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Kay Bouvet Engineering Ltd. Vs. Overseas Infrastructure Alliance (India) Private Limited

  Supreme Court Of India Civil Appeal /1137/2019
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Case Background

This appeal contests the NCLAT's ruling from December 21, 2018, which affirmed the respondent's challenge to the NCLT's July 26, 2018 rejection of their Section 9 petition under the IBC, ...

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION 

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1137 OF 2019

KAY BOUVET ENGINEERING LTD.     ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

OVERSEAS INFRASTRUCTURE 

ALLIANCE (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED   ...RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

B.R. GAVAI, J.

1.This appeal challenges the judgment and order passed by

the   National   Company   Law   Appellate   Tribunal   (hereinafter

referred to as the “NCLAT”) dated 21

st

 December 2018, thereby

allowing the appeal filed by respondent herein.  The respondent

herein had preferred an appeal being Company Appeal (AT)

(Insolvency) No. 582 of 2018, challenging the order passed by

the National Company Law Tribunal (hereinafter referred to as

1

the “NCLT”) dated 26

th

 July 2018, thereby rejecting the petition

being C.P. (IB)­20(MB)/2018, filed by the respondent herein

under   Section   9   of   the   Insolvency   and   Bankruptcy   Code

(hereinafter referred to as the “IBC”).  By the impugned order

dated   21

st

  December   2018,   the   NCLAT   while   allowing   the

appeal,   has   remitted   back   the   matter   to   the   NCLT   with   a

direction to admit the petition filed by the respondent herein

under Section 9 of the IBC after giving limited notice to the

appellant herein so as to enable it to settle the claim. 

2.The facts in brief giving rise to the present appeal are as

under:­

The Government of India extended Dollar Line of Credit

(hereinafter referred to as the “LoC”) of USD 150 Million to the

Republic of Sudan through Exim Bank of India (hereinafter

referred to as the “Exim Bank”) for carrying out Mashkour

Sugar Project in Sudan.  This was in two tranches of USD 25

Million and USD 125 Million.  On 26

th

 January 2009, the first

tranche of USD 25 Million was executed between Republic of

2

Sudan   and   Exim   Bank   for   financing   the   Mashkour   Sugar

Project.   On 11

th

  October 2009, Mashkour Sugar Company

Limited,   Sudan   (hereinafter   referred   to   as   the   “Mashkour”)

entered   into   an   agreement   with   the   respondent­Overseas

Infrastructure   Alliance   (India)   Private   Limited   (hereinafter

referred   to   as   the   “Overseas”)   for   USD   149,975,000   to   be

financed by Exim Bank.  As per the said agreement, Mashkour

was to nominate a sub­contractor.   A subsequent agreement

was entered into on 14

th

  April 2010, between Mashkour and

Overseas for payment of USD 25 Million to Overseas towards

“design   and   engineering   package   and   plant   civil   package

including site mobilization”.   In response to the invitation by

Mashkour,   the   appellant­Kay   Bouvet   Engineering   Limited

(hereinafter referred to as the “Kay Bouvet”) submitted its bid

as a sub­contractor for supply, erection and completion of the

Sugar Plant at Sudan, which was accepted by Mashkour.  On

18

th

  December   2010,   a   Memorandum   of   Understanding

(hereinafter referred to as the “MoU”) was entered into between

Mashkour, Overseas and Kay Bouvet at Khartoum, Sudan.  The

3

said MoU provided that the contract has to be governed by the

laws   of   Sudan.     The   same   MoU   also   defined   roles   and

responsibilities of each of the parties.   On the same date, a

Tripartite Agreement was also executed between all the three

parties   vide   which,   Kay   Bouvet   was   appointed   as   a   sub­

contractor   for   executing   the   whole   work   of   designing,

engineering,   supply,   installation,   erection,   testing   and

completion of Factory Plant for Mashkour Sugar Company for

an amount of USD 106.200 Million.  

3.On 29

th

  March 2011, Overseas vide an e­mail sent to

Mashkour   confirmed   that   under   the   Tripartite   Agreement,

Mashkour was to release payment of first tranche of LoC to

Overseas and the Overseas in turn was to release payment of

USD 10.62 Million to Kay Bouvet on submission of Advance

Bank   Guarantee   and   Performance   Bank   Guarantee   by   Kay

Bouvet to Mashkour.  Vide letter dated 21

st

 April 2011, Exim

Bank informed Overseas that an amount of Rs.46.58 Crore had

been remitted to its bank account.  Overseas vide letter of the

4

same date confirmed to Mashkour about receipt of funds and

further informed that it will release USD 10.62 Million to Kay

Bouvet on submission of requisite bank guarantees.   On 28

th

July 2011, Kay Bouvet informed Overseas that it had submitted

necessary   Guarantees   to   Mashkour.   On   the   advice   of

Mashkour, Overseas paid an amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/­ to

Kay   Bouvet.     There   were   certain   disputes   with   regard   to

exchange   rate,   on   account   of   which,   Kay   Bouvet   informed

Mashkour that it ought to have been paid more amount in

Indian Rupees. 

4.After execution of second tranche of USD 125 Million on

24

th

 July 2013, between Republic of Sudan and Exim Bank, an

agreement was executed between Mashkour and Overseas on

9

th

 February 2014, for balance amount of USD 124,975,000 for

financing the final part of the Sugar Factory Project.  On 30

th

October 2014, Overseas informed Exim Bank to transfer partial

amount of USD 95,580,000 in favour of Kay Bouvet from the

funds to be received under the LoC in relation to Sugar Project.

