Watan land; Interim application; Leave to appeal; Impleadment; Lessee; Re-grant of land; Lis pendens; Transfer of interest; Civil Court jurisdiction; Hereditary Offices Act
 30 Jun, 2026
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Girish Pandurang Gavandi Vs. Chandrabai Balaji Walvekar

  Bombay High Court SA (ST) 25320-2025
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Case Background

As per case facts, the dispute concerns a watan land sold by the original watandars, Deshpande family, and subsequently to Balaji Walvekar, whose name was mutated as holder. After the ...

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Document Text Version

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION 

SECOND APPEAL NO. 397 OF  2025

WITH

INTERIM APPLICATION NO.  9307 of 2025

WITH

INTERIM APPLICATION NO. 10619 OF 2025

 

The State of Maharashtra,

Through Secretary,

Government of Maharashtra

Sachivalaya, Bombay - 32 ...Appellant

Versus

1. Chandrabai Balaji Walvekar

(Deceased And legal heirs are already on record)

2. Shankarrao Balaji Walvekar

(Since deceased through legal heirs)

2.1 Snehalata Shankarrao Walvekar (deceased)

2.2 Mohini Shivajirao Pawar

Age: 75 years

2.3 Vijay Shankarrao Walvekar

Age : 56 years,

2.4 Dilip Shankarrao Walvekar

Age : 53 years,

2.5 Deepak Shankarrao Walvekar

Age: 52 years,

2.6 Pradip Shankarrao Walvekar,

Age: 50 years,

ARS  1/44

ARUN

RAMCHANDRA

SANKPAL

Digitally signed by

ARUN RAMCHANDRA

SANKPAL

Date: 2026.06.30

22:46:14 +0530

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

Respondent No. 2.2 to 2.6 is residing at 

8, Ganeshkhind Road,

Shivajinagar, Pune – 411 005.

3. Ramkrishna Balaji Walvekar,

(Since deceased through legal heirs)

3.1 Anusayabai Ramkrishna Walvekar 

(Deceased)

3.2 Meena Ramesh Rathod

Age: 50 years,

3.3 Vandana Raghunath Bankapure

Age: 52 years,

3.2 to  3.3 R/at : U.S.A.

4. Mahadeo Balaji Walvekar

(Since deceased through legal heirs)

4.1 Shantabai Mahadeo Walvekar (deceased)

4.2 Kiran Mahadeo Walvekar

Age: 55 years,

4.3 Manoj Mahadeo Walvekar

4.2 to 4.3 R/at : Ganeshkhind,

Shivajinagar, Pune.

5.  Laxman Balaji Walvekar

(Since deceased through legal heirs)

5.1 Prabhavati Laxman Walvekar (deceased)

5.2 Pramod Laxman Walvekar

Age: 32 years. 

5.3 Pravin Laxman Walvekar

Age: 48 years. 

5.4 Pritam Laxman Walvekar

Age: 52 years. 

ARS  2/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

R/at: 1

st

 floor, S Ganeshkhind Road

Shivajinagar, Pune – 411 005.

6. Suryakant Balaji Walvekar

(Since Deceased through legal heirs)

6.1 Gulabbai Suryakant Walvekar

Age: 70 years,

R/at : 1

st

 Floor, S Ganeshkhind Road,

Shivajinagar, Pune – 411 005.

6.2 Smita Bhulesh Kirad,

Age: 45 years,

R/at 403, 4

th

 floor,

Mithila Apartment Model Colony,

Near Deep Bungalow Chowk

Pune – 411 016.

6.3 Ravindra Suryakant Walvekar

Age : 62 years

6.4 Ranjana Suryakant Walvekar

Age : 65 years

6.5 Sunil Suryakant Walvekar

Age : 65 years

6.6 Purnima Mohan Kolhapure

Age: 59 years

Respondent Nos. 6.3 to 6.6

R/at : 1

st

 Floor, 

8, Ganeshkhind Road Shivajinagar,

Pune – 411 005.

7. Arvind Balaji Walvekar,

Age: 34 years, Occu: Agriculturist,

R/at : 8 Ganeshkhind Road Shivajinagar,

Pune – 411 005.

8. Shivaji Balaji Walvekar

(Since deceased through legal heirs)

8.1 Sarika Shivaji Walvekar,

Age: 48 years

ARS  3/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

8.2 Samita Shivaji Walvekar,

Age: 47 years

8.3 Teena Shivaji Walvekar,

Age: 45 years,

Respondent Nos. 8.1 to 8.3 are

residing at R/at : Ganeshkhind Road

Shivajinagar, Pune – 411 005.

…Respondents

WITH

SECOND APPEAL (ST) NO. 25320 OF 2025

IN

INTERIM APPLICATION (ST) NO. 25639 OF 2025

WITH

INTERIM APPLICATION (ST) NO. 25641 OF 2025

1. Girish Pandurang Gavandi

Age – about 90 years,

Occ-Retired 

R/at G3, Swamivivek Marg, 

Bibwewadi, Pune

2. Jagdish Pandurang Gavandi

Age – about 84 years, Occ – Retired

R/at 361/18, Mira Society,

Shankarsheth Road,

Pune.

3. Kishori Datta Naik,

Age – about 87 years, Occ- Retired,

R/at B-1, Rushikesh Society,

Gokhale, Road,

Shivajinagar, Pune

… Appellants

(Original

Interveners) 

Versus  

1. Chandrabai Balaji Walvekar

(Since deceased, legal heirs already on record)

2. Shankarrao Balaji Walvekar

ARS  4/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

Since deceased through legal heirs

2A. Snehalata Shankarrao Walvekar

(Since deceased)

2B. Mohini Shivajirao Pawar,

Age-75 years, Occ – Retired

2C Vijay Shankarrao Walvekar

Age- 56 years, Occ – not known

2D. Dilip Shankarrao Walvekar

Age – 53 years, Occ – not known

2E. Deepak Shankarrao Walvekar

Age – 52 years, Occ – not known

2F. Pradip Shankarrao Walvekar,

Age: - 50 years, Occ – not known

Respondent Nos.2B to 2F residing at

8 Ganeshkhind Road, Shivajinagar,

Pune 411 005.

3. Ramkrishna Balaji Walvekar

(Since deceased through legal heirs)

3A. Anusayabai Ramkrishna Walvekar

(Since deceased)

3B. Meena Ramesh Rathod

Age: 50 years, Occ – not known

3C. Vandana Raghunath Bankapure

Age -52 years, Occ – not known

3B to 3C residing at United States of America.

4. Mahadeo Balaji Walvekar

(since deceased through legal heirs)

4A. Shantabai Mahadeo Walvekar

(since deceased)

ARS  5/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

4B. Kiran Mahadeo Walvekar

Age – 55 years, Occ – not known

4C. Manoj Mahadeo Walvekar

Age – 55 years, Occ – not known

4B and 4C residing at Ganeshkhind,

Shivajinagar, Pune.

5. Laxman Balaji Walvekar

(since deceased through legal heirs)

5A. Prabhavati Laxman Walvekar

(Since deceased)

5B. Pramod Laxman Walvekar

Age – 32 years, Occ – not known

5C Pravin Laxman Walvekar,

Age – 48 years, Occ – not known

5B and 5C residing at 1

st

 floor, 

Ganeshkind Road,

Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005.

6. Suryakant Balaji Walvekar

(Since deceased through legal heirs)

6A. Gulabbai Suryakant Walvekar,

Age- 70 years, Occ – retired

Residing at 1

st

 floor, Ganeshkhind Road,

Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005.

6B. Smita Bhulesh Kirad

Age – 45 years, Occ – not known

6C Ravindra Suryakant Walvekar,

Age – 62 years, Occ – not knonwn

6D Ranjana Suryakant Walvekar

Age -65 years, Occ – retired

6E. Sunil Suryakant Walvekar,

ARS  6/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

Age – 65 years, Occ – retired

6F Purnima Mohan Kolhapure

Age -59 years, Occ – not known

6C to 6E residing at 1

st

 floor, 

8 Ganeshkhind Road,

Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005.

7. Arvind Balaji Walvekar

Age – 34 years, Occ – Agriculturist

R/at 8 Ganeshkhind Road, Shivajinagar,

Pune 411 005.

8. Shivaji Balaji Walvekar,

(since deceased through legal heirs)

8A  Sarika Shivaji Walvekar

Age – 48 years, Occ – none

8B Samita Shivaji Walvekar

Age – 47 years, Occ – none

8C  Teena Shivaji Walvekar

Age – 45 years, Occ – none

All 8A to 8C residing at Ganeshkhind Road,

Shivajinagar, Pune 411 005.

