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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). ____________OF 2022

(ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL LEAVE TO APPEAL (C) NO. 22921/2019)

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX

(CENTRAL) CIRCLE 1(2) ...APPELLANT (S)

VERSUS

M/S. M. R. SHAH LOGISTICS PVT. LTD. ...RESPONDENT(S)

JUDGMENT

S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.

1. Special leave granted. With consent of counsel for parties, the appeal was

heard finally. The Commissioner of Income tax (hereafter “the revenue”) appeals

against a judgment of the Gujarat High Court

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, which quashed a notice issued

under Section 147/148, Income Tax Act (hereafter “the Act”) seeking to re-open

the respondent’s assessment, for the assessment year (AO) 2010-11. The

respondent is hereafter, referred to as “the assessee”.

2. The facts are that search proceedings were conducted- by the revenue,

under the Act, at the office premises of one Shirish Chandrakant Shah on

09.04.2013 at Mumbai; during the course of the search, several materials- and

documents, were seized. On analysis of such documents, the revenue was of

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Dated 14 August, 2018 in Special Civil Application No. 21028 of 2017

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opinion that Shirish Chandrakant Shah was providing accommodation entries,

through various companies controlled and managed by him, and that the assessee

was one of the beneficiaries of the business (of accommodation entries provided

by Shri Shirish Shah) through bogus companies. This was based on the fact that

many companies which invested amounts towards share capital on high

premiums -in the assessee’s company were also controlled and managed by Shri

Shirish Shah. The AO, on a consideration of these and other materials, was of

opinion that the assessee was also a beneficiary of the accommodation entries

provided by Shri Shirish Shah. On the basis of this opinion the impugned notice

to re-assess the income of the assessee for AY 2010-2011, was issued on

31.3.2017.

3. The assessee is a private limited company and had filed return of income

for the AY 2010-11 on 25.9.2010. The return was accepted under section 143(1)

of the Act without scrutiny. On 31.3.2017, the impugned notice was issued. The

AO also furnished reasons recorded by him for issuing notice of reassessment.

4. The “reasons to believe” which were the basis for re-opening the

assessment, recorded that search proceedings were conducted in the M.R. Shah

group and Champalal group of companies on 20.09.2016 and that during the

course of previous searches in the case of Shirish Chandrakant Shah, an

accommodation entry provider in Mumbai, it was observed that huge amounts of

unaccounted moneys of promoters/directors were introduced in closely held

companies of the assessee’s group. The reasons to believe also stated that the

chairman of M.R. Shah Group was asked about the application money received

by the assessee, during the statement- recorded under Section 132(4) of the Act,

on 18.11.2016; in the course of that statement, he disclosed that M/s. Garg

Logistics Pvt. Ltd. had declared ₹ 6.36 crores as undisclosed cash utilized for

investment in the share capital of the assessee, M.R. Shah Logistics Pvt. Ltd.

through various companies. The assessee company’s chairman voluntarily

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disclosed the statements made by Garg Logistics under Section 132 of the Act,

about the declaration by Garg Logistics P Ltd, under the Income Declaration

Scheme (IDS).

5. The AO, in the reasons to believe, compared the investments made by

Pravin Chandra Aggarwal, i.e. the assessee company’s Chairman with form no.2

of the assessee company and the records of the Registrar of Companies and

prepared a chart, which is reproduced in a chart below

“On comparison of such data following discrepancies are noted;

Name of the Investor Amount of investment received

by M R Shah Logistics Pvt Ltd

as per form no. 2 file by it with

ROC

Amount claimed to be paid

by Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd as

per form no. 2 filed under

IDS declaration

Sangam Distributors Pvt Ltd. Rs. 20,00,000/- Rs. 10,00,000/-

Fountain Commerce Pvt Ltd

Rs. 25,00,000/- NIL

Panorama Commercial Pvt

Ltd.