5

5.It   appears   that   in   the   meantime,   there   was   certain

exchange of communications between the Ministry of External

Affairs,   Government   of   India   (hereinafter   referred   to  as   the

“GoI”)   and  the   Sudan Government.     In pursuance   to such

exchange   of   communications,   on   17

th

  April   2017,   the

Ambassador of Sudan to India addressed to the Minister of

State of External Affairs, GoI and advised to terminate the

contract of Mashkour with Overseas and in turn to appoint Kay

Bouvet as a Contractor.   In response thereto, the Ministry of

External Affairs informed the Ambassador of Sudan that it will

be necessary to execute an agreement with Kay Bouvet in order

to enable Exim Bank to release funds to Kay Bouvet.   Vide

communication   dated   25

th

  April   2017,   the   Ambassador   of

Sudan informed Mashkour to enter an agreement with Kay

Bouvet as a direct contract for unutilized portion of GoI’s LoC

for USD 150 Million.   It was also informed that the advance

amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/­ received by Kay Bouvet from the

first tranche of USD 25 Million was to be adjusted against

supplies to be made to Mashkour for completing the project.

6

6.On 15

th

  June 2017, Mashkour terminated the contract

with Overseas for failure on its part to perform the duties.

Overseas filed a Civil Suit being No. 785 of 2017 before the

High Court of Bombay seeking specific performance of contract

and an order of injunction from appointing Kay Bouvet as a

Contractor in the Mashkour Project.  Notice of Motion No. 1314

of 2017 was also moved for injunction. Vide order dated 27

th

June 2017, prayer for ad interim relief made by Overseas came

to be rejected by the Bombay High Court.

7.Vide   communication   dated   5

th

  July   2017,   Mashkour

informed Kay Bouvet about the developments and termination

of contract and further informed that the advance payment of

Rs.47,12,10,000/­ received by Kay Bouvet from Overseas, was

to be adjusted against supplies to be made to Mashkour for

completion   of   the   Project.     It   was   further   informed   that

Overseas will not claim back the said amount from Kay Bouvet.

Accordingly,   on   the   same   day   an   agreement   came   to   be

executed between Mashkour and Kay Bouvet. The same was

7

informed   by   the   Ambassador   of   Sudan   to   the   Ministry   of

External Affairs on 11

th

 July 2017.

8.A Demand Notice under Section 8 of the IBC was served

upon   Kay   Bouvet   by   Overseas   alleging   default   under   the

Tripartite Agreement and claiming an amount of USD 10.62

Million, paid by Overseas to Kay Bouvet.   Kay Bouvet vide

communication dated 6

th

 December 2017, denied the claim of

Overseas.     It  was  specifically  pointed  out   that   the  amount

which was paid to Kay Bouvet by Overseas, was received on

behalf of Mashkour and it was only routed through Overseas

and the same stands adjusted under new agreement. On 27

th

December 2017, Overseas claiming itself to be an Operational

Creditor, filed a petition under Section 9 of the IBC before

NCLT,  Mumbai  being  CP  (IB)   No.20(MB)/2018.   Vide  order

dated   26

th

  July   2018,   the   NCLT   dismissed   the   petition.

Overseas carried the same in an appeal being Company Appeal

(AT) (Insolvency) No. 582 of 2018 before the NCLAT.   By the

impugned order dated 21

st

 December 2018, NCLAT allowed the

8

appeal as aforesaid.  Being aggrieved thereby, the appellant­Kay

Bouvet has approached this Court.

9.Shri Jayant Bhushan, learned Senior Counsel appearing

on behalf of the appellant­Kay Bouvet submitted that by no

stretch of imagination, the claim made by Overseas could be

considered to be an “Operational Debt” and as such, Overseas

cannot be an “Operational Creditor”, enabling it to invoke the

jurisdiction of NCLT under Section 9 of the IBC.  Shri Bhushan

further submitted that Kay Bouvet could not have moved as a

Financial Creditor and as such, by stretching the definition of

“Operational Creditor”, though it does not fit in the same, has

filed the proceedings under Section 9 of the IBC.  The learned

Senior   Counsel   submitted   that   no   amount   is   receivable   by

Overseas from Kay Bouvet in respect of the provisions of goods

or services, including employment or a debt in respect of the

payment of dues and as such, it will not fit in the definition of

“Operational   Debt”   as   provided   under   sub­section   (21)   of

Section 5 of the IBC.   The learned Senior Counsel submitted

9

that by the same analogy, Overseas would also not fall under

the definition of “Operational Creditor”.

10.Shri Bhushan further submitted that as a matter of fact,

the payment which was made to Kay Bouvet by Overseas, was

from the amount received by it from Mashkour.  He submitted

that the material placed on record would clearly fortify this

position.   The learned Senior Counsel submitted that, in any

case, perusal of Clause 14.1 of the Tripartite Agreement would

clearly show that the amount so paid, was paid by Mashkour to

Overseas.  It is submitted that in any case, the material placed

on record and specifically the Demand Notice and reply thereto,

clearly showed that there was an “existence of dispute” and as

such,   the   NCLT   had   rightly   dismissed   the   petition.   It   is

submitted   that,   however,   the   NCLAT   has   misconstrued   the

provisions and allowed the appeal and directed admission of

Section 9 petition.  It is submitted that the jurisdiction of the

adjudicating   authorities   under   IBC   is   limited   and   it   can

10

adjudicate only on the limited areas that are delineated in the

Statute. 

11.Shri C.A. Sundaram, learned Senior Counsel appearing for

respondent–Overseas, on the contrary, asserts that the amount

which was paid to Kay Bouvet, was the amount paid from the

funds of Overseas and not from Mashkour.  He submitted that

perusal of material placed on record would reveal that Kay

Bouvet has admitted of receiving the amount from Overseas

and once the party admits of any claim, the same would come

in the definition of “Operational Debt” as defined under sub­

section (21) of Section 5 of the IBC and enable the party to

whom admission is made to file the proceedings under Section

9 of the IBC being an “Operational Creditor”.   The learned

Senior   Counsel   therefore   submitted   that   NCLAT   rightly

considered the provisions and allowed the appeal of Overseas

and directed admission of Section 9 petition.   He therefore

submitted that the present appeal deserves to be dismissed. 

11

12.Though, elaborate submissions have been made on behalf

of both the parties, we are of the considered view that the

present appeal can be decided on a short ground without going

into the other aspects of the matter.  It will be relevant to refer

to Sections 8 and 9 of the IBC:­

“8.   Insolvency   resolution   by   operational

creditor.—(1)  An operational   creditor  may,   on

the occurrence of a default, deliver a demand

notice of unpaid operational debtor copy of an

invoice   demanding   payment   of   the   amount

involved in the default to the corporate debtor in

such form and manner as may be prescribed.

