2024 INSC 292 Page 1 of 39

Reportable

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

INHERENT JURISDICTION

Curative Petition (C) Nos.108- 109 of 2022

In

Review Petition (C) Nos.1158- 1159 of 2021

In

Civil Appeal Nos 5627- 5628 of 2021

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. …Petitioner

Versus

Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Ltd. …Respondent

PART A

Page 2 of 39

J U D G M E N T

Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, CJI

Table of Contents

A.

Factual Background ................................................................................................... 3

B. DMRC’s claim and the Tribunal’s findings ............................................................. 7

C. Decisions of the High Court .................................................................................... 10

D. Judgment of this Court in appeal ........................................................................... 11

E. Issues in the Curative Petition. .............................................................................. 12

F. Submissions .............................................................................................................. 12

G. Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 16

I. Curative Jurisdiction may be invoked if there is a miscarriage of justice. .. 16

II. Scope of interference of courts with arbitral awards .................................. 19

III. The award was patently illegal .................................................................. 24

i. Interpretation of the termination clause by the Tribunal was

unreasonable ................................................................................................. 26

ii. The award overlooked vital evidence and matters on the record ........... 29

H.

Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 37

PART A

Page 3 of 39

1. The curative jurisdiction of this Court under Article 142 of the Constitution has

been invoked in regard to its decision in Delhi Airport Metro Express

Private Limited vs. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.

1

. The judgment

remained undisturbed in the exercise of the review jurisdiction of this Court.

2

A. Factual Background

2. The petitioner, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation

3

is a state-owned company wholly

owned by the Government of India and the National Capital Territory of Delhi.

The respondent, Delhi Airport Metro Express Private Limited

4

is a special-

purpose vehicle incorporated by a consortium comprising of Reliance

Infrastructure Limited and Construcciones Y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles SA,

Spain. The consortium bagged the contract for the construction, operation and

maintenance of the Delhi Airport Metro Express Ltd

5

in 2008. The Concession

Agreement

6

envisaged a public-private partnership for providing metro rail

connectivity between New Delhi Railway Station and the Indira Gandhi

International Airport and other points within Delhi.

3. Under the 2008 Agreement, DAMEPL was granted exclusive rights , license

and authority to implement the project and concession in respect of AMEL .

This included the right to manage and operate the Project as a commercial

enterprise. DMRC was to undertake clearances and bear costs relating to

land acquisition, and civil structures, while DAMEPL was to undertake among

1

(2022) 1 SCC 131.

2

Review Petition (C) Nos. 1158-1159/2921.

3

“DMRC”

4

“DAMEPL”/” Concessionaire”

5

“AMEL”

6

“2008 Agreement”

PART A

Page 4 of 39

other things, the design, supply, installation, testing and commissioning of

railway systems. DAMEPL was to complete the work in two years, and

thereafter, to maintain AMEL until August 2038.

4. In April 2012, DAMEPL sought a deferment of the concession fee, citing

delays in providing access to the stations by DMRC. DAMEPL stated that

while AMEL had been running without a glitch since 23 February 2011, the

retail activity had not picked pace. DAMEPL urged DMRC to extend their

support, to this first-of-its-kind public-private partnership by deferring the

concession fee payable by DAMEPL.

5. There was an exchange of correspondence between the parties which

ultimately led the Ministry of Urban Development to convene a meeting of

stakeholders in July 2012. A Joint Inspection Committee was set up to inspect

the defects alleged by DAMEPL.

6. Meanwhile, DAMEPL expressed its intention to halt operations, alleging that

the line was unsafe to operate. Operations were stopped on 08 July 2012. On

09 July 2012, DAMEPL issued a notice to DMRC containing a ‘non-

exhaustive’ list of eight defects which according to them, affected the

performance of their obligations under the 2008 Agreement

7

. The notice

stated that the defects were attributable to faulty construction and deficient

designs which affected project safety.

7

“Cure Notice”

PART A

Page 5 of 39

7. DAMEPL stated that the defects caused a “material adverse effect” on the

performance of the obligations by it to operate, manage and maintain the

project. DMRC was therefore requested to cure the defects within 90 days

from the date of this notice, failing which it stated that it would be considered

that a “Material Breach” and a “DMRC Event of Default” had occasioned,

entitling DAMEPL to terminate the 2008 a greement.

8. On 8 October 2012, DAMPEL issued a notice terminating the 2008

agreement.

8

The termination notice stated that as 90 days had elapsed since

the cure notice in spite of which the defects had not been cured within the

‘cure period’, DAMEPL as Concessionaire was terminating the agreement in

terms of clause 29.5.1 of the 2008 agreement.

9. DMRC initiated conciliation under clause 36.1 of the 2008 Agreement. Since

conciliation did not succeed, DMRC initiated arbitration proceedings on 23

October 2012 under clause 36.2 of the 2008 agreement.

10. On 30 June 2013, DAMEPL halted operations and handed over the line to

DMRC. Before this, on 19 November 2012, both parties made a joint

application to the Commissioner of Metro Railway Safety

9

for re-opening of

AMEL for public carriage of passengers. Enclosed with the application, was

an administrative note jointly signed by representatives of both DAMEPL and

DMRC, which we shall avert to in the course of the judgment.

8

“Termination Notice”

9

“CMRS”/”Commissioner”

PART A

Page 6 of 39

11. Following this application, after inquiry and inspection, the CMRS issued

sanction on 18 January 2013. This sanction was subject to certain conditions

including speed restrictions. Specifically, the metro was to be run at a speed

of 50kmph, and an increase in speed beyond 50kmph up to 80kmph was to

be authorized in steps of 10kmph at a time. For an increase in speed beyond

80kmph, DMRC was to approach the Commissioner for sanction with a

justification as to the improvements carried out by it.

12. Consequently, on 22 January 2013, AMEL operations were commenced by

DAMEPL. On 30 June 2013, the project assets were handed over by

DAMEPL to DMRC. After that, from 01 July 2013, DMRC continued AMEL

operations.

13. In August 2013, the arbitral tribunal comprising Mr AP Mishra, Mr SS Khurana

and Mr HL Bajaj was constituted.

10

On 11 May 2017, the three- member

Tribunal passed a unanimous award in favour of DAMEPL

11

.