NIL Rs. 25,00,000/-

Sanskar Distributors Pvt Ltd. Rs. 10,00,000/- Rs. 20,00,000/-

6. The reasons supplied by the AO further noted that he had completed the

assessment in the case of Pradeep Birewar group and that a search took place in

respect of that group along with various individuals who had obtained

accommodation entries of long term capital gains (LTCG) in the shares of Ganesh

Spinners Ltd. from Shirish Chandrakant Shah. It was found that Pradeep Birewar

was an Ahmedabad based accommodation entry provider engaged in facilitating

one-time accommodation entries to various clients. The “reasons to believe”

further noted that the materials seized, including the books of Shirish

Chandrakant Shah contained date wise details of cash receipts and

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accommodation entries paid. On a consideration of all those materials, it was

found that cash credit of ₹ 70.01 crores was received by Shirish Chandrakant

Shah for the period 11.02.2010 to 29.07.2011.

7. The AO also recorded as follows:

“2 Further, this office has also completed assessment in the cases

of Pradeep Birewar group. A search action in the case of Pradeep

Birewar was carried out along with various individuals who had

obtained accommodation entries of Long-Term Capital Gains

(LTCG) in the shares of Shri Ganesh Spinners Limited (now known

as Yantra Natural Resources Limited) from Shirish Chandrakant

Shah (SCS) through Pradip Birewar. Pradip Birewar is an

Ahmedabad based accommodation entry provider who is facilitating

one time and other accommodation entries including LTCG entries

to various clients on receipt of cash. He is facilitating these entries

through bigger accommodation entry providers i.e Shirish Chandra

Shah. During the course of search at office premises of SCS ON

09.04.2013 situated at "Dwarka Ashish Building", Jambulwadi,

Kalbadevi Road Mumbai, MS excel sheet "pradeep abad" in the

excel file "ac1.xls" located at path 5/pen drive back up/Removable

Disk folder named "Bips backup 14.02.12 was found and seized m

the computer (Rajen Computer) in that office in form of computer-

backup. The said sheet is in the nature of account of "Pradip

Birewar" in the books of SCS which contains the date-wise details

of cash received and accommodation entries paid there against. On

perusal of the said sheet, it has been found that cash aggregating to

Rs.70.01 crores has been received by SCS from/through Pradip

Birewar during the period 11.02.2010 to 29.07.2011.

2.1 The entries of cash received as recorded by SCS in the

evidence seized/impounded during the course of survey at his office

have been corroborated with the entries recorded by Shri Pradeep

Birewar in Annexure A-5, A-6 and A-7 seized from the residence of

Shri Pradeep Birewar during the course of search conducted in his

case on 04.12 2014. When data seized in different searches 'at

premises of SCS & Pradeep Birewar were correlated with data of

return of assessee filed for AY 2011-12 in which year assessee-

company had receive One Time (OT) entry. Hence, this facts

indicate that assessee company has been introducing its

unaccounted receipt/income through accommodation entries.

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2.2 It is also noticed that assessee company had received credit

amount in its books but has failed to establish that the cash declared

by Garg logistics Pvt Ltd under Income Declaration scheme was not

actually the cash of the assessee-company. Assessee had only

submitted Income Declaration Form no.2 of Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd

and failed to provide documentary evidence of investment of cash

declared by Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd in the assessee company. Even

the list submitted by assessee had discrepancies with data submitted

to registrar of companies as discussed in above para. In other

words, the assessee has not been able to establish that the income

admitted under IDS 2016 by Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd. went in the

books of investor companies. It is worth to highlight that Investor

companies are independent paper companies and they have

provided entries independently and not through Garg Logistics Pvt

Ltd.

2.3 Thus the claim of the assessee company that Cash declared by

Garg Logistics was utilized to make investment in assessee company

through paper companies remains unexplained. Besides, in the case

of Trinetra Commerce & Trade(P) Ltd in

[2016]75 taxmann.com 70(Calcutta) it was seen that assessee-

company had received share capital from persons/entities whose

identity, creditworthiness etc were not established. Addition u/s 68

was made been made in hands of assessee-company. Subsequent,

one person K disclosed such amount before Settlement Commission

as his undisclosed income. Based upon such admittance by 'K', in

case of assessee company ITAT had deleted the addition u/s 68

holding that it would amount to double addition. However, Hon'ble

High Court held that addition in hands of both K & assessee-

company are justified since both are different persons subject to

different causes of action u/s 69 & 68 respectively.

