For the custody of children, a tussle was going onbetween the parents who are residing in US since 20042005. Theirmarriage was solemnized on 14th March 2008 in Hyderabad andboth are ...
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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIVIL/CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO(s). 31353136 OF 2019
(Arising out of SLP(Civil) No(s). 1589215893 of 2018)
LAHARI SAKHAMURI …..Appellant(s)
VERSUS
SOBHAN KODALI …..Respondent(s)
WITH
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO(s). 500 OF 2019
(Arising out of SLP(Crl.) No. 2316 of 2018)
J U D G M E N T
Rastogi, J.
Leave granted.
2.Both the appeals although arise from two separate orders
passed by the High Court of Hyderabad for the State of Telangana
and State of Andhra Pradesh dated 8
th
February 2018 in a Habeas
Corpus Petition filed at the instance of the respondent (Sobhan
Kodali) and by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) under the
1
Guardians & Wards Act, 1890 primarily for the custody of the two
minor children who were born in the United States on 14
th
March,
2012 and 13
th
October, 2014 and are US citizens and holding US
passports. For the custody of children, a tussle was going on
between the parents who are residing in US since 20042005. Their
marriage was solemnized on 14
th
March 2008 in Hyderabad and
both are green card holders and not only highly educated but well
placed. It appears that some differences cropped up which can be a
misunderstanding or failing to understand each other, various
efforts were made through conciliation and after the matter came to
this Court through the process of mediation, the orders of this
Court indicate that lot of efforts were made for reconciliation and at
one point of time, it reached to a final stage but unfortunately could
not reach to its logical end for various reasons and factors.
3.The persons who are affected are the minor children who have
been directly impacted because of the fact that their parents have
not been able to resolve their differences. Children are very
sensitive and due to the conflict of their parents if could not be
resolved at the earliest, the minor children became the victim of
2
time for which they are not at fault but indeed the sufferers. It has
to be examined in different perspective also that rights of the child
as a progressive approach to the best interest of the child and what
is needed in the best interest of the child is the one which has to be
deciphered by us in the instant proceedings through the manifold
arguments being advanced from both sides keeping in view the
principles of law on the subject but still remain a guess work.
4.Before this Court may proceed to examine the question, there
are plentitude of judgments of this Court but still each case has to
be decided on its own facts and circumstances. Obviously, the
ultimate goal which has to be kept in mind is the best interest of
the child which is of utmost importance and of a paramount
consideration.
5.The brief facts of the case which manifests from the
voluminous record placed before us are that the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) are the parents of the
minor children. Appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) went to USA for her
masters in September, 2004 and thereafter started working in USA.
She is a Biomedical Engineer by profession. Respondent (Sobhan
3
Kodali) is also highly qualified and went to USA in July 2005 and is
presently a Cardiologist by profession. Their marriage was
solemnized according to Hindu rites in Hyderabad on 14
th
March,
2008. From this wedlock, son, namely, Arthin and daughter Neysa
were born on 14
th
March, 2012 and 13
th
October, 2014 and both are
US citizens and also hold US passports. The couple purchased
house in Pennsylvania on 29
th
January, 2016 in their joint names
and moved to their new home. The son started going to a school in
September 2014 and a daughter in December, 2016. Both the
children being there in US from their birth, the social and cultural
value of US certainly was embedded in both of them.
6.This fact cannot be ruled out that something certainly has
gone wrong in their marital relations and it went to an extent where
the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) took a decision to file petition for
divorce and custody of the minor children in US on 21
st
December,
2016 on the premise that there was a complete irretrievable
breakdown of marriage under the Divorce Code, 1980 prevalent in
US. It may be relevant to note that along with the application filed
for divorce and custody of minor children, there is a prescribed
4
format which has to be filled disclosing the details of any wrong, if
happened physically or abuse has been committed and the fact is
that she was completely silent and positive in assertion in her
application. Although both the parties were residing together in the
same house, with joint legal custody of their children who were
residing with them and there was no criminal/abuse history ever in
the past.
7.Irretrievable breakdown of marriage can be due to marital
difficulties with no reasonable prospect of reconciliation but it
appears that in the US before such matrimonial matters are taken
up for adjudication on the judicial side, all efforts are being made
for conciliation and mediation between the parties which is also
being actively taken note of under Section 89 of Code of Civil
Procedure of resolving matrimonial and custodial disputes through
the process of mediation and which is very successful and effective
in India as well.
8.It reveals from the record that on the date of filing of the
petition for divorce and custody of minor children by the appellant
(Lahari Sakhamuri), i.e. 21
st
December, 2016 in US, the order came
5
to be passed on the petition directing respondent (Sobhan Kodali) to
appear for conciliation conference on 20
th
January, 2017 and both
the parties were directed not to change the residence of the children
which would affect the other party’s ability to exercise custodial
rights. It may be appropriate to quote the extract of the order
which came to be passed on the application filed by the appellant
(Lahari Sakhamuri) which reads as under:
“ ORDER OF COURT
You, Sobhan Kodali, Defendant/Respondent, have been sued
in court to obtain shared legal and primary physical custody of the
children, Arthin Kodali, born March 14, 2012 and Neysa
Sakhamuri Kodali, born October 13, 2014.
You are ordered to appear in person at Room 325, Lehigh
County Courthouse, 455 W. Hamilton Street, Allentown,
Pennsylvania, on January 20, 2017 at 2:00 p.m. , for
XX a conciliation or
mediation conference.
a pretrial conference.
a hearing before the
Court.
If you fail to appear as provided by this Order, an order for
custody may be entered against you or the Court may issue a
warrant for your arrest.
You must file with the Court a verification regarding any
criminal record or abuse history regarding you and anyone living
6
in your household on or before the initial inperson contact with
the Court (including, but not limited to, a conference with a
conference officer or judge or conciliation) but not later than 30
days after service of the Complaint or Petition.
No party may make a change in the residence of any child
which significantly impairs the ability of the other party to exercise
custodial rights without first complying with all of the applicable
provisions of 23 Pa.C.S. §5337 and Pa.R.C.P. No. 1915.17
regarding relocation.
YOU SHOULD TAKE THIS PAPER TO YOUR LAWYER AT
ONCE. IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A LAWYER, GO TO OR
TELEPHONE THE OFFICE SET FORTH BELOW. THIS OFFICE
CAN PROVIDE YOU WITH INFORMATION ABOUT HIRING A
LAWYER. IF YOU CANNOT AFFORD TO HIRE A LAWYER, THIS
OFFICE MAY BE ABLE TO PROVIDE YOU WITH INFORMATION
ABOUT AGENCIES THAT MAY OFFER LEGAL SERVICES TO
ELIGIBLE PERSONS AT A REDUCED FEE OR NO FEE.
Lehigh County Bar Association
Lawyer Referral Service
P.O. Box 1324
Allentown, PA 181051324
Telephone: 6104337094
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
The Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County is required by
law to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
For information about accessible facilities and reasonable
accommodations available to disabled individuals having business
before the Court, please contact the Court Administrator’s Office at
(610) 7823014. All arrangements must be made at least 72 hours
prior to any hearing or business before the Court. You must
attend the scheduled conference or hearing.
7
BY THE COURT:
12/21/2016 _________________________/RR
Date J.”
9.It reveals from the record that efforts were going on in the
process of conciliation and the same were held on 21
st
March, 2017
and since the parties could not arrive to any consensus regarding
the custody of their children, another conference was scheduled as
agreed for 25
th
March, 2017.