14. The award held that DAMEPL was entitled first, to the termination payment of

Rs. 2782.33 Crores plus interest in terms of the concession agreement;

second, to expenses incurred in operating AMEL from 07 January 2013 to 30

June 2013 and debt service made by DAMEPL during this period, of Rs

147.52 Crores plus interest at 11% per annum from the date of payment of

stamp duty; third, to the refund of the bank guarantee amounting to Rs 62.07

Crores plus interest at 11% p.a. which had been encashed; fourth, to security

deposits with the service providers, amounting to Rs 56.8 Lakhs plus interest

10

“Tribunal”

11

“Award”

PART B

Page 7 of 39

at 11% p.a.; and that DMRC was entitled to Rs 46.04 Crores as Concession

fee for the period from 23 February 2012 to 7 January 2013.

15. Assailing the award, DMRC instituted an application under Section 34 of the

Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996

12

before the Delhi High Court. The

Single-Judge of the High Court dismissed the petition

13

. This gave rise to an

appeal under Section 37 before a Division Bench of the High Court. The

appeal was partly allowed.

14

16. Against the decision of the Division Bench of the High Court, DAMEPL moved

a Special Leave Petition under Article 136 of the Constitution. A two- judge

bench of this Court allowed the appeal, and restored the award. The review

petition assailing this decision was dismissed. Thus, the curative petition.

B. DMRC’s claim and the Tribunal’s findings

17. Before the Tribunal, DMRC claimed that – (i) it took steps to cure the defects

immediately after it received the cure notice, including approaching SYSTRA -

the original design consultant and convening meetings with the Ministry of

Urban Development and that DAMEPL actively participated in all of these

steps; (ii) that the real reason for the termination notice was that DAMPL had

ceased to find the project financially viable. DMRC sought, inter alia, quashing

of the termination notice; and a direction to the respondent to resume the

performance of its obligations under the 2008 agreement. DAMEPL, on the

other hand, claimed that there were defects attributable to DMRC’s faulty

12

“Arbitration Act”.

13

OMP (COMM) 307/2017 & OMP (I) (COMM) 200/2017 (‘Single Judge’)

14

FAO(OS)(COMM) 58/2018 & CM Nos. 13434/2018 (‘Division Bench’)

PART B

Page 8 of 39

design; that these defects were not cured and no effective steps were taken to

cure them within the 90- day cure period, resulting in material adverse effects

to DAMEPL, entitling it to terminate the concession agreement.

18. The Tribunal was required to adjudicate on the validity of the termination

notice. It framed the following issues:

“Were there any defects in the civil structure of the

airport metro line?

If there were defects, did such defects have a

material adverse effect on the performance of the

obligation of DAMEPL under CA?

If there were defects in the civil structure, which

had a material adverse effect on the performance

of the obligations under the CA by DAMEPL, have

such defects been cured by DMRC and/or have

any effective steps been taken within a period of

90 days from the date of notice by DAMEPL to

cure the defects by DMRC and thus, were DMRC

in breach of the CA as per 29.5.1 (i)?”

19. The Tribunal undertook an analysis of the defects in the structure and whether

they had been cured or effective steps taken during the cure period. It noted

that 72% of the girders were affected by cracks; the cause of the cracks was

uncertain; the depth of the cracks was not reliably determined; and that the

inspection for repairs carried out at the instance of DMRC was ‘non- serious’.

Further, it noted that there were twists in about 80 girders and gaps between

the shear key and the girders which were not cured by DMRC in the cure

period. Taken together, these defects were considered to have compromised

the integrity of the structure. This, the Tribunal held, amounted to a breach of

DMRC’s obligations under the 2008 agreement resulting in a material adverse

effect on the concessionaire.

PART B

Page 9 of 39

20. The Tribunal framed the legal issues that arose for its consideration. The

issue about the validity of the termination agreement was framed in the

following terms:

“D. Was DAMEPL entitled to or justified in

termination of the CA, since the cost of repairs of

the alleged defects was only approximately Rs.14

crores as compared to the total costs of the project

of approximately Rs. 5700 crores?”

21. The issue pertaining to the CMRS certificate was framed as follows:

“H. Did the issuance of certificate by CMRS show

that the defects were duly cured?”

22. Both these issues were answered in the negative by the Tribunal. On Issue

‘D’ about the validity of the termination, it was held that since the Tribunal had

found that there were defects in the civil structure, which remained uncured

during the cure period, the amount incurred by DMRC in repairs compared to

the overall cost of the project was irrelevant.

15

On issue ‘H’, about the CMRS

certificate, the tribunal found that the CMRS sanction mandated rigorous

monitoring of operations of the line and imposed a speed restriction. Since the

purpose of the line was to serve as a high- speed line, the tribunal found that

the speed restrictions meant that this purpose was not served and therefore,

the CMRS certificate or the subsequent operation of the line were not relevant

in deciding the issues before it.

16

15

The Award, para 93 .

16

ibid, paras 105 -108.

PART C

Page 10 of 39

C. Decisions of the High Court

23. The Single Judge of the High Court

17

, deciding the Section 34 application,

upheld the award, observing that so long as the award was reasonable and

plausible, considering the material before the Tribunal no interference was

warranted, even if an alternate view was possible. It was held that the

Tribunal, in this case, had analysed material and evidence in great detail, and

arrived at a plausible conclusion.

24. The Division Bench of the High Court

18

partly set aside the award as perverse

and patently illegal, for the following reasons:

24.1. On the validity of the termination, ex-facie, the termination which

was effective immediately from the date of termination was invalid. There

was some ambiguity on the relevant date of termination. The award did

not interpret clause 29.5.1(i) of the concession agreement regarding the

duration of the cure period;

24.2. The speed restrictions were not stated as the reason for termination

in the cure or termination notices and there was no deliberation on this

being a justification for termination before the Tribunal. Thus, the award

was silent and unreasoned on this issue; and

24.3. Underlining the significance of the CMRS sanction under the Act of

2002, the findings of the tribunal on this issue were incorrect because (i)

the award overlooked the legal effect of the CMRS certificate which was

17

“Single Judge”.

18

“Division Bench”.

PART D

Page 11 of 39

binding on the tribunal; and (ii) the award erroneously treated the CMRS

certificate as irrelevant to the issue of the validity of the termination by

wrongly separating the issue of defects and material adverse effects from

the issue of the certificate.