3. Based on the facts discussed above, it is to be derived that

credit received by assessee as Share premium & Share capital is not

genuine but mere accommodation entry used to avoid tax payment

and it is the undisclosed income of the assessee-company itself. On

verification of return income & Audit report filed by assessee, it is

noticed that assessee had received Rs. 6,25,00,000/- as share

premium & Share capital during FY 2009-10 from various

persons/companies. It is noticed that assesssee had shown total

income of Rs. 7,94,675/ - only and

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not offered the amount of Rs. 62500000/- as income to suppress

taxable income and to avoid tax payment and hence it is to be

concluded that assessee had understated his income to the extent of

Rs. 62500000/-. Hence the amount of Rs. 62500000/-being

accommodation entry in form of share capital & share premium

remained untaxed and escaped assessment and the failure is on the

part of the assessee to disclose fully and truly all material facts

necessary for its assessment, for the assessment year 2010-11.”

8. The assessee objected to the re-opening notice by letter dated 29.8.2017.

The objections were rejected by the AO by an order dated 30.10.2017. Aggrieved,

the assessee approached the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution,

impugning the revenue’s action in seeking to re-open the assessment. The

revenue resisted the challenge, and justified the re-opening (of assessment)

notice.

9. The High Court, by the impugned judgment, was of the opinion that the

AO had no information to conclude that the disclosure by Garg Logistics was not

from funds of that declarant but was in fact the unaccounted income of the

assessee. The impugned order reasoned that the AO, after recounting the

background history of the assessee and background of M.R. Logistics, shifted the

burden on assessee to say that the share application money received by it was not

its unaccounted income. This, according to the High Court, was erroneous. The

impugned judgment was of the opinion that there was no tangible material or

reason for the AO to reopen the assessment. The High Court also considered the

scheme of Section 183 of the Finance Act, 2016 and noted that immunity was

given in respect of amounts declared and brought to tax in terms of such a scheme.

Therefore, the AO could not have relied upon the declaration made by the Garg

Logistics to so conclude. The High Court also derived strength from the circular

of the CBDT dated 01.09.2016, especially, the answer to Query no.10.

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Contentions of parties

10. It was argued on behalf of the revenue by the Additional Solicitor General

(ASG) for India, Mr. N. Venkataraman, that the impugned judgment cannot be

sustained as there was tangible material justifying the reopening of assessment in

the circumstances of the case. It was pointed out that the AO traced the history of

the assessee company, its close association with Pradeep Birewar, one time

accommodation entry received by the assessee which was discovered in the

course of search in the case of Shirish Chandrakant Shah as well as Pradeep

Birewar and the transaction of routing its income as investment in bogus share

capital. It was urged that the mere circumstance that Garg Logistics declared the

amount of ₹ 6.36 crores as undisclosed income per se could not be an explanation

to induce the AO to drop reassessment notice.

11. The revenue pointed out that in fact Garg Logistics Pvt. Ltd. had not

invested any amount towards share application money; the claim of the assessee

was that the companies which had invested in it were all fronts of Garg Logistics

P Ltd, which had in turn declared the amounts as undisclosed income under IDS

2016. It was submitted further that the formation of belief by the AO was not on

the basis of the declaration of Garg Logistics but rather information culled out

through the search/seizure action, survey and search proceedings in the case of

common entry provided through Shirish Chandrakant Shah.

12. The learned ASG submitted that the assessee company was not able to link

the income disclosed under the IDS 2016 by Garg Logistics with the investment

by the companies who had applied for shares in the assessee. Learned counsel

submitted that the investor companies were independent – paper fronts which had

provided entries. Learned counsel submitted that the High Court erroneously

concluded that the reassessment was based upon the IDS declaration of Garg

Logistics. In fact, the disclosure was voluntarily provided by the assessee’s

chairman during the search by a statement under Section 132(4).

