Maharashtra Rent Control Act, Section 44, condone delay, revisional authority, landlord eviction, Limitation Act, Writ Petition, Bombay High Court, Larger Bench
 08 Jun, 2026
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Lt. Col. Retd. Jaigopal Nagarajan Vs. Mrs. Vasudev Mariwala

  Bombay High Court WP 502 OF 2011
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Case Background

As per case facts, a retired Army officer initiated eviction proceedings against a tenant under the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999, seeking possession and arrears. The Competent Authority initially dismissed ...

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IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

WRIT PETITION NO. 502 OF 2011

Lt. Col. Retd. Jaigopal Nagarajan )

Age – 62 years, Occ : Retd. Army )

Officer,  R/at, M76/3, 1

st

 Main Road,)

Besant Nagar, Chennai 600 090 ) ….. Petitioner

Versus

1.  Mrs. Vasudev Mariwala, )

Age 78 years, Occ : Business, )

(Since deceased) )

1A)  Miss Namrata Vasudev Mariwala)

Daughter, Age : 15 years,  )

Occu. : Education )

1B)  Miss Latika Vasudev Mariwala,)

Daughter, Age : 12 years,  )

Occu.: Education both minor duly)

represented through their mother )

and natural guardian  )

Mrs. Laxmi Vasudev Mariwala, i.e. )

Respondent No.2  hereinabove having)

their address same as of  )

Respondent No.2 ) ….. Proposed Respondents

2.  Mrs. Vasudev Mariwala )

Age 36 years, Occ. : Housewife, )

Both R/at. Flat No.15, 4

th

 Floor, )

Grafiken Paradise, Phase II, )

Off : N.I.B.M. Road, Kondhwa ) ….. Respondents

KANCHAN

VINOD

MAYEKAR

Digitally signed

by KANCHAN

VINOD

MAYEKAR

Date:

2026.06.08

16:52:00

+0530

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Adv. J. S. Sarkhot i/b. Adv. Megha Kulkarni for the Petitioner.

Adv. V. B. Tapkir for the Respondents.

Senior Advocate Mr.Girish Godbole,  

Amicus Curiae, assisted by Adv.

Kaustubh Thipsay.

    CORAM : RAJESH S. PATIL, J.

              RESERVED ON :  28 APRIL, 2026

PRONOUNCED ON :  8 JUNE, 2026

                   

JUDGMENT :

1) The narrow controversy involved in the present petition

has been noted in the order dated 9 January, 2026, “Whether the

Revisional Authority u/S. 44 of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act,

1999, has power to condone the delay if the revision is filed beyond a

period of 90 days?”

2) The Petitioner is a retired Army officer, who had filed

eviction proceedings in the year 2008 against the Respondent before

the “Competent Authority,” being Application No. 32 of 2008, u/S.

23(A) of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act claiming therein a relief of

eviction, possession and arrears of monthly amount from March 2004

with respect to Flat No. 15 situated at Graficon Paradise C.H.S.Ltd., 4

th

Floor, Kondwa, Pune (hereinafter referred as “suit flat). There is no

dispute that Petitioner is the owner of the suit flat. The Competent

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Authority   by   its   order   dated   27   August,   2009   dismissed   the

Application No. 32 of 2008 filed by the Petitioner on the ground that

Petitioner   has   not   obtained   necessary   Certificate   as   contemplated

under Section 23 (A) (a) and did not prove that he is the landlord

within the definition of Section 23 and that the Application u/S. 23

was not maintainable. However, the ground of  

bona fide  need was

answered in favour of the Petitioner.

2.1) Being aggrieved by the Order passed by the Competent

Authority, the Petitioner filed Revision u/S. 44 of the Maharashtra

Rent Control Act before the Additional Commissioner, Pune. As there

was  delay  of  12  days

  in  filing   the  Revision   Application,   a  delay

Condonation Application was preferred. The Additional Commissioner

by it’s Order dated 17 June, 2010 rejected the delay Condonation

Application on the ground that there is no power u/S. 44 to condone

the delay.

2.2) Dissatisfied   with   the   order   passed   by   the   Competent

Authority and the Additional Commissioner, the present Writ Petition

under Article 227 of the Constitution of India, has been filed. By an

Order dated 25 January, 2012, ‘Rule’ was issued in the present Writ

Petition and the hearing was expedited.  So also the Respondents were

restrained from creating any third party rights and from parting with

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possession of the suit premises.