D. Judgment of this Court in appeal

25. This Court set aside the decision of the Division Bench and restored the

arbitral award on the following grounds:

25.1. There was no ambiguity in the date of termination and even if a

different view from that of the tribunal were possible, construction of the

provisions of the contract was within the exclusive domain of the tribunal;

25.2. The award was not perverse. The finding of the tribunal that the

defects were not cured was a finding of fact, not warranting interference;

25.3. DMRC had not contended before the Tribunal that the certificate

was binding and conclusive of the fact that the defects were cured or that

effective steps had been taken; and

25.4. The Division Bench of the High Court was in error in holding that the

issue of the CMRS certificate was wrongly separated from the issue of

defects. It held that dealing with the certificate separately from the validity

of termination did not render the tribunal’s findings on the latter erroneous.

The Tribunal comprised of engineers and the award could not be

scrutinised in the same manner as an award drawn by a legally trained

mind.

PARTs E/F

Page 12 of 39

26. The review petition against the above judgment of this Court was dismissed

on 23 November 2021.

E. Issues in the Curative Petition

27. The issues that arise for our consideration are (i) whether the curative petition

is maintainable; and (ii) whether this Court was justified in restoring the arbitral

award which had been set aside by the Division Bench of the High court on

the ground that it suffered from patently illegality.

F. Submissions

28. We have heard Mr R Venkataramani, Attorney General for India and Mr K K

Venugopal, Mr Parag Tripathi, and Mr Maninder Singh senior counsel on

behalf of the petitioners. They made the following submissions:

28.1. Considering the definition of ‘material adverse effect’ under the

concession agreement, the defects had no material adverse effect on

DAMEPL’s performance of obligations under the agreement, as is

apparent from the running of the metro line. The purpose of the

agreement was fully subserved, as evinced by the continuous running of

the line;

28.2. The purpose of the cure notice was to demand cure compliance

from DMRC. As long as ‘effective steps’ were taken by DMRC,

culminating in cure compliance under the statutory process under the

PART F

Page 13 of 39

Metro Railways (Operation and Maintenance) Act, 2002

19

, the termination

notice was invalid;

28.3. Clause 29.5.1 of the agreement shows that the termination ought to

have been effected after 90 days from the cure notice plus 90 days in

addition. Termination was thus effective only on 07 January 2013 and on

this date, none of the defects were pending to be rectified by DMRC;

28.4. The sanction/certificate granted by CMRS was issued on a joint

application by both the parties after thorough inspection of the operations.

The terms of the agreement and the provisions relating to the CMRS

process under the 2002 Act are intrinsically connected;

28.5. The Tribunal should have considered the binding effect of the

CMRS sanction as the issue of speed was neither raised, nor deliberated

before it and was irrelevant to the termination;

28.6. The line has been running since 1 July 2013. The speed of

operations was sanctioned at 50kmph, and has been progressively

increased to 60 kmph in January 2013, 80 kmph in August 2013, 90 kmph

in July 2019, and ultimately 100 kmph and then 110 kmph in 2023. The

metro was running at 80 kmph prior to the termination of the agreement. It

is currently running at 120kmph for which a fresh sanction was obtained

from the CMRS. The smooth operation of the metro line for five and a half

years, until the date of the award was entirely ignored by the Tribunal,

making the award perverse;

19

The 2002 Act

PART F

Page 14 of 39

28.7. The running of the metro line shows that even if there were defects,

they did not render the metro unviable nor did they interfere with

DAMEPL’s obligations under the agreement. Thus, the award is perverse

and patently illegal;

28.8. The tribunal ignored vital evidence, warranting the High Court’s

interference under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. The miscarriage of

justice principle is informed by the scheme of the Arbitration Act;

28.9. The High Court’s interference with the patent illegality was justified

and this Court under Article 136 ought to have been slow to interfere with

the decision of the Division Bench of the high Court. Miscarriage of justice

in terms of the decision in Rupa Hurra vs. Ashok Hurra

20

is linked with

patent illegality. The High Court’s interference under Section 37 was

justified because the exercise of jurisdiction under Section 34 was

erroneous; and

28.10. The issue of the fitness of the line was a matter falling under the

2002 Act under which the Commissioner was the final authority to decide

on the safety of the metro. The certificate could not have been substituted

by the Tribunal’s finding on safety of the line.

29. We have heard Mr Harish Salve, Mr Kapil Sibal, Mr JJ Bhatt and Mr Prateek

Seksaria, learned senior counsel for the respondent. They have made the

following submissions:

20

2002 4 SCC 388.

PART F

Page 15 of 39

29.1. The curative petition is not maintainable as this Court cannot revisit

the conclusions arrived at by the Tribunal;

29.2. DMRC has taken over the project and has been operating it since

01 July 2012 without having paid for its operation between 01 January

2013 till 30 June 2013, except for a small fraction of the total awarded

amount;

29.3. Till early March 2023, the trains were running at 90kmph, as

opposed to the speed of 120kmph at which they ought to have been

running;

29.4. The issue about the relevance of the CMRS certificate has been

squarely addressed by the Single Judge and this Court. The arbitrator is

the sole judge of the quality and the quantity of evidence;

29.5. The award was made after 68 hearings and after consideration of

35,000 pages of documents and oral evidence. It has been two and a half

years since this Court restored the award on 09 September 2021 and the

review against this decision was dismissed on 23 November 2021;

29.6. According to the decision in Rupa Hurra (supra), the court is not

supposed to sit over a judgment like a court of appeal. The scope of the

review jurisdiction is narrow in itself and does not warrant rehearing and

correction of a judgment. Curative proceedings cannot be treated as a

second review; and

PART G

Page 16 of 39

29.7. DAMEPL is not unjustly enriching itself. DAMEPL completed the

project with an investment of Rs 2802 Crores comprising of debt and

equity contributions and it continued to service the debt even after

handing over the line to DMRC. DMRC on the other hand, has paid the

decretal amount of Rs 2599.18 Crores while Rs 5088 Crores under the

decree is outstanding as on 31 January 2024.