(2) The corporate debtor shall, within a period of

ten days of the receipt of the demand notice or

copy of the invoice mentioned in sub­section (1)

bring to the notice of the operational creditor—

(a) existence of a dispute, [if any, or] record

of the pendency of the suit or arbitration

proceedings filed before the receipt of such

notice or invoice in relation to such dispute;

(b) the [payment] of unpaid operational debt

(i) by sending an attested copy of the

record   of   electronic   transfer   of   the

unpaid amount from the bank account

of the corporate debtor; or

(ii) by sending an attested copy of record

that   the   operational   creditor   has

12

encashed   a   cheque   issued   by   the

corporate debtor.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, a

“demand notice” means a notice served by an

operational   creditor   to   the   corporate   debtor

demanding [payment] of the operational debt in

respect of which the default has occurred.

9.   Application   for   initiation   of   corporate

insolvency resolution process by operational

creditor.—(1) After the expiry of the period of ten

days from the date of delivery of the notice or

invoice demanding payment under sub­section

(1) of Section 8, if the operational creditor does

not receive payment from the corporate debtor or

notice of the dispute under sub­section (2) of

Section 8, the operational creditor may file an

application before the Adjudicating Authority for

initiating   a   corporate   insolvency   resolution

process.

(2) The application under sub­section (1) shall be

filed in such form and manner and accompanied

with such fee as may be prescribed.

(3) The operational creditor shall, along with the

application furnish—

(a) a copy of the invoice demanding payment

or   demand   notice   delivered   by   the

operational creditor to the corporate debtor;

(b) an affidavit to the effect that there is no

notice given by the corporate debtor relating

to a dispute of the unpaid operational debt;

(c) a copy of the certificate from the financial

institutions   maintaining   accounts   of   the

operational creditor confirming that there is

13

no   payment   of   an   unpaid   operational

debt [by the corporate debtor, if available;]

[(d) a copy of any record with information

utility confirming that there is no payment of

an unpaid operational debt by the corporate

debtor, if available; and]

[(e) any other proof confirming that there is

no payment of an unpaid operational debt by

the   corporate   debtor   or   such   other

information, as may be prescribed.]

(4) An operational creditor initiating a corporate

insolvency resolution process under this section,

may propose a resolution professional to act as

an interim resolution professional.

(5)   The   Adjudicating   Authority   shall,   within

fourteen days of the receipt of the application

under sub­section (2), by an order—

(i) admit the application and communicate

such decision to the operational creditor and

the corporate debtor if,—

(a)   the   application   made   under   sub­

section (2) is complete;

(b) there is no [payment] of the unpaid

operational debt;

(c) the invoice or notice for payment to

the corporate debtor has been delivered

by the operational creditor;

(d) no notice of dispute has been received

by the operational creditor or there is no

record   of   dispute   in   the   information

utility; and

(e)   there   is   no   disciplinary   proceeding

pending   against   any   resolution

14

professional proposed under sub­section

(4), if any.

(ii) reject the application and communicate

such decision to the operational creditor and

the corporate debtor, if—

(a)   the   application   made   under   sub­

section (2) is incomplete;

(b)   there   has   been [payment]   of   the

unpaid operational debt;

(c)   the   creditor   has   not   delivered   the

invoice   or   notice   for   payment   to   the

corporate debtor;

(d) notice of dispute has been received by

the   operational   creditor   or   there   is   a

record   of   dispute   in   the   information

utility; or

(e)   any   disciplinary   proceeding   is

pending against any proposed resolution

professional:

Provided that Adjudicating Authority, shall before

rejecting an application under sub­clause (a) of

clause (ii) give a notice to the applicant to rectify

the defect in his application within seven days of

the   date   of   receipt   of   such   notice   from   the

Adjudicating Authority.

(6) The corporate insolvency resolution process

shall commence from the date of admission of

the   application   under   sub­section   (5)   of   this

section.”

15

13.Perusal of the aforesaid provisions would reveal that an

“Operational Creditor”, on the occurrence of default, is required

to deliver a “Demand Notice” of unpaid “Operational Debt” or a

copy of invoice, demanding payment of amount involved in the

default to the “Corporate Debtor” in such form and manner as

may be prescribed.   Within 10 days of the receipt of such

“Demand Notice” or copy of invoice, the “Corporate Debtor” is

required   to   either   bring   to   the   notice   of   the   “Operational

Creditor” “existence of a dispute” or to make the payment of

unpaid “Operational Debt” in the manner as may be prescribed.

Thereafter, as per the provisions of Section 9 of the IBC, after

the expiry of the period of 10 days from the date of delivery of

notice or invoice demanding payment under sub­section (1) of

Section 8 and if the “Operational Creditor” does not receive

payment from the “Corporate Debtor” or notice of the dispute

under sub­section (2) of Section 8 of the IBC, the “Operational

Creditor”   is   entitled   to   file   an   application   before   the

adjudicating authority for initiating the Corporate Insolvency

Resolution Process.