10.By the time parties could reach to a final consensus by the
intervention of the trained conciliators which indisputedly play a
very pivotal role in matrimonial matters, there was a sad demise of
the maternal grandmother of the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and
in providing strength and support to the family, the appellant
travelled to India with both the minor children on 23
rd
March, 2017
with return tickets of 24
th
April, 2017 and within 20 days of coming
to Hyderabad(India) where her family reside, filed a petition in the
Family Court, Hyderabad on 12
th
April, 2017 seeking custody of
minor children and injunction against respondent (Sobhan Kodali)
under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 and she was able to
8
succeed in getting exparte interim injunction on 12
th
April, 2017.
It would be appropriate to quote the extract of the exparte
injunction order passed by the learned Family Court, Hyderabad
dated 12
th
April, 2017 which is as follows:
“AD INTERIM INJUNCTION
IN THE COURT OF JUDGIGE ADDITIONAL FAMILY COURT :
CITY CIVIL COURT : HYDERABAD
I.A. No. 292 OF 2017
in
OP No.433 of 2017
BETWEEN :
Smt. Lahari Sakhamuri,
W/o Sobhan Kodali, Hindu,
aged 34 years, R/o Plot No. 443/A28,
Road No.86, Jubilee Hills,
Hyderabad T.S … Petitioner
AND
Sobhan Kodali,
S/o Dr. Jaya Ramesh Kodali, Hindu,
aged about 37 years,
R/o # 2C85, Bellflower Lane,
Centre Valley, Lehigh County,
Pennsylvania18034, USA … Respondent
To
Sobhan Kodali,
S/o Dr. Jaya Ramesh Kodali,
Hindu, aged about 37 years,
R/o # 2C85, Bellflower Lane,
9
Centre Valley, Lehigh County,
Pennsylvania18034, USA
UPON MOTION made unto this court by Sri K. Chaitanya,
Counsel for the petitioner seeking the court to grant ad
interim injunction restraining the respondent from forcibly
taking away the minor children Arthin Kodali and Neysa
Sakhamur from the custody of the petitioner pending the
above O.P.
Upon hearing of the arguments of the counsel for the
petitioner this court while issuing notice to respondent
returnable by 26.04.2017 doth order restraining respondent
from taking away minor children namely Arthin Kodali and
Neysa Sakhamur from the custody of the petitioner till
26.04.2017 and that petitioner should not shift the children
from the jurisdiction of this court without permission from
the court, and that petitioner should also look after food,
shelter and medical facilities of the children petition stood
posted to 26.04.2017.
Given under my hand and the seal of the court on this the
12
th
day of April, 2017.
Sd/
JUDGE, ADDL. FAMILY COURT
CITY CIVIL COURT, HYDERABAD”
11.After few days, she also filed a FIR against respondent (Sobhan
Kodali) and his family members for offence under Section 498A IPC
i.e. on 21
st
April, 2017 but after investigation, the police filed
closure report on 1
st
November, 2017. The fact to be noticed here at
this stage is that the very appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) filed a
petition for divorce and custody of minor children in US on 21
st
December, 2016, there was no whisper or an averment that there
10
was any domestic violence or abuse either subjected upon her or
the minor children by respondent (Sobhan Kodali) and he was
informed on 23
rd
April, 2017, twelve hours before her flight that she
would not be returning and does not have a travel date in mind.
Respondent (Sobhan Kodali) and his counsel in the US were orally
informed of the exparte order which was received by respondent
(Sobhan Kodali) on 29
th
April, 2017 through email from the counsel
for appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) in India.
12.Immediately, on receiving the oral information, on 26
th
April,
2017, emergency petition for interim orders in petition for divorce
and custody filed at the instance of the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) was filed by respondent (Sobhan Kodali). The said
application was contested by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri)
through Attorney and in defence stated that she had only
temporarily relocated to India for attending her grandmother’s
funeral and providing emotional support to her mother. After
hearing the parties, the US Court passed order on 22
nd
May, 2017
for continuing the jurisdiction over the custody matter and granted
temporary physical custody of the children to respondent (Sobhan
11
Kodali) with a further direction that children be returned to the
jurisdiction of the Court in US by 2
nd
June, 2017. It would be
appropriate to quote the extract of the order passed by US Court on
the emergency custody petition filed by respondent Sobhan Kodali
on 22
nd
May, 2017:
“IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF LEHIGH
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA CIVIL DIVISION
Lahari Sakhamuri )
Plaintiff ) File No.2016FC1641
Vs )
Sobhan Kodali ) in custody
Defendant )
ORDER
AND NOW, this 22
nd
May, 2017 upon consideration of
the Emergency Petition for Relief Requesting an Interim
order of custody filed 26.04.2017, by defendant and hearing
conducted on 22.05.2017 attended by the defendant /
petitioner Sobhan Kodali represented by his legal counsel,
Mark B. Dischell, Esquire and plaintiff/respondent, Lahari
Sakhamuri having failed to appear for said hearing, but
represented by her legal counsel, Mary J B. Eidelman
Esquire;
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that :
1.Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, United States of America shall
remain the sole home country, home state and country of
the parties’ minor children, Arthin Kodali born 14.03.2012
and Neyas Sakhamuri Kodali, born 13.10.2014.
12
2.This Court shall have sole continuing jurisdiction of this
custody matter which was filed by the plaintiff, Lahari
Sakhamuri, on 21.12.2016.
3.Pending further order of court, father is granted temporary
physical custody of the children;
4.Mother shall return the children to Lehigh County,
Pennsylvania, United States of America, to the father’s
custody on late than 02.06.2017.
5.Until the children’s return, father shall have telephone and
video chat contact with the children each day;
6.Upon her return to this jurisdiction, mother shall not be
permitted to travel out of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
with the minor children without further order of court;
7.The passports of the children shall be held in escrow by the
parties’ counsel or another mutually agreeable person;
8.Should the mother fail to return the children to father by
02.06.2017, mother shall pay to father $1,000 each day she
does not return the children;
9.In the event mother does not return the children to the
father by 02.06.2017, father and/or any of his designees
being his father, Jayaramesh Kodali; his mother, Vijaya
Bharathi; his cousin, Chaitanya Kadiyala, shall be permitted
to receive the children from mother in India and bring them
to Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, United States of America;
10.Until such time as mother returns to the United States, she
shall be precluded from seeking child support on behalf of
the children;
11.A certified copy of this order shall be sent to the America
Consulate in India and shall be registered with appropriate
court / jurisdiction in Hyderabad, India;
12.Within thirty (30) days of this order, mother shall pay father
$10,000 as partial payment towards counsel fee incurred by
father in this matter. A final determination on the amount
of counsel fees to be paid by mother to father will be made
13
by the court after subsequent hearing which may be
requested by either party.
BY THE COURT :
Sd/
Daniel K. McCarthy”
13. Thereafter, the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) moved an
application under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC in the proceedings
instituted in the Family Court, Hyderabad asserting that the Family
Court, Hyderabad has no jurisdiction to decide the application for
the custody of minor children as they are not the ordinary resident
of Hyderabad but that came to be rejected vide order dated 15
th
September, 2017 holding that the Family Court, Hyderabad is
competent to exercise jurisdiction to examine the application filed at
the instance of the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) on merits.
14. At this stage, respondent (Sobhan Kodali) preferred appeal to
the High Court under Section 19(1) of the Family Courts Act against
the order dated 15
th
September, 2017 passed by the learned Family
Court, Hyderabad holding jurisdiction to examine the application
filed by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) regarding custody of the
minor children under Guardians and Wards Act, 1890.
