REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2432 OF 2019

(ARISING OUT OF SLP (C) NO. 490 OF 2012)

KHODAY DISTILLERIES LTD.

(NOW KNOWN AS KHODAY INDIA LIMITED)

AND OTHERS ..… APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

SRI MAHADESHWARA SAHAKARA

SAKKARE KARKHANE LTD., KOLLEGAL

(UNDER LIQUIDATION) REPRESENTED

BY THE LIQUIDATOR ..… RESPONDENT(S)

W I T H

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2433 OF 2019

(ARISING OUT OF SLP (C) NO. 13792 OF 2013)

J U D G M E N T

A.K. SIKRI, J.

Leave granted.

2)Question of law in both these appeals is identical. However, facts

of the Civil appeal arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.

490 of 2012 are noted for discussion, as in this case, order dated

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 1 of 27

October 19, 2012 has been passed referring the question of law

to a larger Bench.

3)Before we advert to the question of law, we deem it appropriate to

take stock of seminal facts as the said factual background would

make it easier to understand the implication of the issue that

arises for determination.

4)Respondent No.1 herein had filed original suit against the

appellant on the file of the XXXI Additional City Civil Judge,

Bangalore City. It was a money suit for recovery of

Rs.1,00,76,630/- along with interest. The City Civil Judge, after

trial, dismissed the suit as barred by limitation vide his judgment

and decree dated November 11, 2005, even after finding on

merits that money was payable by the appellant to respondent

No.1. Against this, respondent No.1 preferred first appeal under

Section 96 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. This appeal

was allowed by the High Court of Karnataka on November 12,

2008 by holding that the suit was filed within the period of

limitation. Accordingly, it passed decree of the amount claimed

along with interest @ 12% per annum from the date of demand,

i.e. July 19, 1994, up to August 03, 1994 and the interest was

granted @ 10% per annum from August 04, 1994 till the date of

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 2 of 27

payment. Against this judgment of the High Court, the appellant

preferred the special leave petition. This special leave petition

was dismissed by this Court on December 04, 2009 with the

following order:

"Delay condoned.

Special Leave Petition is dismissed.”

After the dismissal of the special leave petition, respondent

No.1 filed execution petition before the trial court.

5)It may be mentioned at this stage that after the High Court had

decreed the suit of respondent No.1, the respondent filed

application for rectification of the judgment, which was allowed on

October 20, 2010 directing the appellant to pay the decretal

amount with interest and costs. This is the subject matter of the

execution proceedings.

6)The appellant herein, even after dismissal of the special leave

petition, went back to the High Court in the form of review petition

seeking review of the judgment dated November 12, 2008 passed

by the High Court. It was filed on the premise that the High Court

had granted relief which was not even sought for by respondent

No.1 in the suit. We may reproduce the precise ground taken in

this behalf in the review petition:

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 3 of 27

"11. The above Review Petition is directed only with

regard to the decree portion dated 12.11.2008 passed by

this Hon’ble Court in RFA No. 427/2006 as corrected by

the order dated 20.10.2010. It reads:

“We direct the plaintiff to recover the amount as

claimed at Rs.1,00,76,630/- with interest at the rate

of 12% from the date of demand made namely

29.07.1994 till 03.08.1994 and at the rate of 10%

from 04.08.1994 till the date of payment on the said

sum with costs.”

A perusal of the prayer made in the suit O.S. No.

2808/1997 as extracted in para 2 above shows that the

plaintiff has not claimed interest at any particular rate and

he has also not prayed the interest from any particular

date. He has also not claimed interest at different rates

also. Thus the decree passed by this Hon’ble Court in

RFA No. 427/2006 is not based on the prayer sought for by

the plaintiff in O.S. No. 2808/1997. This mistake appears

on the face of the record. Hence the impugned judgment

and decree in RFA No. 427/2006 dated 12.11.2008 as

corrected on 20.10.2010 is liable to be reviewed and

modify the said judgment and decree in terms of the

prayer made by the plaintiff in O.S. No. 2808/1997.”

On that basis, it was pleaded that the award of interest from

August 04, 1994 is also without jurisdiction since it was not

claimed by respondent No.1 in the trial court.

7)This review petition has been dismissed by the High Court vide

orders dated September 09, 2011, inter alia, with the following

observations:

"The judgment and decree passed by this Court in the

above appeal was questioned by the petitioners before the

Hon’ble Supreme Court in Special Leave Petition to

Appeal (Civil) CC No. 18374/2009 and the petition came to

be dismissed on 4.12.2009.

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 4 of 27

According to us, when the judgment and decree

passed by this Court has been confirmed by the Hon’ble

Supreme Court, question of entertaining any review by us

does not arise for consideration.

Accordingly, review petition is dismissed.”