16

14.The issue is no more res integra. It will be relevant to refer

to paragraph 38 of the judgment of this Court in the case of

Mobilox Innovations Private Limited v. Kirusa Software

Private Limited

1

“38. It   is,   thus,   clear   that   so   far   as   an

operational   creditor   is   concerned,   a   demand

notice of an unpaid operational debt or copy of

an invoice demanding payment of the amount

involved   must   be   delivered   in   the   prescribed

form. The corporate debtor is then given a period

of 10 days from the receipt of the demand notice

or copy of the invoice to bring to the notice of the

operational creditor the existence of a dispute, if

any. We have also seen the notes on clauses

annexed to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Bill of

2015, in which “the existence of a dispute” alone

is mentioned. Even otherwise, the word “and”

occurring in Section 8(2)(a) must be read as “or”

keeping in mind the legislative intent and the fact

that an anomalous situation would arise if it is

not read as “or”. If read as “and”, disputes would

only stave off the bankruptcy process if they are

already   pending   in   a   suit   or   arbitration

proceedings and not otherwise. This would lead

to great hardship; in that a dispute may arise a

few   days   before   triggering   of   the   insolvency

process, in which case, though a dispute may

exist,   there  is   no   time   to   approach   either   an

Arbitral Tribunal or a court. Further, given the

fact   that   long   limitation   periods   are   allowed,

where disputes may arise and do not reach an

Arbitral Tribunal or a court for up to three years,

1 (2018) 1 SCC 353

17

such persons would be outside the purview of

Section 8(2) leading to bankruptcy proceedings

commencing   against   them.   Such   an   anomaly

cannot   possibly   have   been   intended   by   the

legislature nor has it so been intended. We have

also seen that one of the objects of the Code qua

operational debts is to ensure that the amount of

such debts, which is usually smaller than that of

financial   debts,   does   not   enable   operational

creditors to put the corporate debtor into the

insolvency   resolution   process   prematurely   or

initiate   the   process   for   extraneous

considerations.  It  is for this  reason that  it is

enough   that   a   dispute   exists   between   the

parties.”

15.It could thus be seen that this Court has held that one of

the objects of the IBC qua operational debts is to ensure that

the amount of such debts, which is usually smaller than that of

financial debts, does not enable operational creditors to put the

corporate   debtor   into   the   insolvency   resolution   process

prematurely   or   initiate   the   process   for   extraneous

considerations. It has been held that it is for this reason that it

is enough that a dispute exists between the parties.

16.It   will   further   be   apposite   to   refer   to   the   following

observations of this Court in  Mobilox Innovations Private

18

Limited (supra), wherein this Court has considered the terms

“existence”, “genuine dispute” and “genuine claim” and various

authorities construing the said terms:­

“45. The   expression   “existence”   has   been

understood as follows:

“Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives the

following meaning of the word “existence”:

(a) Reality, as opp. to appearance.

(b) The fact or state of existing; actual

possession of being. Continued being as

a living creature, life, esp. under adverse

conditions.

Something that exists; an entity, a being. All that

exists. (P. 894, Oxford English Dictionary)”

46. Two extremely instructive judgments, one of

the Australian High Court, and the other of the

Chancery Division in the UK, throw a great deal

of light on the expression “existence of a dispute”

contained   in   Section   8(2)(a)   of   the   Code.   The

Australian   judgment   is   reported   as Spencer

Constructions   Pty   Ltd. v. G   &   M   Aldridge   Pty

Ltd. [Spencer   Constructions   Pty   Ltd. v. G   &   M

19

Aldridge   Pty   Ltd.,   1997   FCA   681   (Aust)]   The

Australian High Court had to construe Section

459­H of the Corporations Law, which read as

under:

“(1)***

(a)   that   there   is   a   genuine   dispute

between   the   company   and   the

respondent   about   the   existence   or

amount of a debt to which the demand

relates;

(b)***”

47. The expression “genuine dispute” was then

held to mean the following:

“Finn,   J.   was   content   to   adopt   the

explanation   of   “genuine   dispute”   given   by

McLelland,   C.J.   in   Eq   in Eyota   Pty

Ltd. v. Hanave   Pty   Ltd.  [Eyota   Pty

Ltd. v. Hanave Pty Ltd., (1994) 12 ACSR 785

(Aust)] ACSR at p. 787 where his Honour

said:

‘In my opinion [the] expression connotes

a   plausible   contention   requiring

investigation, and raises much the same

sort   of   considerations   as   the   “serious

question   to   be   tried”   criterion   which

arises   on   an   application   for   an

interlocutory   injunction   or   for   the

extension or removal of a caveat. This

20

does   not   mean   that   the   court   must

accept   uncritically   as   giving   rise   to   a

genuine dispute, every statement in an

affidavit   ‘however   equivocal,   lacking   in

precision, inconsistent with undisputed

contemporary   documents   or   other

statements   by   the   same   deponent,   or

inherently and probable in itself, it may

be   not   having   ‘sufficient   prima   facie

plausibility to merit further investigation

as   to   [its]   truth’   (cf Eng   Mee

Yong v. Letchumanan [Eng   Mee

Yong v. Letchumanan,   1980   AC   331   :

(1979) 3 WLR 373 (PC)] AC at p. 341G),

or ‘a patently feeble legal argument or an

assertion   of   facts   unsupported   by

evidence’:   cf  South

Australia v. Wall [South Australia v. Wall,

(1980) 24 SASR 189 (Aust)] SASR at p.

194.’

His Honour also referred to the judgment of

Lindgren,   J.   in Rohalo   Pharmaceutical   Pty

Ltd. [Rohalo   Pharmaceutical   Pty   Ltd. v. RP

Scherer, (1994) 15 ACSR 347 (Aust)] where,

at p. 353, his Honour said:

‘The provisions [of Sections 459­H(1) and

(5)]   assume   that   the   dispute   and

offsetting   claim   have   an   “objective”

existence   the   genuineness   of   which   is

capable   of   being   assessed.   The   word

“genuine”   is   included   [in   “genuine

dispute”] to sound a note of warning that

the propounding of serious disputes and

21

claims is to be expected but must be

excluded from consideration.’

There   have   been   numerous   decisions   of

Single   Judges   in   this   Court   and   in   State

Supreme   Courts   which   have   analysed,   in

different ways, the approach a court should

take   in   determining   whether   there   is   “a

genuine dispute” for the purposes of Section

459­H of the Corporations Law. What is clear

is   that   in   considering   applications   to   set

aside a statutory demand, a court will not

determine   contested   issues   of   fact   or   law

which have a significant or substantial basis.

One finds formulations such as:

‘…   at   least   in   most   cases,   it   is   not

expected that the court will embark upon

any   extended   enquiry   in   order   to

determine   whether   there   is   a   genuine

dispute   between   the   parties   and

certainly will not attempt to weigh the

merits   of   that   dispute.   All   that   the

legislation   requires   is   that   the   court

conclude that there is a dispute and that

it is a genuine dispute.’