14
Simultaneously, without any loss of time, respondent (Sobhan
Kodali) also filed a writ petition seeking Writ of Habeas Corpus for
producing the minor children in the custody of the US Court taking
note of the earlier order passed dated 21
st
December, 2016 followed
with order dated 22
nd
May, 2017. The appeal and the writ petition
were clubbed but were decided by the High Court by separate
orders dated 8
th
February, 2018 holding that the Family Court,
Hyderabad has no jurisdiction as the children are not ordinarily
residing within the jurisdiction of the Family Court, Hyderabad as
provided under Section 9 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890.
In consequence thereof, application filed by the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) stood rejected. At the same time, in the Habeas Corpus
Petition, Order came to be passed dated 8
th
February, 2018. The
Court finally ordered as under:
“36. In view of the above discussion and the legal position, we
are of the considered opinion that it would be in the best
interest of the minor children to return to the US so that
they can enjoy there in the natural environment, receive the
love, care and attention of their father and paternal
grandparents, resume their school and be with their
teachers, peers and friends.
37.Accordingly, we hereby direct the 5
th
respondent to return
the children to the petitioner in India within four (04) weeks
from the date of receipt of a copy of this order failing which,
15
the Consulate General of the US at Hyderabad shall take the
custody and handover the custody of the children to the
petitioner in India or in the US by making their comfortable
journey to US.
38.The 5
th
respondent is also highly educated and was gainfully
employed in the US for number of years. Accordingly, we
hereby grant liberty to the 5
th
respondent, whenever she feels
to visit the children in US, the petitioner shall make all
arrangements i.e., travel, comfortable stay at US and other
expenses till the US Court pass directions in the petitions
filed by the 5
th
respondent or she become the gainful in any
country, whichever is earlier.
39.As undertaken by the petitioner that, we direct the petitioner
that he shall not insist upon costs and fine imposed by the
Court of US upon the 5
th
respondent.
40.We also direct the petitioner that if children are in India and
5
th
respondent happens to be in India, the children shall
remain with 5
th
respondent. He shall give all access to 5
th
respondent to chat with the children on whatsapp and video
conference etc.”
15.Both the orders passed by the High Court while disposing of
the appeal filed by the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) under Section
19(1) of the Family Courts Act as well as the Habeas Corpus
Petition dated 8
th
February, 2018 came to be challenged by the
appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) in the present appeals.
16.In the pending proceedings, in the Court of Common Pleas of
Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Civil DivisionLaw, further order has
been passed on 9
th
March, 2018 permitting the respondent (Sobhan
16
Kodali) to apply for replacement of US passports on behalf of the
minor children. The order is reproduced as under:
“IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF
LEHIGH COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
CIVIL DIVISION – LAW
LAHARI SAKHAMURI, :
Plaintiff, : NO. 2016FC1641
Vs. :
:
SOBHAN KODALI, : IN CUSTODY
Defendant,:
ORDER OF COURT
AND NOW THIS 9
th
day of March, 2018, upon
consideration of the Defendant’s Emergency Petition
for Special Relief in Custody, it is hereby ORDERED
and DECREED as follows:
1.Defendant’s Emergency Petition for Special Relief is
GRANTED;
2.Defendant, Sobhan Kodali, is granted sole legal
custody of the minor children, Arthin Kodali, born
March 14, 2012, and Neysa Sakhamuri Kodali, born
October 13, 2014;
3.Mother’s retention of the children in India is a
“wrongful retention” of the children pursuant to the
Child Abduction Remedies Act, codified at 23 Pa.C.S. §
5201 et. seq.
17
4.Defendant, Sobhan Kodali, shall be permitted to apply
for replacement U.S. Passports on behalf of the minor
children, Arthin Kodali, born March 14, 2012, and
Neysa Sakhamuri Kodali, born October 13, 2014,
through application of Form DS11 attached hereto as
Exhibit “B”, and without Mother’s consent.
5.The United States Department of State, upon
presentation of a Certified Copy of this Order, shall
issue replacement passports to Sobhan Kodali, Father
of the minor children, even though Father previously
requested the entry of the children into the
Department’s Child Passport Issuance Alert Program
(CPIAP) and received confirmation of the entry of the
children into that system on May 24, 2017, via Case
Number 1536567.
BY THE COURT
__________________J.”
17.Before the submissions made by the learned counsel for the
parties being canvassed, it may reveal from the orders passed by
this Court that keeping in view the personal relations of the spouse
and the utmost and paramount consideration of the welfare of the
children on a high pedestal and to find out if there is any possibility
in resolving their matrimonial differences through the process of
mediation which indisputably plays a very pivotal role in such
matters. The parties appeared in person on various dates and at
one stage, it was sent for mediation as it reveals from Order dated
12
th
October 2018, the Court appointed Mediator used his good
18
office to find out an amiable solution which may be acceptable to
the parties and at one stage from Order dated 29
th
October, 2018, it
reveals that the parties had reached to an amicable solution in
resolving their ongoing matrimonial differences by sitting across
the table with the intervention of the Court appointed Mediator.
But what happened thereafter is really very unfortunate that parties
could not reach to any final conclusion and both the learned
counsel informed this Court that as the mediation could not have
been now possible, the matter may be heard and decided on merits.
18.Learned counsel for the appellant Ms. Malavika Rajkotia,
submits that repatriation to US would not be in the best interest of
the children and this Court has always held that the best interest of
the children cannot be sacrificed on the principle of comity of courts
or any other legal principle could not plead in overcoming the best
interest of the children which is of primary and paramount
consideration. Learned counsel submits that there is a statutory
presumption in favour of the mother, under the tender years
doctrine and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) is unable to dispel from
the pleadings on record in the instant proceedings and she being a
19
fit mother and the best interest of the children is with mother as the
primary caretaker and once the custody of the minor children is
with mother appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri), it is in the children’s
best interest for the court to ensure the psychological wellbeing
and the legal rights of the mother by protecting her autonomy at the
first instance, to exercise her choice of location, particularly when
she is distressed in her matrimonial home.
19. Learned counsel further submitted that the prima facie
assumption may be rebutted in a trial but she cannot be nonsuited
by not providing her an opportunity in establishing her parental
competence and the circumstances leading to protect herself and
the children. Learned counsel further submitted that the appellant
(Lahari Sakhamuri) and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) are Indian
citizens and to separate the primary caregiver from the children
under the “best interest of child” rule constitutes invasion of her
fundamental right of autonomy guaranteed to her under the law
and further submitted that in giving parental rights and privileges,
what is to be ensured is the best interest of the children that is
admittedly difficult as it is related to their life and welfare in such
20
circumstances is being called by a psychologist as the “least worst
option” considering that the ideal of proximity with both parents is
not possible in a given situation. The children and their mother
are in India and is an accessible jurisdiction for the father being
married in India and Indian law applies in a cultural context that is
well appreciated here and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) father has
means to come to India and meet his children in India.
20.Learned counsel for the appellant further submits that though
she has been completely silent in her proceedings instituted in the
US Court in a divorce and custody petition of the children as there
is a provision in US that one can seek divorce if there is a
irretrievable break down of marriage and prospects of conciliation is
reasonably ruled out hence there was no occasion for her to
indicate what mentally and physically she has suffered and how
constrained it was to live due to acute mental, emotional and even
physical violence and it is not in the interest of the children that
their mother be pinned into an unhappy, abusive situation. It is
not in the welfare of the children to be witness to their mother being
devalued. It is also not in their interest that they, witness
21
continued toxic conflict of their parents living as a family or even in
proximity of collaborative parenting. In such cases, distance with
the spouse, with the child as the only point of contact between two
parents in their own location is the best solution.