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13. It was pointed out that the AO’s opinion has to be based upon some

objective material on the record as to constitute tangible material. The sufficiency

of that material would ordinarily not be scrutinized by the courts in exercise of

judicial review. It was submitted lastly that on perusal of the circular of CBDT

dated 01.09.2016, particularly, the answer to the queries are not relevant in the

facts and circumstances of the case.

14. Learned senior counsel for the assessee, Mr. Guru Krishnakumar, urged

that information of share investment of ₹ 6.25 crores by Garg Logistics made

through different companies, but owned by it, was made in its declaration in the

IDS. This information was not furnished to the AO and he could not, therefore,

have legitimately concluded that such investment was not from the funds of Garg

Logistics but was in fact assessee’s unaccounted income. The AO’s approach was

contrary to the law in as much as in the very first instance, he sought to place the

burden upon the assessee to prove that it was not in fact routing back its own cash

through the investments made by the companies – which Garg Logistics (P) Ltd

owned up to be unaccounted income in its declaration.

15. It was argued, the reasons recorded that the assessee had received ₹ 6.25

crores as share premium and share capital during FY 2009-10 from various

persons/ companies being accommodation entry providers which was untaxed

and escaped assessment and that there was failure on the part of the assessee to

disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for its AY 2010-2011, are not

valid and are bad in law and facts of the present case. The foundation of the

“reasons to believe” in this case lacks validity and is beyond the scheme and scope

of Section 147 and 148 of the Act and IDS.

16. It was argued, that revenue reopened the assessment casually on self-

contradictory grounds and the re-opening is impermissible as there is no valid

"reason to believe” that the assessee’s income escaped assessment. Reliance is

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placed on Commissioner of Income Tax v. Rajesh Jhaveri Stock Broker Ltd.

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and

the High Court also categorically observed that the reason so recorded lacks

validity and conclusions are made on surmises and conjectures which are not

permissible under the law and not backed by any material on record.

17. It was argued, the fact that the assessment was originally done under

Section 143(1) is not decisive in determining the validity of the impugned

reopening. The High Court was conscious of the legal position in this regard so

much so that it noted that, the return filed by the assessee was accepted without

scrutiny and therefore, the principle of change of opinion preventing the AO from

reopening the assessment would have no applicability. It was further urged that

the discrepancies noticed by the AO were duly explained in the assessee’s

objections and do not have any effect on quantification of escapement of

income/share capital for value of ₹ 6.25 crores. It was lastly urged that no

incriminating/tangible material was available to reopen assessment and there was

no establishment of any nexus or link connecting the source of the investment to

the assessee; the reassessment was opened solely on the basis of misconceived

theories by the revenue. The record makes it obvious that the amount has already

been declared by Garg Logistics and full tax has been paid with penalty as per the

scheme. Therefore, reassessment of this amount would lead to double taxation,

which is contrary to the scheme of the Act itself.

Analysis and conclusions

18. Section 147 of the Act authorizes the re-opening of any assessment of a

previous year

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. Section 148, which contains the conditions for re-opening

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2007 (7) SCR765

3

“147. Income escaping assessment

“If any income chargeable to tax, in the case of an assessee, has escaped assessment for any assessment

year, the Assessing Officer may, subject to the provisions of sections 148 to 153, assess or reassess such

income or recompute the loss or the depreciation allowance or any other allowance or deduction for such

assessment year (hereafter in this section and in sections 148 to 153 referred to as the relevant assessment

year).

Explanation.--For the purposes of assessment or reassessment or recomputation under this

section, the Assessing Officer may assess or reassess the income in respect of any issue, which has escaped

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assessments, including the limitation period within which notices can be issued,

by its proviso, enacts that:

“Provided that no notice under this section shall be issued unless

there is information with the Assessing Officer which suggests that

the income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment in the case of

the assessee for the relevant assessment year and the Assessing

Officer has obtained prior approval of the specified authority to

issue such notice.”

19. Long ago, in its decision reported as Calcutta Discount Company Ltd v

Income Tax officer

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this court had underscored the obligation of every assessee

to make a true and full disclosure and said that:

“There can be no doubt that the duty of disclosing all the primary

facts relevant to the decision of the question before the assessing

authority lies on the assesses.”