See Mibor Investments Pty Ltd. v. Commonwealth

Bank   of   Australia [Mibor   Investments   Pty

Ltd. v. Commonwealth Bank of Australia, (1993)

11   ACSR   362   (Aust)]   ACSR   at   pp.   366­67,

followed   by   Ryan,   J.   in Moyall   Investments

Services   Pty   Ltd. v. White [Moyall   Investments

Services Pty Ltd. v. White, (1993) 12 ACSR 320

(Aust)] ACSR at p. 324.

22

Another formulation has been expressed as

follows:

‘It is clear that what is required in all

cases   is   something   between   mere

assertion and the proof that would be

necessary in a court of law. Something

more   than   mere   assertion   is   required

because if that were not so then anyone

could merely say it did not owe a debt.…’

See John   Holland   Construction   and   Engg.   Pty

Ltd. v. Kilpatrick   Green   Pty   Ltd. [John   Holland

Construction   and   Engg.   Pty   Ltd. v. Kilpatrick

Green Pty Ltd., (1994) 12 ACLC 716 (Aust)] ACLC

at p. 718, followed by Northrop, J. in Aquatown

Pty Ltd. v. Holder Stroud Pty Ltd. [Aquatown Pty

Ltd. v. Holder Stroud Pty Ltd., Federal Court of

Australia, 25­6­1996, Unreported]

In Morris Catering (Australia) Pty Ltd. [Morris

Catering (Australia) Pty Ltd., In re, (1993) 11

ACSR 601 (Aust)] ACSR at p. 605, Thomas,

J. said:

‘There   is   little   doubt   that   Div   3   is

intended to be a complete code which

prescribes a formula that requires the

court to assess the position between the

parties, and preserve demands where it

can  be  seen  that   there  is  no  genuine

dispute   and   no   sufficient   genuine

offsetting claim. That is not to say that

the   court   will   examine   the   merits   or

settle the dispute. The specified limits of

23

the   court's   examination   are   the

ascertainment   of   whether   there   is   a

“genuine dispute” and whether there is a

“genuine claim”.

It   is   often   possible   to   discern   the

spurious, and to identify mere bluster or

assertion.   But   beyond   a   perception   of

genuineness (or the lack of it) the court

has   no   function.   It   is   not   helpful   to

perceive   that   one   party   is   more   likely

than the other to succeed, or that the

eventual   state   of  the   account   between

the parties is more likely to be one result

than another.

The essential task is relatively simple —

to identify the genuine level of a claim

(not the likely result of it) and to identify

the genuine level of an offsetting claim

(not the likely result of it).’

In Scanhill Pty Ltd. v. Century 21 Australasia Pty

Ltd. [Scanhill Pty Ltd. v. Century 21 Australasia

Pty Ltd., (1993) 12 ACSR 341 (Aust)] ACSR at p.

357 Beazley, J. said:

‘… the test to be applied for the purposes of

Section   459­H   is   whether   the   court   is

satisfied that there is a serious question to

be tried that the applicant has an offsetting

claim.’

In Chadwick   Industries   (South   Coast)   Pty

Ltd. v. Condensing Vaporisers Pty Ltd. [Chadwick

24

Industries   (South   Coast)   Pty   Ltd. v. Condensing

Vaporisers Pty Ltd., (1994) 13 ACSR 37 (Aust)]

ACSR at p. 39, Lockhart, J. said:

‘… what appears clearly enough from all the

judgments is that a standard of satisfaction

which a court requires is not a particularly

high one. I am for present purposes content

to   adopt   any   of   the   standards   that   are

referred to in the cases…. The highest of the

thresholds is probably the test enunciated by

Beazley, J., though for myself I discern no

inconsistency   between   that   test   and   the

statements in the other cases to which I have

referred. However, the application of Beazley,

J.'s   test   will   vary   according   to   the

circumstances of the case.

Certainly   the   court   will   not   examine   the

merits of the dispute other than to see if

there is in fact a genuine dispute. The notion

of   a   “genuine   dispute”   in   this   context

suggests   to   me   that   the   court   must   be

satisfied that there is a dispute that is not

plainly   vexatious   or   frivolous.   It   must   be

satisfied that there is a claim that may have

some substance.’

In Greenwood   Manor   Pty

Ltd. v. Woodlock [Greenwood   Manor   Pty

Ltd. v. Woodlock,   (1994)   48   FCR   229   (Aust)]

Northrop,   J.   referred   to   the   formulations   of

Thomas, J. in Morris Catering (Australia) Pty Ltd.,

In re [Morris Catering (Australia) Pty Ltd., In re,

(1993) 11 ACSR 601 (Aust)] ACLC at p. 922 and

25

Hayne,   J.   in Mibor   Investments   Pty

Ltd. v. Commonwealth   Bank   of   Australia [Mibor

Investments  Pty  Ltd. v. Commonwealth  Bank  of

Australia, (1993) 11 ACSR 362 (Aust)] , where he

noted the dictionary definition of “genuine” as

being in this context “not spurious … real or

true” and concluded (at p. 234):

‘Although it is true that the Court, on an

application under Sections 459­G and 459­H

is not  entitled to decide a question as to

whether a claim will succeed or not, it must

be satisfied that there is a genuine dispute

between  the  company   and  the   respondent

about the existence of the debt. If it can be

shown that the argument in support of the

existence of a genuine dispute can have no

possible   basis   whatsoever,   in   my   view,   it

cannot   be   said   that   there   is   a   genuine

dispute. This does not involve, in itself, a

determination   of   whether   the   claim   will

succeed or not, but it does go to the reality of

the dispute, to show that it is real or true

and not merely spurious'.

In our view a “genuine” dispute requires that:

(i) the  dispute be bona fide and  truly

exist in fact;

(ii) the grounds for alleging the existence

of a dispute are real and not spurious,

hypothetical, illusory or misconceived.

26

We   consider   that   the   various   formulations

referred to above can be helpful in determining

whether   there   is   a   genuine   dispute   in   a

particular case, so long as the formulation used

does not become a substitute for the words of the

statute.””