8)As can be seen from the above order, the reason for dismissal of

the review petition is that the Apex Court has already dismissed

the special leave petition against the High Court’s judgment dated

November 12, 2008. Therefore, review of the said judgment by

the High Court is not permissible. It is this order in review petition

which is challenged in these proceedings inasmuch as case of

the appellant is that when the special leave petition was

dismissed in limine and not by speaking order, there was no

reason not to entertain the review petition by the High Court, as

dismissal of the special leave petition in limine by non-speaking

order does not amount to merger of the High Court judgment with

that of the Supreme Court.

9)The question of law which needs to be determined in the

aforesaid circumstances is as to whether review petition is

maintainable before the High Court seeking review of a judgment

against which the special leave petition has already been

dismissed by this Court.

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 5 of 27

10)The reason for referring the matter to a larger Bench is the

conflicting views by different Benches of this Court which have

been taken note of in the referral order. Those judgments will be

discussed at the appropriate stage. At the same time, we would

like to reproduce the following passages from the reference order:

"12. We may also point out in this connection that Article

136 of the Constitution does not confer any right of appeal

on any party but it confers a discretionary power on the

Supreme Court to interfere in suitable cases. Clause (1) of

Article 136 of the Constitution confers very wide and

extensive powers on the Supreme Court. The article

commences with a non obstante clause, the words are of

overriding effect and clearly indicate the intention of the

Framers of the Constitution that it is a special jurisdiction

and residuary power unfettered by any statute or other

provisions of Chapter IV of Part V of the Constitution. The

jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution, of course,

cannot be barred by statute since it is extraordinary power

under Article 136. Article 136 is an extraordinary power

which cannot be taken away by legislation.

13. We also notice that several statutes confer on

aggrieved parties right of appeal to the Supreme Court in

contradistinction with the powers conferred on the

Supreme Court under Article 136 of the Constitution, for

instance, Section 15-Z of the Securities and Exchange

Board of India (SEBI) Act, 1992 confers a right of appeal to

any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the

Securities Appellate Tribunal. So also various regulatory

legislations provide for statutory right of appeal. To what

extent the principle of res judicata and merger would apply

in respect of a decision rendered by this Court while

exercising its statutory power of appeal as well as the one

rendered while entertaining an appeal invoking Article 136

is not seen considered by the larger Bench either in Abbai

Maligai or Kunhayammed case, which is also, in our view,

an issue to be considered by the larger Bench.

14. We notice that considerable arguments are being

raised before this Court as well as before various High

Courts in the country on the maintainability of review

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 6 of 27

petitions after the disposal of the special leave petition

without granting leave but with or without assigning

reasons on which also conflicting views are being

expressed by the two-Judge Benches of this Court. In

order to resolve those conflicts and for proper guidance to

the High Courts, we feel it would be appropriate that this

matter be referred to a larger Bench for an authoritative

pronouncement.”

11)There are two judgments of this court, both of which are three

Judge Bench decisions. First in line is Abbai Maligai

Partnership Firm and Another v. K. Santhakumaran and

Others

1

. This judgment is relied upon by respondent No.1 with

the plea that in that judgment this Court held that when the

judgment and decree passed by the High Court is affirmed by the

Supreme Court with the dismissal of the special leave petition,

there is no question of entertaining the review petition by the High

Court, thereafter. Other judgment is in the case of

Kunhayammed and Others v. State of Kerala and Another

2

. In

this judgment the Court laid down various ways in which special

leave petitions can be disposed of and decided in which cases

review would be permissible and where such a review is not

entertainable, on the doctrine of merger and res judicata, etc. We

may point out at this stage itself that various judgments which

have been pronounced by this Court (which are the judgments

rendered by two Judges’ Bench) have taken different paths, on

1(1998) 7 SCC 386

2(2000) 6 SCC 359

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 7 of 27

the interpretation of the aforesaid two cases, resulting in

conflicting outcomes.

12)In Meghmala and Others v. G. Narasimha Reddy and Others

3

and K. Rajamouli v. A.V.K.N. Swamy, the view taken by this

Court was that review petition is not maintainable. In Meghmala

the Court, however, made one exception by holding that in case a

litigant files a review petition before filing the special leave petition

in the Supreme Court and it remains pending till the special leave

petition is dismissed, the review petition still deserves to be

considered. However, the review petition filed after the dismissal

of the special leave petition would amount to abuse of the

process of the Court. On the other hand, in Gangadhara Palo v.

Revenue Divisional Officer Officer and Another

4

, this Court

held that it will make no difference whether the review petition

was filed in the High Court before the dismissal of the special

leave petition or after the dismissal thereof. In either case, the

doctrine of merger would apply, even when the special leave

petition is dismissed in limine, which will bar the filing of the

review petition before the High Court when the special leave

petition is dismissed.

3(2010) 8 SCC 383

4(2011) 4 SC 602

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 8 of 27

13)As against the aforesaid view, there is another line of cases

holding that review petition is maintainable if no leave has been

granted to file an appeal and there is dismissal of the special

leave petition at the preliminary stage itself. These cases have

taken a view that a preliminary stage does not constitute a

binding precedent and, therefore, doctrine of merger would not

apply. These cases are Palani Roman Catholic Mission v. S.