G. Analysis

I. Curative Jurisdiction may be invoked if there is a miscarriage of

justice

30. Senior Counsel for the respondent set forth preliminary objections challenging

the maintainability of the Curative Petition, in view of the scope of that

jurisdiction delineated inter alia in the decision in Rupa Hurra (supra) We will

first lay down the contours of the jurisdiction of this Court to entertain a

curative petition in exercise of its inherent powers under Article 142.

31. In Rupa Hurra (supra), a Constitution Bench of this Court dwelt on whether

any relief is available against a final judgement of this Court after the

dismissal of a petition seeking review of the judgement. Two opinions were

authored. The main judgment was by Justice Syed Shah Quadri (on behalf of

Chief Justice S P Bharucha, Justice Variava, Justice Shivraj Patil and

himself). A concurring opinion was authored by Justice U C Banerjee.

32. Justice Quadri observed that the concern of the Court for rendering justice in

a cause cannot be considered less important than the principle of finality.

PART G

Page 17 of 39

There are certain situations, the opinion observed, which would require

reconsideration of a final judgement even after the review has been dismissed

to set right a miscarriage of justice. Such circumstances, the court held, are

those where declining to reconsider the judgement would be oppressive to

judicial conscience and cause the perpetuation of irremediable injustice.

Justice Quadri observed:

“42. … the duty to do justice in these rarest of rare

cases shall have to prevail over the policy of

certainty of judgment as though it is essentially in

the public interest that a final judgment of the final

court in the country should not be open to

challenge, yet there may be circumstances, as

mentioned above, wherein declining to

reconsider the judgment would be oppressive

to judicial conscience and would cause

perpetuation of irremediable injustice.”

(emphasis supplied)

33. This Court laid down an overarching principle that the Court may entertain a

curative petition to (i) prevent abuse of its process; and (ii) to cure a gross

miscarriage of justice.

21

The Court provided examples of such circumstances,

such as a violation of the principles of natural justice; or a situation where the

Judge fails to disclose his connection with the subject matter or the parties,

giving scope for an apprehension of bias. However, the Court observed that it

is not possible to exhaustively enumerate the grounds on which a curative

petition may be entertained. The Court noted as follows:

“50. The next step is to specify the requirements to

entertain such a curative petition under the

inherent power of this Court so that floodgates are

21

Rupa Hurra, para 49.

PART G

Page 18 of 39

not opened for filing a second review petition as a

matter of course in the guise of a curative petition

under inherent power. It is common ground that

except when very strong reasons exist, the Court

should not entertain an application seeking

reconsideration of an order of this Court which has

become final on dismissal of a review petition. It is

neither advisable nor possible to enumerate all

the grounds on which such a petition may be

entertained.

51. Nevertheless, we think that a petitioner is

entitled to relief ex debito justitiae if he establishes

(1) violation of the principles of natural justice in

that he was not a party to the lis but the judgment

adversely affected his interests or, if he was a

party to the lis, he was not served with notice of the

proceedings and the matter proceeded as if he had

notice, and (2) where in the proceedings a learned

Judge failed to disclose his connection with the

subject-matter or the parties giving scope for an

apprehension of bias and the judgment adversely

affects the petitioner.”

34. The enumeration of the situations in which the curative jurisdiction can be

exercised is thus not intended to be exhaustive. The Court went on to lay

down certain procedural requirements to entertain a curative petition such as

a certificate by a Senior Advocate about fulfilling of the requirements.

35. In his concurring opinion, Justice Banerjee also laid down a similar test of

‘manifest injustice’ to exercise the jurisdiction of this Court under Article 142

while entertaining a curative petition. In essence, the jurisdiction of this Court,

while deciding a curative petition, extends to cases where the Court acts

beyond its jurisdiction, resulting in a grave miscarriage of justice. We now

proceed to lay down the scope of jurisdiction of this Court and the competent

PART G

Page 19 of 39

courts below while dealing with cases arising out of an application to set aside

an arbitral award under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act.

II. Scope of interference of courts with arbitral awards

36. Section 34 of the Arbitration Act delineates the grounds for setting aside an

arbitral award. The provision, as amended by the Arbitration and Conciliation

(Amendment) Act, 2015 reads as follows:

“34. Application for setting aside arbitral award.—

…

(2) An arbitral award may be set aside by the Court

only if—

…

(b) the Court finds that--

(i) the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable

of settlement by arbitration under the law for the

time being in force, or

(ii) the arbitral award is in conflict with the public

policy of India.

Explanation 1. -- For the avoidance of any doubt, it

is clarified that an award is in conflict with the

public policy of India, only if,--

(i) the making of the award was induced or affected

by fraud or corruption or was in violation of section

75 or section 81; or

(ii) it is in contravention with the fundamental policy

of Indian law; or

(iii) it is in conflict with the most basic notions of

morality or justice.

Explanation 2. --For the avoidance of doubt, the

test as to whether there is a contravention with the

fundamental policy of Indian law shall not entail a

review on the merits of the dispute.

PART G

Page 20 of 39

(2A) An arbitral award arising out of arbitrations

other than international commercial

arbitrations, may also be set aside by the

Court, if the Court finds that the award is

vitiated by patent illegality appearing on the

face of the award:

Provided that an award shall not be set aside

merely on the ground of an erroneous application

of the law or by reappreciation of evidence.”

(emphasis supplied)

37. The contours of the power of the competent court to set aside an award under

Section 34 has been explored in several decisions of this Court. In addition to

the grounds on which an arbitral award can be assailed laid down in Section

34(2), there is another ground for challenge against domestic awards, such as

the award in the present case. Under Section 34(2- A) of the Arbitration Act, a

domestic award may be set aside if the Court finds that it is vitiated by ‘patent

illegality’ appearing on the face of the award.

38. In Associate Builders vs. Delhi Development Authority

22

, a two-judge

Bench of this Court held that although the interpretation of a contract is

exclusively within the domain of the arbitrator, construction of a contract in a

manner that no fair-minded or reasonable person would take, is

impermissible. A patent illegality arises where the arbitrator adopts a view

which is not a possible view. A view can be regarded as not even a possible

view where no reasonable body of persons could possibly have taken it. This

Court held with reference to Sections 28(1)(a) and 28(3), that the arbitrator

must take into account the terms of the contract and the usages of trade

applicable to the transaction. The decision or award should not be perverse or

22

2015 3 SCC 49.

