This appeal contests the NCLAT's ruling from December 21, 2018, which affirmed the respondent's challenge to the NCLT's July 26, 2018 rejection of their Section 9 petition under the IBC, ...
REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1137 OF 2019
KAY BOUVET ENGINEERING LTD. ...APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
OVERSEAS INFRASTRUCTURE
ALLIANCE (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED ...RESPONDENT(S)
J U D G M E N T
B.R. GAVAI, J.
1.This appeal challenges the judgment and order passed by
the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (hereinafter
referred to as the “NCLAT”) dated 21
st
December 2018, thereby
allowing the appeal filed by respondent herein. The respondent
herein had preferred an appeal being Company Appeal (AT)
(Insolvency) No. 582 of 2018, challenging the order passed by
the National Company Law Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as
1
the “NCLT”) dated 26
th
July 2018, thereby rejecting the petition
being C.P. (IB)20(MB)/2018, filed by the respondent herein
under Section 9 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
(hereinafter referred to as the “IBC”). By the impugned order
dated 21
st
December 2018, the NCLAT while allowing the
appeal, has remitted back the matter to the NCLT with a
direction to admit the petition filed by the respondent herein
under Section 9 of the IBC after giving limited notice to the
appellant herein so as to enable it to settle the claim.
2.The facts in brief giving rise to the present appeal are as
under:
The Government of India extended Dollar Line of Credit
(hereinafter referred to as the “LoC”) of USD 150 Million to the
Republic of Sudan through Exim Bank of India (hereinafter
referred to as the “Exim Bank”) for carrying out Mashkour
Sugar Project in Sudan. This was in two tranches of USD 25
Million and USD 125 Million. On 26
th
January 2009, the first
tranche of USD 25 Million was executed between Republic of
2
Sudan and Exim Bank for financing the Mashkour Sugar
Project. On 11
th
October 2009, Mashkour Sugar Company
Limited, Sudan (hereinafter referred to as the “Mashkour”)
entered into an agreement with the respondentOverseas
Infrastructure Alliance (India) Private Limited (hereinafter
referred to as the “Overseas”) for USD 149,975,000 to be
financed by Exim Bank. As per the said agreement, Mashkour
was to nominate a subcontractor. A subsequent agreement
was entered into on 14
th
April 2010, between Mashkour and
Overseas for payment of USD 25 Million to Overseas towards
“design and engineering package and plant civil package
including site mobilization”. In response to the invitation by
Mashkour, the appellantKay Bouvet Engineering Limited
(hereinafter referred to as the “Kay Bouvet”) submitted its bid
as a subcontractor for supply, erection and completion of the
Sugar Plant at Sudan, which was accepted by Mashkour. On
18
th
December 2010, a Memorandum of Understanding
(hereinafter referred to as the “MoU”) was entered into between
Mashkour, Overseas and Kay Bouvet at Khartoum, Sudan. The
3
said MoU provided that the contract has to be governed by the
laws of Sudan. The same MoU also defined roles and
responsibilities of each of the parties. On the same date, a
Tripartite Agreement was also executed between all the three
parties vide which, Kay Bouvet was appointed as a sub
contractor for executing the whole work of designing,
engineering, supply, installation, erection, testing and
completion of Factory Plant for Mashkour Sugar Company for
an amount of USD 106.200 Million.
3.On 29
th
March 2011, Overseas vide an email sent to
Mashkour confirmed that under the Tripartite Agreement,
Mashkour was to release payment of first tranche of LoC to
Overseas and the Overseas in turn was to release payment of
USD 10.62 Million to Kay Bouvet on submission of Advance
Bank Guarantee and Performance Bank Guarantee by Kay
Bouvet to Mashkour. Vide letter dated 21
st
April 2011, Exim
Bank informed Overseas that an amount of Rs.46.58 Crore had
been remitted to its bank account. Overseas vide letter of the
4
same date confirmed to Mashkour about receipt of funds and
further informed that it will release USD 10.62 Million to Kay
Bouvet on submission of requisite bank guarantees. On 28
th
July 2011, Kay Bouvet informed Overseas that it had submitted
necessary Guarantees to Mashkour. On the advice of
Mashkour, Overseas paid an amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/ to
Kay Bouvet. There were certain disputes with regard to
exchange rate, on account of which, Kay Bouvet informed
Mashkour that it ought to have been paid more amount in
Indian Rupees.
4.After execution of second tranche of USD 125 Million on
24
th
July 2013, between Republic of Sudan and Exim Bank, an
agreement was executed between Mashkour and Overseas on
9
th
February 2014, for balance amount of USD 124,975,000 for
financing the final part of the Sugar Factory Project. On 30
th
October 2014, Overseas informed Exim Bank to transfer partial
amount of USD 95,580,000 in favour of Kay Bouvet from the
funds to be received under the LoC in relation to Sugar Project.
5
5.It appears that in the meantime, there was certain
exchange of communications between the Ministry of External
Affairs, Government of India (hereinafter referred to as the
“GoI”) and the Sudan Government. In pursuance to such
exchange of communications, on 17
th
April 2017, the
Ambassador of Sudan to India addressed to the Minister of
State of External Affairs, GoI and advised to terminate the
contract of Mashkour with Overseas and in turn to appoint Kay
Bouvet as a Contractor. In response thereto, the Ministry of
External Affairs informed the Ambassador of Sudan that it will
be necessary to execute an agreement with Kay Bouvet in order
to enable Exim Bank to release funds to Kay Bouvet. Vide
communication dated 25
th
April 2017, the Ambassador of
Sudan informed Mashkour to enter an agreement with Kay
Bouvet as a direct contract for unutilized portion of GoI’s LoC
for USD 150 Million. It was also informed that the advance
amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/ received by Kay Bouvet from the
first tranche of USD 25 Million was to be adjusted against
supplies to be made to Mashkour for completing the project.