Bagirathi Ammal

5

, Bhakra Beas Management Board v.

Krishna Kumar Vij and Another

6

.

14)After taking note of the aforesaid judgments, the reference order

in the instant case makes a remark about the nature of conflict

between them, which is noted in paragraph 11 of the judgment

and is reproduced below:

"11. We notice that in K. Rajamouli this Court has

followed Kunhayammed and distinguished Abbai

Maligai Partnership Firm and in Gangadhara Palo the

later Bench did not accept the view expressed in K.

Rajamouli. To this extent, there is some conflict

between the judgments in Gangadhara Palo and K.

Rajamouli which calls for resolution by a larger Bench.”

15)It may be useful to add, in the line of the aforesaid cases, a

recent judgment of this Court in Medical Council of India v.

State of Kerala and Others

7

, which is again a two Judge Bench.

Though in this case situation was not where review petition was

5(2009) 16 SCC 657

6(2010) 8 SCC 701

72018 (11) Scale 141

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 9 of 27

filed after the dismissal of the special leave petition, at the same

time, dismissal of the special leave petition in limine was

explained to mean that it was still a decision on merits by this

Court.

16)Having stated the manner in which the issue is dealt with in

various judgments noted above, it would be apposite to first

discuss the law laid down in Abbai Maligai Partnership Firm as

well as Kunhayammed’s cases since both the judgments are

rendered by three Judges’ Bench. Therefore, it is to be seen, in

the first instance, as to whether they project conflicting views.

17)Abbai Maligai Partnership Firm was a case under the Rent

Control Act and the appeal came from the High Court of Madras.

In an eviction petition filed by respondent Nos. 1 and 2 in the said

case, the Rent Controller had ordered eviction of the appellants

therein on the ground of wilful default in payment of rent as well

as on the ground of bona fide requirement of the premises by

respondent Nos. 1 and 2 for their own business. In appeal, the

order of the Rent Controller was set aside as it was found that

there was a bona fide dispute with regard to the title of the

property which could be decided by the Civil Court. The

respondents preferred review petitions thereagainst, which were

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 10 of 27

dismissed. They approached this Court by way of special leave

petitions which were also dismissed. After the dismissal of these

special leave petitions, the respondents therein filed review

petition in the High Court with a delay of 221 days. The High

Court condoned the delay and also entertained the review petition

on merits and not only allowed those review petitions but even

reversed the orders made earlier in the civil revision petitions by

allowing those petitions and ordering eviction of the appellants/

tenants. In appeal against this order passed in review and

revision petitions, this Court held that the jurisdiction exercised by

the High Court, under the circumstances, was palpably

erroneous. Entire discussion in this behalf is contained in one

paragraph, which we reproduce below:

"4. The manner in which the learned Single Judge of the

High Court exercised the review jurisdiction, after the

special leave petitions against the selfsame order had

been dismissed by this Court after hearing learned counsel

for the parties, to say the least, was not proper.

Interference by the learned Single Judge at that stage is

subversive of judicial discipline. The High Court was aware

that the SLPs against the orders dated 7-1-1987 had

already been dismissed by this Court. The High Court,

therefore, had no power or jurisdiction to review the

selfsame order, which was the subject-matter of challenge

in the SLPs in this Court after the challenge had failed. By

passing the impugned order on 7-4-1994, judicial propriety

has been sacrificed. After the dismissal of the special

leave petitions by this Court, on contest, no review

petitions could be entertained by the High Court against

the same order. The very entertainment of the review

petitions, in the facts and circumstances of the case, was

an affront to the order of this Court. We express our strong

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 11 of 27

disapproval and hope there would be no occasion in the

future when we may have to say so. The jurisdiction

exercised by the High Court, under the circumstances,

was palpably erroneous. The respondents who

approached the High Court after the dismissal of their

SLPs by this Court, abused the process of the court and

indulged in vexatious litigation. We strongly deprecate the

matter in which the review petitions were filed and heard in

the High Court after the dismissal of the SLPs by this

Court. The appeals deserve to succeed on that short

ground. The appeals are, consequently, allowed and the

impugned order dated 7-4-1994 passed in the review

petitions is hereby set aside. The respondents shall pay

Rs 10,000 as costs.”