The court further held that once the duty is discharged, it is upto the assessing

officer to inquire further and draw the necessary inferences while completing the

assessment.

20. As to what can be the valid grounds for re-opening an assessment has been

the subject matter of several decisions of this court. In Income Tax Officer,

Calcutta & Ors. vs. Lakhmani Mewal Das

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this court held that the “reasons to

believe” must be based on objective materials, and on a reasonable view. The

court held as follows:

“The grounds or reasons which lead to the formation of the belief

contemplated by Section 147(a) of the Act must have a material

bearing on the question of escapement of income of the assessee

from assessment because of his failure or omission to disclose fully

and truly all material facts. Once there exist reasonable grounds for

assessment, and such issue comes to his notice subsequently in the course of the proceedings under this

section, irrespective of the fact that the provisions of section 148A have not been complied with.”

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1961 (2) SCR 241

5

1976 (3) SCR 956

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the Income-tax Officer to form the above belief, that would be

sufficient to clothe him with jurisdiction to issue notice. Whether the

grounds are adequate or not is not a matter for the Court to

investigate. The sufficiency of grounds which induce the income-tax

Officer to act is, therefore, not a justiciable issue. It is, of course,

open to the assessee to contend that the Income-tax Officer did not

hold the belief that there had been such non-disclosure. The

existence of the belief can be challenged by the assessee but not the

sufficiency of reasons for the belief. The expression "reason to

believe" does not mean a purely subjective satisfaction on the part

of the Income-tax Officer. The reason must be held in good faith. It

cannot be merely a pretence. It is open to the Court to examine

whether the reasons for the formation of the belief have a rational

connection with or a relevant bearing on the formation of the belief

and are not extraneous or irrelevant for the purpose of the section.

To this limited extent, the action of the Income-tax Officer in starting

proceedings in respect of income escaping assessment is open to

challenge in a Court of law.”

21. In Phool Chand Bajrang Lal & Ors. vs. Income Tax Officer & Ors

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, after

reviewing the previous case law, and concluding that a valid re-opening is one,

preceded by specific, reliable and relevant information, and that the sufficiency

of such reasons is not subject to judicial review- the only caveat being that the

court can examine the record, if such material existed, it was held that the facts

disclosed in the return, if found later to be unfounded or false, can always be the

basis of a re-opening of assessment:

“appears to us to be, to ensure that a party cannot get away by

wilfully making a false or untrue statement at the time of original

assessment and when that falsity comes to notice, to turn around and

say "you accepted my lie, now your hands are tied and you can do

nothing". It would be travesty of justice to allow the assessee that

latitude.”

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1993 Supp (1) SCR 28

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22. A three judge Bench, of this court, in Commissioner of Income Tax, Delhi

v. Kelvinator of India Ltd

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after considering the previous decisions, re-stated the

correct position as follows:

“5....where the Assessing Officer has reason to believe that income

has escaped assessment, confers jurisdiction to re-open the

assessment. Therefore, post-1st April, 1989, power to re-open is

much wider. However, one needs to give a schematic interpretation

to the words "reason to believe".....

Section 147 would give arbitrary powers to the Assessing Officer to

re-open assessments on the basis of "mere change of opinion", which

cannot be per se reason to re-open.

6. We must also keep in mind the conceptual difference between

power to review and power to re-assess. The Assessing Officer has

no power to review; he has the power to re-assess. But re-assessment

has to be based on fulfillment of certain pre-condition and if the

concept of "change of opinion" is removed, as contended on behalf

of the Department, then, in the garb of re-opening the assessment,

review would take place.

7. One must treat the concept of "change of opinion" as an in-built

test to check abuse of power by the Assessing Officer. Hence, after

1st April, 1989, Assessing Officer has power to re-open, provided

there is "tangible material" to come to the conclusion that there is

escapement of income from assessment. Reasons must have a live

link with the formation of the belief.”