9. State of Maharashtra

Through Secretary, Government of Maharashtra,

Mantralaya, Mumbai 400 032

Served through the Office of the Government

Pleader, Appellate Side, High Court, Bombay.

...Respondents

(Original

Defendants)

Mr. Anil V Anturkar, Senior Advocate, with A.R. Patil, Addl GP, for the 

Appellant in SA/397/2025.

Mr. A.Y. Sakhare, Senior Advocate, with Sandeep D Paigude, Reshma 

C More, i/b Rohan Mirpure, for the Appellant in SAST/25320 

of 2025. 

Ms. Shruti Tulpule, for Respondents in both Petitions. 

ARS  7/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

  CORAM:N. J. JAMADAR, J.

                                   RESERVED ON :18

th

 MARCH 2026

                            PRONOUNCED ON :30

th

 JUNE 2026

JUDGMENT:

1.The State Government is in appeal (SA No. 397 of 2025) being

aggrieved by and dissatisfied with a judgment and order dated 3

rd

January 2025 passed by the learned District Judge, Pune in RCA No. 9

of 2016, whereby and whereunder the said Appeal preferred by the

Appellant-original Defendant against a judgment and decree dated 30

th

October 1987 passed by the learned Civil Judge, Pune in SCS No. 111 of

1974, came to be dismissed and the Cross Objections filed by the

Respondents-original Plaintiff, came to be partly allowed by directing an

enquiry as to future 

mesne profit under Order XX Rule 12 of the Code of

Civil Procedure, 1908 (“The Code”). 

2.The Applicants in Interim Application (Stamp) No. 25639 of 2025

in Second Appeal (Stamp) No. 25320 of 2025, who claim to be the legal

representatives of the lessee and to whom the suit land was subsequently

granted, seek leave to appeal against the impugned decree. 

3.The dispute has a chequered history and awaits resolution for

three   quarters   of   a   century.   Yet,   shorn   of   unnecessary   details,   the

background facts necessary for the determination of this Appeal and the

Applications for leave to Appeal can be noted as under:

ARS  8/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

3.1 The   land   bearing   Survey   No.   65/1   admeasuring   4   acres   11

gunthas, situated at Village Parvati, Tal Haveli within the limits of Pune

Municipal Corporation (“the suit land”) was initially a watan land of

Deshpande   family   governed   by   the   Paragana   and   Kulkarni   Watan

regime.

3.2 On 22

nd

 April 1898 Trimbak Deshpande and Baburao Deshpande

sold the suit land to Manohar Padalkar under a registered Sale Deed.

The transferee and his successor in interest asserted and exercised

absolute ownership rights over the suit land. Manohar Padalkar sold the

suit land under a registered Sale Deed dated 9

th

  September 1937 to

Balaji Walvekar, the predecessor-in-title of the Plaintiff. The name of

Balaji Walvekar came to be mutated to the Record of Rights of the suit

land as a holder thereof. 

3.3 In the year 1951, the State Legislature passed Act No. LX of 1950,

The Bombay Paragana And Kulkarni Watans (Abolition) Act, 1950 (“the

Watan Abolition Act 1950”). It 

inter alia provided that all Paragana and

Kulkarni Watans shall be deemed to have been abolished and the watan

lands stood resumed thereunder.

3.4  Section 4 of the Abolition Act 1950 made a provision for re-grant

of land to the holder of the watan to which it appertained, on payment

of the occupancy price equal to twelve times of the amount of the full

assessment of such land, within a stipulated period. Failure of the

ARS  9/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

holder to pay the occupancy price within the stipulated period rendered

the   occupation   of   the   holder   unauthorized   and   empowered   the

Government to summarily eject such holder in accordance with the

provisions of the Bombay Land Revenue Code 1879 (“the Code of

1879”).

3.5 The State Government-Defendant contends that in pursuance of

the provisions of the Abolition Act 1950, the Mamlatdar gave notice to

Balaji Walvekar on 9

th

 January 1953. In response thereto, Balaji filed an

Application before the Mamlatdar and claimed that his predecessor-in-

title had become the absolute owner of the suit land and that he was

also paying  

judi  in respect of the suit land and, therefore, he had

acquired absolute ownership  over  the suit land. Thus, he  was not

required to pay the occupancy price. Yet if an order is passed to pay the

occupancy price equivalent to six times of the revenue assessment, he

would pay the same. Purportedly the said Application of Balaji was not

decided.

3.6 On 14

th

 march 1962, the Circle Officer gave a notice to Balaji that

on account of   his failure to pay the occupancy charges within the

stipulated period, the possession of the suit land would be resumed on

20

th

 March 1962.

3.7 Accordingly on 20

th

 March 1962, the possession of the suit land

was taken by the Circle Officer under a panchnama. At that time, the

ARS  10/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

lessee of Balaji, Pandurang Gopal Gawandi, the predecessor-in-title of

the Applicants in IA No. 10619 of 2025 was in the occupation of the suit

land.

3.8 In the meanwhile, entries were made in the Record of Rights of

the suit land to the effect that the suit land was “Akari Pad” (resumed on

account of failure to pay the occupancy price). Balaji passed away on

16

th

 April 1967.

3.9 On 6

th

 May 1964, the then Prant Officer (SDO), Pune, passed an

order declaring that the suit land ceased to be a watan land. By a notice

dated 9

th

 May 1972, the Additional District Collector proposed to suo

moto revise the said order and called upon the successor in interest of

Balaji to show cause why the said order passed by the SDO dated 6

th

May 1964, should not be cancelled.

3.10 Thus, on 11

th

 March 1974, the Plaintiffs instituted the suit before

the Civil Court at Pune, seeking a declaration that the entries in the

Record of Rights in respect of the suit land as “Akari Pad” had been

effected illegally and the Plaintiffs title over the suit land was neither

lost nor extinguished and the Plaintiffs are the full and absolute owners

of the suit land, and the consequential relief of restoration of possession

of the suit land from the Defendants.

3.11 The   Plaintiffs   claimed,   Trimbak   Deshpande   and   Baburao

Deshpande were paying the 

judi (a rent imposed on free holding) and

ARS  11/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

full survey assessment of the suit land. Thus, the Deshpandes had

become the absolute owners of the suit land with all the incidents of

ownership. Balaji Walvekar also exercised proprietary and possessory

rights over the suit land as an absolute owner thereof.

3.12 The Defendants resisted the suit on multifarious grounds. It was

contended that the suit was barred by law of limitation. It was also

controverted that the payment of 

judi does not confer full and absolute

ownership of the watan land over the erstwhile Watandars. The suit

land  continued to be a watan land and was governed by the provisions

of Watan Abolition Act 1950. It was, therefore, incumbent upon the

erstwhile watandars to pay the occupancy price on or before 30

th

 April

1956. Despite notice to Balaji, the then occupant, the occupancy price

was not paid. Thus, under the provisions of Abolition Act 1950, the

State   had   lawfully   ejected   the   occupants   from   the   suit   land   and

resumed the possession thereof. The necessity of the suit land for re-

settlement of the flood affected persons was also sought to be pressed

into service. 

3.13 The Plaintiffs examined Arvind Balaji Walvekar, Plaintiff No. 7.

Defendants did not lead any oral evidence in the rebuttal. Both the

parties placed on record a number of documents.

3.14 After an appraisal of the evidence and material on record, the

learned Civil Judge was persuaded to partly decree the suit. It was held

ARS  12/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

that the Plaintiffs proved their title over the suit land. The suit land

ceased to be the watan land. The resumption of the possession of the

suit land by the Defendants was unlawful, the mutation entry of (“Akari

Pad”) in the Record of Rights of the suit land was illegal and the

Plaintiffs were entitled to the recovery of possession of the suit land.

Thus, the Defendants were directed to deliver possession of the suit

land to the Plaintiff and also to mutate the name of the Plaintiffs to the

Record of Rights of the suit land as the occupants thereof. The Trial

Court, however, declined to direct an enquiry into the 

mesne profit as

the suit land was lying fallow.

3.15 Being aggrieved, the Defendants preferred an Appeal before the

District   Court.   The   Plaintiffs   filed   cross-objection   questioning   the

legality and correctness of the denial of 

mesne profit.

3.16 By the impugned judgment and decree, the learned District Judge

dismissed the Appeal and partly allowed the cross-objection to the

extent of enquiry into the future 

mesne profit.