18)In Kunhayammed’s case, on the other hand, the Forest Tribunal

had held that land in dispute did not vest in the Government

under the provisions of the Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and

Assignment) Act, 1971. Against this order the appeal of the State

of Kerala was dismissed by the High Court on December 17,

1982. Thereagainst special leave petition was filed by the State,

which was dismissed in limine stating - ‘Special Leave Petition is

dismissed on merits’. Thereafter, the Estate filed an application in

the High Court for review of its earlier order whereby appeal of

the State had been dismissed upholding the order of the Forest

Tribunal. It may be noted that during the pendency of this review

petition, Section 8(c) was inserted in the Kerala Private Forests

(Vesting and Assignment) Act, 1971 by amendment made in the

year 1986 enabling the Government to file appeal or review in

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 12 of 27

certain cases. This provision was introduced with retrospective

effect, i.e. from November 19, 1983. Review petition was filed in

January 1984. On these facts, the High Court passed orders

dated December 14, 1995 overruling the objection to the

maintainability of the review petition holding that review was

maintainable and posted the case for hearing on merits. This

order was challenged which became the subject matter of the

appeal in the aforesaid cases. The contention of the petitioner

before this Court was two fold: (a) the High Court’s order dated

December 17, 1982 was merged with order dated July 18, 1983

whereby the special leave petition was dismissed and, therefore,

no review petition was maintainable; and (b) order of this Court in

the special leave petition amounted to affirmation of the High

Court’s order and, therefore, could not be reviewed by the High

Court. This Court rejected the contention of the petitioner holding

that review was maintainable as the doctrine of merger was not

applicable in the aforesaid circumstances. However, what is

important is that the Court deliberated on the doctrine of merger

and handed out well reasoned and lucid judgment explaining the

situations where review would be maintainable as well as the

situations where it would not be maintainable on the aforesaid

doctrine.

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 13 of 27

19)Explaining the doctrine of merger, the Court held that logic behind

this doctrine is that there cannot be more than one decree or

operative orders governing the same subject matter at a given

point of time. When a decree or order passed by an inferior

Court, Tribunal or Authority is subjected to a remedy available

under law before a superior forum, then, though the decree or

order under challenge continues to be effective and binding,

nevertheless, this finality is to put in jeopardy. Once the superior

court disposes of the dispute before it in any manner, i.e. either

by affirming the decree or order or by settings aside or by

modifying the same, it is the decree of the superior Court,

Tribunal or Authority which is the final binding and operative

decree and the decree or order of the lower Court, Tribunal or

authority gets merged into the order passed by the superior

forum. The Court also clarified that this doctrine is not of

universal or unlimited application. The nature of jurisdiction

exercised by the superior forum and the content or subject matter

of challenge laid or which could have been laid will have to be

kept in view. The Court thereafter discussed the provision

pertaining to the appellate jurisdiction that is exercised by the

Supreme Court conferred upon it by Articles 132 to 136 of the

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 14 of 27

Constitution of India. Insofar as jurisdiction under Article 136 is

concerned, it explained that Article 136 opens with a non-

obstante clause and conveys a message that even in the field

covered by the preceding articles, jurisdiction conferred by Article

136 is available to be exercised in an appropriate case. It is an

untrammelled reservoir of power incapable of being confined to

definitional bounds; the discretion conferred on the Supreme

Court being subjected to only one limitation, that is, the wisdom

and good sense or sense of justice of the Judges. No right of

appeal is conferred upon any party; only a discretion is vested in

the Supreme Court to interfere by granting leave to an applicant

to enter in its appellate jurisdiction not open otherwise and as of

right.

20)Exercise of jurisdiction under Article 136 and the manner in which

it is dealt with is clarified as under:

"14. The exercise of jurisdiction conferred on this Court by

Article 136 of the Constitution consists of two steps: (i)

granting special leave to appeal; and (ii) hearing the

appeal. This distinction is clearly demonstrated by the

provisions of Order 16 of the Supreme Court Rules framed

in exercise of the power conferred by Article 145 of the

Constitution. Under Rule 4, the petition seeking special

leave to appeal filed before the Supreme Court under

Article 136 of the Constitution shall be in Form No. 28. No

separate application for interim relief need be filed, which

can be incorporated in the petition itself. If notice is

ordered on the special leave petition, the petitioner should

take steps to serve the notice on the respondent. The

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 15 of 27

petition shall be accompanied by a certified copy of the

judgment or order appealed from and an affidavit in

support of the statement of facts contained in the petition.

Under Rule 10 the petition for grant of special leave shall

be put up for hearing ex parte unless there be a caveat.

The court if it thinks fit, may direct issue of notice to the

respondent and adjourn the hearing of the petition. Under

Rule 13, the respondent to whom a notice in special leave

petition is issued or who had filed a caveat, shall be

entitled to oppose the grant of leave or interim orders

without filing any written objections. He shall also be at

liberty to file his objections only by setting out the grounds

in opposition to the questions of law or grounds set out in

the SLP. On hearing, the Court may refuse the leave and

dismiss the petition for seeking special leave to appeal

either ex parte or after issuing notice to the opposite party.