23. It is therefore, clear that the basis for a valid re-opening of assessment

should be availability of tangible material, which can lead the AO to scrutinize

the returns for the previous assessment year in question, to determine, whether a

notice under Section 147 is called for. In the present case, the basis for reopening

of assessment was not that Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd had declared ₹ 6,36,00,000/-

as undisclosed cash utilized for investment in the assessee’s share capital. The

assessee’s contention that reopening was done based on the disclosure made by

Garg Logistics is therefore, not correct.

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2010 (1) SCR 768

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24. It may also be noticed that the original assessment was not completed after

scrutiny, but was under Section 143 (1) of the Act. The status of such assessment

– if one may so term it, is essentially weak. As was explained in Rajesh Jhaveri

(f.n.1, cited by the assessee):

“the intimation Under Section 143(1)(a) cannot be treated to be an

order of assessment. The distinction is also well brought out by the

statutory provisions as they stood at different points of time. Under

Section 143(1)(a) as it stood prior to April 1, 1989, the Assessing

Officer had to pass an assessment order if he decided to accept the

return, but under the amended provision, the requirement of passing

of an assessment order has been dispensed with and instead an

intimation is required to be sent. Various circulars sent by the

Central Board of Direct Taxes spell out the intent of the Legislature,

i.e., to minimize the Departmental work to scrutinize each and every

return and to concentrate on selective scrutiny of returns.”

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Thus, in the present case, the returns filed by the assessee were not examined, or

scrutinized; only an intimation that it was filed, was issued by the AO.

25. The “reasons to believe” forming part of the Section 147- in this case,

clearly point to the fact that the reopening of assessment was based on

information accessible by the AO that a substantial amount of unaccounted

income of promoters/directors was introduced in the closely held companies of

the assessee group through Shirish Chandrakant Shah, alleged to be a Mumbai

based accommodation entry provider- through Pradeep Birewar, another

accommodation entry provider based at Ahmedabad. During the course of search

at the office premise of Shirish Chandrakant Shah (on 09.04.2013 at Mumbai)

apparently, an MS Excel sheet "pradeep abad" in the Excel file "ac1.xls" in a pen-

drive, backed up from a removable disc folder (called "Bips backup 14.02.2012)

was seized from the computer in that office in form of computer back up. The

AO, in the reasons recorded with the re-assessment notice stated that a

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Followed in Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax v Zuari Estate Development and Investment Company Ltd

2015 (15) SCC 248

14

comparison of data of accommodation entry provided by Shirish Chandrakant

Shah through various companies controlled and managed by him and found from

his office premise with the return of income of the assessee (for AY 2011-12)

revealed that the latter (i.e. the assessee) had availed one time accommodation

entry from various companies controlled and managed by Shirish Chandrakant

Shah. The AO also noticed that the assessee had not proved credit worthiness of

various share applicants, who invested amounts with high premium, in the

assessee company during AY 2010-11 nor shown genuineness of such

transactions.

26. This court further notices that that the record also reveals that Garg

Logistics Pvt. Ltd had not invested ₹ 6,36,00,000/- in the assessee company

during the relevant period. The record bears out that the following entities

invested in the assessee:

Sl. No. Name of the Allottees Companies Amount of Investment

1. Amar Commercial Pvt. Ltd.

₹ 1,40,00,000/-

2. Fountain Commerce Pvt. Ltd.

₹ 25,00,000/-

3. Ganga Marketing Pvt. Ltd.

₹ 20,00,000/-

4. Gurukul Vinayak Pvt. Ltd.

₹ 80,00,000/-

5. Heaven Mercantile Pvt. Ltd.

₹ 1,00,00,000/-

6. Neelkamal Trade Link Pvt. Ltd.

₹ 1,50,00,000/-

7. Red Hot Mercantile Pvt. Ltd.

₹ 80,00,000/-

8. Sanskar Distributors Pvt. Ltd.

₹ 10,00,000/-

9. Sangam Distributors Pvt. Ltd.

₹ 20,00,000/-

Total ₹ 6,25,00,000/-

27. The details of income declaration by Garg Logistics under the IDS scheme

was submitted by Pravin. P. Agrawal (the assessee’s chairman) in support of its

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claim of genuineness of receipt of share capital. However, as noticed earlier, the

basis for reopening the assessment in this case was the information from the

material seized during search in cases of Shrish Chandrakant Shah and

correlation with return of income of the assessee. Further, there was no scrutiny

assessment done at the original assessment stage.