3.17 The   learned   District   Judge   also   returned   a   finding   that   the

Applicants in IA No. 10619 of 2025 were not the necessary parties to

the Appeal.

3.18 Being further aggrieved by and dissatisfied with the impugned

judgment and decree, the State Government is in Second Appeal. The

ARS  13/44

-SA-397-2025+.DOC

Appellants in Appeal (Stamp) No. 25320 of 2025 are seeking leave to

file an Appeal against the impugned judgment and decree.

3.19 The Appellants in Appeal (Stamp) No. 25320 of 2025 have also

filed an Application being IA No. 10619 of 2025 in Appeal No. 397 of

2025, seeking a direction to the Appellant to implead the intervenors as

party Respondents to the Second Appeal. 

4.I have heard Mr. Anil Anturkar, the learned Senior Advocate for

the Appellants-Defendants in SA No. 397 of 2025 and Mr. A.Y. Sakhare,

the learned Senior Advocate for the Appellants in SA (Stamp) No.

25320 of 2025 and Applicants in IA No.10619 of 2025 and Ms Shruti

Tulpule, the learned Counsel for the Respondents-Plaintiffs. 

5.The   learned   Counsel   took   the   Court   through   the   pleadings,

evidence and documents on record. 

6.Mr. Anturkar, the learned Senior Advocate for the Appellants,

would urge that despite concurrent findings by the Courts below, the

instant Appeal presents substantial questions of law for consideration. It

was   submitted   that,   apart   from   misappreciation   of   evidence   and

misconstruction of documents, the Courts below were in error in not

adverting to the issues of jurisdiction of the Civil Court to entertain a

challenge   of   the   present   nature,   the   bar   of   limitation   and   the

peremptory provisions of   Maharashtra Hereditary Offices Act, 1874

(“the Hereditary Offices Act 1874”) and Watan Abolition Act 1950. 

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7.Amplifying the submissions, Mr. Anturkar would urge that, the

Courts below committed a manifest error in placing the burden of proof

on  the   Defendants.   Mere  payment   of  

judi  by   itself   can,  under   no

circumstances, confer the absolute ownership on the Watandar and alter

the character of the suit land from watan to freehold land. 

8.Failure on the part of the Plaintiffs to place on record the terms of

the settlement, under which the erstwhile Watandar Deshpandes were

relieved of their hereditary duties and conferred absolute ownership

over the suit land erodes the Plaintiffs claim. 

9.The bar of jurisdiction under Section 4(1)(a) of the Maharashtra

Revenue   Jurisdiction   Act,   1876   (“the   Act   of   1876”)   was   clearly

misconstrued   by   the   Courts   below.   The   Sub-Clause   (1)   of   Section

specifically excludes the jurisdiction of the Civil Court in relation to any

property appertaining to the office of any hereditary officer appointed

or recognised under the Hereditary Offices Act 1874.

10.Likewise, a suit instituted to seek a declaration in regard to the

entries in the revenue record is also explicitly barred by the provisions

of Act of 1876 and the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1960 (“the

Revenue Code 1960”). The Courts below were thus not justified in

lightly brushing aside the jurisdictional challenge. 

11.With   the   aforesaid   preface   to   the   challenge,   Mr.   Anturkar

formulated five proposed substantial questions of law which arise for

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consideration in this Appeal; a reference to which would be made a

little later in this judgment. 

12. Mr. Anturkar placed a very strong reliance on the Constitution

Bench judgment in the case of  Collector of South Satara And Anr Vs

Laxman Mahadev Deshpande and Ors,

1

 to drive home the point that

mere commutation of services does not necessarily lead to change in the

character of the watan land.  

13.Mr  Sakhare,  the learned  Senior  Advocate for  the  Applicants,

would submit that the predecessor-in-title of the Applicants have been

in possession of the suit land since 1948 under a registered Lease Deed.

In fact, the Plaintiffs had approached the Civil Court with the case of

adverse possession. Though the Courts below have rendered a negative

finding on the said issue, yet, the Plaintiffs would be bound by the

pleadings in the Plaint. As the decree which may be eventually passed

in the Second Appeal would have significant bearing on the rights of the

intervenor   and,   thus,   the   Applicants   deserve   leave   to   assail   the

impugned judgment and decree by filing an Appeal though they were

not parties before the District Court.

14. To this end Mr. Sakhare placed reliance on a judgment of the

Supreme Court in the case of H. Anjanappa & Ors Vs V. A Prabhakar &

Ors.

2

1  AIR 1964 SC 326.

2 2025 SCC OnLine SC 183.

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15.Per contra, Ms Tulpule, the learned Counsel for the Respondents-

Plaintiffs would submit that the Courts below have recorded concurrent

findings   of   facts   upon   meticulous   appraisal   of   the   evidence.   The

evidence and material on record unmistakably indicates that the suit

land ceased to be watan land before the Watan Abolition Act 1950,

came into force. The Defendants thus could not have resumed the

possession of the suit land by invoking the provisions contained in

Watan Abolition Act 1950 as those provisions were not at all attracted. 

16.Ms Tulpule would further submit that the documents emanating

from, and maintained by, the Defendants thus indicate that suit land

ceased to be a watan land. Moreover, the Defendants did not place on

record the terms of settlement to show that despite the cessation of the

hereditary services being rendered and demanded and payment of 

judi

and full assessment, the suit land continued to be watan land.  

17.In regard to the bar of jurisdiction, Ms. Tulpule would urge, the

said ground was never raised before the trial Court. Nor does the bar of

limitation sought to be canvassed raises any substantial question of law.

The   suit   came   to   be   instituted   within   12   years   from   the   date  of

dispossession, even if it were to be assumed that the suit was based on

previous possession. On the aspect of the continuance of the land as

watan land, Ms. Tulpule would urge the legal position is crystallised by

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a catena of decisions. Thus, no question of law much less a substantial

question of law arises for consideration. 

18.In regard to the prayer of  the Applicants in IA No. 10619 of 2025

to   grant   leave   to   prefer   an   Appeal,   Ms.   Tulpule   would   urge   the

Applicants   have   dis-entitled   themselves   from   seeking   any   equitable

relief as the Applicants have transferred their interest in the suit land in

favour   of   the   transferee,   namely,   Dattatray   Dhone,   and,   therefore,

Application for impleadment came to be rejected and the said rejection

has attained finality. 

19.Before adverting to appreciate the aforesaid submissions, in the

light of the substantial questions of law formulated for consideration by

Mr. Anturkar, it may be apposite to have a resume of the legal regime. 

20.Under the Hereditary Offices Act 1874, “Watan property” means

the movable or immovable property held, acquired, or assigned for

providing remuneration for the performance of the duty appertaining to

an  hereditary   office.   It   includes   a   right   to   levy   customary   fees   or

perquisites, in money or in kind, whether at fixed times or otherwise. 

It includes cash  payments in addition to the original watan property

made voluntarily  by the State Government and subject periodically to

modification or withdrawal. 

21.Hereditary Office is defined as under:

"Hereditary Office" means every office held hereditarily for

the   performance   of   duties   connected   with   the

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administration or collection of the public revenue or with

the village police, or with the settlement of boundaries, or

other   matters   of   civil   administration,   The   expression

includes   such   office   even   where   the   services   originally

appertaining to it have ceased to be demanded. 

22. “Watandar” is defined as under: 

"Watandar" means a person having an hereditary interest in

a   watan.   It   includes   a   person   holding   watan   property

acquired   by   him   before   the   introduction   of   the   British

Government   into   the   locality   of   the   watan,   or   legally

acquired subsequent to such introduction, and a person

holding such property from him by inheritance. It includes

a person adopted by an owner of a watan or part of a

watan, subject to the conditions specified in sections 33 to

35 . 

23.Section 5 of the Hereditary Offices Act 1874 prohibits a Watandar

from alienating watan and watan rights without the sanction of the

State Government. 

24.Section 15 of the Hereditary Offices Act 1874, empowered the

Collector with the consent of the holder of the watan given in writing,

to relieve him and his heirs and successors in perpetuity of their liability

to perform services upon such conditions, whether consistent with the

provisions of that Act or not, as may be agreed upon by the Collector

and such holder. Sub-Section (3) of Section 15 declares that every

settlement made or confirmed under that Section would be binding

upon both the State Government and holder of the watan and his heirs

and successors. 

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25.  Section 65 of the Hereditary Offices Act 1874 mandates the

Collector to prepare and keep all Registers necessary for the purposes of

that Act in the form which the State Government may from time to time

prescribe.   There   shall   one   Register   of   lands   and   allowances   in

consideration whereof liability to perform services exists and another of

lands and allowances in respect of which no such liability exists. 