21. Learned counsel for the appellant submits that due to the
harassment meted out and humiliation suffered by her and their
minor children at the hands of respondent (Sobhan Kodali)
husband, no other option was left with her other than staying away
from US. Further, the children are admitted in the best school in
Hyderabad where they are presently studying. Learned counsel has
further submitted that in Nithya Anand Raghavan Vs. State(NCT
of Delhi) and another
1
, this Court has disagreed with the
conclusions drawn in Surya Vadanan Vs. State of Tamil Nadu
and Others
2
laying down the “first strike” principle that weightage
should be given to the order of the foreign Court which has
jurisdiction and held that the best interest and welfare of the
children is of paramount importance and that if handing over of the
1
2017(8) SCC 454
2
2015(5) SCC 450
22
children to the foreign Court’s jurisdiction would harm their best
interest and welfare, the Court would not direct their return to the
place falling within the jurisdiction of the foreign Court. That
applying the principles laid down in the said case, the two minor
children who are happily placed in the company of the appellant
and her parents, if are entrusted to the foreign court’s jurisdiction,
the same may not be in their best interest and welfare of the
children. Learned counsel submits that Indian Courts have
jurisdiction because the parties had married here and the Hindu
Marriage Act applies to Divorce and Section 26 deals with custody.
What is being pleaded by the respondent under Order 7 Rule 11
CPC is a mixed question of law and facts and hence could be
examined only during the course of the trial but not at this stage.
22.In support of the submission, learned counsel has placed
reliance on the decision of this Court in Jasmeet Kaur Vs. Navtej
Singh
3
holding that the jurisdiction founded on domicile is a
matter of trial and cannot be decided summarily and submitted
that the custody petition filed under Guardians and Wards Act,
3
2018(4) SCC 295
23
1890 has been rejected by the High Court without taking note of the
given fact situation and the scope under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC.
23.Per contra, learned senior counsel for the respondent Ms.
Meenakshi Arora, referred to the decisions of this Court in
Surinder Kaur Sandhu Vs. Harbax Singh Sandhu and Anr.
4
;
Elizabeth Dinshaw Vs. Arvand M. Dinshaw and Another
5
; V.
Ravi Chandran(Dr.) Vs. Union of India and Others
6
; Nithya
Anand Raghavan’s case (supra) and Surya Vadanan’s
case(supra),and taking assistance thereof, submitted that two
minor children were born in US and both of them are US citizens
and are school goers and they enjoyed their schooling (which is
evident from the photographs filed along with the additional
documents) and removal of children from the US despite the Order
of the US Court affects their future and the same may not be in
their best interest.
24.Learned counsel further submitted that the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) started their
4
1984(3) SCC 698
5
1987(1) SCC 42
6
2010(1) SCC 174
24
matrimonial life in the US and been there for almost 14 years, they
are being acclimatized with that culture and in their married life,
except for duration on short visit to India, they spent their good
time in US and removing the children from the US, in the given
circumstances, may not be in their best interest. Learned counsel
submitted that the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) had herself
admitted that children were in shared custody with respondent
(Sobhan Kodali) and she was never subjected to domestic violence
at any given point of time and she had invoked the jurisdiction of
US Court for divorce and custody of minor children based on their
residence and, therefore, it may not be open for her to disregard
the orders of US Court, more specially the order dated 22
nd
May,
2017 whereby respondent (Sobhan Kodali) was granted temporary
physical custody of the children and appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri)
was directed that minor children should be returned to the
jurisdiction of US Court by 2
nd
June, 2017.
25.Learned counsel submitted that from the material which has
come on record, even inference cannot be drawn that there could be
any harm caused to the minor children in returning to their native
25
state, i.e. US. Moreover, in the proceedings on behalf of the
appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) filed before the US Court, it is her
own admission that there was no domestic violence having
perpetrated upon her nor she was subjected to cruelty rather had
asked for shared custody of children along with respondent (Sobhan
Kodali) and in the given circumstances, her unilateral decision to
return to India cannot deprive the minor children in terms of the
love, attention, care and facilities, amenities, upbringing and
environment to which they are accustomed to while in the US. No
doubt, it is not the decision of the minor children to remain in India
away from their father and their school and their peers. The US
Court has the most intimate contact and closest concern to decide
on the issue of minor children which has been extensively examined
by the High Court and finding has been recorded under the
impugned judgment upholding children best interest.
26.Learned counsel submitted that best interest of children has
been sidelined while deciding to stay back in India with the minor
children who are admittedly US citizens and were permanently
residing in US till 23
rd
March, 2017 when they were removed from
26
US in contravention of the Order dated 21
st
December, 2016 passed
by the US Court and forcibly separated from their father respondent
herein and the environment in US which children were
experiencing, is their natural environment and in the given
circumstances, detention of the children in India is unlawful and in
violation of Child Abduction Remedies Act of minor children
applicable in US and US Court has rightly directed the appellant
(Lahari Sakhamuri) to bring back the children to US Court by 2
nd
June, 2017 and the findings which have been recorded by the High
Court are based on cogent available material on records and needs
no further interference.
27.Learned counsel further submits that the minor children are
not ordinary residents of the jurisdiction of Family Court,
Hyderabad as defined under Section 9 of the Guardians and Wards
Act, 1890 as both are natural born US citizens and came to India
only on 23
rd
March, 2017 and within 20 days, application came to
be filed by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) on 12
th
April, 2017
before the Family Court, Hyderabad for the custody of the children
with exparte interim injunction passed by the learned Court and
27
even from the pleadings, nothing is borne out that how the Ld.
Family Court, Hyderabad was having jurisdiction to entertain
application under Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 and in the given
circumstances, the application filed by the respondent (Sobhan
Kodali) under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC was arbitrarily rejected by the
Ld. Family Court and that was reviewed by the High Court on the
material available on record and the finding has been recorded
holding that the children are not the ordinary residents of
jurisdiction of the Family Court, Hyderabad where an application
was filed by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) for custody of the
children and no error was committed by the High Court in rejecting
the application filed by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) under
Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 for lack of jurisdiction and merely
because their marriage was solemnized in Hyderabad would not
confer a territorial jurisdiction to the Family Court, Hyderabad for
the purpose of custody of the minor children under the Guardians
and Wards Act, 1890.
28.Learned counsel further submits that both the issues in
respect of the custody of the minor children and rejection of an
28
application due to lack of territorial jurisdiction entertained by
learned Family Court, Hyderabad has been discussed in detail
under the two separate impugned judgments by the High Court and
needs no further interference of this Court.
29.We have heard learned counsel for the parties and with their
assistance perused the record and also the plentitude of judgments
cited of this Court. Before we proceed, it will be appropriate to take
note of what transpired between the hearing of the instant appeals.
On 26
th
March, 2018, this Court directed the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) and respondent (Sobhan Kodali) to remain personally
present on the next date of hearing which was 9
th
April, 2018.
During pendency of the proceedings, respondent (Sobhan Kodali)
was allowed to meet children possibly keeping in view the amicable
solution, if possible, to be arrived at between the parties and at one
stage by Order dated 12
th
October, 2018, the parties were granted
liberty to resolve their issues inter se amicably and to facilitate the
parties in arriving at an amicable solution, a senior counsel was
requested to mediate which was voluntarily accepted by the parties.