Under Rule 11, on the grant of special leave, the petition

for special leave shall, subject to the payment of additional

court fee, if any, be treated as the petition of appeal and it

shall be registered and numbered as such. The appeal

shall then be set down for hearing in accordance with the

procedure laid down thereafter. Thus, a petition seeking

grant of special leave to appeal and the appeal itself,

though both dealt with by Article 136 of the Constitution,

are two clearly distinct stages. In our opinion, the legal

position which emerges is as under:

(1) While hearing the petition for special leave to

appeal, the Court is called upon to see whether the

petitioner should be granted such leave or not. While

hearing such petition, the Court is not exercising its

appellate jurisdiction; it is merely exercising its

discretionary jurisdiction to grant or not to grant leave

to appeal. The petitioner is still outside the gate of

entry though aspiring to enter the appellate arena of

the Supreme Court. Whether he enters or not would

depend on the fate of his petition for special leave;

(2) If the petition seeking grant of leave to appeal is

dismissed, it is an expression of opinion by the Court

that a case for invoking appellate jurisdiction of the

Court was not made out;

(3) If leave to appeal is granted the appellate

jurisdiction of the Court stands invoked; the gate for

entry in the appellate arena is opened. The petitioner

is in and the respondent may also be called upon to

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 16 of 27

face him, though in an appropriate case, in spite of

having granted leave to appeal, the Court may

dismiss the appeal without noticing the respondent.

(4) In spite of a petition for special leave to appeal

having been filed, the judgment, decree or order

against which leave to appeal has been sought for,

continues to be final, effective and binding as

between the parties. Once leave to appeal has been

granted, the finality of the judgment, decree or order

appealed against is put in jeopardy though it

continues to be binding and effective between the

parties unless it is a nullity or unless the Court may

pass a specific order staying or suspending the

operation or execution of the judgment, decree or

order under challenge.”

21)The Court thereafter analysed number of cases where orders of

different nature were passed and dealt with these judgments by

classifying them in the following categories:

(i) Dismissal at the stage of special leave petition - without

reasons - no res judicata, no merger

8

.

(ii) Dismissal of the special leave petition by speaking or

reasoned order - no merger, but rule of discipline and Article 141

attracted

9

.

8Proposition based on judgments in Workmen v. Board of Trustees of the Cochin Port Trust,

(1978) 3 SCC 119; Western India Match Co. Ltd. v. Industrial Tribunal, AIR 1958 Mad 398;

Indian Oil Corpn. Ltd. v. State of Bihar, (1986) 4 SCC 146; Rup Diamonds v. Union of India,

(1989) 2 SCC 356; Wilson v. Colchester Justices, (1985) 2 All ER 97 (HL); Supreme Court

Employees' Welfare Assn. v. Union of India, (1989) 4 SCC 187; Yogendra Narayan Chowdhury

v. Union of India, (1996) 7 SCC 1; V.M. Salgaocar & Bros. (P) Ltd. v. CIT, (2000) 5 SCC 373;

Sree Narayana Dharmasanghom Trust v. SwamiPrakasananda, (1997) 6 SCC 78 and State of

Maharashtra v. Prabhakar Bhikaji Ingle, (1996) 3 SCC 463.

9Penu Balakrishna Iyer v. Ariya M. Ramaswami Iyer, AIR 1965 SC 195; Abbai Maligai Partnership

Firm v. K. Santhakumaran, (1998) 7 SCC 386; Shankar Ramchandra Abhyankar v. Krishnaji

Dattatreya Bapat, (1969) 2 SCC 74; Sushil Kumar Sen v. State of Bihar, (1975) 1 SCC 774;

Gopabandhu Biswal v. Krishna Chandra Mohanty, (1998) 4 SCC 447; Junior Telecom Officers

Forum v. Union of India, 1993 Supp (4) SCC 693 and Supreme Court Employees' Welfare Assn.

Case, (1989) 4 SCC 187.

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 17 of 27

(iii) Leave granted - dismissal without reasons - merger results

10

.

22)It may be pertinent to mention here that while laying down the

second principle mentioned above, the Court took note of the

judgment in Abbai Maligai Partnership Firm and discussed it in

the following manner:

"26. The underlying logic attaching efficacy to an order of

the Supreme Court dismissing SLP after hearing counsel

for the parties is discernible from a recent three-Judge

Bench decision of this Court in Abbai Maligai Partnership

Firm v. K. Santhakumaran [(1998) 7 SCC 386] . In the

matter of eviction proceeding initiated before the Rent

Controller, the order passed therein was subjected to

appeal and then revision before the High Court. Special

leave petitions were preferred before the Supreme Court

where the respondents were present on caveat. Both the

sides were heard through the Senior Advocates

representing them. The special leave petitions were

dismissed. The High Court thereafter entertained review

petitions which were highly belated and having condoned

the delay reversed the orders made earlier in civil revision

petitions. The orders in review were challenged by filing

appeals under leave granted on special leave petitions.