2.3) By an order dated 9 January 2026, Single Judge of this

Court crystallize the issue involved in this proceedings, viz. whether

the Revisional Court had power u/S. 44 to condone the delay in filing

the Revision. Since an important issue of law was involved in the

present proceeding by my order dated 1 April, 2026, I had appointed

Senior Counsel, Mr. Girish Godbole as an 

Amicus Curiae in the present

proceeding.

3) I have heard the Ld. Counsel for the parties and the

amicus curiae Ld. Senior Counsel Mr. Girish Godbole.  Before I go into

the issue involved in this matter, the legislative history of the Rent Act

in the State of Maharashtra needs to be looked into.

3.1) The Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999 was brought into

force on 30 March 2000 which extends to the whole of the State of

Maharashtra, including the region of Vidharbha and Marathwada.

Earlier for the region of Vidharbha what was applicable was 

“Central

Provinces and Berar Letting of Houses & Rent Control 1949” and for

Marathwada region  “Hyderabad   Houses (Rent, Eviction & Lease)

Control Act, 1954”, and for rest of Maharashtra “The Bombay Rents,

Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947”. In the present

proceeding the suit premises is situated in Pune, therefore earlier The

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Bombay Rent Control Act, 1947 was applicable.

3.2) The Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999 is based on  The

Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947 (for

short “Bombay Rent Act”). Most of the sections of the Bombay Rent

Act has been bodily taken in the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999.

3.3) In the present proceeding the landlord is a  Lieutenant

Colonel (Retd.)  of  Indian Army. Special provisions are made in the

Maharashtra Rent Act of 1999, for a suit filed by such a landlord,

which also prevailed in the earlier Bombay Rent Act.

3.4) The original Section 13A of the Bombay Rent Act, dealt

with   Landlord’s   entitlement   to   recover   possession   of   terrace   and

structures for raising floor or floors.  Section 13A of the Bombay Rent

Act, 1947 was substituted by an amendment to the Bombay Rent Act

in the year 1987 with insertion Sections 13A1 and 13A2.

3.5)  Section   13A1   dealt   with   member’s   of   armed   forces,

scientist’s entitlement for recovery of their premises for their need.

Section 13A2 dealt with landlord entitlement for recovery of license

premises given for residence on expiry of license.

3.6) One has to also consider the reasons for amendment in

the year 1987 to the Bombay Rent Act, thereby replacing Section 13A

with that of Section 13A(1) and A(2).  The relevant portion of the

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objects and reasons of the amendment are reproduced herein below :-

Defence Services Personnel are liable to transfers and to be

stationed in different parts of the country. They are often posted at

non-family stations. Some of these personnel, who possess their own

premises either in their home towns or elsewhere have necessarily to

hire them out to other persons temporarily while they are away on

duty. It has been represented to the State Government by the military

authorities that on their retirement or transfer to non-family stations

the   serving   and   ex-service   personnel   find   it   extremely   difficult   to

regain   possession   of   their   premises   which   they   badly   require   for

personal occupation permanently or for housing their families for the

duration of their posting at non-family stations. In case of death of a

service personnel while in service or death of ex-service personnel

shortly after the retirement, the widow also finds it extremely difficult

to regain possession of their premises for her personal occupation or

occupation of her family.

The case of Defence Services Personnel due to their special

obligations   and   disabilities   do   need   different   treatment   from   that

accorded to other landlords and in fact special provisions have been

made for them in some of the States, whereby processes for each

personnel to regain possession of their premises have been simplified

and made more effective. It is considered necessary to make a special

provision   in   the   Bombay   Rents,   Hotel   and   Lodging   House   Rates

Control Act, 1947 to enable a member or retired member of the armed

forces of the Union or a widow of such a member who dies while in

service, or who dies within five years of his retirement, to regain

possession of their premises, when bona fide required for occupation

by them or members of their families and to provide that the Court

shall be bound to pass a decree for eviction on such ground if such

member or widow, as landlord, produces, at the hearing of the suit,

the necessary certificate signed by the Head of his Service or  His

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Commanding   officer   or   the   Area   or   Sub-Area   Commander   within

whose Jurisdiction the premises are situated.