17.It is thus clear that once the “Operational Creditor” has

filed   an   application   which   is   otherwise   complete,   the

adjudicating   authority   has   to   reject   the   application   under

Section   9(5)(ii)(d)   of   IBC,   if   a   notice   has   been   received   by

“Operational Creditor” or if there is a record of dispute in the

information utility.  What is required is that the notice by the

“Corporate Debtor” must bring to the notice of “Operational

Creditor” the existence of a dispute or the fact that a suit or

arbitration proceedings relating to a dispute is pending between

the parties.  All that the adjudicating authority is required to

see at this stage is, whether there is a plausible contention

which requires further investigation and that the dispute is not

a   patently   feeble   legal   argument   or   an   assertion   of   fact

unsupported by evidence. It is important to separate the grain

27

from the chaff and to reject a spurious defence which is a mere

bluster. It has been held that however, at this stage, the

Court is not required to be satisfied as to whether the defence is

likely to succeed or not.   The Court also cannot go into the

merits   of   the   dispute   except   to   the   extent   indicated

hereinabove.  It has been held that so long as a dispute truly

exists in fact and is not spurious, hypothetical or illusory, the

adjudicating authority has no other option but to reject the

application.

18.In the light of the law laid down by this Court stated

hereinabove, we will have to examine the facts of the present

case.  We clarify that though arguments have been advanced at

the Bar with regard to the questions as to whether the so­called

claim   made   by   Overseas   would   be   considered   to   be   an

“Operational   Debt”   and   as   to   whether   Overseas   could   be

considered to be an “Operational Creditor”, we do not find it

necessary to go into said questions, inasmuch as the present

appeal can be decided only on a short question as to whether

28

Kay Bouvet has been in a position to make out the case of

“existence of dispute” or not.

19.For   considering   the   rival   submissions,   it   will   be

appropriate to refer to the Demand Notice/Invoice dated 23

rd

November 2017, addressed to Kay Bouvet by Overseas:­

“7.   Due to termination of the EPC contract by

Mashkour, the tripartite sub­contract also came

to an automatic end by virtue of the clause 15.2

of   the   Particular   Conditions   of   the   said   sub­

contract.  

8.   On or about 14

th

  July 2017, the Corporate

Debtor filed its affidavit dated 14

th

 July 2017 in

the Notice of Motion (L) No. 1314 of 2017 in Suit

(1) No. 382 of 2017 in reply to the said Notice of

Motion   (hereinafter   referred   to   as   the   “said

Reply”).  In the said reply, the Corporate Debtor

has   categorically   stated   and   admitted   that

Mashkour   has   now,   in   replacement   of   the

Operational   Creditor,   appointed   the   Corporate

Debtor itself as its EPC Contractor for the said

Project under and the EPC Contract dated 5

th

July 2017.  Consequently the tri­partite contract

dated  18

th

  April   2010  between  Mashkour,  the

Corporate Debtor and the Operational Creditor

stands   vitiated   and   superseded   by   the   fresh

Contract   executed   between   Mashkour   and

29

Corporate Debtor.  In view thereof the Corporate

Debtor can no longer perform under the said tri­

partite contract dated 18

th

  April 2010 between

Mashkour,   the   Corporate   Debtor   and   the

Operational   Creditor   as   the   same   stands

superseded by the fresh contract dated 5

th

 July

2017   executed   between   Mashkour   and   the

Corporate Debtor.

9.  The Operational Creditor therefore states that

in the light of the Corporate Debtors admission

in the said reply, the Corporate Debtor is liable to

refund the said Advance Amount forthwith to the

Operatinal Creditor.   The Operational Creditor

further   states   that   the   said   Advance   Amount

became due and payable as and by way of refund

to   the   Operational   Creditor   by   the   Corporate

Debtor on or about 5

th

 July 2017 i.e. the date on

which the Corporate Debtor was appointed as an

EPC Contractor by Mashkour.

10.   The   Corporate   Debtor   has,   therefore,

defaulted in refunding the said Advance Amount”

20.It can thus be seen that the claim of Overseas is that in

the reply filed to its Notice of Motion by Kay Bouvet, it has

admitted that Mashkour has, as a replacement of Overseas,

30

appointed   Kay   Bouvet   as   the   Contractor.     As   such,   the

Tripartite Agreement dated 18

th

 December 2010, stands vitiated

and superseded.  As such, Kay Bouvet cannot perform under

the said Tripartite Agreement. According to Overseas, therefore,

in view of the admission in the reply, Kay Bouvet is liable to

refund the advance amount forthwith.  

21.It will be relevant to refer to the Reply dated 6

th

 December

2017,   addressed   by   Kay   Bouvet   to   Overseas   as   per   the

provisions of Clause (a) of sub­section (2) of Section 8 of the

IBC:­

“3.   We state that Key Bouvet expressly denied

the   claim   of   10.62   million   of   equivalent   to

Rs.47,12,10,000/­   (Rupees   47   Crores   Twelve

Lakhs Ten Thousand Only).   We state that Key

Bouvet had received advance monies on behalf of

Mashkour Sugar Company Limited (hereinafter

Mashkour)   as   per   the   Agreement   executed

between the parties.   We state that thereafter

Mashkour has terminated an agreement with you

vide their letter dated 17.05.2017 and therefore

Kay Bouvet has monetary liability towards OIA.

31

4.  We state that on 05.07.2017 Mashkour has

entered into a fresh contract with Key Bouvet.  In

the said Agreement Mashkour has considered the

earlier Advance Payment of USD 10.62 Million

equivalent   to   Rs.47,12,10,000/­   (Rupees   47

Crores Twelve Lakhs Ten Thousand Only) made

to Key Bouvet from Mashkour.  The execution of

the fresh contract in favour of Kay Bouvet in no

manner   creates   an   automatic   liability   on   Kay

Bouvet to refund any amount.  There is no such

legal   and   contractual   monetary   liability

between the OIA and Kay Bouvet. The very

perusal   of   the   definition   of   “debt”   and

“operational Creditors” would establish that

termination   of   contract   by   Mashkour   with

you does not create any debt due from Key

Bouvet towards OIA.  It expressly denied that

Kay   Bouvet   is   an   Operational   Creditor

towards OIA.