Pursuant thereto, possibilities of settlements were explored and at
29
one stage, settlement was also arrived at possibly acceptable to the
parties as it reveals from the Order dated 29
th
October, 2018 of this
Court. It will be appropriate to quote the extract of the order dated
29
th
October, 2018 followed by Order dated 27
th
November, 2018,
which are as under:
Order dated 29
th
October, 2018
“Both the respondent/husband and
petitioner/wife are present. We are extremely happy
that they have decided to forgive each other, forget the
past and take their family life forward.
Mrs. Lahri Sakhamuri/petitioner has submitted
that she will withdraw all the cases filed by her in India
and abroad and she does not want to pursue any
criminal proceedings.
Since Mr. Sobhan Kodali/respondent has to go
back to United States tomorrow i.e. on 30.10.2018,
post this matter on 14.11.2018 for formal orders, on
the basis of the arrangement the parties have jointly
made.
We stay all the pending cases between Mrs.
Lahari Sakhamuri and Sobhan Kodali, both civil and
criminal.
We also restrain them from instituting any case
against each other or the members of their family or
filing any petition/complaint against each other or
their family members, without express permission from
this Court.
30
We record our appreciation for the strenuous
efforts taken by Mr. Gurukrishna Kumar, learned
senior counsel, for facilitating the reconciliation.”
Order dated 27
th
November, 2018
“Learned counsel for both sides on instructions
submit that they will withdraw all the cases filed
against each other either in India or in United States.
We direct the petitionerMrs. Lahari Sakhamuri
to withdraw all the cases in both the jurisdictions
within a period of one week from today. Let the
respondent also withdraw all the cases filed both in
India or in United States within the same period of
time.
Learned counsel for the respondenthusband on
instructions submits that within 10 days, he will
arrange for the passport of the minor childArthin from
U.S. Consulate. It is also stated that husband will take
all necessary steps for resolving all issues, if any,
pertaining to the immigration and Visa status of the
petitioner within the same period of time.
Once such issues are cleared, we direct the
petitioner to travel to U.S. along with her husband and
children within a week of obtaining such clearances.
We record our appreciation for the strenuous
efforts taken by Shri Gurukrishna Kumar, learned
senior counsel for assisting the parties to arrive at an
amicable settlement and for reunion.
List on mentioning by either side.”
30.What unfolded thereafter may not be appropriate for this
Court to take notice but the fact remains that agreement arrived at
31
between the parties could not be taken to its logical end. It would
have been better and in the interest of the parties themselves to
amicably resolve their differences for their better future but as they
have failed to do so, the judicial process has to intervene to decide
the case on merits based on judicial precedents.
31.In the instant case, the facts on record clearly manifest that
parties were residing in US since 20042005 and their marriage was
solemnized in Hyderabad on 14
th
March, 2008. Both the children
were born in US on 14
th
March, 2012 and 13
th
October, 2014 and
are US citizens with US passports. Notably, the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) filed application for divorce and custody of minor
children in the US Court on 21
st
December, 2016 and order came to
be passed by the US Court on 21
st
December, 2016. Despite that
interim order, the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) came to India on
23
rd
March, 2017 and within 20 days of her arrival in India, filed an
application on 12
th
April, 2017 for custody of minor children in the
Family Court, Hyderabad concealing her application for custody
filed in the US Court. She also did not disclose that an order came
to be passed by the US Court against her dated 22
nd
May, 2017
32
after hearing the counsel for the parties. In the given facts and
circumstances, we find no difficulty in upholding the opinion of the
High Court that the minor children were not ordinary residents of
Hyderabad(India) as envisaged under Section 9(1) of the Guardians
and Wards Act, 1890. Resultantly, the application for custody of
minor children filed before the Family Court, Hyderabad is rightly
rejected by the High Court in exercise of power under Order 7 Rule
11 of CPC. At the same time, when the orders have been passed by
the US Court, the parties cannot disregard the proceedings
instituted before the US Court filed at the instance of the appellant
(Lahari Sakhamuri) who is supposed to participate in those
proceedings.
32.The judgment relied upon by the learned counsel for the
appellant of Jasmeet Kaur’s case(supra) may not be of any
assistance for the reason that it was a case where one of the child
was born in India which was one of the reason prevailed upon this
Court to hold that principle of comity of courts or principle of forum
convenience cannot determine the threshold bar of jurisdiction and
when paramount consideration is the best interest of the child, it
33
can be the subjectmatter of final determination in proceedings and
not under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC. In our considered view, the
application for custody of minor children filed at the instance of the
appellant was rightly rejected by the High Court under the
impugned judgment, in consequence thereof, no legal proceedings
in reference to custody of the minor children remain pending in
India.
33.The custody of minor children has been considered difficult in
adjudication by the Courts apart from raising delicate issues,
especially when the spouses are nonresident Indians(NRIs).
34.This Court in Surinder Kaur Sandhu’s case(supra) was
concerned with the custody of a child who was British citizen by
birth whose parents had been settled in England after their
marriage. A child was removed by the husband from the house and
was brought to India. The wife obtained a judicial order from the
UK Court whereby the husband was directed to hand over the
custody of a child to her. The said order was later confirmed by
Court of England and thereafter the wife came to India and filed a
writ petition in the High Court of Punjab and Haryana praying for
34
custody and production of the child which came to be dismissed
against which the wife appealed to this Court. This Court keeping
in view the ‘welfare of the child’, ‘comity of courts’ and ‘jurisdiction
of the State which has most intimate contact with the issues arising
in the case’ held thus:
“10. We may add that the spouses had set up their
matrimonial home in England where the wife was
working as a clerk and the husband as a bus driver.
The boy is a British citizen, having been born in
England, and he holds a British passport. It cannot
be controverted that, in these circumstances, the
English Court had jurisdiction to decide the
question of his custody. The modern theory of
Conflict of Laws recognises and, in any event,
prefers the jurisdiction of the State which has the
most intimate contact with the issues arising in the
case. Jurisdiction is not attracted by the operation
or creation of fortuitous circumstances such as the
circumstance as to where the child, whose custody
is in issue, is brought or for the time being lodged.
To allow the assumption of jurisdiction by another
State in such circumstances will only result in
encouraging forumshopping. Ordinarily,
jurisdiction must follow upon functional lines. That
is to say, for example, that in matters relating to
matrimony and custody, the law of that place must
govern which has the closest concern with the well
being of the spouses and the welfare of the
offsprings of marriage. The spouses in this case had
made England their home where this boy was born
to them. The father cannot deprive the English
Court of its jurisdiction to decide upon his custody
by removing him to India, not in the normal
movement of the matrimonial home but, by an act
which was gravely detrimental to the peace of that
home. The fact that the matrimonial home of the
35
spouses was in England, establishes sufficient
contacts or ties with that State in order to make it
reasonable and just for the courts of that State to
assume jurisdiction to enforce obligations which
were incurred therein by the spouses(See
International Shoe Company v. State of Washington
[90 L Ed 95 (1945) : 326 US 310] which was not a
matrimonial case but which is regarded as the
fountainhead of the subsequent developments of
jurisdictional issues like the one involved in the
instant case.) It is our duty and function to protect
the wife against the burden of litigating in an
inconvenient forum which she and her husband had
left voluntarily in order to make their living in
England, where they gave birth to this unfortunate
boy.”