6
6.On 15
th
June 2017, Mashkour terminated the contract
with Overseas for failure on its part to perform the duties.
Overseas filed a Civil Suit being No. 785 of 2017 before the
High Court of Bombay seeking specific performance of contract
and an order of injunction from appointing Kay Bouvet as a
Contractor in the Mashkour Project. Notice of Motion No. 1314
of 2017 was also moved for injunction. Vide order dated 27
th
June 2017, prayer for ad interim relief made by Overseas came
to be rejected by the Bombay High Court.
7.Vide communication dated 5
th
July 2017, Mashkour
informed Kay Bouvet about the developments and termination
of contract and further informed that the advance payment of
Rs.47,12,10,000/ received by Kay Bouvet from Overseas, was
to be adjusted against supplies to be made to Mashkour for
completion of the Project. It was further informed that
Overseas will not claim back the said amount from Kay Bouvet.
Accordingly, on the same day an agreement came to be
executed between Mashkour and Kay Bouvet. The same was
7
informed by the Ambassador of Sudan to the Ministry of
External Affairs on 11
th
July 2017.
8.A Demand Notice under Section 8 of the IBC was served
upon Kay Bouvet by Overseas alleging default under the
Tripartite Agreement and claiming an amount of USD 10.62
Million, paid by Overseas to Kay Bouvet. Kay Bouvet vide
communication dated 6
th
December 2017, denied the claim of
Overseas. It was specifically pointed out that the amount
which was paid to Kay Bouvet by Overseas, was received on
behalf of Mashkour and it was only routed through Overseas
and the same stands adjusted under new agreement. On 27
th
December 2017, Overseas claiming itself to be an Operational
Creditor, filed a petition under Section 9 of the IBC before
NCLT, Mumbai being CP (IB) No.20(MB)/2018. Vide order
dated 26
th
July 2018, the NCLT dismissed the petition.
Overseas carried the same in an appeal being Company Appeal
(AT) (Insolvency) No. 582 of 2018 before the NCLAT. By the
impugned order dated 21
st
December 2018, NCLAT allowed the
8
appeal as aforesaid. Being aggrieved thereby, the appellantKay
Bouvet has approached this Court.
9.Shri Jayant Bhushan, learned Senior Counsel appearing
on behalf of the appellantKay Bouvet submitted that by no
stretch of imagination, the claim made by Overseas could be
considered to be an “Operational Debt” and as such, Overseas
cannot be an “Operational Creditor”, enabling it to invoke the
jurisdiction of NCLT under Section 9 of the IBC. Shri Bhushan
further submitted that Kay Bouvet could not have moved as a
Financial Creditor and as such, by stretching the definition of
“Operational Creditor”, though it does not fit in the same, has
filed the proceedings under Section 9 of the IBC. The learned
Senior Counsel submitted that no amount is receivable by
Overseas from Kay Bouvet in respect of the provisions of goods
or services, including employment or a debt in respect of the
payment of dues and as such, it will not fit in the definition of
“Operational Debt” as provided under subsection (21) of
Section 5 of the IBC. The learned Senior Counsel submitted
9
that by the same analogy, Overseas would also not fall under
the definition of “Operational Creditor”.
10.Shri Bhushan further submitted that as a matter of fact,
the payment which was made to Kay Bouvet by Overseas, was
from the amount received by it from Mashkour. He submitted
that the material placed on record would clearly fortify this
position. The learned Senior Counsel submitted that, in any
case, perusal of Clause 14.1 of the Tripartite Agreement would
clearly show that the amount so paid, was paid by Mashkour to
Overseas. It is submitted that in any case, the material placed
on record and specifically the Demand Notice and reply thereto,
clearly showed that there was an “existence of dispute” and as
such, the NCLT had rightly dismissed the petition. It is
submitted that, however, the NCLAT has misconstrued the
provisions and allowed the appeal and directed admission of
Section 9 petition. It is submitted that the jurisdiction of the
adjudicating authorities under IBC is limited and it can
10
adjudicate only on the limited areas that are delineated in the
Statute.
11.Shri C.A. Sundaram, learned Senior Counsel appearing for
respondent–Overseas, on the contrary, asserts that the amount
which was paid to Kay Bouvet, was the amount paid from the
funds of Overseas and not from Mashkour. He submitted that
perusal of material placed on record would reveal that Kay
Bouvet has admitted of receiving the amount from Overseas
and once the party admits of any claim, the same would come
in the definition of “Operational Debt” as defined under sub
section (21) of Section 5 of the IBC and enable the party to
whom admission is made to file the proceedings under Section
9 of the IBC being an “Operational Creditor”. The learned
Senior Counsel therefore submitted that NCLAT rightly
considered the provisions and allowed the appeal of Overseas
and directed admission of Section 9 petition. He therefore
submitted that the present appeal deserves to be dismissed.
11
12.Though, elaborate submissions have been made on behalf
of both the parties, we are of the considered view that the
present appeal can be decided on a short ground without going
into the other aspects of the matter. It will be relevant to refer
to Sections 8 and 9 of the IBC:
“8. Insolvency resolution by operational
creditor.—(1) An operational creditor may, on
the occurrence of a default, deliver a demand
notice of unpaid operational debtor copy of an
invoice demanding payment of the amount
involved in the default to the corporate debtor in
such form and manner as may be prescribed.