PART G

Page 21 of 39

irrational. An award is rendered perverse or irrational where the findings are (i)

based on no evidence; (ii) based on irrelevant material; or (iii) ignores vital

evidence. Patent illegality may also arise where the award is in breach of the

provisions of the arbitration statute, as when for instance the award contains

no reasons at all, so as to be described as unreasoned. A fundamental breach

of the principles of natural justice will result in a patent illegality, where for

instance the arbitrator has let in evidence behind the back of a party. In the

above decision, this Court observed:

“31. The third juristic principle is that a decision

which is perverse or so irrational that no

reasonable person would have arrived at the same

is important and requires some degree of

explanation. It is settled law that where:

(i) a finding is based on no evidence, or

(ii) an Arbitral Tribunal takes into account

something irrelevant to the decision which it arrives

at; or

(iii) ignores vital evidence in arriving at its

decision,

such decision would necessarily be perverse.

…

42.2. (b) A contravention of the Arbitration Act itself

would be regarded as a patent illegality — for

example if an arbitrator gives no reasons for an

award in contravention of Section 31(3) of the

Act, such award will be liable to be set aside.”

(emphasis supplied)

PART G

Page 22 of 39

39. In Ssangyong Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd. vs. NHAI

23

, a two-

judge bench of this Court endorsed the position in Associate Builders

(supra), on the scope for interference with domestic awards, even after the

2015 Amendment:

“40. The change made in Section 28(3) by the

Amendment Act really follows what is stated in

paras 42.3 to 45 in Associate Builders, namely,

that the construction of the terms of a contract is

primarily for an arbitrator to decide, unless the

arbitrator construes the contract in a manner

that no fair- minded or reasonable person

would; in short, that the arbitrator's view is not

even a possible view to take. Also, if the

arbitrator wanders outside the contract and

deals with matters not allotted to him, he

commits an error of jurisdiction. This ground of

challenge will now fall within the new ground

added under Section 34(2- A).

41. … Thus, a finding based on no evidence at

all or an award which ignores vital evidence in

arriving at its decision would be perverse and

liable to be set aside on the ground of patent

illegality. Additionally, a finding based on

documents taken behind the back of the parties by

the arbitrator would also qualify as a decision

based on no evidence inasmuch as such decision

is not based on evidence led by the parties, and

therefore, would also have to be characterised as

perverse.”

(emphasis supplied)

40. In essence, the ground of patent illegality is available for setting aside a

domestic award, if the decision of the arbitrator is found to be perverse, or so

irrational that no reasonable person would have arrived at it; or the

23

2019 15 SCC 131.

PART G

Page 23 of 39

construction of the contract is such that no fair or reasonable person would

take; or, that the view of the arbitrator is not even a possible view.

24

A ‘finding’

based on no evidence at all or an award which ignores vital evidence in

arriving at its decision would be perverse and liable to be set aside under the

head of ‘patent illegality’. An award without reasons would suffer from patent

illegality. The arbitrator commits a patent illegality by deciding a matter not

within his jurisdiction or violating a fundamental principle of natural justice.

41. A judgment setting aside or refusing to set aside an arbitral award under

Section 34 is appealable in the exercise of the jurisdiction of the court under

Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. It has been clarified by this Court, in a line of

precedent, that the jurisdiction under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act is akin

to the jurisdiction of the Court under Section 34 and restricted to the same

grounds of challenge as Section 34.

25

42. In the statutory scheme of the Arbitration Act, a recourse to Section 37 is the

only appellate remedy available against a decision under Section 34. The

Constitution, however, provides the parties with a remedy under Article 136

against a decision rendered in appeal under Section 37. This is the

discretionary and exceptional jurisdiction of this Court to grant Special Leave

to Appeal. In fact, Section 37(3) of the Arbitration Act expressly clarifies that

no second appeal shall lie from an order passed under Section 37, but nothing

in the section takes away the constitutional right under Article 136. Therefore,

in a sense, there is a third stage at which this court tests the exercise of

24

Patel Engineering Limited vs North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (2020) 7 SCC 176.

25

MMTC Ltd. v. Vedanta Ltd, (2019) 4 SCC 163, para 14; Konkan Railways v. Chenab Bridge Project

Undertaking, 2023 INSC 742, para 14.

PART G

Page 24 of 39

jurisdiction by the courts acting under Section 34 and Section 37 of the

Arbitration Act.

43. While adjudicating the merits of a Special Leave Petition and exercising its

power under Article 136, this Court must interfere sparingly and only when

exceptional circumstances exist, justifying the exercise of this Court’s

discretion.

26

The Court must apply settled principles of judicial review such as

whether the findings of the High Court are borne out from the record or are

based on a misappreciation of law and fact. In particular, this Court must be

slow in interfering with a judgement delivered in exercise of powers under

Section 37 unless there is an error in exercising of the jurisdiction by the Court

under Section 37 as delineated above. Unlike the exercise of power under

Section 37, which is akin to Section 34, this Court (under Article 136) must

limit itself to testing whether the court acting under Section 37 exceeded its

jurisdiction by failing to apply the correct tests to assail the award.

III. The award was patently illegal

44. In the case at hand, the Division Bench found the award to be perverse,

irrational and patently illegal since it ignored the vital evidence of CMRS

certification in deciding the validity of termination. This, the Division Bench

held, overlooked the statutory certification deeming it irrelevant without

reasons and thus the award was patently illegal according to the test in

Associate Builders (supra).

27

26

Chandi Prasad Chokhani v. State of Bihar, AIR 1961 SC 1708; Pritam Singh v. State, 1950 SCC 189.

27

Division Bench, paras 98-99.

PART G

Page 25 of 39

45. This Court in appeal against the judgment of the Division Bench of the High

Court held that the award was not perverse. Factual findings such as the

finding that the cure period was 90 days and that DAMEPL was entitled to

terminate the contract, could not, it was held, be interfered with.

28

On the

CMRS Certificate, this Court held that the arbitral tribunal was deciding

whether there was a breach of the agreement and whether the defects were

cured within the cure period; hence the safety of the line was not an issue

before the tribunal. This Court held that the Commissioner may be the

competent authority to determine the safety of the project but the certificate

itself did not show that the defects were cured within 90 days. This Court

disagreed with the Division Bench and held that the CMRS certificate had no

bearing on the validity of the termination.