This Court observed that what was done by the learned

Single Judge was “subversive of judicial discipline”. The

facts and circumstances of the case persuaded this Court

to form an opinion that the tenants were indulging in

vexatious litigations, abusing the process of the Court by

approaching the High Court and the very entertainment of

review petitions (after condoning a long delay of 221 days)

and then reversing the earlier orders was an affront to the

order of this Court. However the learned Judges deciding

the case have nowhere in the course of their judgment

relied on doctrine of merger for taking the view they have

done. A careful reading of this decision brings out the

correct statement of law and fortifies us in taking the view

as under.”

10Thungabhadra Industries Ltd. v. Govt. of A.P., AIR 1964 SC 1372.

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 18 of 27

23)It may also be of interest to note that the Court dealt with the

situation where the review is filed earlier in point of time and the

special leave petition is filed thereafter, and dealt with the

situation in the following manner:

"37. Let us assume that the review is filed first and the

delay in SLP is condoned and the special leave is

ultimately granted and the appeal is pending in this Court.

The position then, under Order 47 Rule 1 CPC is that still

the review can be disposed of by the High Court. If the

review of a decree is granted before the disposal of the

appeal against the decree, the decree appealed against

will cease to exist and the appeal would be rendered

incompetent. An appeal cannot be preferred against a

decree after a review against the decree has been

granted. This is because the decree reviewed gets merged

in the decree passed on review and the appeal to the

superior court preferred against the earlier decree — the

one before review — becomes infructuous.”

24)After elaborate discourse on almost all the aspects, the Court

gave its conclusions and also summed up the legal position from

paragraphs 39 to 44. We reproduce the same hereunder:

"39. We have catalogued and dealt with all the available

decisions of this Court brought to our notice on the point at

issue. It is clear that as amongst the several two-Judge

Bench decisions there is a conflict of opinion and needs to

be set at rest. The source of power conferring binding

efficacy on decisions of this Court is not uniform in all such

decisions. Reference is found having been made to (i)

Article 141 of the Constitution, (ii) doctrine of merger, (iii)

res judicata, and (iv) rule of discipline flowing from this

Court being the highest court of the land.

40. A petition seeking grant of special leave to appeal may

be rejected for several reasons. For example, it may be

rejected (i) as barred by time, or (ii) being a defective

presentation, (iii) the petitioner having no locus standi to

file the petition, (iv) the conduct of the petitioner disentitling

him to any indulgence by the court, (iv) the question raised

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 19 of 27

by the petitioner for consideration by this Court being not

fit for consideration or deserving being dealt with by the

Apex Court of the country and so on. The expression often

employed by this Court while disposing of such petitions

are — “heard and dismissed”, “dismissed”, “dismissed as

barred by time” and so on. May be that at the admission

stage itself the opposite party appears on caveat or on

notice and offers contest to the maintainability of the

petition. The Court may apply its mind to the

meritworthiness of the petitioner's prayer seeking leave to

file an appeal and having formed an opinion may say

“dismissed on merits”. Such an order may be passed even

ex parte, that is, in the absence of the opposite party. In

any case, the dismissal would remain a dismissal by a

non-speaking order where no reasons have been assigned

and no law has been declared by the Supreme Court. The

dismissal is not of the appeal but of the special leave

petition. Even if the merits have been gone into, they are

the merits of the special leave petition only. In our opinion

neither doctrine of merger nor Article 141 of the

Constitution is attracted to such an order. Grounds entitling

exercise of review jurisdiction conferred by Order 47 Rule

1 CPC or any other statutory provision or allowing review

of an order passed in exercise of writ or supervisory

jurisdiction of the High Court (where also the principles

underlying or emerging from Order 47 Rule 1 CPC act as

guidelines) are not necessarily the same on which this

Court exercises discretion to grant or not to grant special

leave to appeal while disposing of a petition for the

purpose. Mere rejection of a special leave petition does

not take away the jurisdiction of the court, tribunal or forum

whose order forms the subject-matter of petition for special

leave to review its own order if grounds for exercise of

review jurisdiction are shown to exist. Where the order

rejecting an SLP is a speaking order, that is, where

reasons have been assigned by this Court for rejecting the

petition for special leave and are stated in the order still

the order remains the one rejecting prayer for the grant of

leave to appeal. The petitioner has been turned away at

the threshold without having been allowed to enter in the

appellate jurisdiction of this Court. Here also the doctrine

of merger would not apply. But the law stated or declared

by this Court in its order shall attract applicability of Article

141 of the Constitution. The reasons assigned by this

Court in its order expressing its adjudication (expressly or

by necessary implication) on point of fact or law shall take

away the jurisdiction of any other court, tribunal or

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 20 of 27

authority to express any opinion in conflict with or in

departure from the view taken by this Court because

permitting to do so would be subversive of judicial

discipline and an affront to the order of this Court.

However this would be so not by reference to the doctrine

of merger.

41. Once a special leave petition has been granted, the

doors for the exercise of appellate jurisdiction of this Court

have been let open. The order impugned before the

Supreme Court becomes an order appealed against. Any

order passed thereafter would be an appellate order and

would attract the applicability of doctrine of merger. It

would not make a difference whether the order is one of

reversal or of modification or of dismissal affirming the

order appealed against. It would also not make any

difference if the order is a speaking or non-speaking one.