26.The State Legislature introduced the Watan Abolition Act 1950 to

abolish the Paragana and Kulkarni Watans as the services of Watandar

holding Paragan and Kulkarni Watans were no longer required.  

27.Section   3   declared   that   on   and   from   the   appointed   day,

notwithstanding   anything   contained   in   any   law,   usage,   settlement,

grant,   sanad   or   order,   all   Paragana   and   Kulkarni   watans   shall   be

deemed to have been abolished and all rights to hold office and any

liability to render service appertaining to the said watans were hereby

extinguished. 

28.Under Sub-Section (3) of Section 3 of the Abolition Act 1950,

watan land stood resumed and shall be deemed to be subject to the

payment of land revenue under the provisions of the Code as if it were

an unalienated land. Sub-Section (4) of Section 3 extinguished all

incidents appertaining to the said watans. The provisions contained in

Section 4(1) of the Abolition Act 1950 have a material bearing on the

determination of the controversy at hand. It reads as under:

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“4. Holder of watan land to be occupant.

(1) A watan land resumed under the provisions of this Act

shall subject to the provisions of section 4A be regranted to the

holder of the watan to which it appertained, on payment of the

occupancy price equal to twelve times of the amount of the full

assessment to such land within five years from the date of the

coming into force of this Act and the holder shall be deemed to

be an occupant within the meaning of the Code in respect of

such land and shall primarily be liable to pay land revenue to

the State Government in accordance with the provisions of the

Code and the rules made thereunder; all the provisions of the

Code and rules relating to unalienated land shall, subject to the

provisions of this Act, apply to the said land: 

  Provided that in respect of the watan land which has not

been   assigned   towards   the   emoluments   of   the   officiator,

occupancy price equal to six times of the amount of the full

assessment of such land shall be paid by the holder of the land

for its regrant: 

  Provided   further   that   if   the   holder   fails   to   pay   the

occupancy price within the period of five years as provided in

this section, he shall be deemed to be unauthorisedly occupying

the land shall be liable to be summarily ejected in accordance

with the provisions of the Code.  

29.In   the   light   of   the   aforesaid   statutory   regime,   the   proposed

substantial   questions   of   law   formulated   by   Mr.   Anturkar   for

consideration, deserve to be analyzed. 

Q.1  Whether in the light of the admitted fact that the suit property is land

governed by the provisions of the Hereditary Offices Act, it can be held

that by virtue of the payment of  

judi  and the settlement arrived at

between   the   ancestor   of   the   parties   and   the   Government   of

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Maharashtra, the property ceased to be a Watan property?

Q5. Whether,   even   assuming   without   admitting   that   a   settlement   or

arrangement as alleged by the Plaintiff was arrived at regarding the

payment or discharge of 

Judi or assessment in a particular manner, the

Watan   nevertheless   continued   to   exist   until   its   abolition   under   the

Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watan Abolition Act? And if so, whether

after   such   abolition,   the   Watan   having   stood   extinguished   and   the

Watan holder having failed to pay the amount within the prescribed

time under the said Act, the State rightfully resumed possession of the

suit   property   from   persons   in   unauthorized   occupation   thereof,

considering further that the original sale and subsequent transactions

were  effected   without  obtaining   the   requisite   permission  under   the

Hereditary Offices Act?

30. The thrust of the submission of Mr. Anturkar was that despite the

cessation of extraction of services from the erstwhile Watandar, the

character   of   the   watan   land   does   not   change.   The   only   recourse

available to the Watandar/occupant after the enforcement of the Watan

Abolition Act, 1950 was to obtain re-grant of the watan land as an

occupant   thereof   upon   payment   of   the   occupancy   charges.   Laying

emphasis on the phraseology of Section 4 of the Watan Abolition Act,

1950, Mr Anturkar would urge, the failure on the part of Balaji to pay

the   occupancy   charges   despite   ample   opportunity   entailed   the

consequence of resumption of the suit land by the Defendants. 

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31.Mr. Anturkar would further submit that the claim of the Plaintiffs

that   as   the   late   Balaji   and   the   predecessor-in-title   of   the   Balaji

purportedly paid the 

judi and full assessment, the suit land ceased to be

watan land and erstwhile Watandar became the absolute owners of the

property is in teeth of the express statutory provisions. 

32.Mr. Anturkar would urge in view of the provisions of Section 5 of

the Hereditary Offices Act, 1874, the transfer of the suit land by the

Deshpandes to Padalkar was itself void. Thus, no better title could be

conveyed by the successor in interest of Deshpandes to late Balaji. 

33.At   this   juncture   few   uncontroverted   facts   which   have   been

affirmed by concurrent findings of facts are required to be noted. 

34.First,   the   Deshpandes   were   the   Watandars.   Second,   the

Deshpandes alienated the suit land under a registered Sale Deed dated

22

nd

  April 1898 in favour of Padalkar, without obtaining sanction for

alienation under Section 5 of the Hereditary Offices Act, 1874. Third,

the Sale Deed recited, the Deshpandes asserted absolute ownership over

the suit land and claimed that they had been paying  

judi,  and the

Vendee should continue to pay the 

judi to enjoy the absolute ownership

over the suit land. Fourth, Manohar Padalkar further alienated the suit

land   in   favour   of   Balaji   under   the   registered   Sale   Deed   dated   9

th

September 1937. Fifth, Balaji continued to be in occupation of the suit

land till he was dis-possessed on 20

th

 March 1962. The name of Balaji

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was mutated to the Record of Rights of the suit land as a holder thereof.

Sixth, Balaji also paid 

judi and full assessment. 35.As noted above, under Section 15 of the Hereditary Offices Act

1874, the Collector has the power to relieve the Watandar of their

liability  to  perform   services  and,   yet,  continue  to  hold  the  watan.

Admittedly, in the case at hand, the Settlement, which is known as

“Gordon Settlement” was not placed on the record of the Court. 

36.In   the   light   of   the   continuous   possession   of   Balaji   and   his

predecessor-in-title, mutation of their names to the Record of Rights of

the suit land and the payment of 

judi and full assessment, the Courts

below have recorded a finding that the Defendant ought to have  placed

the Settlement, on the record of the Court, to show to the contrary. In

the circumstances of the case, this Court does not find the approach of

the Courts below in the matter of shifting the onus of proof   on the

Defendant, unsustainable. 

37.The question of law that wrenches to the fore is, whether in the

absence of the settlement, the Courts below, on  the basis of the above

referred material, were justified in drawing an inference that the suit

land ceased to be a want land. It is trite, if the question of law is settled

by  binding precedents, it  no longer remains a substantial question of

law. 

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38.This very question arose for consideration before the Division

Bench of this Court in the case of Ramijabi  Maktumsaheb Jamadar Vs

Ghudusaheb Farid Avati.

3

 

39.The Division Bench considered the question, if the property which

was originally watan property is continued with the holder thereof, but

without the holder having to render services and with the full levy of

assessment from him, what is the effect of such continuance on the

nature of the property, i.e. whether the property still continues to be

watan property or whether it is converted into a ryotwari holding in

which the holder is invested with the rights of an ordinary occupant.

Disapproving the view of the learned Singh Judge that the property may

continue   to   be   watan   property,   notwithstanding   the   fact   that   full

assessment has been levied and services have been dispensed with, the

Division Bench observed that, when the Court considers the fact that

watan property is property held, acquired or assigned for providing

remuneration   for   the   performance   of   the   duty   appertaining   to   an

hereditary office, it is difficult indeed to understand how the property

can continue to retain the nature of watan property even after the

cessation of the performance of the duty. The Division Bench approved

an earlier decision in the case of Vishnu Shankar Kulkarni V Shankar

Vasueo (1933) 35 Bom L.R. 114, wherein it was held that, “where not

only the services have been dispensed with, but also the remuneration

3  ILR 1952 Bom 1019.

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for those services has been withdrawn, any question of the property still

remaining watan property” cannot arise. The effect of the Rules was

that the lands which were the original watan lands may be converted

into ordinary ryotwari lands by the levy of full assessment.  

40.In the case of   Ramijabi  Maktumsaheb Jamadar (Supra), the

Division Bench also considered the aspect of inability of the Plaintiff to

place   on   record   an   order   to   the   effect   that   the   watan   land   was

converted into ryotwari land. 