5.  We state that, as per the pleadings in the Suit

(L) No. 382 of 2017, you have sought a relief of

release   of   the   amount   of   USD   10,745,000/­

under the letter of agreement of 2th March 2014.

Thereafter there is an existence of dispute of

the existence of such amount of debt claimed

by you.   In such event your demand notice is

erroneous,   illegal   and   bad   in   law   considering

provisions of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code,

2016 and more particularly Section 5(6), Section

9(5)(i)(d) and Section 9(5)(ii)(d).”

32

[emphasis supplied]

22.It can thus be seen that Kay Bouvet has clearly stated that

the said amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/­ was received as advance

money on behalf of Mashkour.  It has been specifically stated

that in the agreement entered into between Mashkour and Kay

Bouvet   on   5

th

  July   2017,   the   said   advance   payment   of

Rs.47,12,10,000/­ has been duly considered.  It is stated that

the execution of the fresh contract in favour of Kay Bouvet in

no manner creates an automatic liability on Kay Bouvet.   As

such, Kay Bouvet has pressed into service the “existence of

dispute” for opposing the demand made by Overseas.

23.We will have to examine as to whether the claim of Kay

Bouvet   with   regard   to   the   “existence   of   dispute”,   can   be

considered to be the one which is spurious, illusory or not

supported by any evidence.  It will be relevant to refer to Clause

14.1 of the Tripartite Agreement dated 18

th

  December 2010,

between Mashkour, Overseas and Kay Bouvet:­

33

“1.  10% of the sub contract Price as interest free

advance payment by way of telegraphic transfer

directly   to   the   bank   account   of   the   Sub­

Contractor   against   submission   of   invoice   and

Advance Payment Bank Guarantee for 10% of the

sub contract Price, from any Indian public sector

bank  acceptable  to  Mashkour  upon receipt  of

amounts   from   EXIM   Bank.     The   Advance

Payment Bank Guarantee shall be as per format

attached herewith (Uniform Rules for Demand

guarantees,   Publication   No.758,   International

Chamber of Commerce) and its value may be

reduced in proportion to the value of amounts

invoiced   as   evidenced   by   shipping   documents

and receipt of payment from EXIM Bank.”

24.It will further be relevant to refer to the e­mail dated 29

th

March 2011, from Overseas to Mashkour:­

“1.   Mashkour   Sugar   Company   will   release

payment of two invoices to OIA against factory

DDE for USD 10.5 Million (USD 9.00 M + USD

1.50M).

2.  OIA will release payment of USD 10.62 Million

to Kay Bouvet on submission of Advance Bank

Guarantee and Performance Bank Guarantee to

Mashkour and its confirmation and acceptance

34

by   Mashkour   and   discharge   of   OIA   Bank

Guarantee of USD 7.5 Millions.

3.  Mashkour will release Second payment of two

Invoices of USD 4.375 Million (USD 3.50M + USD

0.875M) … civil work to OIA.

4.   OIA will release advance payment of USD

1.113 Million to Civil Contractor after signing of

contract between OIA and civil contractor and on

confirmation   from   Mashkour   regarding

acceptance or ABG/PBG of the Civil Contractor

as per Contract.

You are requested to please accept this proposal

and send authorization letters to EXIM.”

25.A perusal thereof would clearly reveal that Mashkour was

to release payment of two invoices of Overseas for USD 10.5

Million (USD 9.00 Million + USD 1.50 Million).  It will further

reveal that Overseas was to release payment of USD 10.62

Million   to   Kay   Bouvet   on   submission   of   Advance   Bank

35

Guarantee and Performance Bank Guarantee to Mashkour and

its confirmation and acceptance by Mashkour.  

26.It will further be relevant to refer to the communication

addressed by Exim Bank to Overseas dated 21

st

 April 2011:­

“GOI supported Exim Bank’s Line of Credit for

USD   25   Million   to   Government   of   Sudan

Approval No. Exim/GOILOC­82/1.Disbursement

advice:3.

We   advise   that   an   amount   of

Rs.46,58,75,853/­   has   been   remitted   to   India

Overseas Bank, Nehru Place, New Delhi through

RTGS Code – IOBA0000543   to the credit of

account of Overseas Infrastructure Alliance

(India) Private Limited.  The disbursement is

made   against   the   contract   between

Mashkour   Sugar   Company,   Sudan   and

Overseas   Infrastructure   Alliance   (India)

Private Limited.   Details of the disbursement

are as under:­

Amt. in USD

36

Disbursement

No.

Invoice Value

(CIF) 100%

Eligible Value

100%

Net Remitted Value

Date

2 15,000,000.0010,500,000.0010,476,781.85 April

18,

2011

2.   The breakup of the disbursement made as

follows:­

USD

Eligible Value 10,500,000.00 465,911,250.00

 Less

Negotiation   Charges

(Service Tax)

23,218.15 10,30,247.00

Currency   Conversion

Chg. And Service Tax

110.00

Net Remittance 10,476,781.85 46,48,80,893.00

3.  Please confirm receipt of the credit.”

 [emphasis supplied]

37

27.It will further be relevant to refer to the communication

addressed by Overseas of the same date to Mashkour:­

“We have been paid the advance amount to

10.05   million   USD   in   INR   by   Exim   Bank

because of Stringent Sanction entrancement

by the United State Office of Foreign asset

Control   (OFAC)   as   per   the   letter   enclosed

herewith.  The amount has been delivered to us

@ Rs.44.37 per disbursement advice of the Exim

bank attached herewith.

Further   OIA   will   release   payment   of   USD

10.62 Million to Kay Bouvet on Submission of

Advance Bank  Guarantee and  Performance

Bank   Guarantee   to   Mashkour   Sugar

Company   and   its   confirmation   and

acceptance   by   Mashkour   Sugar   Company

and discharge of OIA Bank Guarantee of USD

7.5 Million (As per mail dated 29.03.2011) of

Mr. Ghodgankar.”