Whenever this Court has felt inclined to apply its mind to

the merits of the order put in issue before it though it may

be inclined to affirm the same, it is customary with this

Court to grant leave to appeal and thereafter dismiss the

appeal itself (and not merely the petition for special leave)

though at times the orders granting leave to appeal and

dismissing the appeal are contained in the same order and

at times the orders are quite brief. Nevertheless, the order

shows the exercise of appellate jurisdiction and therein the

merits of the order impugned having been subjected to

judicial scrutiny of this Court.

42. “To merge” means to sink or disappear in something

else; to become absorbed or extinguished; to be combined

or be swallowed up. Merger in law is defined as the

absorption of a thing of lesser importance by a greater,

whereby the lesser ceases to exist, but the greater is not

increased; an absorption or swallowing up so as to involve

a loss of identity and individuality. (See Corpus Juris

Secundum, Vol. LVII, pp. 1067-68.)

43. We may look at the issue from another angle. The

Supreme Court cannot and does not reverse or modify the

decree or order appealed against while deciding a petition

for special leave to appeal. What is impugned before the

Supreme Court can be reversed or modified only after

granting leave to appeal and then assuming appellate

jurisdiction over it. If the order impugned before the

Supreme Court cannot be reversed or modified at the SLP

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 21 of 27

stage obviously that order cannot also be affirmed at the

SLP stage.

44. To sum up, our conclusions are:

(i) Where an appeal or revision is provided against an

order passed by a court, tribunal or any other authority

before superior forum and such superior forum modifies,

reverses or affirms the decision put in issue before it, the

decision by the subordinate forum merges in the decision

by the superior forum and it is the latter which subsists,

remains operative and is capable of enforcement in the

eye of law.

(ii) The jurisdiction conferred by Article 136 of the

Constitution is divisible into two stages. The first stage is

upto the disposal of prayer for special leave to file an

appeal. The second stage commences if and when the

leave to appeal is granted and the special leave petition is

converted into an appeal.

(iii) The doctrine of merger is not a doctrine of universal or

unlimited application. It will depend on the nature of

jurisdiction exercised by the superior forum and the

content or subject-matter of challenge laid or capable of

being laid shall be determinative of the applicability of

merger. The superior jurisdiction should be capable of

reversing, modifying or affirming the order put in issue

before it. Under Article 136 of the Constitution the

Supreme Court may reverse, modify or affirm the

judgment-decree or order appealed against while

exercising its appellate jurisdiction and not while exercising

the discretionary jurisdiction disposing of petition for

special leave to appeal. The doctrine of merger can

therefore be applied to the former and not to the latter.

(iv) An order refusing special leave to appeal may be a

non-speaking order or a speaking one. In either case it

does not attract the doctrine of merger. An order refusing

special leave to appeal does not stand substituted in place

of the order under challenge. All that it means is that the

Court was not inclined to exercise its discretion so as to

allow the appeal being filed.

(v) If the order refusing leave to appeal is a speaking

order, i.e., gives reasons for refusing the grant of leave,

then the order has two implications. Firstly, the statement

of law contained in the order is a declaration of law by the

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 22 of 27

Supreme Court within the meaning of Article 141 of the

Constitution. Secondly, other than the declaration of law,

whatever is stated in the order are the findings recorded by

the Supreme Court which would bind the parties thereto

and also the court, tribunal or authority in any proceedings

subsequent thereto by way of judicial discipline, the

Supreme Court being the Apex Court of the country. But,

this does not amount to saying that the order of the court,

tribunal or authority below has stood merged in the order

of the Supreme Court rejecting the special leave petition or

that the order of the Supreme Court is the only order

binding as res judicata in subsequent proceedings

between the parties.

(vi) Once leave to appeal has been granted and appellate

jurisdiction of Supreme Court has been invoked the order

passed in appeal would attract the doctrine of merger; the

order may be of reversal, modification or merely

affirmation.

(vii) On an appeal having been preferred or a petition

seeking leave to appeal having been converted into an

appeal before the Supreme Court the jurisdiction of High

Court to entertain a review petition is lost thereafter as

provided by sub-rule (1) of Rule 1 of Order 47 CPC.”

25) Having noted the aforesaid two judgments and particularly

the fact that the earlier judgment in the case of Abbai Maligai

Partnership Firm is duly taken cognisance of and explained in

the latter judgment, we are of the view that there is no conflict

insofar as ratio of the two cases is concerned. Moreover, Abbai

Maligai Partnership Firm was decided on its peculiar facts, with

no discussion on any principle of law, whereas Kunhayammed

is an elaborate discourse based on well accepted propositions of

law which are applicable for such an issue. We are, therefore, of

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 23 of 27

the view that detailed judgment in Kunhayammed lays down the

correct law and there is no need to refer the cases to larger

Bench, as was contended by the counsel for the appellant.