41.The Division Bench observed as under:

“It is true that the plaintiff has not been able to produce any order

to   that   effect   in   black   and   white   from   the   Collector.   But   the

admitted facts of the case justify the interference that such an

order must have been passed. Those facts are: (1) that for a long

time the original holder continued in possession of this property

without rendering the service for which the property was originally

granted to him, and (2) that the said holder became subject to the

levy of full assessment after the commutation of the service. It is

impossible to conceive of a state of affairs in which the revenue

authorities   without   an   order   from   the   Collector   would   have

ventured to discontinue the taking of service from the original

holder of the property and would have ventured to start levying

full assessment from the holder.”

(emphasis supplied)

42. The aforesaid decision appears to govern the facts of the case at

hand with equal force. Apart from the aforesaid conditions adverted to

by the Division Bench, in the instant case there are two more significant

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factors which bear upon the determination of the character of the suit

land. 

43.First, in the entry in the Inam Land Register for the year 1936-

1937 against the suit land, an endorsement was made to the effect that,

“deleted   from   Inam   Land”   in   the   remarks   column.   No   credible

explanation could be offered in regard to the said entry made in the

Inam Land Register. The Court cannot lose sight of the fact that the said

Register   was   required   to   be   mandatorily   maintained   under   the

provisions   of   Section   65   of   the   Hereditary   Offices   Act,   1874.  The

Defendant did not lead cogent evidence to dislodge the presumption of

the authenticity and genuineness of the said entry in the Register, which

was required to be maintained under the statute and appeared to have

been so maintained in official course of business.  

44.Second, vide communication dated 9

th

 May 1972, the Additional

District Collector sought to revise the order passed by the SDO dated 6

th

May 1964, holding that the suit land had ceased to be an Inam Land

prior to abolition of the Paragana Watan Lands. This implied that the

SDO on 6

th

  May 1964 had ruled that the suit land ceased to be the

watan land. Cumulatively,  the material  on record  indicates that  in

addition to the long standing and uninterrupted occupation of the suit

land despite cessation of rendering of the service before 1889, and

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payment of full assessment, there were documents which recorded that

the suit land was deleted from the Register of Inam Lands.

45.In the case of Bachharam Datta Patil and Anr Vs Vishwanath

Pundlik Patil and Ors

4

 a Four Judge Bench of the Supreme Court,

approved the decision in the case of Ramijabi  Maktumsaheb Jamadar

(Supra). In the case of Bachharam Datta Patil and Anr (Supra) also,  the

Supreme Court was confronted with the situation wherein there was no

evidence to indicate on what terms the services had been dispensed

with and the full assessment levied upon the watan lands. In that

factual context, the Supreme Court exposited the position as under:

“7. … … … Thus the conditions to be agreed upon between

the holder of land which was once part of a Watan and the

Government at the time of the commutation may be of      so many   

varieties that in some cases the Watan character of the land may

be maintained, whereas in others the conditions agreed between

the parties may themselves contemplate the cessation of that

character.  In  the   present  case,  apart  from  the   entries  in  the

Record of Rights, we have no other evidence to indicate as to on

what terms the service bad been completely dispensed with in

perpetuity and the full assessment levied upon those lands. , It is

not therefore clear upon the findings of the courts below that

there were any such conditions attaching to the holding of the

lands in question which could be consistent with the continuance

of the original Watan tenure. It is possible to conceive of a case

where the conditions agreed upon provide for the continuance of

4 (1956) 2 SCC 191.

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the Watan tenure in spite of the fact that the holders have been

excused the performance of the customary service. On the other

hand, it may be that there were no conditions agreed between

the   parties continuing   the   Watan character  of  the  land  after

dispensing with the service.”

(emphasis supplied)

46. Giving its imprimatur to  the decision of the Division Bench in

the  case of  Ramijabi Maktumsaheb Jamadar (Supra),  the  Supreme

Court enunciated as under: 

“9.  A similar question arose for decision in the Bombay High

Court in the case of Ramijyabi Muktum Saheb v. Gudusaheb(1)

after the present case had been decided by that Court. In that

case property which was originally Watan was continued with

the holder thereof but without the obligation to render any

service and with the full levy of assessment in respect of the

land. The question arose whether such land continued to be

Watan land with its special incidents as regards alienation, etc.,

or whether it was ordinary occupancy holding. A single Judge of

that Court who heard the appeal in the first instance came to

the conclusion that the land continued to be Watan land. On

Letters Patent Appeal, the Division Bench after a very elaborate

examination of the relevant-rules and precedents came to the

contrary conclusion and held that the land had ceased to have

the character of Watan and was subject to the ordinary law of

land   tenures   in   that   State.   We   are   in   agreement   with   the

conclusion reached by the Letters Patent Bench in that case, the

facts of which were similar to those of the present case. Hence it

must be held that there is neither authority nor principle in

favour of the contention raised on behalf of the appellants.”

(emphasis supplied)

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47. At this stage reference to the decision of the Supreme Court in

the case of  Laxman Mahadev Deshpande and Ors (Supra),  on which

reliance was placed by Mr. Anturkar, becomes apposite.  A Constitution

Bench   of   the   Supreme     Court,   after   adverting   to   the   provisions

contained in the Hereditary Offices Act, 1874, enunciated that it is clear

that the watan property, if any, the hereditary offices, and the rights and

privileges   attached   thereto,   together   constitute   a   watan   and   a

hereditary office does not lose its character merely because the service

originally   appertaining   to   the   office   has   ceased   to   be   demanded.

Commutation   of   service   does   not,   therefore,   in   the   absence   of   an

express agreement to that effect alter the tenure of the land held as

watan. By agreement, the State, for consideration, may agree to relieve

the holder of the office and his successors of the duty to perform the

service for performance of which the grant was made, but the office and

the grant continue, subject to the terms of the settlement under Section

15 of the Bombay Hereditary offices Act, 1874.

48. Referring to a Division Bench judgment of this Court in the case

of  Appaji Bapuji Vs Keshav Shamrav and Ors

5

   the Supreme Court

further enunciated the nature of the tenure of land originally held as

watan land after commutation of service as under:

“5.  In Appaji Bapuji v. Keshav Shamrav (1), the nature of the

tenure of land held originally as (1) (1890) I.L,R. 15 Bow. 13.

5 ILR 15 Bom 13.

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watan land, after commutation of service, fell to be determined

before the Bombay High Court, Sargent C. J., observed at 23 :

"What   is   termed   a   Gordon   Settlement   was   an

arrangement-- entered into in 1864 by a Committee, of

which Mr. Gordon, as Collector, was chairman, acting

on behalf  of  Government with  the  vatandars  in the

Southern Maratha Country, by which the Government

relieved certain vatandars in perpetuity from liability to

perform   the   services   attached   to   their   ices   in

consideration of a '

judi' or quit-rent charged upon the

vatan lands…. the reports of Mr. Gordon's Committee

on   the   Satara   and   Poona   Districts   and   their

correspondence with Government can, we think, leave

no doubt that the settlements made by that committee,

unless   it   was   otherwise   specially   provided   by   any

particular settlement, were not intended by either party

to these settlements, to convert the vatan lands into the

private property of the vatandars with the necessary

incident of alienability, but to leave them attached to

the   hereditary   ices,   which   although   freed   from   the

performance of service remained intact, as shown by

the definition of hereditary ice in the declaratory Act 3

of 1874."

But the Commutation settlement does not confer an indefeasible

title to the grantee, for the right affirmed by the settlement under

Section 15 (3) of the Watan Act is liable to be determined by lapse,

confiscation or resumption (Section 22 of the Watan Act). The

State having created the watan, is entitled to put an end to the

watan i. e. to cancel the watan and to resume the grant : Bacharam

Datta Patil Vs Vishwanath Pundalik Patil. Therefore if there be

mere commutation of service, the watan office ordinarily s   urvives   

without   liability   to   perform   service,   and   on   that   account   the

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character of watan property still remains attached to the grant. But

the   State   Government   may   abolish   the   office   and   release   the

property from its character as watan property.”

49.  A correct reading of the aforesaid enunciation of law, in the

respectful understanding of this Court, does not advance the cause of

the submission sought to be canvassed by Mr Anturkar. If it was the case

of mere commutation, without anything more, different considerations

might have come into play as the very  definition of, “ hereditary office”

itself provides that such expression includes such office even where the

services originally appertaining to it have ceased to be demanded. Thus,

the aforesaid decision in the case of Laxman Mahadev Deshpande and

Ors (Supra) emphasises that, if there is mere commutation of service

only, the watan office ordinarily survives without liability to perform

service,   and   on   that   account   the   character   of   watan   property   still

remains attached  to the grant. 