(2) The corporate debtor shall, within a period of
ten days of the receipt of the demand notice or
copy of the invoice mentioned in subsection (1)
bring to the notice of the operational creditor—
(a) existence of a dispute, [if any, or] record
of the pendency of the suit or arbitration
proceedings filed before the receipt of such
notice or invoice in relation to such dispute;
(b) the [payment] of unpaid operational debt
—
(i) by sending an attested copy of the
record of electronic transfer of the
unpaid amount from the bank account
of the corporate debtor; or
(ii) by sending an attested copy of record
that the operational creditor has
12
encashed a cheque issued by the
corporate debtor.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, a
“demand notice” means a notice served by an
operational creditor to the corporate debtor
demanding [payment] of the operational debt in
respect of which the default has occurred.
9. Application for initiation of corporate
insolvency resolution process by operational
creditor.—(1) After the expiry of the period of ten
days from the date of delivery of the notice or
invoice demanding payment under subsection
(1) of Section 8, if the operational creditor does
not receive payment from the corporate debtor or
notice of the dispute under subsection (2) of
Section 8, the operational creditor may file an
application before the Adjudicating Authority for
initiating a corporate insolvency resolution
process.
(2) The application under subsection (1) shall be
filed in such form and manner and accompanied
with such fee as may be prescribed.
(3) The operational creditor shall, along with the
application furnish—
(a) a copy of the invoice demanding payment
or demand notice delivered by the
operational creditor to the corporate debtor;
(b) an affidavit to the effect that there is no
notice given by the corporate debtor relating
to a dispute of the unpaid operational debt;
(c) a copy of the certificate from the financial
institutions maintaining accounts of the
operational creditor confirming that there is
13
no payment of an unpaid operational
debt [by the corporate debtor, if available;]
[(d) a copy of any record with information
utility confirming that there is no payment of
an unpaid operational debt by the corporate
debtor, if available; and]
[(e) any other proof confirming that there is
no payment of an unpaid operational debt by
the corporate debtor or such other
information, as may be prescribed.]
(4) An operational creditor initiating a corporate
insolvency resolution process under this section,
may propose a resolution professional to act as
an interim resolution professional.
(5) The Adjudicating Authority shall, within
fourteen days of the receipt of the application
under subsection (2), by an order—
(i) admit the application and communicate
such decision to the operational creditor and
the corporate debtor if,—
(a) the application made under sub
section (2) is complete;
(b) there is no [payment] of the unpaid
operational debt;
(c) the invoice or notice for payment to
the corporate debtor has been delivered
by the operational creditor;
(d) no notice of dispute has been received
by the operational creditor or there is no
record of dispute in the information
utility; and
(e) there is no disciplinary proceeding
pending against any resolution
14
professional proposed under subsection
(4), if any.
(ii) reject the application and communicate
such decision to the operational creditor and
the corporate debtor, if—
(a) the application made under sub
section (2) is incomplete;
(b) there has been [payment] of the
unpaid operational debt;
(c) the creditor has not delivered the
invoice or notice for payment to the
corporate debtor;
(d) notice of dispute has been received by
the operational creditor or there is a
record of dispute in the information
utility; or
(e) any disciplinary proceeding is
pending against any proposed resolution
professional:
Provided that Adjudicating Authority, shall before
rejecting an application under subclause (a) of
clause (ii) give a notice to the applicant to rectify
the defect in his application within seven days of
the date of receipt of such notice from the
Adjudicating Authority.
(6) The corporate insolvency resolution process
shall commence from the date of admission of
the application under subsection (5) of this
section.”
15
13.Perusal of the aforesaid provisions would reveal that an
“Operational Creditor”, on the occurrence of default, is required
to deliver a “Demand Notice” of unpaid “Operational Debt” or a
copy of invoice, demanding payment of amount involved in the
default to the “Corporate Debtor” in such form and manner as
may be prescribed. Within 10 days of the receipt of such
“Demand Notice” or copy of invoice, the “Corporate Debtor” is
required to either bring to the notice of the “Operational
Creditor” “existence of a dispute” or to make the payment of
unpaid “Operational Debt” in the manner as may be prescribed.
Thereafter, as per the provisions of Section 9 of the IBC, after
the expiry of the period of 10 days from the date of delivery of
notice or invoice demanding payment under subsection (1) of
Section 8 and if the “Operational Creditor” does not receive
payment from the “Corporate Debtor” or notice of the dispute
under subsection (2) of Section 8 of the IBC, the “Operational
Creditor” is entitled to file an application before the
adjudicating authority for initiating the Corporate Insolvency
Resolution Process.
