the Court observed that

the Fast Track Court Judges were appointed under a separate set of rules

than the rules governing the regular appointment to the State Higher

Judicial Service. The Court noted that while appointing Fast Track Court

Judges, it was clearly stipulated that such appointments would be ad hoc

and temporary and that the appointees shall not derive any benefit from

such appointments.

51. We have already indicated above that on 05.01.2002 or

26.04.2002, there was no vacancy in the cadre of Superior Judicial Service

(Senior Branch) for being filled up by promotion. Such vacancy in the

Senior Branch cadre of the service occurred on 15.12.2003 and from that

26

Page 27 date the writ petitioner has been given benefit of his service rendered in

the Fast Track Court. The administrative decision by the Full Court is in

accord with the 1963 Rules, the 2001 Rules and the legal position already

indicated above. The view of the Division Bench in the impugned judgment

is legally unsustainable. The impugned judgment is liable to be set aside

and is set aside.

52. Appeal is allowed, as above, with no order as to costs.

……………………….J.

(R.M. Lodha)

..…..………………...J.

(J. Chelameswar)

.……………………...J.

(Madan B. Lokur)

NEW DELHI

MARCH 11, 2013.

27