50.However,   if   there   are   additional   factors   and   concomitant

circumstances, like payment of 

judi and full assessment, or the absence

of any action on the part of the Authorities to resume the land, though

the erstwhile watandar/occupant continued to be in the occupation of

the original watan land for decades together, the principle enunciated in

the case of 

Ramijabi Maktumsaheb Jamadar (Supra) and approved by

the Supreme Court in the case of  Bachharam Datta Patil and Anr

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(Supra) would   govern   the   fact-situation.   As   there   are   concurrent

findings of fact and the law applicable to the proved fact-situation is

settled by the decisions of this Court and the Supreme Court, the above

proposed substantial questions of law do not arise for consideration.  

51. Question Nos. 2 and 3.

Q. 2 Whether the present suit is maintainable in view of the provisions

of   the   Maharashtra   Land   Revenue   Code,   the   Code   of   Civil

Procedure, and the Maharashtra Revenue (Jurisdiction) Act, for

challenging   the   mutation   entry   effected   in   respect   of   the   suit

property?

Q. 3 Whether without first challenging the orders and actions taken

under the provisions of the Bombay Paragana and Kulkarni Watan

Abolition Act, it is open to the Plaintiff to merely question the

mutation   entry   and   seek   recovery   of   possession   of   the   suit

property?

52. Mr. Anturkar, strenuously submitted that the principal relief in

the suit is the declaration that the entry in   the Record of Rights in

respect   of   the   suit   land   as   “Akari   Pad”   is   illegal,   a   suit   for   such

declaration is not tenable before the Civil Court. As a second limb of

this   submission,  it  was  urged  that   the  action  of   the  Defendant  in

pursuance of the provisions contained in the Hereditary Offices Act,

1874,   and   the   Watan   Abolition   Act,   1950,   could   not   have   been

challenged before the Civil Court, in view of the specific bar contained

in Section 4 (a) and (d) of the Bombay Revenue Jurisdiction Act, 1876. 

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53.Ms. Tulpule, the learned Counsel for the Respondents joined the

issue by canvassing a submission that the issue of jurisdiction though

not raised by the Defendants with reference to the provisions contained

in Act of 1876, yet, the learned District Judge has considered the same

and recorded a justifiable finding that the Civil Court has  jurisdiction to

entertain the Suit and grant the relief as  prayed for, by the Plaintiffs.

To this end Ms. Tulpule placed reliance on the judgment of the Supreme

Court in the case of Sayed Mohomed Baquir El-Edroos Vs State of

Gujarat,

6

  and   this   Court   in   the   cases   of  Sheth Abdullamiyan

Abdulraheman Vs The Government of The Province of Bombay (The

Secretary of State For India)

7

 and Gopinath S/o Ganpatrao Pensalwar Vs

State of Maharashtra and Anr.

8

 Since the question sought to be raised is

settled   by   the   binding   precedents,   no   question   of   law   arises   for

consideration, urged Ms. Tulpule. 

54.The legal position is well-settled that if the Authorities under the

statute have passed the orders beyond the remit of their jurisdiction, or

the order amounts to a nullity or the order has been passed in violation

of the provisions of the governing statute or was in breach of the

fundamental principles of judicial  process, the Civil Court's jurisdiction

is not ousted.

6 (1981) 4 SCC 383.

7  1942 ILR Bombay Series 717.

8 2007(1) Mh.L.J. 819.

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55.It is trite a plaint is required to be read as a whole, including its

prayer clauses. The prayers in the plaint cannot be dissected and then

read in isolation. The entire context of the dispute  and the import of

the the prayers in the plaint are required to  be construed in a holistic

manner. 

56.In the case at hand from the perusal of the prayer clause (a) it

becomes abundantly clear that the Plaintiffs were essentially seeking the

declarations that they continued to be the full and absolute owners of

the suit land and by the action of resumption of possession of suit land

and the mutation entries in the Record of Rights that the suit land was,

“Akari Pad”, their title  was not lost.  In addition to the declarations, the

Plaintiffs have also sought a relief of restoration of possession of suit

land. 

57.In the considered view of this Court, the prayer in the first part of

clause (a) of the Plaint cannot be read disjointed from the later part and

torn out of context. A declaration with regard to the illegality of the

entries in the Record of Rights is, if the plaint is read in a correct

perspective, essentially a relief consequential to the declaration that the

rights of  the Plaintiffs in the suit land are not extinguished on account

of the resumption of possession and that the Plaintiffs are the full and

absolute owners of the suit land. 

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58.If so construed the reliefs of declaration and possession of the suit

land squarely fall within the plenary and omnipresent jurisdiction of

Civil Court. In the case of Gopinath S/o Ganpatrao Pensalwar (Supra), a

Full Bench of this Court considered the scope of bar under Section 11 of

the Act of 1876. Following an earlier decision in the case of Sheth

Abdullamiyan Abdulraheman (Supra), the Full Bench enunciated the

position in law as under:

“13.  Section 11of the Act of 1876 can not, in our view, be said

to create a bar in entertaining the suit relating to an action of

the Revenue Officer, where he purports to do an act which is

without   jurisdiction.   It   goes   without   saying   that   where   an

authority acts without jurisdiction or purports to pass an order,

that is without jurisdiction, such order is void, non est and

nullity. We do not think it is necessary for us to deal with this

aspect at length, as we are benefited by the Full Bench decision

of this Court in the case of (Abdullamiyan Abdulrehman v. The

Government of Bombay) Vol. XLIV (1942) Bom.L.R. 577. The

Full Bench of this Court had an occasion to consider  Section

11of the Act of 1876. The Full Bench considered few decisions

of this Court in the case of (Surannanna v. Secretary of State for

India) 2 Bom.L.R. 261;  (Malkajepa Vs Secretaruy of State for

India)  14 Bom.L.R. 332;  (Rasulkhan Hamadkhan Vs Secretary

of State for India) 17 Bom.L.R. 513; (Dhanji v. The Secretary of

State)   23   Bom.L.R.   279;   (Patdaya   v.   Secretary   of   State)   25

Bom.L.R. 1160; (Sulleman v. Secretary of State) 30 Bom.L.R.

431 and (Manibhai v. Nadiad City Municipality) 28 Bom.L.R.

1465, and concluded the legal position thus:

“Those cases have established the principle that where

an authority which purports to pass an order is acting

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without  jurisdiction,  the   purported   order  is a mere

nullity, as Sir Lawrence Jenkins puts it, it is mere waste

paper; and it is not necessary for anybody who objects

to that order, to apply to set it aside. He can rely on its

invalidity when it is set up against him, although he

has   not   taken   steps   to   set   it   aside.   The   Advocate

General does not dispute the proposition established

by those cases, but he says that the principle does not

apply   to   Section   11   of   the   Bombay   Revenue

Jurisdiction Act, which  operates when an appeal is

possible, and not merely when it is obligatory. I find it

difficult to see why the principle should not apply. If

the true principle be, as those cases decided, that an

order, or what purports to be an order, passed without

jurisdiction, is a nullity, it cannot give rise to any right

whatever, not even to a right of appeal.”

14. It was held by the Full Bench that on a strict use of language

an order which is invalid, is not an order. It was further held

that where the revenue officer purports to do an act or pass an

order which is invalid, his action does not operate to raise a bar

under Section 11 of the Act of 1876.

15. We are in full agreement with the view of the Full Bench in

the case of Abdullamiyan Abdulrehman (supra)”.

59. The aforesaid position is well neigh settled. Consistent with the

findings  that the suit land had ceased to be a watan land before  the

enforcement of Watan Abolition Act 1950, the Defendants could not

have resorted to the provisions of the Watan Abolition Act, 1950 to

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resume the possession of the suit land. Thus, the view of the leaned

District Judge that the Civil Court had jurisdiction to entertain and

decide the Suit and grant the relief of declaration of title over the suit

land, appears justifiable. For these reasons the proposed substantial

questions of law do not arise for consideration.

60.Lastly, Mr. Anturkar would urge, in the facts of the case the

question as to whether the suit was barred by law of limitation, assumes

the character of substantial question of law.  

61. The learned District Judge has carefully analyzed the issue of bar

of limitation. As noted above, the Defendants resumed the possession of

the suit land on 20

th

 March 1962. The instant suit came to be instituted

on 11

th

 March 1974. The Plaintiffs asserted title over the suit land. For

the reasons recorded in the forgoing paragraphs, this Court finds that

there was no error on the part of the learned District Judge in returning

a finding that, the Plaintiffs are the absolute owners of the suit land. A

suit instituted within twelve years for recovery of possession of land of

which the predecessor-in-title of the Plaintiffs was illegally dispossessed

would squarely be within the period of limitation. Otherwise also, the

suit for recovery of possession of the suit land within twelve years from

the date of dispossession would be within the period of limitation, even

if the suit is considered to be based on previous possession and not title.