46. There is a fundamental error in the manner in which this Court dealt with the

challenge to the decision of the High Court. This jurisdiction of this Court was

invoked under Article 136 of the Constitution. The Court was exercising its

jurisdiction over a decision rendered by the Division Bench of the High Court

in appeal under Section 37. The Division Bench had held that the award

overlooked crucial facts and evidence on record that were crucial to the

determination of the issues before the arbitral tribunal. This led to the award

being perverse and patently illegal within the parameters of Section 34 as

explained in the judgments of this Court in Associate Builders (supra) and

Ssangyong (supra). The award overlooked the express terms of clause

29.5.1(i) which stipulated that if “effective steps” were taken during the cure

28

Civil Appeal, para 31.

PART G

Page 26 of 39

period by DMRC, the contractual power to terminate could not be exercised.

This Court incorrectly considered the CMRS certificate to be irrelevant to the

validity of the termination.

i. Interpretation of the termination clause by the Tribunal was

unreasonable

47. Interference with an arbitral award cannot frustrate the ‘commercial wisdom

behind opting for alternate dispute resolution’, merely because an alternate

view exists.

29

However, the interpretation of a contract cannot be

unreasonable, such that no person of ordinary prudence would take it. The

contract, which is a culmination of the parties’ agency, should be given full

effect. If the interpretation of the terms of the contract as adopted by the

tribunal was not even a possible view, the award is perverse.

30

48. Clause 29.5.1(i) entitles the concessionaire to terminate the agreement if

DMRC “failed to cure such breach or take effective steps for curing such

breach” within the cure period. Pertinently, the clause uses two separate

phrases, “cure” and “effective steps to cure”. The clause reads as follows:

“29.5.1 The Concessionaire may after giving 90

(ninety) days’ notice in writing to DMRC terminate

this Agreement upon the occurrence and

continuation of any of the following events (each a

“DMRC Event of Default”), unless any such DMRC

Event of Default has occurred as a result of

Concessionaire Event of Default or due to a Force

Majeure Event.

(i) DMRC is in breach of this Agreement and such

breach has a Material Adverse Effect on the

29

Dyna Technologies Private Limited v. Crompton Greaves Limited, (2019) 20 SCC 1, paras 24, 25.

30

Konkan Railway Corporation Limited v. Chenab Bridge Project Undertaking, 2023 9 SCC 85.

PART G

Page 27 of 39

Concessionaire and DMRC has failed to cure

such breach or take effective steps for curing

such breach within 90 (ninety) days of receipt of

notice in this behalf from the Concessionaire;”

(emphasis supplied)

49. The Tribunal found that since certain defects remained after the cure period,

this was indicative of the fact that the defects were not cured and that no

effective steps were taken. However, logically, the fact that defects existed at

the end of the cure period relates to one aspect of the termination clause –

that the defects were not completely cured. It does not explain whether

effective steps were taken within the cure period. Effectively, the Tribunal

considered that in-progress steps that had not yet culminated into completely

cured defects were not “effective steps” to offset termination. This places the

two components i.e. ‘curing of defects’ and ‘taking effective steps to cure

defects’ at par, to mean that only the completed curing of defects is relevant.

The Tribunal fails to explain what amounts to an ‘effective step’ and how the

steps taken by DMRC were not effective, within the meaning of the phrase.

50. Evidently, this could not have been the intention of the parties, because they

have clearly agreed to include the phrase “effective steps”. They clearly

intended that once a cure notice was served on a party, it would be open to

them to either cure defects or to initiate effective steps, even if they could not

culminate into the complete curing of defects within the cure period.

Incremental progress, even if it does not lead to complete cure, is an

acceptable course of action to prevent termination according to the 2008

Agreement.

PART G

Page 28 of 39

51. The Tribunal did not appreciate the individual import of the two phrases

separately from each other. This was not a matter of mere “alternate

interpretation” of the clause, but an unreasonable and uncalled for

interpretation of the clause, which frustrated the very provision, and which no

reasonable person would have accepted considering the terms of the clause.

We must clarify that Tribunal could have still arrived at the conclusion that the

steps taken during the cure period were not effective within the meaning of the

clause for certain reasons. However, such discussion and reasoning is

conspicuously absent.

52. Issue H framed by the Tribunal- “Did the issuance of certificate by CMRS

show that the defects were duly cured” similarly glosses over the effective

steps aspect of the clause. Given this framing, the issue was bound to be

answered in the negative since the CMRS certificate does not conclude that

the defects were completely cured.

53. The decisions of the Single Judge and this Court are similarly silent on the

aspect of “effective steps”. In paragraphs 31 to 34 of its judgment, this Court

noted that since the defects were not cured in 90 days, the termination was

valid. Impliedly, this Court found that the defects ought to have been fully

cured within the cure period in order to avoid termination.

54. The judgment of this Court also never tested the relevance of the CMRS

certificate vis-à-vis “effective steps”. This Court accepted a reading of the

termination clause by the Arbitral tribunal and the Single Judge that was not

even a possible view and could not have been arrived at on any objective

PART G

Page 29 of 39

assessment. This Court not only overlooked the plain words of the clause but

also rendered the phrase “effective steps” otiose.

ii. The award overlooked vital evidence and matters on the record

55. The erroneous and misleading framing of the issue as noted above led to the

ignoring of vital evidence relevant to the issue of termination. The arbitral

tribunal held that since the Commissioner imposed conditions of inspection

and speed restrictions, this meant that the defects were not fully cured.

56. Certainly, the imposition of conditions shows that the defects were not cured

completely, to warrant an unconditional sanction for full speed operations.

However, as the Division Bench of the High Court correctly observed, the

separation of the validity of termination and relevance of the CMRS certificate

was the reason for this erroneous finding. Since the ‘effective steps’ aspect

was overlooked, the CMRS certificate was erroneously deemed to be

irrelevant.