16
14.The issue is no more res integra. It will be relevant to refer
to paragraph 38 of the judgment of this Court in the case of
Mobilox Innovations Private Limited v. Kirusa Software
Private Limited
1
:
“38. It is, thus, clear that so far as an
operational creditor is concerned, a demand
notice of an unpaid operational debt or copy of
an invoice demanding payment of the amount
involved must be delivered in the prescribed
form. The corporate debtor is then given a period
of 10 days from the receipt of the demand notice
or copy of the invoice to bring to the notice of the
operational creditor the existence of a dispute, if
any. We have also seen the notes on clauses
annexed to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Bill of
2015, in which “the existence of a dispute” alone
is mentioned. Even otherwise, the word “and”
occurring in Section 8(2)(a) must be read as “or”
keeping in mind the legislative intent and the fact
that an anomalous situation would arise if it is
not read as “or”. If read as “and”, disputes would
only stave off the bankruptcy process if they are
already pending in a suit or arbitration
proceedings and not otherwise. This would lead
to great hardship; in that a dispute may arise a
few days before triggering of the insolvency
process, in which case, though a dispute may
exist, there is no time to approach either an
Arbitral Tribunal or a court. Further, given the
fact that long limitation periods are allowed,
where disputes may arise and do not reach an
Arbitral Tribunal or a court for up to three years,
1 (2018) 1 SCC 353
17
such persons would be outside the purview of
Section 8(2) leading to bankruptcy proceedings
commencing against them. Such an anomaly
cannot possibly have been intended by the
legislature nor has it so been intended. We have
also seen that one of the objects of the Code qua
operational debts is to ensure that the amount of
such debts, which is usually smaller than that of
financial debts, does not enable operational
creditors to put the corporate debtor into the
insolvency resolution process prematurely or
initiate the process for extraneous
considerations. It is for this reason that it is
enough that a dispute exists between the
parties.”
15.It could thus be seen that this Court has held that one of
the objects of the IBC qua operational debts is to ensure that
the amount of such debts, which is usually smaller than that of
financial debts, does not enable operational creditors to put the
corporate debtor into the insolvency resolution process
prematurely or initiate the process for extraneous
considerations. It has been held that it is for this reason that it
is enough that a dispute exists between the parties.
16.It will further be apposite to refer to the following
observations of this Court in Mobilox Innovations Private
18
Limited (supra), wherein this Court has considered the terms
“existence”, “genuine dispute” and “genuine claim” and various
authorities construing the said terms:
“45. The expression “existence” has been
understood as follows:
“Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives the
following meaning of the word “existence”:
(a) Reality, as opp. to appearance.
(b) The fact or state of existing; actual
possession of being. Continued being as
a living creature, life, esp. under adverse
conditions.
Something that exists; an entity, a being. All that
exists. (P. 894, Oxford English Dictionary)”
46. Two extremely instructive judgments, one of
the Australian High Court, and the other of the
Chancery Division in the UK, throw a great deal
of light on the expression “existence of a dispute”
contained in Section 8(2)(a) of the Code. The
Australian judgment is reported as Spencer
Constructions Pty Ltd. v. G & M Aldridge Pty
Ltd. [Spencer Constructions Pty Ltd. v. G & M
19
Aldridge Pty Ltd., 1997 FCA 681 (Aust)] The
Australian High Court had to construe Section
459H of the Corporations Law, which read as
under:
“(1)***
(a) that there is a genuine dispute
between the company and the
respondent about the existence or
amount of a debt to which the demand
relates;
(b)***”
47. The expression “genuine dispute” was then
held to mean the following:
“Finn, J. was content to adopt the
explanation of “genuine dispute” given by
McLelland, C.J. in Eq in Eyota Pty
Ltd. v. Hanave Pty Ltd. [Eyota Pty
Ltd. v. Hanave Pty Ltd., (1994) 12 ACSR 785
(Aust)] ACSR at p. 787 where his Honour
said:
‘In my opinion [the] expression connotes
a plausible contention requiring
investigation, and raises much the same
sort of considerations as the “serious
question to be tried” criterion which
arises on an application for an
interlocutory injunction or for the
extension or removal of a caveat. This
20
does not mean that the court must
accept uncritically as giving rise to a
genuine dispute, every statement in an
affidavit ‘however equivocal, lacking in
precision, inconsistent with undisputed
contemporary documents or other
statements by the same deponent, or
inherently and probable in itself, it may
be not having ‘sufficient prima facie
plausibility to merit further investigation
as to [its] truth’ (cf Eng Mee
Yong v. Letchumanan [Eng Mee
Yong v. Letchumanan, 1980 AC 331 :
(1979) 3 WLR 373 (PC)] AC at p. 341G),
or ‘a patently feeble legal argument or an
assertion of facts unsupported by
evidence’: cf South
Australia v. Wall [South Australia v. Wall,
(1980) 24 SASR 189 (Aust)] SASR at p.
194.’
His Honour also referred to the judgment of
Lindgren, J. in Rohalo Pharmaceutical Pty
Ltd. [Rohalo Pharmaceutical Pty Ltd. v. RP
Scherer, (1994) 15 ACSR 347 (Aust)] where,
at p. 353, his Honour said:
‘The provisions [of Sections 459H(1) and
(5)] assume that the dispute and
offsetting claim have an “objective”
existence the genuineness of which is
capable of being assessed. The word
“genuine” is included [in “genuine
dispute”] to sound a note of warning that
the propounding of serious disputes and
21
claims is to be expected but must be
excluded from consideration.’
There have been numerous decisions of
Single Judges in this Court and in State
Supreme Courts which have analysed, in
different ways, the approach a court should
take in determining whether there is “a
genuine dispute” for the purposes of Section
459H of the Corporations Law. What is clear
is that in considering applications to set
aside a statutory demand, a court will not
determine contested issues of fact or law
which have a significant or substantial basis.
One finds formulations such as:
‘… at least in most cases, it is not
expected that the court will embark upon
any extended enquiry in order to
determine whether there is a genuine
dispute between the parties and
certainly will not attempt to weigh the
merits of that dispute. All that the
legislation requires is that the court
conclude that there is a dispute and that
it is a genuine dispute.’