Thus, in the facts of the case, bar of limitation plainly does not operate. 

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62.The conspectus of the aforesaid consideration is that none of the

proposed questions commends itself as a substantial question of law.

The action of the Defendant in resuming the possession of the suit land

was   completely   illegal.   Thus,   the   Second   Appeal   deserves   to   be

dismissed. 

INTERIM APPLICATION (STAMP) NO. 25639 OF 2025:

63.  The Applicants claim that Pandurang Gavandi, the predecessor-

in-title of the Applicants was put in possession of the suit land, as lessee

under a registered Lease Deed dated 25

th

 October 1948. Late Pandurang

Gavandi continued to be in exclusive use and possession of the suit

land. Eventually, on account of the failure on the part of the Balaji, the

predecessor-in-title of the Plaintiffs, to pay the occupancy price, the

possession of the suit land was resumed by the State Government on

20

th

 March 1962 and in the Record of Rights of the suit land an entry of

“Akari Pad”, was made. 

64.The Applicants assert, while the challenge to the said action of

resumption of possession and the entries in the Record of Rights of the

suit land awaited adjudication, the Tahsildar by an order dated 23

rd

April 2001, re-granted the suit land to the Applicants. The Plaintiffs

unsuccessfully assailed the said order before the Revenue Authorities

and ultimately in Writ Petition No. 1204 of 2010 by a judgment and

order dated 3

rd

 January 2024,  the order of re-grant of suit land passed

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by the Tahsildar was set aside with a clarification that the entitlement, if

any, of the Applicants and their predecessor-in-title to seek re-grant of

land would depend on the final outcome of the Civil Appeal then

pending before the District Court. Liberty was reserved to the Applicants

to initiate appropriate proceedings depending on the outcome of the

said Civil Appeal. Thus, the Applicants are vitally interested in the

subject matter of the Suit.

65.By the impugned judgment, the learned District Judge has also

rejected the intervention application filed by the Applicants before the

District Court.  The Applicants are seriously aggrieved by the impugned

judgment and decree as it affects the rights of the Applicants. Thus, the

Applicants   seek   leave   to   prefer   an   Appeal   against   the   impugned

judgment and decree. 

66.As noted above, the Applicants have also filed an Application for

impleadment as party-Respondents in Second Appeal No. 397 of 2025.

67.The substratum of the claim of the Applicants seems to be the

order of re-grant passed by the Tahsildar on 23

rd

  April 2001. In Writ

Petition No. 1204 of 2010, this Court has quashed and set aside the said

order of re-grant, as well as the orders passed by the Appellate and

Revisional Authorities affirming the said order passed by the Tahsildar

opining,

  inter  alia,  that   issue   of   entitlement   or   otherwise   of   the

Applicants   to   the   re-grant   of   the   land   squarely   depends   upon   the

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outcome of the Civil Appeal preferred against the decree of possession

passed by the Trial Court in SC 111 of 1974. Thus, it would be prudent

to await the outcome of the said Appeal, granting liberty to the parties

to work out their remedies after the said decision. 

68.Incontrovertibly, the possession of the suit land was resumed by

the  Defendant  on 20

th

  March  1962.  The predecessor-in-title of  the

Applicants was in possession of the suit land as a lessee thereof. No

effort was made to join the issue on the nature and character of the

possession of the predecessor-in-title of the Applicants over the suit

land.   Thus,   on   first   principles,   the   Applicants   now   cannot   assert

independent rights emanating from the Lease Deed. The Applicants case

rests on the purported re-grant of the suit land to the Applicants; which

has been set aside on 3

rd

  January 2024, by this Court. Whether the

Applicants still hold right and interest in the suit land?

69. The learned District Judge has recorded that the Applicants have

transferred their right and interest in the suit land in favour of the

Dattatray Dhone under a registered Lease Deed dated 29

th

  December

2007 and registered Confirmation Deed dated 7

th

 November 2008, after

the order of re-grant. On the strength thereof the transferees Dattatray

Dhone sought impleadment in the then pending Appeal before the

District Court. The Application for impleadment was allowed by the

District Court. However, in Writ Petition No. 12905 of 2019, by an order

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dated 24

th

 October 2018, the said order of impleadment of the Dattatray

Dhone was quashed and set aside. A Special Leave to Appeal (C) No.

2419 of 2020 was dismissed by the Supreme Court on 21

st

 May 2020.

The learned District Judge thus held that the Applicants have no locus

to seek impleadment in the Appeal. 

70.In the backdrop of the aforesaid facts, it is imperative to note that

the Applicants do not seem to have any subsisting right or interest in

the suit land. They have no semblance of interest in the suit land in

presentee. 

71.Secondly, the claim of the Applicants stems from order of re-grant

dated 23

rd

 April 2001. The said grant was subject to the principle of 

lis

pendense

. The Applicants do not claim that there is any privity between

the   Applicants   and   the   Plaintiffs.   Conversely,   the   presence   of   the

Applicants did not appear to be necessary for the effective and complete

adjudication of the lis. The mere fact that the Applicants seek to support

the action of the Defendant does not make them either a necessary or

proper party to the proceeding. 

72.The Applicants may agitate the issue of re-grant of the suit land

in view of the liberty granted by this Court in Writ Petition No. 1204 of

2010. However, that does not necessarily imply that the Applicants are

aggrieved by the impugned judgment and decree. 

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73.For the aforesaid reasons, I am not inclined to grant leave to the

Applicants to prefer the Second Appeal and allow the Application for

imleadment of the Applicants as the party-Respondents to the Second

Appeal No. 397 of 2025.

74.Consequently the Application to seek leave to Appeal as well as

the application seeking impleadment in Second Appeal No. 397 of 2025

deserve to be rejected. 

75.Hence, the following order:

: O R D E R :

(i)  The Second Appeal No. 397 of 2025 stands dismissed with costs.

(ii) All pending Applications including Interim Application No. 10619

of   2025   for   impleadment   of   the   Applicants   therein   as   party-

Respondents, in Second Appeal No. 397 of 2025, stand dismissed. 

(iv) Interim Application (Stamp) No. 25639 of 2025 in Second Appeal

(Stamp) No. 25320 of 2025 seeking leave to prefer Appeal also stands

dismissed.

(v) Consequently, the Second Appeal (Stamp) No. 25320 of 2025 and

all pending Applications in Second Appeal (Stamp) No. 25320 of 2025,

also stand dismissed. 

[N. J. JAMADAR, J.]

At this stage, the  learned counsel for  the Appellant and the

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Applicants in Interim Application (Stamp) No. 25639 of 2025 seek stay

to  execution  and   operation   to   the  impugned  decree.  The  Court   is

informed that in  the execution proceedings filed by the Plaintiffs, the

Applicants in Interim Application (Stamp) No. 25639 of 2025, had filed

obstruction proceedings.  

  Having regard to the fact that possession of the subject land was

taken by the State Government in the year 1962, and the Applicant in

IA No. 10619 of 2025 have transferred the subject land in favaour of

Dattatray Dhone, the prayer for grant of stay to the execution and

operation of the impugned decree cannot be countenanced. 

  Thus, oral applications to stay the execution and operation of the

impugned decree stand rejected.

[N. J. JAMADAR, J.]

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Reference cases

Description

The recent pronouncement by the High Court of Bombay in the case of The State of Maharashtra v. Chandrabai Balaji Walvekar (Second Appeal No. 397 of 2025) offers critical insights into Watan Land Abolition Law and the scope of Civil Court Jurisdiction in Revenue Matters. This significant judgment, alongside related interim applications, is now fully analyzed and accessible on CaseOn, providing legal professionals with a comprehensive understanding of its implications.

Case Background: A Century-Old Land Dispute

This long-standing legal battle, spanning over three-quarters of a century, revolves around a plot of land (Survey No. 65/1, admeasuring 4 acres 11 gunthas) in Village Parvati, Pune, originally classified as ‘watan land’ belonging to the Deshpande family under the Paragana and Kulkarni Watan regime. The land was sold in 1898 to Manohar Padalkar, who subsequently sold it to Balaji Walvekar, the predecessor-in-title of the Plaintiffs, in 1937. Balaji Walvekar's name was duly mutated in the Record of Rights, and he regularly paid 'judi' (a form of rent) and full assessment for the land.