[ Emphasis supplied ]

3.7) Section 13A1 fell for consideration before the Supreme

Court in the case of 

Shivram Anand Shiroor vs. Radhabai Shantaram

Kowshik & Anr. 

reported in (1984) 1 SCC 588.  The Supreme Court

held that the Bombay Rent Act is a welfare legislature  enacted  to

protect tenants. However, from the general rule, so as to lean in the

favour of a specifically category of landlords, who are the members of

the Armed Services and who because of the exigencies of their services

were not able to occupy their own premises during the course of their

service.   Hence Section 13A1 - was enacted to relax the rigour of

Section 13 in favour of the landlord who is/was a member of the

Armed Forces. The objects and reasons of introduction of 13A1 which

primarily is to address the difficulties of the landlord who wants to

recover their tenanted premises and the reason for it is, such premises

while the landlord who is into Armed Services, is on his duty for the

country, his premises should not be left into lock and key and if he has

given his premises on a license basis, he should be able to recover the

possession when he desires so.

3.8) The amended Section 13A2 of the Bombay Rent Act was

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considered   in   the   judgment   of  

Automatic   Electric   Ltd.   Wadala,

Bombay vs. Sharadchandra  Vinayak Tipnis

, 1996 (1) Mh.LJ  619.

3.9) The   1987   amendment   to   the   Bombay   Rent   Act   also

provided for establishment of a competent authority by following a

special procedure for disposal under Part II-A of the Bombay Rent Act,

which in fact is 

pari materia with the Chapter VIII of the Maharashtra

Rent Control Act, 1999.

3.10) Sections 23 and 24 of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act,

1999 are  

pari materia  with Section 13A1 and Section 13A2 of the

amended The Bombay Rent Act, 1947 respectively.

3.11) If   one   looks   to   Section   23   of   the   Maharashtra   Rent

Control Act, 1999 it appears that for a special category of landlord

, an

additional forum is available to file a eviction suit under the provisions

of  

bona fide requirement. Otherwise, under the Rent Act, there are

around 14 grounds on which the landlord can seek eviction of a

tenant u/S. 15 and 16, including that of the 

bona fide requirement.

Inception of Section 23 in the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999

will not mean that the grounds on which an eviction suit can be filed

by a landlord u/S. 15 and 16 who is into Armed Forces, will not be

able to do it. However, looking at the nature of Armed Forces duty, the

legislature has also additionally granted him an forum u/S. 23 by way

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of a special authority.  Therefore, he might file a suit for eviction on

the grounds as mentioned under Section 16 and/or Section 15, and he

will also have a right to file an eviction proceeding u/S. 23. 

3.12) As far as eviction proceeding filed by a landlord who is

into Armed Forces u/S.15 or 16, and if his suit is dismissed, he will

always have a statutory right to file an appeal u/S. 34, wherein the

provisions of the Limitation Act, including that of Section 5, will be

expressly applicable for him and he can seek a relief for condoning the

delay in case there is a delay in filing the appeal.

3.13) Section 24 deals with a possession sought by a landlord of

a license premises granted for residential purpose. Such applications

for delivery of possession of the premises can also be made by the

landlord   before   the   “Competent   Authority”.   In   short,   where   the

premises is given on a leave and license basis, the licensor being a

landlord can seek possession from the licensee if he does not vacate

the premises after the expiration of license period or on termination of

license by the landlord.

3.14) Chapter   VIII   deals   with   Summary   disposal   of   certain

applications. Section 40 under Chapter VIII, deals with appointment

an “Competent Authority”. In Chapter VIII, Section 42, grants landlord

a   permission   to   prefer   an   Application   before   the   “Competent

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Authority”, for the purpose of recovery of possession of the premises

from the tenant or licensee, as the case may be. Further Section 43,

deals with the procedure of disposal of the application as mentioned

in Section 42, and sub-section (5) of Section 43 mentions that the

“Competent   Authority”   shall   while   holding   an   inquiry   in   the

proceedings   as   mentioned   in   Section   42   follow   the   practice   and

procedure of the Court of Small Causes, including the recording of

Evidence.

3.15) Section   44   mentions   that   the   order   passed   by   the

“Competent   Authority”   will   be   non-appealable.   Section   44,   Sub-

Section (1), mentions that  no appeal shall lie against an order for

recovery   of   possession  of  any  premises  made  by   the  “Competent

Authority”.

3.16) Sub-section (2) of Section 44, mentions that the State

Government or such officer, not below the rank of an Additional

Commissioner of Revenue Division, as the State Government may

authorize, may, at any time, 

suo motu

, or on the application of any

person aggrieved, for the purpose of satisfying itself, call for record

and pass an order with respect thereto. 