See Mibor Investments Pty Ltd. v. Commonwealth
Bank of Australia [Mibor Investments Pty
Ltd. v. Commonwealth Bank of Australia, (1993)
11 ACSR 362 (Aust)] ACSR at pp. 36667,
followed by Ryan, J. in Moyall Investments
Services Pty Ltd. v. White [Moyall Investments
Services Pty Ltd. v. White, (1993) 12 ACSR 320
(Aust)] ACSR at p. 324.
22
Another formulation has been expressed as
follows:
‘It is clear that what is required in all
cases is something between mere
assertion and the proof that would be
necessary in a court of law. Something
more than mere assertion is required
because if that were not so then anyone
could merely say it did not owe a debt.…’
See John Holland Construction and Engg. Pty
Ltd. v. Kilpatrick Green Pty Ltd. [John Holland
Construction and Engg. Pty Ltd. v. Kilpatrick
Green Pty Ltd., (1994) 12 ACLC 716 (Aust)] ACLC
at p. 718, followed by Northrop, J. in Aquatown
Pty Ltd. v. Holder Stroud Pty Ltd. [Aquatown Pty
Ltd. v. Holder Stroud Pty Ltd., Federal Court of
Australia, 2561996, Unreported]
In Morris Catering (Australia) Pty Ltd. [Morris
Catering (Australia) Pty Ltd., In re, (1993) 11
ACSR 601 (Aust)] ACSR at p. 605, Thomas,
J. said:
‘There is little doubt that Div 3 is
intended to be a complete code which
prescribes a formula that requires the
court to assess the position between the
parties, and preserve demands where it
can be seen that there is no genuine
dispute and no sufficient genuine
offsetting claim. That is not to say that
the court will examine the merits or
settle the dispute. The specified limits of
23
the court's examination are the
ascertainment of whether there is a
“genuine dispute” and whether there is a
“genuine claim”.
It is often possible to discern the
spurious, and to identify mere bluster or
assertion. But beyond a perception of
genuineness (or the lack of it) the court
has no function. It is not helpful to
perceive that one party is more likely
than the other to succeed, or that the
eventual state of the account between
the parties is more likely to be one result
than another.
The essential task is relatively simple —
to identify the genuine level of a claim
(not the likely result of it) and to identify
the genuine level of an offsetting claim
(not the likely result of it).’
In Scanhill Pty Ltd. v. Century 21 Australasia Pty
Ltd. [Scanhill Pty Ltd. v. Century 21 Australasia
Pty Ltd., (1993) 12 ACSR 341 (Aust)] ACSR at p.
357 Beazley, J. said:
‘… the test to be applied for the purposes of
Section 459H is whether the court is
satisfied that there is a serious question to
be tried that the applicant has an offsetting
claim.’
In Chadwick Industries (South Coast) Pty
Ltd. v. Condensing Vaporisers Pty Ltd. [Chadwick
24
Industries (South Coast) Pty Ltd. v. Condensing
Vaporisers Pty Ltd., (1994) 13 ACSR 37 (Aust)]
ACSR at p. 39, Lockhart, J. said:
‘… what appears clearly enough from all the
judgments is that a standard of satisfaction
which a court requires is not a particularly
high one. I am for present purposes content
to adopt any of the standards that are
referred to in the cases…. The highest of the
thresholds is probably the test enunciated by
Beazley, J., though for myself I discern no
inconsistency between that test and the
statements in the other cases to which I have
referred. However, the application of Beazley,
J.'s test will vary according to the
circumstances of the case.
Certainly the court will not examine the
merits of the dispute other than to see if
there is in fact a genuine dispute. The notion
of a “genuine dispute” in this context
suggests to me that the court must be
satisfied that there is a dispute that is not
plainly vexatious or frivolous. It must be
satisfied that there is a claim that may have
some substance.’
In Greenwood Manor Pty
Ltd. v. Woodlock [Greenwood Manor Pty
Ltd. v. Woodlock, (1994) 48 FCR 229 (Aust)]
Northrop, J. referred to the formulations of
Thomas, J. in Morris Catering (Australia) Pty Ltd.,
In re [Morris Catering (Australia) Pty Ltd., In re,
(1993) 11 ACSR 601 (Aust)] ACLC at p. 922 and
25
Hayne, J. in Mibor Investments Pty
Ltd. v. Commonwealth Bank of Australia [Mibor
Investments Pty Ltd. v. Commonwealth Bank of
Australia, (1993) 11 ACSR 362 (Aust)] , where he
noted the dictionary definition of “genuine” as
being in this context “not spurious … real or
true” and concluded (at p. 234):
‘Although it is true that the Court, on an
application under Sections 459G and 459H
is not entitled to decide a question as to
whether a claim will succeed or not, it must
be satisfied that there is a genuine dispute
between the company and the respondent
about the existence of the debt. If it can be
shown that the argument in support of the
existence of a genuine dispute can have no
possible basis whatsoever, in my view, it
cannot be said that there is a genuine
dispute. This does not involve, in itself, a
determination of whether the claim will
succeed or not, but it does go to the reality of
the dispute, to show that it is real or true
and not merely spurious'.
In our view a “genuine” dispute requires that:
(i) the dispute be bona fide and truly
exist in fact;
(ii) the grounds for alleging the existence
of a dispute are real and not spurious,
hypothetical, illusory or misconceived.
26
We consider that the various formulations
referred to above can be helpful in determining
whether there is a genuine dispute in a
particular case, so long as the formulation used
does not become a substitute for the words of the
statute.””