35.In Elizabeth Dinshaw’s case(supra), this Court held that it is
the duty of courts in all countries to see that a parent doing wrong
by removing children out of the country does not gain any
advantage by his or her wrongdoing and was guided by the factors
such as the longer time spent by the child in the US in which the
child was born and became US citizen and also the fact that the
child has not taken roots in India and was still not accustomed and
acclimatized to the conditions and environment obtaining in the
place of his origin in the United States of America. This Court took
note of the fact that the child’s presence in India is the result of an
illegal act of abduction and the father who is guilty of the said act
36
cannot claim any advantage by stating that he has already put the
child in some school in Pune.
36.In V. Ravi Chandran(Dr.)’s case(supra), this Court was
concerned with the custody of the child removed by a parent from
one country to another in contravention of the orders of the Court
where the parties had set up their matrimonial home. This Court
took note of the English decisions, namely L(Minors) in re
7
and
McKee Vs. McKee
8
and also noticed the decision of this Court in
Elizabeth Dinshaw’s case(supra) and Dhanwanti Joshi Vs.
Madhav Unde
9
keeping into consideration the fact that the child
was left with his mother in India for nearly twelve years, this Court
held that it would not exercise its jurisdiction summarily to return
the child to the US on the ground that his removal from US in 1984
was contrary to the orders of US Courts. The relevant portion is as
under:
”29. While dealing with a case of custody of a child
removed by a parent from one country to another in
contravention of the orders of the court where the
7
(1974) 1 All ER 913(CA)
8
(1951) AC 352
9
1998(1) SCC 112
37
parties had set up their matrimonial home, the court
in the country to which the child has been removed
must first consider the question whether the court
could conduct an elaborate enquiry on the question of
custody or by dealing with the matter summarily order
a parent to return custody of the child to the country
from which the child was removed and all aspects
relating to the child's welfare be investigated in a court
in his own country. Should the court take a view that
an elaborate enquiry is necessary, obviously the court
is bound to consider the welfare and happiness of the
child as the paramount consideration and go into all
relevant aspects of welfare of the child including
stability and security, loving and understanding care
and guidance and full development of the child's
character, personality and talents. While doing so, the
order of a foreign court as to his custody may be given
due weight; the weight and persuasive effect of a
foreign judgment must depend on the circumstances of
each case.
30. However, in a case where the court decides to
exercise its jurisdiction summarily to return the child
to his own country, keeping in view the jurisdiction of
the court in the native country which has the closest
concern and the most intimate contact with the issues
arising in the case, the court may leave the aspects
relating to the welfare of the child to be investigated by
the court in his own native country as that could be in
the best interests of the child. The indication given
in McKee v. McKee [1951 AC 352 : (1951) 1 All ER 942
(PC)] that there may be cases in which it is proper for a
court in one jurisdiction to make an order directing
that a child be returned to a foreign jurisdiction
without investigating the merits of the dispute relating
to the care of the child on the ground that such an
order is in the best interests of the child has been
explained in L (Minors), In re [(1974) 1 WLR 250 :
(1974) 1 All ER 913 (CA)] and the said view has been
38
approved by this Court in Dhanwanti Joshi [(1998) 1
SCC 112] . Similar view taken by the Court of Appeal
in H. (Infants), In re [(1966) 1 WLR 381 (Ch & CA) :
(1966) 1 All ER 886 (CA)] has been approved by this
Court in Elizabeth Dinshaw [(1987) 1 SCC 42 : 1987
SCC (Cri) 13].”
37.This Court once again reiterated the principles of the closest
concern, most intimate contact with the issues arising in the case,
natural habitat of the minor child, best interest of the child and
comity of Courts. This Court eventually directed the child to be
taken to US from where he was removed to enable the parties to
establish their right in the native state of the child, i.e. US.
38.In Surya Vadanan’s case(supra), it was a case where the
spouses were of Indian origin and later the husband became the
citizen of UK. They got married in India and had two daughters in
UK. The wife also became a British citizen and had a British
passport. After matrimonial dispute arose between them, the wife
returned to India with her daughters and filed a petition under
Section 13(1)(ia) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 seeking divorce in
the Family Court. At the same time, husband filed a petition in the
High Court of Justice. The said Court had passed an order making
the children wards of the Court during their minority or until
39
further orders of the court and the wife was directed to return the
children to the jurisdiction of the foreign court. This Court applied
the principles of (i) “the first strike”, i.e the UK Court had passed
effective and substantial order declaring the children of the parties
as wards of that court, (ii) the comity of courts and (iii) the best
interest and welfare of the child. It also held that the “most
intimate contact” doctrine and the “closest concern” laid down in
Surinder Kaur Sandhu’s case (supra) are very much alive and
cannot be ignored only because their application might be
uncomfortable in certain situations. The Court also reiterated that
the best interest and welfare of the child are of paramount
importance which shall always be kept in mind by the courts while
adjudicating the disputes.
39.This was followed by a three Judge Bench of this Court in
Nithya Anand Raghavan’s case (supra) in which one of us(Justice
Khanwilkar) was a party. In that case, the couple married on 30
th
November, 2006 at Chennai and shifted to UK in early 2007.
Disputes arose between the spouse. The wife had conceived in
December, 2008 came to New Delhi in June 2009 and stayed there
40
with her parents and she gave birth to a girl child in August, 2009
at Delhi. After the husband arrived in India, the couple went back
to UK in March, 2010 and following certain unsavoury events, the
wife and the daughter returned to India in August 2010. After
exchange of legal correspondence, the wife and her daughter went
back to London in December 2011. In July, 2014, the wife returned
to India along with her daughter and early 2015 the child became ill
and was diagnosed with cardiac disorder and due to the alleged
violent behavior of her husband filed complaint against him at the
GAW Cell, New Delhi. In 2016, husband filed custody/wardship
petition in UK to seek return of the child. He also filed habeas
corpus petition in 2017 in Delhi High Court which was allowed.
The matter was brought before this Court by the wife. This Court
heavily relied upon its earlier judgment in Dhanwanti Joshi’s
case(supra) which in turn referred to Mckee’s case(supra) where
the Privy Council held that the order of foreign court would yield to
the welfare of the child and that the comity of courts demanded not
its enforcement, but its grave consideration. This Court also relied
upon the judgment in V. Ravi Chandran’s case(supra) and held
41
that the role of the High Court in examining the cases of custody of
a minor is on the touchstone of principle of parents patriae
jurisdiction, as the minor is within the jurisdiction of the Court.
This Court further held that the High Court while dealing with the
petition for issuance of habeas corpus concerning a minor child in a
given case, may direct return of the child or decline to change the
custody of the child keeping in mind all the attending facts and
circumstances into consideration. It was held further by this Court
that each case must depend on the totality of the facts and
circumstances brought before it while considering the welfare of the
child which is of paramount consideration and the order of the
foreign Court must yield to the welfare of the child and the remedy
of writ of habeas corpus cannot be used for mere enforcement of the
directions given by the foreign court against a person within its
jurisdiction and convert that jurisdiction into that of an executing
court. It was further observed that writ petitioner can take
recourse to such other remedy as may be permissible in law for
enforcement of the order passed by the foreign court or resort to
any proceedings as may be permissible in law before the Indian
42
Court for the custody of the child, if so advised. This Court has
disapproved paragraph 56 (a) to (d) in Surya Vadanan’s
case(supra) which reads as follows:
“56. However, if there is a preexisting order of a
foreign court of competent jurisdiction and the
domestic court decides to conduct an elaborate
inquiry (as against a summary inquiry), it must have
special reasons to do so. An elaborate inquiry should
not be ordered as a matter of course. While deciding
whether a summary or an elaborate inquiry should be
conducted, the domestic court must take into
consideration:
(a) The nature and effect of the interim or
interlocutory order passed by the foreign court.