57. On 19 November 2012, a joint application was made by the parties to the

Commissioner under the 2002 Act. Significantly, the annexure to the

application which was jointly signed by the parties states as set out below:

“f) The repairs have been Inspected by an

Independent Engineer M/s TUV, engaged by

PART G

Page 30 of 39

DMRC to conduct the technical check on the

quality of work and to ensure that the repairs

are carried out as per the approved repair

methodology. The copies of the certificates

obtained from TUV are enclosed as Annexures

xvii.

g) Cracks in soffit of some ‘U’ girders were also

observed and, therefore, inspection of all the

girders have been done and mapping of the cracks

have been undertaken accordingly (Annexure-

xviii). Cracks have beery noticed in 367 girders.

These cracks were analysed by M/s SYSTRA and

their report is, enclosed as Annexure xix. They

have concluded that there is no effect on the

integrity of the girders and that there is no

reason to-be further worried. M/s SYSTRA have

also given the repair methodology for these cracks

from the point of view of durability and to avoid

permeation of water during the service life of

girders, (Included in Annexure- xvi). Accordingly,

the cracks wider than 0.2 mm have been Injected

with epoxy resin and cracks less than 0.2 mm have

been sealed with epoxy sealant.

h) Train trials after repairs by DMRC have been

completed successfully and all systems have

been checked for correct functioning at various

speeds Including at speed of 120 kmph. Track

recording was done with OMS-2000 during these

trials and no peak of value ≥ 0.15g was recorded

upto 120 Kmph (results of OMS 2000 are enclosed

in Annexure XIV)”

(emphasis supplied)

58. Admittedly, some of the defects were cured in their entirety and steps were

taken by DMRC to cure the remainders, based on which the parties had jointly

sought permission under the 2002 Act. The parties stated that the repairs had

been inspected by an independent engineer; an analysis of the cracks

revealed that the integrity of the girders was intact and there was no cause of

concern. Further, the parties stated that the train trials “after repairs by DMRC

have been completed successfully and all systems have been checked for

PART G

Page 31 of 39

correct functioning at various speeds including the speed of 120kmph”. It is

apparent on the face of the record that certain repairs were completed by

DMRC and the trials had been completed at full speed as on the date of

application, 19 November 2012.

59. On 9 July 2012, about four months before the date of the joint application,

DAMEPL had averred in the cure notice that the project was not ‘safe for

operations’ and that it posed a threat to life and property. The arbitral tribunal

was correct in concluding that the joint application does not constitute a

waiver of the termination, but this evidence was vital considering the change

in DAMEPL’s position on the safety of the line from the date of the cure notice

to the date of the joint application. DMRC did take certain steps to alleviate

DAMEPL’s concerns so as to warrant this change of position. There is no

explanation forthcoming in the award about why none of these steps initiated

during the cure period were ‘effective steps’. This gap in reasoning stems from

the arbitral tribunal wrongly separating the issue of termination and the CMRS

certificate.

60. Besides the effective steps aspect, there is another reason why the CMRS

certificate ought to have been treated as relevant. The Tribunal treats the cure

notice as a crucial document. At paragraph 26 of the award, it noted that

“since the cure notice dated 9

th

July 2012 is a crucial document in this case, it

is useful to quote certain paragraphs of the said letter”. The cure notice, in

turn, was heavily premised on the safety of operations.

31

Interestingly, at

paragraph 27 of the cure notice, DAMEPL avers that the trains can only be

31

Cure Notice paras 18,21,26, and 27.

PART G

Page 32 of 39

operated once the defects are cured to the satisfaction of the stakeholders

about the safety of operations.

61. Reference may be made to the 2002 Act under which the CMRS is the

relevant statutory stakeholder whose satisfaction about the safety of

operations is necessary for running of the metro. The relevant provisions of

the Act may be adverted to here:

“14. Sanction of Central Government to the

opening of metro railway.—The metro railway in

the the National Capital Region, metropolitan city

and metropolitan area shall not be opened for the

public carriage of passengers except with the

previous sanction of the Central Government.

15. Formalities to be complied with before

giving sanction to the opening of metro

railway.—(1) The Central Government shall,

before giving its sanction to the opening of the

metro railway under Section 14, obtain a report

from the Commissioner that—

(a) he has made a careful inspection of the metro

railway and the rolling stock that may be used

thereon;

(b) the moving and fixed dimensions as laid down

by the Central Government have not been

infringed;

(c) the track structure, strength of bridges,

standards of signalling system, traction system,

general structural character of civil works and the

size of, and maximum gross load upon, the axles

of any rolling stock, comply with the requirements

laid down by the Central Government; and

(d) in his opinion, metro railway can be opened for

the public carriage of passengers without any

danger to the public using it.

(2) If the Commissioner is of the opinion that the

metro railway cannot be opened without any

danger to the public using it, he shall, in his report,

state the grounds therefor, as also the

PART G

Page 33 of 39

requirements which, in his opinion, are to be

complied with before sanction is given by the

Central Government.

(3) The Central Government, after considering the

report of the Commissioner, may sanction the

opening of the metro railway under Section 14 as

such or subject to such conditions as may be

considered necessary by it for the safety of the

public.

18. Power to close metro railway opened for

public carriage of passengers. —Where, after the

inspection of the metro railway opened and used

for the public carriage of passengers or any rolling

stock used thereon, the Commissioner is of the

opinion that the use of the metro railway or of any

rolling stock will be attended with danger to the

public using it, the Commissioner shall send a

report to the Central Government who may

thereupon direct that—

(i) the metro railway be closed for the public

carriage of passengers; or

(ii) the use of the rolling stock be discontinued; or

(iii) the metro railway or the rolling stock may be

used for the public carriage of passengers subject

to such conditions as it may consider necessary for

the safety of the public.

21. Delegation of powers. —The Central

Government may, by notification, direct that any of

its powers or functions under this chapter, except

power to make rule under Section 22, shall, in

relation to such matters and subject to such

conditions, if any, as may be specified in the

notification, be exercised or discharged also by the

Commissioner.”

PART G

Page 34 of 39

62. In essence, the scheme of the 2002 Act, provides that no metro line will

operate except with the previous sanction of the Central Government.

32

Before granting the sanction, the Central Government has to obtain a report

from the Commissioner that (inter alia) the latter has carefully inspected the

metro railway, the general structure of civil works and that in their opinion, the

metro railway can be opened for passengers without any danger to the

public.

33

The Central Government may sanction the opening of the line as

such or subject to conditions it considers necessary for public safety.