3.17) It will be important to note the two different wordings of

Sub-section (1) and Sub-section (2) of Section 44. 

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3.18) Sub-section (1) deals with, from an order for recovery of

possession,   no   Appeal   shall   lie   and   as   far   as   Sub-section   (2)   is

concerned, It gives the State Government  

suo motu  power to file a

revision and also gives power to any person aggrieved by an Order

passed on an application for recovery of possession. Therefore, such a

aggrieved person can be a landlord or even an tenant. 

3.19) There are two proviso to Sub-section (2) of Section 44.

The first proviso mentions that both the parties has to be heard before

passing the order. The second proviso deals with no power of revision

at the instance of aggrieved person  

shall be exercised, unless the

application is preferred within 90 days.

3.20) What section 44 mentions in sub-section (2) is that the

State   Government   can  

suo motu  prefer   Revision   challenging   the

judgment passed by the Competent Authority.  In my view, in such a

situation there is no period mentioned that within 90 days, they have

to take that action.  The proviso (2) of Section 44 (2) would come into

play when an application is preferred by an aggrieved party. 

3.21) Therefore,  one  if  looks into  the  provisions of  Section

42(2), there is a mention of the word ‘aggrieved party’. Now, when

you look into the words ‘aggrieved party’, in sub clause (2), along with

the words ‘recovery of possession’ in sub-clause (1), this will always

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mean, in my view, a tenant against whom an eviction decree is passed.

Since an eviction decree can be passed only against a tenant and not

against a landlord, therefore, when an aggrieved party is a tenant, he

can’t file an appeal.  He can file Revision but Section 44 has put, a

limitation to it by saying that the revision can be filed within 90 days.

3.22) Hence, it looks like for a landlord, for dismissal of his

recovery application, there is no appeal or revision provided, it can’t

be that he is remedy less, he may invoke the provisions of Article 227

of the Constitution of India. It is also necessary to look into Section 41

which defines who is landlord for purpose of Chapter VIII and states

that   any   person   who   creates   a   service   tenancy,   in   favour   of   his

employee is a landlord, so also any member of the armed forces, or a

scientist, or a government servant, who is referred to in Section 23, Or

a person who have given premises on license for residence as referred

to in Section 24 is included in the definition of landlord. 

3.23) In Chapter IV, Section 22 mentions about recovery of

possession, in case of Tenancy created during Service period, this

section deals with any kind of a landlord, and it is not specifically only

for a special category of landlord like members of armed forces or

scientists. This section authorizes any landlord who creates a service

tenancy   and   in   case   of   an   tenant   ceases   to   be   in   service   or

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employment   of   the   landlord,   either   by   retirement,   resignation   or

termination of service, death or for any other reason, the “Competent

Authority”   has   been   empowered   to   deal   with   such   an   Eviction

Application, made to it by the landlord  within 30 days. The first

proviso   states   that   the   “Competent   Authority”   may   entertain   an

application under this section, after the expiry of the said period, if it

is satisfied that the applicant was prevented by sufficient cause from

making the application in time. Therefore, in short, the first proviso in

Section 22 permits the “Competent Authority” to condone the delay in

filing the Application under Section 22 subsection (1), if a sufficient

cause has been shown by the landlord, who, for that matter, must be

an employer. 

3.24) In the present proceedings, the petitioner who is into

Armed Services, had filed eviction proceedings under Chapter VIII, his

proceedings   was   dismissed.   Hence,   he   filed   a   revision   under   the

provisions of Section 44.  The provisions under which he filed eviction

was under Section 23A, which was introduced to protect a special

category of landlords which are covered by the cases enumerated

under Section 23.

As far as the Limitation Act is concerned, its applicability to the

quasi judicial or statutory authorities. 