[emphasis supplied]

38

28.The communication dated 28

th

  July 2011, addressed by

Mashkour to Overseas would further clarify the position which

reads thus:­

“We are please to inform you that  nominated

sub­contractor   messres   Kay   Bouvet

Engineering   Private   Limited   has   submitted

Advance Payment Bank Guarantee as well as

Performance Bank Guarantee to us as per

the   sub­contract   agreement   and   we   are

satisfied with the same.

In the light of the above we request your

good   self   to   release   the   10%   of   the   Sub­

contract   value   as   per   letter   dated

21.04.2011 addressed to Mashkour.

The payment to be released as under:­

Name of the Beneficiary: M/s Kay Bouvet

Engineering

Private Ltd.

39

Name of Bank :M/s Bank of   

Maharashtra,

Satara,   City

Branch

IFSC Code : MAH80000134

Account No. : 60018168457

Mode of Payment : RTGS

+   amount   of   Rs.47,12,10,000/­   (Rupees   Forty

Seven Crores Twelve Lakhs Ten Thousand only)

As soon as we get confirmation from your side

regarding   release   of   payment   we   shall   release

your Bank Guarantee USD 7.5 Million.

As I discussed today with Mr. Suresh I will be in

India with original discharge bank Guarantee in

the beginning of last week.”

[emphasis supplied]

29.As already discussed hereinabove that Kay Bouvet had

certain grievances with regard to payment of less money on

account   of   exchange   rate,   the   communication   dated   21

st

September 2011, addressed by Kay Bouvet to Mashkour would

clarify the said position which reads thus:­

“We have been paid Rs.47,12,10,000/­ by M/s.

Overseas Infrastructure Alliance (India) Ltd. On

30

th

  August   2011   equivalent   to   USD   10.62

Million converted 1 USD @ Rs.44.37/­, whereas

40

on   that   day   the   conversion   rate   as   per   the

attached list was 1 USD – Rs.46.26/­, so the

amount would have been Rs.49,12,08,012/­, so

they have underpaid a sum of Rs.1,99,98,012/­.

So you are requested to advise OIA to release

amount of Rs.1,99,98,012/­ to us without any

delay.”

30.The last nail in the case of the Overseas would be in the

nature   of   communication   addressed   by   the   Ambassador   of

Sudan to Mashkour dated 25

th

 April 2017, which reads thus:­

“With reference to the earlier correspondence, we

have received the DO No. 1425/Secy(ER)/2017

dated   18

th

  April,   2017   from   Mr.   Amar   Sinha,

Secretary   (Economic   Relations)   Ministry   of

External Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi,

India expediting the termination of the agreement

with   Overseas   Infrastructure   Alliance   (India)

Private Limited (OIA) and that an agreement be

signed with Kay Bouvet Engineering Ltd. (KBEL)

as a direct contractor for the unutilized portion of

the   GOI’s   Line   of   Credit   for   US   Dollars

150,000,000 for the Mashkour Sugar Project.

It   is   on   the   record   that   a   sum   of

Rs.47,12,10,000/­ (US $ 10.62 Million) was

paid by OIA to Kay Bouvet Engineering Ltd.

“KBEL”   on   behalf   of   Mashkour   Sugar

Company from the funds released to OIA by

Exim Bank from the 1

st

 disbursed tranche of

US $ 25 Million.

41

Kindly   make   a   note,   while   signing   the

revised contract with KBEL that the above

mentioned amount of US Dollars 10.62 shall

be adjusted by Kay Bouvet Engineering Ltd.

against the supplies to be made to Mashkour

Sugar   Company   Ltd.   for   the   purpose   of

completing the project.

Naturally, it should be borne in mind that the

termination   of   OIA   contract   with   Mashkour

should not absolve them of any liability for the

balance   of   the   LoC   1

st

  tranche   of   25   Million

disbursed to them, other than the US Dollars

10.62 already paid to KBEL and which will be

adjusted when a contract is signed with KBEL as

a main contractor.”

[emphasis supplied]

31.It is thus abundantly clear that the case of Kay Bouvet

that the amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/­ which was paid to it by

Overseas, was paid on behalf of Mashkour from the funds

released to Overseas by Exim Bank on behalf of Mashkour,

cannot be said to be a dispute which is spurious, illusory or not

supported   by   the   evidence   placed   on   record.   The   material

placed on record amply clarifies that the initial payment which

was made to Kay Bouvet as a sub­Contractor by Overseas who

42

was a Contractor, was made on behalf of Mashkour and from

the funds received by Overseas from Mashkour.  It will also be

clear   that   when   a   new   contract   was   entered   into   between

Mashkour and Kay Bouvet directly, Mashkour had directed the

said amount of Rs.47,12,10,000/­ to be adjusted against the

supplies to be made to Mashkour Sugar Company Ltd. for the

purpose   of   completing   the   Project.     On   the   contrary,   the

documents clarify that the termination of the contract with

Overseas would not absolve Overseas of any liability for the

balance of the LoC 1

st

 tranche of 25 Million disbursed to them

other than USD 10.62 paid to Kay Bouvet.

32.In these circumstances, we find that NCLT had rightly

rejected the application of Overseas after finding that there

existed a dispute between Kay Bouvet and Overseas and as

such, an order under Section 9 of the IBC would not have been

passed.   We find that NCLAT has patently misinterpreted the

factual as well as legal position and erred in reversing the order

of NCLT and directing admission of Section 9 petition.  

43

33.Resultantly,   this   appeal   is   allowed   and   the   impugned

order dated 21

st

 December 2018, passed by NCLAT is quashed

and set aside.  The order passed by NCLT dated 26

th

 July 2018,

is maintained. 

34.In  view   of   the   above,   all   the   pending   IAs   shall   stand

disposed of.

…..….......................J.

[R.F. NARIMAN]

…….........................J.       

[B.R. GAVAI]

NEW DELHI;

AUGUST 10, 2021.

44

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