28. As a matter of fact, M/s Garg Logistics filed its IDS application with a

different Commissionerate

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which did not share information with the AO in the

present case; he did not also call for any such information. Pravin Chandra

Agrawal, the chairman of the assessee (M.R. Shah group) was queried with regard

to the capital raised with high premium during a search, and post search inquiry.

He submitted details of the IDS declaration by Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd to say that

the amounts received toward share applications were genuine transactions.

Clearly, in the present case, the High Court went wrong in holding that the

department had shared confidential IDS information of Garg Logistics Pvt Ltd.

The AO utilized the material submitted by Pravin. P. Agrawal (the assessee’s

chairman) and correlated it with the ROC data filed by the assessee. Further, it is

also apparent, that the AO’s “reasons to believe” do not disclose any inquiry made

in relation to Garg Logistic Pvt Ltd’s account or declaration.

29. Another aspect which should not be lost sight of is that the information or

“tangible material” which the assessing officer comes by enabling re-opening of

an assessment, means that the entire assessment (for the concerned year) is at

large; the revenue would then get to examine the returns for the previous year, on

a clean slate – as it were. Therefore, to hold- as the High Court did, in this case,

that since the assessee may have a reasonable explanation, is not a ground for

quashing a notice under Section 147. As long as there is objective tangible

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Pr. CIT-2, Ahmedabad

16

material (in the form of documents, relevant to the issue) the sufficiency of that

material cannot dictate the validity of the notice.

30. That brings the court to the scope and effect of the Income Declaration

Scheme (IDS), introduced by Chapter IX of the Finance Act, 2016. The objective

of its provisions was to enable an assessee to declare her (or his) suppressed

undisclosed income or properties acquired through such income. It is based on

voluntary disclosure of untaxed income and the assessee’s acknowledging

income tax liability. This disclosure is through a declaration (Section 183) to the

Principal Commissioner of Income Tax within a time period, and deposit the

prescribed amount towards income tax and other stipulated amounts, including

penalty. Section 192 grants limited immunity to declarants, and states as follows:

“192. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the

time being in force, nothing contained in any declaration made

under section 183 shall be admissible in evidence against the

declarant for the purpose of any proceeding relating to imposition

of penalty, other than the penalty leviable under section 185, or for

the purposes of prosecution under the Income-tax Act or the Wealth-

tax Act, 1957.”

31. As noticed previously the declarant was Garg Logistic Pvt Ltd and not the

assessee. Facially, Section 192 affords immunity to the declarant: “...nothing

contained in any declaration made under section 183 shall be admissible in

evidence against the declarant for the purpose of any proceeding relating to

imposition of penalty…” Therefore, the protection given, is to the declarant, and

for a limited purpose. However, the High Court proceeded on the footing that

such protection would bar the revenue from scrutinizing the assessee’s return,

absolutely. Quite apart from the fact that the re-opening of assessment was not

based on Garg Logistic’s declaration, the fact that such an entity owned up and

paid tax and penalty on amounts which it claimed, were invested by it as share

applicant, (though the share applicants were other companies and entities) to the

assessee in the present case, cannot – by any rule or principle inure to the

17

assessee’s advantage. In similar circumstances, dealing with another scheme (the

Kar Vivad Samadhan Scheme 1988, a previous tax amnesty scheme) this court

had, in State, CBI vs. Sashi Balasubramanian & Ors

10

held as follows:

“an immunity is granted only in respect of offences purported to have

been committed under direct tax enactment or indirect tax enactment,

but by no stretch of imagination, the same would be granted in

respect of offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act. A person

may commit several offences under different Acts; immunity granted

in relation to one Act would not mean that immunity granted would

automatically extend to others. By way of example, we may notice

that a person may be prosecuted for commission of an offence in

relation to property under the Indian Penal Code as also under

another Act, say for example, the Prevention of Corruption Act.

Whereas charges under the Prevention of Corruption Act may fail,

no sanction having been accorded therefore, the charges under the

Penal Code would not.”