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3.25) In the recent judgment of Property Co. P. Ltd. vs. Rohinten

Daddy Mazda, 2026 SCC OnLine SC 34 considered the various cases

on   the   issue.    The   Supreme   Court   recognized   that   although   the

provisions of the  Limitation Act, 1963 are  

per se  inapplicable  to

applications or appeals before 

quasi judicial authority, yet principles

underlying the provisions to the extent of Section 14 and Section 6 of

the Limitation Act are made applicable to 

quasi judicial authorities.  It

held that Section 5 of the Limitation Act, which is more specifically

stated in paragraph 90, discretionary powers to adjust the period of

limitation itself must be granted to the 

quasi judicial body or tribunal

and there must be a reasonable indication that the language of the

statute that such a discretion which is otherwise vested in civil court is

also in the concerned 

quasi judicial authorities, which is possible in

two cases, (1) through a proviso or sub-section of the concerned

section stating that 

quasi judicial body can extend time for filing an

appeal/application,   (2)   through   a   separate   provision   within   the

scheme of the legislature stating that the  

quasi  judicial authority

would be able to apply the provisions of the Limitation Act. It is

further stated in paragraph 131 that the first step in approaching such

matters is to see whether the concerned body could be set to be a civil

court or not. If answered in negative, then the endeavour is to find out

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whether   the   body   has   been   specifically   empowered   to   apply   the

provisions of the Act,  that is the Limitation Act, 1963. The general

rule in so far as 

quasi judicial bodies or tribunals are concerned is that

the provisions of the Act do not apply unless indicated otherwise.

Chapter 8 of the said Act admittedly does not specifically empower the

revisional authority to apply the provisions of the Limitation Act.

3.26) Section 34 of the Maharashtra Rent Act provides that an

appeal shall lie from an order or decree within 30 days. The said

Section 34 has an expressed proviso whereby provisions of Sections 4,

5 and 12 of the Limitation Act are held to be applicable. There is no

similar   provision   enabling   the   revisional   authority   to   apply   the

provisions of the Limitation Act under Section 44 of the Maharashtra

Rent Control Act.

3.27) Single Judge of Nagpur High Court in the judgment of

Naranji Bhimji Family Trust, Nagpur vs. Additional Commissioner

Nagpur & Ors., reported in 2015 (4) Mh.L.J.  538 has held that the

Revisional Authority does not have power to condone delay of 639

days filed by the tenant.  The High Court relied upon the decision of

Prakash Jain (supra) to  hold that the competent authority is not a

court and the revisional authority is also not a court competent to

invoke the provisions of Section 5 or Section 14 of the Limitation Act.

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The said judgment follows the judgment of the Supreme Court in the

case of Prakash Jain versus Marie Farnandes reported in AIR 2003 SC

4591 which in turn holds that the competent authority is not a Court

and hence does not have power to condone the delay.

3.28) Since   the   judgment   of  

Naranji   Bhimji   Family   Trust,

Nagpur

 (supra) relied upon the judgment of 

Prakash Jain, one has to

look into the facts of the said judgment of the Supreme Court. Again,

in  Prakash Jain, it was the appeal filed by  a tenant, wherein the

competent   authority   initially   condoned   the   delay   in   filing   the

application for leave to defend but the said order was subsequently set

aside by the Bombay High Court.  The proceedings arises out  of Leave

and Licence Agreement. Supreme Court in the said judgment held that

the   competent   authority   established   under   Chapter   VIII   of   the

Maharashtra Rent Control Act could not be considered to be a court

for availing the powers under the Limitation Act, 1963.   The said

finding   restricted   to   the   competent   authority   established   under

Chapter VIII and not to the officer appointed by the State Government

under Section 44(2) of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, who is the

Additional Commissioner in this case.  In a similar set of facts, this

Hon’ble Court followed the view of Prakash Jain in Sunanda Associate

versus Ajit Kisanlal,  2005 (3) Mh.L.J. 362, where the question was

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again  about   condonation   of   delay  by   the   competent   authority   in

condoning   delay   in   filing   the   leave   to   defend   u/S.   43   of   the

Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999.

3.29) Therefore,   the   judgment   of   Naranji   Trust,   Nagpur,

following the judgment of Supreme Court in Prakash Jain (supra), has

interpreted the Section 44 in that particular manner. In my view, such

an interpretation for a harmonious consideration of the scheme of

Chapter   VIII,   which   is   actually   introduced   for   the   purpose   of  a

landlord’s benefit cannot be read into, (as the landlord whose benefit

the special enactment has been done), the revisional authority can’t

condone the delay in filing the revision by the landlord.  Therefore, in

my view, the ratio of the judgment of Prakash Jain and the judgment

of  Naranji Trust of Nagpur High Court, which dealt with an appeal

filed by the tenants will not be applicable to the facts of the present

case where there is a landlord who had come into the revision before

the competent authority.