(b) The existence of special reasons for repatriating or
not repatriating the child to the jurisdiction of the
foreign court.
(c) The repatriation of the child does not cause any
moral or physical or social or cultural or psychological
harm to the child, nor should it cause any legal harm
to the parent with whom the child is in India. There
are instances where the order of the foreign court may
result in the arrest of the parent on his or her return
to the foreign country. [Arathi Bandi v. Bandi
Jagadrakshaka Rao, (2013) 15 SCC 790 : (2014) 5
SCC (Civ) 475] In such cases, the domestic court is
also obliged to ensure the physical safety of the
parent.
(d) The alacrity with which the parent moves the
foreign court concerned or the domestic court
concerned, is also relevant. If the time gap is
unusually large and is not reasonably explainable and
the child has developed firm roots in India, the
43
domestic court may be well advised to conduct an
elaborate inquiry.”
40.As regards clauses (a) to (c) of paragraph 56 above, this Court
termed the same as tending to drift away from the exposition in
Dhanwanti Joshi’s case(supra) and V. Ravi Chandran’s
case(supra) and with regard to clause (d), this Court disagreed with
the same, and it was finally concluded as under:
“69. We once again reiterate that the exposition
in Dhanwanti Joshi [Dhanwanti Joshi v. Madhav
Unde, (1998) 1 SCC 112] is a good law and has been
quoted with approval by a threeJudge Bench of this
Court in V. Ravi Chandran (2) [V. Ravi Chandran
(2) v. Union of India, (2010) 1 SCC 174 : (2010) 1 SCC
(Civ) 44] . We approve the view taken in Dhanwanti
Joshi, inter alia, in para 33 that so far as non
Convention countries are concerned, the law is that
the court in the country to which the child is removed
while considering the question must bear in mind the
welfare of the child as of paramount importance and
consider the order of the foreign court as only a factor
to be taken into consideration. The summary
jurisdiction to return the child be exercised in cases
where the child had been removed from its native land
and removed to another country where, may be, his
native language is not spoken, or the child gets
divorced from the social customs and contacts to
which he has been accustomed, or if its education in
his native land is interrupted and the child is being
subjected to a foreign system of education, for these
are all acts which could psychologically disturb the
child. Again the summary jurisdiction be exercised
44
only if the court to which the child has been removed
is moved promptly and quickly. The overriding
consideration must be the interests and welfare of the
child.”
41.The essence of the judgment in Nithya Anand Raghavan’s
case(supra) is that the doctrines of comity of courts, intimate
connect, orders passed by foreign courts having jurisdiction in the
matter regarding custody of the minor child, citizenship of the
parents and the child etc. cannot override the consideration of the
best interest and the welfare of the child and that the direction to
return the child to the foreign jurisdiction must not result in any
physical, mental, psychological, or other harm to the child.
42.In Kanika Goel Vs. State of Delhi through Station House
Officer and another
10
in which one of us(Justice Khanwilkar) is a
member, the marriage of the couple was solemnized in New Delhi
and accordingly girl child was born in US in 2014. The mother
along with the child came to India in December, 2016 with their
return ticket to Chicago in January 2017. She filed a divorce
petition after coming to India in Delhi and husband filed emergency
custody petition in US Court. Wife obtained an exparte order from
10
2018(9) SCC 578
45
Family Court, Delhi restraining husband from removing the child
from India on 11
th
January, 2017. Husband obtained exparte
order for interim sole custody on 13
th
January, 2017 from foreign
Court. At the same time, husband filed Habeas Corpus Petition in
Delhi High Court which ordered the mother to comply with the
order of UK Court. This Court, after taking into consideration
totality of facts and circumstances, observed that the custody of the
minor girl child to remain with the appellant mother until she
attains the age of majority or the court of competent jurisdiction,
trying the issue of custody of the minor.
43.The expression “best interest of child” which is always kept to
be of paramount consideration is indeed wide in its connotation and
it cannot remain the love and care of the primary care giver, i.e., the
mother in case of the infant or the child who is only a few years old.
The definition of “best interest of the child” is envisaged in Section
2(9) of the Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection) Act, 2015, as to
mean “the basis for any decision taken regarding the child, to
ensure fulfilment of his basic rights and needs, identify, social well
being and physical, emotional and intellectual development”.
46
44.We shall now consider as to whether the facts and
circumstances of the present case warrant summary enquiry into
the question of custody of minor children, namely, Arthin and
Neysa (as no legal proceedings between the parties remain pending
in India) or whether an elaborate enquiry procedure will be
necessary for entrustment of custody of the two minor children to
the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) until they are produced before the
US Court.
45.Indisputedly, the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and
respondent (Sobhan Kodali) both were residing in US since 2004
2005 and are well educated as the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) did
Biomedical Engineering and the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) is a
Cardiologist by profession. Their marriage was solemnized on 14
th
March, 2008 and two loving children namely, Arthin and Neysa,
were born from this wedlock in US on 14
th
March, 2012 and 13
th
October 2014. Both have started going to school. They purchased
a house in their joint name and moved to the new house in
January, 2016. Something must have been gone wrong between
them which compelled the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) in filing a
47
divorce and custody petition of the minor children in the Court of
Common Pleas of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Civil Division on
21
st
December, 2016, seeking divorce, equitable distribution of
marital property, primary physical and shared legal custody of the
minor children. In the divorce petition, the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) made a specific averment about the permanent
residence in US for both the parties and securing children’s custody
and also admitted that both the minor children were residing in US.
It was also admitted that both the children were in joint custody of
the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and respondent (Sobhan Kodali)
and they resided at 2085, Bellflower Lane, Canter Valley,
Pennsylvania 18034.
46.It was her own admission in the declaration form annexed to
the application that no mode of domestic violence or abuse was ever
subjected upon her or upon the minor children by the respondent
(Sobhan Kodali). The respondent (Sobhan Kodali) had purchased to
and fro tickets of the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and of minor
children as also of his mother in law who was staying together in
their matrimonial home, US with return tickets of 24
th
April, 2017
48
but after coming to India on 23
rd
March, 2017, because of the
alleged death of her maternal grandmother, the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) refused to return back and was advised to file a
Guardianship Petition before the Family Court, Hyderabad on 12
th
April, 2017 and took the exparte order concealing the material
facts from the Family Court that such a petition is pending in US
filed at her instance and there was an order passed on 21
st
December, 2016 restraining both the parties not to change
residence of the children which would affect the other parties ability
to exercise custodial rights.
47.It is not in dispute that both the minor children, from the very
inception of their birth, till removal from the US on 23
rd
March,
2017 were living with their parents in US. This fact was admitted
by the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) also in the guardianship
petition filed before the Family Court, Hyderabad and also in the
divorce and custody petition filed by her in US and only after
hearing learned counsel for the parties, order was passed by the US
Court on 22
nd
May, 2017 on the emergency custody petition
granting temporary physical custody of the children with further
49
direction to the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) to return along with
the children to the jurisdiction of US Court on 2
nd
June, 2017. In
case she was aggrieved by the order dated 22
nd
May, 2017 passed
by the US Court after affording an opportunity of hearing which she
contested through her Attorney, all the courses were available to
her to assail the order of the Court. Since the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) failed in returning the children to the jurisdiction of the
US Court despite order dated 22
nd
May, 2017, there was no option
left with the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) but to file a Habeas
Corpus Petition and pray that the children be repatriated back to
US in compliance of the order of the US Court.