17.It is thus clear that once the “Operational Creditor” has
filed an application which is otherwise complete, the
adjudicating authority has to reject the application under
Section 9(5)(ii)(d) of IBC, if a notice has been received by
“Operational Creditor” or if there is a record of dispute in the
information utility. What is required is that the notice by the
“Corporate Debtor” must bring to the notice of “Operational
Creditor” the existence of a dispute or the fact that a suit or
arbitration proceedings relating to a dispute is pending between
the parties. All that the adjudicating authority is required to
see at this stage is, whether there is a plausible contention
which requires further investigation and that the dispute is not
a patently feeble legal argument or an assertion of fact
unsupported by evidence. It is important to separate the grain
27
from the chaff and to reject a spurious defence which is a mere
bluster. It has been held that however, at this stage, the
Court is not required to be satisfied as to whether the defence is
likely to succeed or not. The Court also cannot go into the
merits of the dispute except to the extent indicated
hereinabove. It has been held that so long as a dispute truly
exists in fact and is not spurious, hypothetical or illusory, the
adjudicating authority has no other option but to reject the
application.
18.In the light of the law laid down by this Court stated
hereinabove, we will have to examine the facts of the present
case. We clarify that though arguments have been advanced at
the Bar with regard to the questions as to whether the socalled
claim made by Overseas would be considered to be an
“Operational Debt” and as to whether Overseas could be
considered to be an “Operational Creditor”, we do not find it
necessary to go into said questions, inasmuch as the present
appeal can be decided only on a short question as to whether
28
Kay Bouvet has been in a position to make out the case of
“existence of dispute” or not.
19.For considering the rival submissions, it will be
appropriate to refer to the Demand Notice/Invoice dated 23
rd
November 2017, addressed to Kay Bouvet by Overseas:
“7. Due to termination of the EPC contract by
Mashkour, the tripartite subcontract also came
to an automatic end by virtue of the clause 15.2
of the Particular Conditions of the said sub
contract.
8. On or about 14
th
July 2017, the Corporate
Debtor filed its affidavit dated 14
th
July 2017 in
the Notice of Motion (L) No. 1314 of 2017 in Suit
(1) No. 382 of 2017 in reply to the said Notice of
Motion (hereinafter referred to as the “said
Reply”). In the said reply, the Corporate Debtor
has categorically stated and admitted that
Mashkour has now, in replacement of the
Operational Creditor, appointed the Corporate
Debtor itself as its EPC Contractor for the said
Project under and the EPC Contract dated 5
th
July 2017. Consequently the tripartite contract
dated 18
th
April 2010 between Mashkour, the
Corporate Debtor and the Operational Creditor
stands vitiated and superseded by the fresh
Contract executed between Mashkour and
29
Corporate Debtor. In view thereof the Corporate
Debtor can no longer perform under the said tri
partite contract dated 18
th
April 2010 between
Mashkour, the Corporate Debtor and the
Operational Creditor as the same stands
superseded by the fresh contract dated 5
th
July
2017 executed between Mashkour and the
Corporate Debtor.
9. The Operational Creditor therefore states that
in the light of the Corporate Debtors admission
in the said reply, the Corporate Debtor is liable to
refund the said Advance Amount forthwith to the
Operatinal Creditor. The Operational Creditor
further states that the said Advance Amount
became due and payable as and by way of refund
to the Operational Creditor by the Corporate
Debtor on or about 5
th
July 2017 i.e. the date on
which the Corporate Debtor was appointed as an
EPC Contractor by Mashkour.
10. The Corporate Debtor has, therefore,
defaulted in refunding the said Advance Amount”
20.It can thus be seen that the claim of Overseas is that in
the reply filed to its Notice of Motion by Kay Bouvet, it has
admitted that Mashkour has, as a replacement of Overseas,
30
appointed Kay Bouvet as the Contractor. As such, the
Tripartite Agreement dated 18
th
December 2010, stands vitiated
and superseded. As such, Kay Bouvet cannot perform under
the said Tripartite Agreement. According to Overseas, therefore,
in view of the admission in the reply, Kay Bouvet is liable to
refund the advance amount forthwith.
21.It will be relevant to refer to the Reply dated 6
th
December
2017, addressed by Kay Bouvet to Overseas as per the
provisions of Clause (a) of subsection (2) of Section 8 of the
IBC:
“3. We state that Key Bouvet expressly denied
the claim of 10.62 million of equivalent to
Rs.47,12,10,000/ (Rupees 47 Crores Twelve
Lakhs Ten Thousand Only). We state that Key
Bouvet had received advance monies on behalf of
Mashkour Sugar Company Limited (hereinafter
Mashkour) as per the Agreement executed
between the parties. We state that thereafter
Mashkour has terminated an agreement with you
vide their letter dated 17.05.2017 and therefore
Kay Bouvet has monetary liability towards OIA.
31
4. We state that on 05.07.2017 Mashkour has
entered into a fresh contract with Key Bouvet. In
the said Agreement Mashkour has considered the
earlier Advance Payment of USD 10.62 Million
equivalent to Rs.47,12,10,000/ (Rupees 47
Crores Twelve Lakhs Ten Thousand Only) made
to Key Bouvet from Mashkour. The execution of
the fresh contract in favour of Kay Bouvet in no
manner creates an automatic liability on Kay
Bouvet to refund any amount. There is no such
legal and contractual monetary liability
between the OIA and Kay Bouvet. The very
perusal of the definition of “debt” and
“operational Creditors” would establish that
termination of contract by Mashkour with
you does not create any debt due from Key
Bouvet towards OIA. It expressly denied that
Kay Bouvet is an Operational Creditor
towards OIA.