3.30) There is also one difference between the Bombay Rent Act

and the Maharashtra Rent Control Act as far as revisional authority is

concerned. Under the Bombay Rent Act, the revisional authority was

the High Court and under the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, that

power of revision is now given to an authority, which is the Additional

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Commissioner, who in real sense can’t be called as a Court. Therefore,

something which is available to a special category of landlord being

into Armed Forces under the Bombay Rent Act, where this Court is to

hear the Revisions. By introduction of Maharashtra Rent Control Act,

that  power  can’t be taken  away from   that  particular  category  of

landlord of seeking an application to condone delay. It is material to

note here that in the present proceeding, the delay was only of 12

days in filing the revision before the competitive authority and the

revisional   authority   considering   the   judgment   of   Naranji   Trust   of

Nagpur and the judgment of the Supreme Court in  Prakash Jain

declined to condone the delay. Hence, in my view, it can't be held that

a revision filed by a landlord, the provisions of the Limitation Act can't

be applied.  In the judgment of Naranji Trust (supra) all the concerned

provisions of Maharashtra Rent Act are not considered. The judgments

discussed by me in earlier paragraphs are not considered in the said

judgment.  Hence, it will be advantageous if the issue is heard by a

Larger Bench.

3.31) Therefore,   in  view   of   the   importance  of  the  question

involved,   I   am   formulating   question   for   determination   by   an

appropriate Bench of this Court.  

3.32)“Whether the revisional authority under Section 44 of the

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Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999 has power to condone a delay if

the revision is filed by a landlord beyond a period of 90 days ? ”

3.33) The Registry to place papers of the proceedings before

The Hon’ble The Chief Justice for consideration and for placing the

above formulated question of law for consideration before a Larger

Bench.

3.34) This Court also expresses its appreciation for the valuable

assistance and contribution rendered by the learned  

Amicus Curiae,

Mr. Girish Godbole, Senior Counsel assisted by Mr. Kaustubh Thipsay,

Advocate.

         [RAJESH S. PATIL, J.]

Description

Case Analysis: Bombay High Court Deliberates on Delay Condonation in Rent Control Revisions

The Bombay High Court is currently engaged in a significant deliberation concerning a crucial point of law under the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999, specifically addressing the power of a revisional authority to allow for the condonation of delay in revision applications filed by landlords. This intricate matter, stemming from the case of Lt. Col. Retd. Jaigopal Nagarajan vs. Mrs. Vasudev Mariwala (Since deceased) & Ors. (WP 502 of 2011), underscores the evolving interpretations of statutory limitations and is meticulously tracked on CaseOn for its far-reaching implications.

Issue Presented to the Larger Bench

The Core Question

The central question formulated by the Single Judge for consideration by a Larger Bench of the High Court is:

“Whether the revisional authority under Section 44 of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999 has power to condone a delay if the revision is filed by a landlord beyond a period of 90 days?”

This question arises from the specific circumstances where a landlord, a retired Army officer, faced dismissal of his delay condonation application for a revision filed with a mere 12-day delay.

Rule of Law: Unpacking the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999

Legislative Framework

The Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999, replaced earlier rent control laws in the state. Chapter VIII of the Act provides for a summary disposal mechanism through a 'Competent Authority' for certain applications, including those from special categories of landlords such as armed forces personnel (Section 23). Section 44(1) explicitly states that no appeal lies against an order of possession made by the Competent Authority. However, Section 44(2) grants revisional power to the State Government or an authorized officer (not below the rank of an Additional Commissioner) upon their own initiative (suo motu) or an application from an aggrieved person. A critical proviso to Section 44(2) stipulates that such a revision, at the instance of an aggrieved person, must be preferred within 90 days.

Notably, other provisions within the Act offer differing approaches to delay condonation:

  • Section 22 (Service Tenancy): Allows the Competent Authority to condone delay in filing an application for recovery of possession if sufficient cause is shown.
  • Section 34 (Appeals): Expressly makes provisions of the Limitation Act, 1963 (including Section 5 for delay condonation) applicable to appeals.

Judicial Precedents

The discussion around delay condonation in quasi-judicial proceedings often refers to:

  • Prakash Jain versus Marie Farnandes (AIR 2003 SC 4591): The Supreme Court held that a competent authority under the Rent Act is not a 'Court' and therefore lacks the inherent power to condone delay under the Limitation Act for applications like 'leave to defend.'