48.It is true that this Court has to keep in mind the best interest
of the child as the paramount consideration. The observations of
the US Court clearly show that principle of welfare of the children
has been taken into consideration by the US Court in passing of the
order as it reiterates that both the parties are necessary for proper
upbringing of the children and the ultimate decision of custody and
guardianship of the two minor children will be taken by the US
which has the exclusive jurisdiction to take the decision as the
50
children happened to be the US citizens and further order been
passed on the respondent’s emergency petition with special release
in custody on 9
th
March, 2018 permitting the respondent (Sobhan
Kodali) to apply for US passports on behalf of the minor children
without appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) being mother’s consent. The
appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) cannot disregard the proceedings
instituted at her instance before the US Court and she must
participate in those proceedings by engaging solicitors of her choice
to espouse her cause.
49.The crucial factors which have to be kept in mind by the
Courts for gauging the welfare of the children equally for the
parent’s can be inter alia, delineated, such as (1) maturity and
judgment; (2) mental stability; (3) ability to provide access to
schools; (4) moral character; (5) ability to provide continuing
involvement in the community; (6) financial sufficiency and last but
not the least the factors involving relationship with the child, as
opposed to characteristics of the parent as an individual.
50.While dealing with the younger tender year doctrine, Janusz
Korczar a famous PolishJewish educator & children’s author
51
observed “children cannot wait too long and they are not people of
tomorrow, but are people of today. They have a right to be taken
seriously, and to be treated with tenderness and respect. They
should be allowed to grow into whoever they are meant to be the
unknown person inside each of them is our hope for the future.”
Child rights may be limited but they should not be ignored or
eliminated since children are in fact persons wherein all
fundamental rights are guaranteed to them keeping in mind the
best interest of the child and the various other factors which play a
pivotal role in taking decision to which reference has been made
taking note of the parental autonomy which courts do not easily
discard.
51.The doctrines of comity of courts, intimate connect, orders
passed by foreign courts having jurisdiction in the matter regarding
custody of the minor child, citizenship of the parents and the child
etc., cannot override the consideration of the best interest and the
welfare of the child and that the direction to return the child to the
foreign jurisdiction must not result in any physical, mental,
psychological, or other harm to the child. Taking a holistic
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consideration of the entire case, we are satisfied that all the criteria
such as comity of courts, orders of foreign court having jurisdiction
over the matter regarding custody of the children, citizenship of the
spouse and the children, intimate connect, and above all, welfare
and best interest of the minor children weigh in favour of the
respondent (Sobhan Kodali) and that has been looked into by the
High Court in the impugned judgment in detail. That needs no
interference under Article 136 of the Constitution of India.
52.Before we conclude, we would like to observe that it is much
required to express our deep concern on the issue. Divorce and
custody battles can become quagmire and it is heart wrenching to
see that the innocent child is the ultimate sufferer who gets caught
up in the legal and psychological battle between the parents. The
eventful agreement about custody may often be a reflection of the
parents’ interests, rather than the child’s. The issue in a child
custody dispute is what will become of the child, but ordinarily the
child is not a true participant in the process. While the best
interests principle requires that the primary focus be on the
interests of the child, the child ordinarily does not define those
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interests himself or does he have representation in the ordinary
sense.
53.The child’s psychological balance is deeply affected through
the marital disruption and adjustment for changes is affected by
the way parents continue positive relationships with their children.
To focus on the child rights in case of parental conflict is a proactive
step towards looking into this special situation demanding a
specific articulation of child rights.
54.The judicial resolution of a custody dispute may permanently
affect or even end the parties’ legal relationship but the social and
psychological relationship will usually continue and it seems
appropriate that a negotiated resolution between the parents is
preferable from the child’s perspective for several reasons. A child’s
future relationship with each of his parents may be better
maintained and his existing relationship is less damaged by a
negotiated settlement than by one imposed by a court after
adversarial proceedings.
54
55.In the present case, there is every possibility that the parties
may reconcile and start over their relationship afresh, at least for
the sake of happiness of their own offspring if for no other reason.
The parties are indeed mature and sensible enough to understand
that the ordinary wear and tear of married life has to be put up in
within the larger interests of their own happiness and of the
healthy, normal growth and development of their offspring, whom
destiny has entrusted to their joint parental care. Spouses must
come over the temperamental disharmony which usually exists in
every marriage, rather than magnifying it with impulsive desires
and passions. Parents are not only caretakers, but they are
instrumental in the development of their child’s social, emotional,
cognitive and physical wellbeing and work harmoniously to give
their children a happy home to which they are justly entitled to. We
hope and trust that the parties will forget and forgive their
differences and join hands together in providing the congenial
atmosphere which may be good not for themselves but also for the
development of their minor children.
55
56.In our view, the best interest of the children being of
paramount importance will be served if they return to US and enjoy
their natural environment with love, care and attention of their
parents including grandparents and to resume their school and be
with their teachers and peers.
57.We accordingly direct the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) to
return to US along with both the children, namely, Arthin and
Neysa, within a period of six weeks from today. We further direct
respondent (Sobhan Kodali) to make all arrangements of stay and
travel expenses(including air tickets) of the appellant (Lahari
Sakhamuri) and both the children as well as her companion, if any,
in their own house or if she is not willing to stay for any personal
reasons, make all arrangements for stay at the place of her choice
at reasonable cost. In case the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri)
reports that she is not inclined to travel to US along with the minor
children, or do not show any interest to accompany the children,
the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) shall deposit a sum of Rs. 15 lakhs
in the bank account of the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and proof
of deposit shall be placed in the Registry of the High Court of
56
Andhra Pradesh who shall thereupon call upon the Consulate
General of the US at Hyderabad to take the custody of the minor
children, namely, Arthin and Neysa, along with their passports and
other travel documents from the appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri) and
hand over the same to the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) with a
condition for taking the custody of the minor children (Arthin and
Neysa) for being taken to US and hand over to the jurisdictional
Court in US until further orders are passed in the pending
proceedings by the US Court. The appellant (Lahari Sakhamuri)
will be at liberty to utilize the money deposited by the respondent
(Sobhan Kodali) in connection with her visit to US, if so desired, in
future and the respondent (Sobhan Kodali) shall not take any
coercive steps against her which in any manner may result in
adverse consequences.
58.It is further made clear that the observations which has been
made by us are only for the limited purpose of engaging in
summary inquiry for consideration in the petition of Habeas Corpus
and will be of no assistance to either party in the custody
57
proceedings pending in the US Court which indeed will be decided
on its own merits.
59.While parting, we express our word of gratitude for the sincere
efforts put in by Mr. Gurukrishna Kumar, Senior Advocate, in
persuading the parties to arrive at an amicable settlement.
60.Consequently, Civil Appeals arising out of SLP(Civil) Nos.
1589215893 of 2018 are dismissed. No costs.
61.The Criminal Appeal arising out of SLP(Crl.) No. 2316 of 2018
stands disposed of in the above terms.
62.Pending application(s), if any, stand disposed of.
………………………….…J.
(A.M. KHANWILKAR)
…………………………….J.
(AJAY RASTOGI)
NEW DELHI
March 15, 2019
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