5. We state that, as per the pleadings in the Suit
(L) No. 382 of 2017, you have sought a relief of
release of the amount of USD 10,745,000/
under the letter of agreement of 2th March 2014.
Thereafter there is an existence of dispute of
the existence of such amount of debt claimed
by you. In such event your demand notice is
erroneous, illegal and bad in law considering
provisions of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code,
2016 and more particularly Section 5(6), Section
9(5)(i)(d) and Section 9(5)(ii)(d).”
32
[emphasis supplied]
22.It can thus be seen that Kay Bouvet has clearly stated that
the said amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/ was received as advance
money on behalf of Mashkour. It has been specifically stated
that in the agreement entered into between Mashkour and Kay
Bouvet on 5
th
July 2017, the said advance payment of
Rs.47,12,10,000/ has been duly considered. It is stated that
the execution of the fresh contract in favour of Kay Bouvet in
no manner creates an automatic liability on Kay Bouvet. As
such, Kay Bouvet has pressed into service the “existence of
dispute” for opposing the demand made by Overseas.
23.We will have to examine as to whether the claim of Kay
Bouvet with regard to the “existence of dispute”, can be
considered to be the one which is spurious, illusory or not
supported by any evidence. It will be relevant to refer to Clause
14.1 of the Tripartite Agreement dated 18
th
December 2010,
between Mashkour, Overseas and Kay Bouvet:
33
“1. 10% of the sub contract Price as interest free
advance payment by way of telegraphic transfer
directly to the bank account of the Sub
Contractor against submission of invoice and
Advance Payment Bank Guarantee for 10% of the
sub contract Price, from any Indian public sector
bank acceptable to Mashkour upon receipt of
amounts from EXIM Bank. The Advance
Payment Bank Guarantee shall be as per format
attached herewith (Uniform Rules for Demand
guarantees, Publication No.758, International
Chamber of Commerce) and its value may be
reduced in proportion to the value of amounts
invoiced as evidenced by shipping documents
and receipt of payment from EXIM Bank.”
24.It will further be relevant to refer to the email dated 29
th
March 2011, from Overseas to Mashkour:
“1. Mashkour Sugar Company will release
payment of two invoices to OIA against factory
DDE for USD 10.5 Million (USD 9.00 M + USD
1.50M).
2. OIA will release payment of USD 10.62 Million
to Kay Bouvet on submission of Advance Bank
Guarantee and Performance Bank Guarantee to
Mashkour and its confirmation and acceptance
34
by Mashkour and discharge of OIA Bank
Guarantee of USD 7.5 Millions.
3. Mashkour will release Second payment of two
Invoices of USD 4.375 Million (USD 3.50M + USD
0.875M) … civil work to OIA.
4. OIA will release advance payment of USD
1.113 Million to Civil Contractor after signing of
contract between OIA and civil contractor and on
confirmation from Mashkour regarding
acceptance or ABG/PBG of the Civil Contractor
as per Contract.
You are requested to please accept this proposal
and send authorization letters to EXIM.”
25.A perusal thereof would clearly reveal that Mashkour was
to release payment of two invoices of Overseas for USD 10.5
Million (USD 9.00 Million + USD 1.50 Million). It will further
reveal that Overseas was to release payment of USD 10.62
Million to Kay Bouvet on submission of Advance Bank
35
Guarantee and Performance Bank Guarantee to Mashkour and
its confirmation and acceptance by Mashkour.
26.It will further be relevant to refer to the communication
addressed by Exim Bank to Overseas dated 21
st
April 2011:
“GOI supported Exim Bank’s Line of Credit for
USD 25 Million to Government of Sudan
Approval No. Exim/GOILOC82/1.Disbursement
advice:3.
We advise that an amount of
Rs.46,58,75,853/ has been remitted to India
Overseas Bank, Nehru Place, New Delhi through
RTGS Code – IOBA0000543 to the credit of
account of Overseas Infrastructure Alliance
(India) Private Limited. The disbursement is
made against the contract between
Mashkour Sugar Company, Sudan and
Overseas Infrastructure Alliance (India)
Private Limited. Details of the disbursement
are as under:
Amt. in USD
36
Disbursement
No.
Invoice Value
(CIF) 100%
Eligible Value
100%
Net Remitted Value
Date
2 15,000,000.0010,500,000.0010,476,781.85 April
18,
2011
2. The breakup of the disbursement made as
follows:
USD
Eligible Value 10,500,000.00 465,911,250.00
Less
Negotiation Charges
(Service Tax)
23,218.15 10,30,247.00
Currency Conversion
Chg. And Service Tax
110.00
Net Remittance 10,476,781.85 46,48,80,893.00
3. Please confirm receipt of the credit.”
[emphasis supplied]
37
27.It will further be relevant to refer to the communication
addressed by Overseas of the same date to Mashkour:
“We have been paid the advance amount to
10.05 million USD in INR by Exim Bank
because of Stringent Sanction entrancement
by the United State Office of Foreign asset
Control (OFAC) as per the letter enclosed
herewith. The amount has been delivered to us
@ Rs.44.37 per disbursement advice of the Exim
bank attached herewith.
Further OIA will release payment of USD
10.62 Million to Kay Bouvet on Submission of
Advance Bank Guarantee and Performance
Bank Guarantee to Mashkour Sugar
Company and its confirmation and
acceptance by Mashkour Sugar Company
and discharge of OIA Bank Guarantee of USD
7.5 Million (As per mail dated 29.03.2011) of
Mr. Ghodgankar.”