  • Naranji Bhimji Family Trust, Nagpur vs. Additional Commissioner Nagpur & Ors. (2015 (4) Mh.L.J. 538): The Nagpur High Court, relying on *Prakash Jain*, ruled that the revisional authority does not possess the power to condone delays, specifically in a case involving a tenant's revision filed with a significant delay.

  • Property Co. P. Ltd. vs. Rohinten Daddy Mazda (2026 SCC OnLine SC 34): This recent Supreme Court judgment recognized that while the Limitation Act generally doesn't apply to quasi-judicial authorities, its principles (like Sections 6 and 14) might. Crucially, it stated that for Section 5 (delay condonation) to apply, there must be a reasonable indication in the statute itself, either through a specific proviso or a separate legislative provision.

Analysis: The Single Judge’s Perspective

The Petitioner’s Predicament

In the present case, Lt. Col. Retd. Jaigopal Nagarajan, a retired Army officer, sought eviction of his tenants under Section 23A of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, a provision specifically designed for special categories of landlords. His application for eviction was dismissed by the Competent Authority. Aggrieved, he filed a revision under Section 44, but with a delay of only 12 days. The Additional Commissioner, acting as the revisional authority, rejected the application for delay condonation, citing the absence of specific power under Section 44.

Distinguishing Precedents

The Single Judge found that the prior judgments, particularly *Prakash Jain* and *Naranji Bhimji Family Trust*, primarily dealt with applications filed by tenants or leave-to-defend applications, focusing on the 'competent authority' not being a 'court.' The present case, however, involves a landlord—a member of the armed forces—seeking a revision, and the revisional authority is the Additional Commissioner, not necessarily the 'competent authority' in the same context.

The Judge highlighted the legislative intent behind special provisions for armed forces personnel (Sections 13A1 of the old Act, and Sections 23/41 of the new Act), designed to provide them with effective remedies. To strictly interpret the 90-day limitation in Section 44(2) and deny relief for a minor delay, especially to a landlord belonging to a specially protected class, could defeat the very purpose of these enactments.

The distinction between Section 34 (appeals, where Limitation Act applies) and Section 44 (revisions, with a strict 90-day limit) was also emphasized. The fact that the revisional authority under the Maharashtra Rent Control Act is now an Additional Commissioner (as opposed to the High Court under the previous Bombay Rent Act) also plays a role in this nuanced interpretation.

For legal professionals tracking the nuances of these rulings, CaseOn.in offers invaluable 2-minute audio briefs, providing concise summaries and expert insights into complex judgments like *Prakash Jain* and *Naranji Bhimji Family Trust*, enabling quick comprehension and strategic analysis.

Conclusion: Towards a Larger Interpretation

Summary of the Original Content

The Single Judge of the Bombay High Court, after thoroughly reviewing the legislative history, relevant sections of the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999, and existing judicial precedents, recognized a significant legal dilemma. While acknowledging rulings that generally restrict quasi-judicial bodies from condoning delay without express statutory power, the Judge found that the context of the present case—a landlord from the armed forces seeking revision with a minimal delay—warranted a deeper examination. The Judge expressed reservations about applying previous rulings, which largely pertained to tenants or specific procedural applications, too broadly to a landlord’s revision, especially given the special legislative protection for such landlords. Consequently, the matter has been referred to a Larger Bench to definitively answer whether the revisional authority under Section 44 has the power to condone delay beyond the prescribed 90-day period.

Why This Judgment is Important for Lawyers and Students

  • Statutory Interpretation: This case is a prime example of complex statutory interpretation, particularly when dealing with special enactments designed to protect specific classes of individuals (like armed forces personnel). It will offer insights into how courts balance strict statutory language with legislative intent and principles of justice.

  • Applicability of Limitation Act: For lawyers and students alike, understanding the nuanced application of the Limitation Act, 1963, to various quasi-judicial bodies and tribunals is crucial. This judgment will clarify when and how principles of delay condonation can be invoked in the absence of explicit statutory provisions.

  • Rights of Special Category Landlords: The outcome will directly impact legal strategies for landlords belonging to special categories under the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, determining the extent of their procedural remedies and protection against technical dismissals.

  • Procedural Justice: The core of the issue touches upon fundamental questions of procedural justice—whether a minor technical default should preclude access to substantive legal remedies, especially when no prejudice is demonstrated.

Disclaimer

All information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Readers should consult with a qualified legal professional for advice pertaining to their specific circumstances.

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