32. In Tanna & Modi v Commissioner of Income Tax, Mumbai XXV & Ors

11

also, this court held, similarly that immunity granted for one purpose, cannot be

extended for another:

“20. It may be necessary for the aforementioned purpose to bear in

mind that the immunity granted pursuant to acceptance of a

declaration made under the voluntary taxation scheme or Kar Vivad

Samadhan Scheme, 1998 does not lead to a total immunity.

Immunity granted under the Scheme has its own limitations. The

Scheme must be applied only in the event the conditions precedent

laid down therefore are applicable. See State, CBI v. Sashi

Balasubramanian and Anr.[2007]289ITR8(SC) and Alpesh

Navinchandra Shah v. State of Maharashtra and Ors. 2007 (3) SCR

223

21. A raid was conducted in the premises of the firm. Search warrant

might have been issued in the name of a partner of the firm. The

partner made certain statements. The search revealed some

undisclosed income. The firm has a separate legal entity, it could

have made a declaration, but it was done in respect of the same

amount regarding the partner of the firm made disclosures. What

10

2006 Supp (8) SCR 914

11

2007 (8) SCR 233

18

would be the effect of his subsequent retraction is not a matter which

we are required to deal with herein. It is one thing to say that when

a firm has concealed income, each partner need not make a

declaration but it would be another thing to say that when a search

has been made on the premises of the firm and the books of accounts

of the firm are inspected, on the strength of a search warrant issued

in the name of one of the partners thereof, a declaration can be made

by the firm so as to cover the loopholes. In a case where Sub-section

(2) of Section 64 is applied, Sub-section (1) thereof would not apply

inasmuch as it starts with the term "nothing contained" in Sub-

section (1) shall apply in relation to. What are the conditions which

would make Sub-section (1) of Section 64 inapplicable is the income

assessable for any assessment year for which a notice under Section

142 or 148 of the Income Tax Act has been served upon such person

and the return has not been furnished before commencement of the

Scheme and upon strict construction, it is possible to argue that the

word "such person" must relate to that declaring which being a firm

would not include within its purview its partners. But, in a case of

this nature where fraud is alleged, we cannot be oblivious of the fact

that each firm acts through its partner. A firm is the conglomeration

of its partners, and is not a juristic person. In the instant case, the

purported disclosure made by the firm relates to the same amount

which has been disclosed by the partner. Even the source of income

was found to be the same. As the income of a firm vis-a-vis its

partners have a direct co-relation, in our opinion, while construing

a statute granting immunity, it should not be construed in such a

manner so as to frustrate its object.”

33. In an earlier decision, Tekchand & Ors. vs. Competent Authority

12

it was

similarly held that immunity granted by a tax amnesty scheme in respect of

liabilities under some enactments, did not afford protection against action under

other enactments or laws:

“13. So far as the contention based upon Sections 11 and 16 of

Voluntary Disclosure Act is concerned we have already pointed out,

while setting out the said provisions that the immunity conferred

thereunder is of a limited character and that it is not an absolute or

universal immunity. The immunity cannot be extended beyond the

confines specified by the said provisions. There is also no reason to

12

1993 (2) SCR 864

19

presume that the Parliament intended to extend any immunity to

smugglers and manipulators of foreign exchange who are proceeded

against under enactments other than those mentioned in Sections 11

and 16 of the Voluntary Disclosure Act. So far as the argument that

the authorities under the Act have not properly considered the

explanation offered by the appellants and the material produced by

them, we must say that we are unable to agree with the same.”

34. This court is, therefore, of the opinion that the High Court fell into error,

in holding that the sequitur to a declaration under the IDS can lead to immunity

(from taxation) in the hands of a non-declarant.

35. In view of the foregoing reasons, the impugned judgment is hereby set

aside. The AO is at liberty to take steps to complete the re-assessment. The

revenue’s appeal is allowed in these terms, without order on costs.

.......................................................J

[UDAY UMESH LALIT]

.......................................................J

[S. RAVINDRA BHAT]

New Delhi,

March 28, 2022.