26)While taking this view, we may also point out that even in K.

Rajamouli this Court took note of both these judgments and

explained the principle of res judicata in the following manner:

"4. Following the decision in Kunhayammed [(2000) 6 SCC

359] we are of the view that the dismissal of the special

leave petition against the main judgment of the High Court

would not constitute res judicata when a special leave

petition is filed against the order passed in the review

petition provided the review petition was filed prior to filing

of special leave petition against the main judgment of the

High Court. The position would be different where after

dismissal of the special leave petition against the main

judgment a party files a review petition after a long delay

on the ground that the party was prosecuting remedy by

way of special leave petition. In such a situation the filing

of review would be an abuse of the process of the law. We

are in agreement with the view taken in Abbai Maligai

Partnership Firm [(1998) 7 SCC 386] that if the High Court

allows the review petition filed after the special leave

petition was dismissed after condoning the delay, it would

be treated as an affront to the order of the Supreme Court.

But this is not the case here. In the present case, the

review petition was filed well within time and since the

review petition was not being decided by the High Court,

the appellant filed the special leave petition against the

main judgment of the High Court. We, therefore, overrule

the preliminary objection of the counsel for the respondent

and hold that this appeal arising out of special leave

petition is maintainable.”

27)From a cumulative reading of the various judgments, we sum up

the legal position as under:

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 24 of 27

(a)The conclusions rendered by the three Judge Bench of this

Court in Kunhayammed and summed up in paragraph 44 are

affirmed and reiterated.

(b)We reiterate the conclusions relevant for these cases as

under:

"(iv) An order refusing special leave to appeal may be a

non-speaking order or a speaking one. In either case it

does not attract the doctrine of merger. An order refusing

special leave to appeal does not stand substituted in place

of the order under challenge. All that it means is that the

Court was not inclined to exercise its discretion so as to

allow the appeal being filed.

(v) If the order refusing leave to appeal is a speaking

order, i.e., gives reasons for refusing the grant of leave,

then the order has two implications. Firstly, the statement

of law contained in the order is a declaration of law by the

Supreme Court within the meaning of Article 141 of the

Constitution. Secondly, other than the declaration of law,

whatever is stated in the order are the findings recorded by

the Supreme Court which would bind the parties thereto

and also the court, tribunal or authority in any proceedings

subsequent thereto by way of judicial discipline, the

Supreme Court being the Apex Court of the country. But,

this does not amount to saying that the order of the court,

tribunal or authority below has stood merged in the order

of the Supreme Court rejecting the special leave petition or

that the order of the Supreme Court is the only order

binding as res judicata in subsequent proceedings

between the parties.

(vi) Once leave to appeal has been granted and appellate

jurisdiction of Supreme Court has been invoked the order

passed in appeal would attract the doctrine of merger; the

order may be of reversal, modification or merely

affirmation.

(vii) On an appeal having been preferred or a petition

seeking leave to appeal having been converted into an

appeal before the Supreme Court the jurisdiction of High

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 25 of 27

Court to entertain a review petition is lost thereafter as

provided by sub-rule (1) of Rule 1 of Order 47 CPC.”

(c)Once we hold that law laid down in Kunhayammed is to be

followed, it will not make any difference whether the review

petition was filed before the filing of special leave petition or was

filed after the dismissal of special leave petition. Such a situation

is covered in para 37 of Kunhayammed case.

28)Applying the aforesaid principles, the outcome of these appeals

would be as under:

Civil Appeal arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.

490 of 2012: In the instant case, since special leave petition was

dismissed in limine without giving any reasons, the review petition

filed by the appellant in the High Court would be maintainable and

should have been decided on merits. Order dated November 12,

2008 passed by the High Court is accordingly set aside and

matter is remanded back to the High Court for deciding the review

petition on merits. Civil Appeal disposed of accordingly.

Civil Appeal arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.

13792 of 2013: In this case, we find that the special leave petition

was dismissed with the following order passed on January 05,

2012:

"We find no ground to interfere with the impugned

order. The special leave petition is dismissed.”

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 26 of 27

Here also, special leave petition was dismissed in limine and

without any speaking order. After the dismissal of the special

leave petition, the respondent in this appeal had approached the

High Court with review petition. Said review petition is allowed by

passing order dated December 12, 2012 on the ground of

suppression of material facts by the appellant herein and

commission of fraud on the Court. Such a review petition was

maintainable. Therefore, the High Court was empowered to

entertain the same on merits. Insofar as appeal of the appellant

challenging the order dated December 12, 2012 on merits is

concerned, the matter shall be placed before the regular Board to

decide the same.

.............................................J.

(A.K. SIKRI)

.............................................J.

(S. ABDUL NAZEER)

.............................................J.

(M.R. SHAH)

NEW DELHI;

MARCH 01, 2019.

Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 490 of 2012 & Anr. Page 27 of 27