The crux of the dispute arose with the enactment of The Bombay Paragana And Kulkarni Watans (Abolition) Act, 1950 (the "Watan Abolition Act"). This Act abolished all Paragana and Kulkarni Watans, resuming watan lands. Section 4 provided for re-grant of these lands to the original watan holders upon payment of an occupancy price. The State contended that Balaji Walvekar failed to pay this price despite a notice in 1953, leading to the resumption of the land by the Circle Officer on March 20, 1962, and the entry of "Akari Pad" (resumed) in the Record of Rights. However, an earlier order by the Prant Officer (SDO) on May 6, 1964, declared that the suit land had ceased to be watan land, an order the Additional District Collector later sought to revise in 1972.

Aggrieved by the resumption and the entries, the Plaintiffs (Balaji Walvekar's successors) instituted a suit in 1974, seeking a declaration that their title was not extinguished, the resumption was illegal, and demanding restoration of possession. The Trial Court partly decreed the suit in favor of the Plaintiffs, finding their title proven and the State's actions unlawful. The District Judge upheld this decision, dismissing the State’s appeal and allowing the Plaintiffs’ cross-objection for future mesne profits. This led the State Government to file the Second Appeal before the High Court.

Legal Issues Before the High Court

Issue 1: Character of Watan Land Post-Settlement

Whether, given the payment of ‘judi’ and full assessment and a historical settlement, the suit property ceased to be 'Watan property' before the Watan Abolition Act, 1950, came into force, thereby making its resumption by the State unlawful.

Issue 2: Civil Court's Jurisdiction

Whether the Civil Court had the jurisdiction to entertain a suit challenging mutation entries and actions taken under the Hereditary Offices Act, 1874, and the Watan Abolition Act, 1950, particularly given the specific bars in the Maharashtra Revenue Jurisdiction Act, 1876.

Issue 3: Bar of Limitation

Whether the Plaintiffs' suit for recovery of possession, filed in 1974 after dispossession in 1962, was barred by the law of limitation.

Issue 4: Intervenors' Right to Appeal

Whether the applicants in Interim Application No. 25639 of 2025, claiming rights as lessees whose re-grant order was quashed, should be granted leave to file an appeal against the impugned decree.

Governing Legal Principles

Hereditary Offices Act, 1874 & Watan Abolition Act, 1950

The Court delved into the definitions and provisions of the Hereditary Offices Act, 1874, which defines "Watan property" and "Hereditary Office," highlighting that such property is held for remuneration for services. Section 5 prohibits the alienation of watan land without government sanction, and Section 15 empowers the Collector to relieve watandars of their service liability under agreed conditions. Crucially, Section 65 mandates the maintenance of registers for watan lands.

The Watan Abolition Act, 1950, served to abolish these watans, resuming the lands and allowing for their re-grant to watan holders upon payment of an occupancy price. Failure to pay within the stipulated period rendered occupation unauthorized, liable for summary ejectment.

Precedents on Watan Character

The High Court relied heavily on the Division Bench judgment in Ramijabi Maktumsaheb Jamadar Vs Ghudusaheb Farid Avati (ILR 1952 Bom 1019), which held that if a watan holder continues in possession without rendering services and is subjected to full assessment, the property ceases to be watan land and is converted into a ryotwari holding, even in the absence of an explicit order. This principle was subsequently approved by the Supreme Court in Bachharam Datta Patil and Anr Vs Vishwanath Pundlik Patil and Ors ((1956) 2 SCC 191).

The Court distinguished the Constitution Bench judgment in Collector of South Satara And Anr Vs Laxman Mahadev Deshpande and Ors (AIR 1964 SC 326), which held that mere commutation of services does not necessarily alter the character of watan land. The distinction lay in the presence of additional factors beyond mere commutation in the present case.

Precedents on Civil Court Jurisdiction

Regarding the Civil Court’s jurisdiction, the Court referenced judgments such as Sayed Mohomed Baquir El-Edroos Vs State of Gujarat ((1981) 4 SCC 383) and Gopinath S/o Ganpatrao Pensalwar Vs State of Maharashtra and Anr (2007(1) Mh.L.J. 819). These decisions establish that civil courts retain jurisdiction when revenue authorities act beyond their statutory powers, or when their orders are a nullity, as such actions do not create a valid bar under the Maharashtra Revenue Jurisdiction Act, 1876.

Court's Analysis and Rationale

On Watan Character (Issue 1)

The High Court carefully considered the concurrent findings of fact by the lower courts. It noted Balaji Walvekar's continuous possession since 1937, the mutation of his name, and the payment of ‘judi’ and full assessment. Crucially, the Defendant (State) failed to produce the terms of the "Gordon Settlement" or any document to counter the Plaintiffs' claim that the land had ceased to be watan. The Court affirmed that in such circumstances, the burden of proof shifted to the Defendant.

Further, two significant pieces of evidence supported the Plaintiffs: an entry in the Inam Land Register (1936-1937) stating "deleted from Inam Land," and the SDO's order dated May 6, 1964, which explicitly ruled that the suit land had ceased to be an Inam Land. The Additional District Collector's later attempt to revise this SDO order in 1972 was insufficient to nullify its original impact. The Court concluded that these cumulative factors—long, uninterrupted occupation without service, full assessment payment, and official entries reflecting its non-watan status—demonstrated that the land had indeed transformed from watan to ryotwari land before the 1950 Act.

On Civil Court Jurisdiction (Issue 2)

The Court found the Civil Court's jurisdiction to be justifiable. The Plaintiffs’ suit, seeking a declaration of title and the illegality of the "Akari Pad" entries, along with possession, implicitly challenged the State's resumption action as being beyond jurisdiction. Since the land was found to have ceased being watan land, the State's attempt to resume it under the Watan Abolition Act, 1950, was an action taken without proper authority, making the resulting orders a nullity. Consistent with established precedents, the Civil Court rightly exercised its plenary jurisdiction to adjudicate such matters.

On Limitation (Issue 3)

The Court upheld the lower court's finding that the suit was within the period of limitation. The Plaintiffs were dispossessed on March 20, 1962, and the suit was instituted on March 11, 1974. A suit for recovery of possession of land based on title or previous possession is typically subject to a 12-year limitation period, which was observed in this case. Therefore, the argument of the suit being time-barred was rejected.

On Intervenors' Application (Issue 4)

The applications by the intervenors (legal representatives of Pandurang Gavandi) for leave to appeal and impleadment were dismissed. Their primary claim stemmed from a re-grant order passed by the Tahsildar in 2001, which was subsequently quashed by the High Court in 2024, with the Supreme Court also dismissing a Special Leave to Appeal. Furthermore, the intervenors had transferred their interest in the suit land to Dattatray Dhone, whose application for impleadment was also quashed earlier. The High Court concluded that without any subsisting right or interest in the suit land, and in light of the quashed re-grant order, they were neither necessary nor proper parties to the appeal.

For legal professionals grappling with such nuanced procedural points, CaseOn.in's 2-minute audio briefs offer an invaluable tool, distilling key arguments and rulings to ensure quick, yet comprehensive, analysis of judgments like these.

Conclusion and Final Orders

In light of the detailed analysis, the High Court of Bombay concluded that no substantial questions of law arose for consideration. The action of the State Government in resuming possession of the suit land was deemed completely illegal. Consequently, the Second Appeal filed by the State of Maharashtra (SA No. 397 of 2025) was dismissed with costs. All pending applications, including the interim application for impleadment (IA No. 10619 of 2025) and the application seeking leave to appeal (IA No. 25639 of 2025 in SA (Stamp) No. 25320 of 2025), were also dismissed. Oral applications for stay of execution and operation of the impugned decree were rejected due to the intervenors having transferred their interest in the land.

Why This Judgment is Important for Lawyers and Law Students

This judgment serves as a pivotal reference for understanding the complex interplay between historical land tenures, statutory abolition laws, and civil court jurisdiction. For lawyers, it reinforces the importance of meticulous documentary evidence in establishing property rights, especially in cases involving ancient settlements and land reforms. It provides clarity on when 'watan land' ceases to be so, even in the absence of explicit orders, based on consistent actions like paying full assessment and cessation of hereditary services. For law students, it's an excellent case study on the application of the IRAC method to analyze intricate property law issues, the doctrine of res judicata (implied, regarding prior orders), and the limitations of administrative actions when they exceed statutory authority. It also illustrates the procedural aspects of appeals and intervenor rights.

Disclaimer

All information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, readers should consult with a qualified legal professional for advice on any specific legal matter.

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