[emphasis supplied]
38
28.The communication dated 28
th
July 2011, addressed by
Mashkour to Overseas would further clarify the position which
reads thus:
“We are please to inform you that nominated
subcontractor messres Kay Bouvet
Engineering Private Limited has submitted
Advance Payment Bank Guarantee as well as
Performance Bank Guarantee to us as per
the subcontract agreement and we are
satisfied with the same.
In the light of the above we request your
good self to release the 10% of the Sub
contract value as per letter dated
21.04.2011 addressed to Mashkour.
The payment to be released as under:
Name of the Beneficiary: M/s Kay Bouvet
Engineering
Private Ltd.
39
Name of Bank :M/s Bank of
Maharashtra,
Satara, City
Branch
IFSC Code : MAH80000134
Account No. : 60018168457
Mode of Payment : RTGS
+ amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/ (Rupees Forty
Seven Crores Twelve Lakhs Ten Thousand only)
As soon as we get confirmation from your side
regarding release of payment we shall release
your Bank Guarantee USD 7.5 Million.
As I discussed today with Mr. Suresh I will be in
India with original discharge bank Guarantee in
the beginning of last week.”
[emphasis supplied]
29.As already discussed hereinabove that Kay Bouvet had
certain grievances with regard to payment of less money on
account of exchange rate, the communication dated 21
st
September 2011, addressed by Kay Bouvet to Mashkour would
clarify the said position which reads thus:
“We have been paid Rs.47,12,10,000/ by M/s.
Overseas Infrastructure Alliance (India) Ltd. On
30
th
August 2011 equivalent to USD 10.62
Million converted 1 USD @ Rs.44.37/, whereas
40
on that day the conversion rate as per the
attached list was 1 USD – Rs.46.26/, so the
amount would have been Rs.49,12,08,012/, so
they have underpaid a sum of Rs.1,99,98,012/.
So you are requested to advise OIA to release
amount of Rs.1,99,98,012/ to us without any
delay.”
30.The last nail in the case of the Overseas would be in the
nature of communication addressed by the Ambassador of
Sudan to Mashkour dated 25
th
April 2017, which reads thus:
“With reference to the earlier correspondence, we
have received the DO No. 1425/Secy(ER)/2017
dated 18
th
April, 2017 from Mr. Amar Sinha,
Secretary (Economic Relations) Ministry of
External Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi,
India expediting the termination of the agreement
with Overseas Infrastructure Alliance (India)
Private Limited (OIA) and that an agreement be
signed with Kay Bouvet Engineering Ltd. (KBEL)
as a direct contractor for the unutilized portion of
the GOI’s Line of Credit for US Dollars
150,000,000 for the Mashkour Sugar Project.
It is on the record that a sum of
Rs.47,12,10,000/ (US $ 10.62 Million) was
paid by OIA to Kay Bouvet Engineering Ltd.
“KBEL” on behalf of Mashkour Sugar
Company from the funds released to OIA by
Exim Bank from the 1
st
disbursed tranche of
US $ 25 Million.
41
Kindly make a note, while signing the
revised contract with KBEL that the above
mentioned amount of US Dollars 10.62 shall
be adjusted by Kay Bouvet Engineering Ltd.
against the supplies to be made to Mashkour
Sugar Company Ltd. for the purpose of
completing the project.
Naturally, it should be borne in mind that the
termination of OIA contract with Mashkour
should not absolve them of any liability for the
balance of the LoC 1
st
tranche of 25 Million
disbursed to them, other than the US Dollars
10.62 already paid to KBEL and which will be
adjusted when a contract is signed with KBEL as
a main contractor.”
[emphasis supplied]
31.It is thus abundantly clear that the case of Kay Bouvet
that the amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/ which was paid to it by
Overseas, was paid on behalf of Mashkour from the funds
released to Overseas by Exim Bank on behalf of Mashkour,
cannot be said to be a dispute which is spurious, illusory or not
supported by the evidence placed on record. The material
placed on record amply clarifies that the initial payment which
was made to Kay Bouvet as a subContractor by Overseas who
42
was a Contractor, was made on behalf of Mashkour and from
the funds received by Overseas from Mashkour. It will also be
clear that when a new contract was entered into between
Mashkour and Kay Bouvet directly, Mashkour had directed the
said amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/ to be adjusted against the
supplies to be made to Mashkour Sugar Company Ltd. for the
purpose of completing the Project. On the contrary, the
documents clarify that the termination of the contract with
Overseas would not absolve Overseas of any liability for the
balance of the LoC 1
st
tranche of 25 Million disbursed to them
other than USD 10.62 paid to Kay Bouvet.
32.In these circumstances, we find that NCLT had rightly
rejected the application of Overseas after finding that there
existed a dispute between Kay Bouvet and Overseas and as
such, an order under Section 9 of the IBC would not have been
passed. We find that NCLAT has patently misinterpreted the
factual as well as legal position and erred in reversing the order
of NCLT and directing admission of Section 9 petition.
43
33.Resultantly, this appeal is allowed and the impugned
order dated 21
st
December 2018, passed by NCLAT is quashed
and set aside. The order passed by NCLT dated 26
th
July 2018,
is maintained.
34.In view of the above, all the pending IAs shall stand
disposed of.
…..….......................J.
[R.F. NARIMAN]
…….........................J.
[B.R. GAVAI]
NEW DELHI;
AUGUST 10, 2021.
44
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