34

If the

Commissioner is of the opinion that the use of the metro will “attend danger to

the public using it”, they may send a report to the Central Government, which

may in turn direct that the metro be closed or may be open for public carriage

only subject to certain conditions.

35

The powers of the Central Government

may be delegated to the Commissioner.

36

63. The structure and safety of the project, as certified by the CMRS, were thus

relevant before the Tribunal, making the CMRS certificate a vital piece of

evidence in deciding the issue. The CMRS certificate was relevant evidence

about the safety of the structure. Considering the statutory scheme of the

2002 Act, especially Section 15, the Tribunal erred in deeming the sanction

irrelevant to its central issue – which was the validity of the termination, which,

according to the cure notice, was premised on safety.

32

Section 14, Metro Railways (Operations and Maintenance) Act 2002.

33

Section 15, ibid.

34

Section 15(3), ibid.

35

Section 18, ibid.

36

Section 21, ibid.

PART G

Page 35 of 39

64. Overall, the cure notice places great emphasis on the safety of the

passengers, which, they claimed stood compromised by defects, justifying

discontinuation of operations. This issue falls directly within the domain of the

Commissioner under the scheme of the 2002 Act.

65. Rather than considering the vital evidence of the CMRS certificate towards

safety and effective steps, the arbitral tribunal focussed on the conditions

imposed by the Commissioner on speed and regarding inspections. While the

Division Bench correctly noted that the certificate was relevant for the issue of

the validity of termination, this Court held that safety was not in issue, even

though DAMEPL insisted on discontinuing operations citing safety concerns.

We respectfully disagree with this Court’s re- assessment of the Division

Bench’s interpretation. The cure notice was relevant for the reasons stated

above. Moreover, the fact that DAMEPL premised it on safety could not have

been overlooked by the Tribunal. In doing so, it overlooked vital evidence

pertaining to an issue that goes to the root of the matter. The cure notice was

obviously on the record and merited consideration for its contents bearing on

vital elements of safety.

66. The cure notice, which contains statements bearing on the safety of the line

and other material indicating that the line was running uninterrupted are

matters of record. While the cure notice contains allegations about the line not

being operational, there is evidence on the record indicating that the line was

in fact running. Even if we were to accept that the finding of the arbitral

tribunal that the defects were not completely cured during the cure period is a

PART G

Page 36 of 39

factual finding incapable of interference, it is clear from the record that DMRC

took steps towards curing defects which led to the eventual resumption of

operations. The award contains no explanation as to why the steps which

were taken by DMRC were not ‘effective steps’ within the meaning of the

termination clause.

67. In essence, therefore the award is unreasoned on the above important

aspects. It overlooks vital evidence in the form of the joint application of the

contesting parties to CMRS and the CMRS certificate. The arbitral tribunal

ignored the specific terms of the termination clause. It reached a conclusion

which is not possible for any reasonable body of persons to arrive at. The

arbitral tribunal erroneously rejected the CMRS sanction as irrelevant. The

award bypassed the material on record and failed to reconcile inconsistencies

between the factual averments made in the cure notice, which formed the

basis of termination on the one hand and the evidence of the successful

running of the line on the other. The Division Bench correctly held that the

arbitral tribunal ignored vital evidence on the record, resulting in perversity

and patent illegality, warranting interference. The conclusions of the Division

Bench are, thus, in line with the settled precedent including the decisions in

Associate Builders (supra) and Ssangyong (supra).

PART H

Page 37 of 39

H. Conclusion

68. The judgment of the two- judge Bench of this Court, which interfered with the

judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court, has resulted in a

miscarriage of justice. The Division Bench applied the correct test in holding

that the arbitral award suffered from the vice of perversity and patent illegality.

The findings of the Division Bench were borne out from the record and were

not based on a misappreciation of law or fact. This Court failed, while

entertaining the Special Leave Petition under Article 136, to justify its

interference with the well-considered decision of the Division Bench of the

High Court. The decision of this Court fails to adduce any justification bearing

on any flaws in the manner of exercise of jurisdiction by the Division Bench

under Section 37 of the Arbitration Act. By setting aside the judgement of the

Division Bench, this Court restored a patently illegal award which saddled a

public utility with an exorbitant liability. This has caused a grave miscarriage of

justice, which warrants the exercise of the power under Article 142 in a

Curative petition, in terms of Rupa Hurra (supra).

69. The Curative petitions must be and are accordingly allowed. The parties are

restored to the position in which they were on the pronouncement of the

judgement of the Division Bench. The execution proceedings before the High

Court for enforcing the arbitral award must be discontinued and the amounts

deposited by the petitioner pursuant to the judgment of this Court shall be

refunded. The part of the awarded amount, if any, paid by the petitioner as a

result of coercive action is liable to be restored in favour of the petitioner. The

PART H

Page 38 of 39

orders passed by the High Court in the course of the execution proceedings

for enforcing the arbitral award are set aside.

70. Before concluding, we clarify that the exercise of the curative jurisdiction of

this Court should not be adopted as a matter of ordinary course. The curative

jurisdiction should not be used to open the floodgates and create a fourth or

fifth stage of court intervention in an arbitral award, under this Court’s review

jurisdiction or curative jurisdiction, respectively.

71. In the specific facts and circumstances of this case to which we have

adverted in the course of the discussion, we have come to the conclusion that

this Court erred in interfering with the decision of the Division Bench of the

High Court. The judgment of the Division Bench in the appeal under Section

37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 was based on a correct

application of the test under Section 34 of the Act. The judgment of the

Division Bench provided more than adequate reasons to come to the

conclusion that the arbitral award suffered from perversity and patent illegality.

There was no valid basis for this Court to interfere under Article 136 of the

Constitution. The interference by this Court has resulted in restoring a patently

illegal award. This has caused a grave miscarriage of justice. We have

applied the standard of a ‘grave miscarriage of justice’ in the exceptional

circumstances of this case where the process of arbitration has been

perverted by the arbitral tribunal to provide an undeserved windfall to

DAMEPL.

PART H

Page 39 of 39

72. The curative petitions are allowed in the above terms.

73. Pending applications, if any, stand disposed of.

…...…...….......………………....…CJI.

[Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud]

..…...…...….......………………....…..J.

[B R Gavai]

…....…...….......………………....…..J.

[Surya Kant]

New Delhi

April 10 , 2024