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CASE NO.:

Appeal (civil) 180 of 2002

PETITIONER:

M.P. ELECTRICITY BOARD

RESPONDENT:

SHAIL KUMARI AND ORS.

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 12/01/2002

BENCH:

K.T. THOMAS & S.N. PHUKAN

JUDGMENT:

JUDGMENT

2002 (1) SCR 164

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by THOMAS, J. Leave granted.

The supplier of electricity in a locality is striving to squirm out of the

liability to compensate the dependants of the sole victim of a snap

electrocution. The supplier, Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board (for short

the Board) pleads that the electrocution was due to the clandestine

pilferage committed by a stranger unauthorisedly siphoning the electric

energy from the supply line and hence the wrong doer alone should be

mulcted with the burden of damages. In a suit filed by the dependents of

the victim the trial court agreed with the Board in regard to the aforesaid

contention, but the High Court disagreed and directed the Board to pay the

amount of damages assessed. The said judgment of the High Court of Madhya

Pradesh is now under challenge in this appeal. After hearing learned

counsel for the Board we do not find the necessity to seek the help of the

respondents in deciding this appeal and hence service of notice on the

respondents is dispensed with.

One Jogendra Singh, a workman in a factory, aged 37, was riding on a

bicycle on the night of 23.8.1997 while returning from his factory, without

any premonition of the impending disaster awaiting him en-route. The

disaster was lying on the road in the form of a live electric wire. There

was rain and hence the road was partially inundated with water. The cyclist

did not notice the live wire on the road and hence he rode the vehicle over

the wire which twitched and snatched him and he was instantaneously

electrocuted. He fell down and dies within minutes.

When the action was brought by his widow and minor son, nobody disputed the

fact that Jogendra Singh died at the place and at the time mentioned by the

claimants. Nor has it been disputed that he was electrocuted by the live

wire lying on the road. The main contention advanced by the appellant Board

is that one Hari Gaikwad (third respondent) had taken a wire from the main

supply line in order to siphon the energy for his own use and the said act

of pilferage was down clandestinely without even the notice of the Board;

and that the line got unfastened from the hook and it fell on the road over

which the cycle ridden by the deceased slide resulting in the instantaneous

electrocution.

Third respondent disclaimed any liability, repudiated the allegation of

pilferage of electric energy and disowned having taken the line from the

main supply wire which became the death trap of Jogendra Singh.

The compensation claim was in a sum of Rs. 6.9 lacs. The trial court

assessed the compensation amount to which the claimants are entitled as Rs.

4.34 lacs. But the claimants were non-suited by the trial court solely on

the premise that the claimants "failed to prove who was liable for the

above compensation". A Division Bench of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh

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allowed the appeal filed by the claimants and directed the Board to pay the

compensation amount of Rs. 4.34 lacs to the claimants. The Division Bench

reached the said conclusion on the following reasoning :

"The MPEB has stated in paragraph No. 5 of the document Ex. P/6 that it has

kept staff to see that no pilferage of electricity takes place and it had

no knowledge about this pilferage of electricity line by Hari Gaikwad.

Therefore, it becomes clear that the electricity supply line was moving in

that part of the area out of which the wire was hanging, may be or may not

be put by Hari Gaikwad, put it was live electricity wire and when the

deceased came in contact with it he died of electrocution. Therefore, the

defences put up by the MPEB are absolutely without any basis and do not

reflect the real position at the spot, rather attempt has been made to

conceal the real position in order to avoid responsibility and liability

for payment of compensation."

It is an admitted fact that the responsibility to supply electric energy in

the particular locality was statutorily conferred on the Board. If the

energy so transmitted causes injury or death of a human being, who gets

unknowingly trapped into it the primary liability to compensate the

sufferer is that of the supplier of the electric energy. So long as the

voltage of electricity transmitted through the wires is potentially of

dangerous dimension the managers of its supply have the added duty to take

all safety measures to prevent escape of such energy or to see that the

wire snapped would not remain live on the road as users of such road would

be under peril. It is no defence on the part of the management of the Board

that somebody committed mischief by siphoning such energy to his private

property and that the electrocution was from such diverted line. It is the

look out of the managers of the supply system to prevent such pilferage by

installing necessary devices. At any rate, if any live wire got snapped and

fell on the public road the electric current thereon should automatically

have been disrupted. Authorities manning such dangerous commodities have

extra duty to chalk out measures to prevent such mishaps.

Even assuming that all such measures have been adopted, a person

undertaking an activity involving hazardous or risky exposure to human

life, is liable under law of torts to compensate for the injury suffered by

any other person, irrespective of any negligence or carelessness on the

part of the managers of such undertakings. The basis of such liability i.e.

the foreseeable risk inherent in the very nature of such activity. The

liability cast on such person is known, in law, as "strict liability". It

differs from the liability which arises on account of the negligence or

fault in this way i.e. the concept of negligence comprehends that the

foreseeable harm could be avoided by taking reasonable precautions. If the

defendant did all that which could be done for avoiding the harm he cannot

be held liable when the action is based on any negligence attributed. But

such consideration is not relevant in cases of strict liability where the

defendant is held liable irrespective of whether he could have avoided the

particular harm by taking precautions.

The doctrine of strict liability has its origin in English Common Law when

it was propounded in the celebrated case of Rylands v. Fletcher, (1868) Law

Reports 3 HL 330. Blackburn J., the author of the said rule had observed

thus in the said decision :

"The rule of law is that the person who, for his own purpose, brings on his

land and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief if it

escapes, must keep it at his peril; and if he does so he is prima facie

answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its

escape."

There are seven exceptions formulated by means of case law to the doctrine

of strict liability. It is unnecessary to enumerate those exceptions

barring one which is this. "Act of stranger i.e. if the escape was caused

by the unforeseeable act of a stranger, the rule does not apply", (vide

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Page 535 Winfield on Tort, 15th Edn. The rule of strict liability has been

approved and followed in many subsequent decisions in England. A recent

decision in recognition of the said doctrine is rendered by the House of

Lords in Cambridge Water Co. Ltd. v. Eastern Countries Leather plc., (1994)

1 All England Law Reports (HL) 53. The said principle gained approval in

India, and decisions of the High Courts are a legion to that effect. A

Constitution Bench of this Court in Charan Lal Sahu v. Union of India,

[1990] 1 SCC 613 and a Division Bench in Gujarat State Road Transport

Corpn. v. Ramanbhai Prabhatbhai, [1987] 3 SCC 234 had followed with

approval the principle in Rylands v. Fletcher. By referring to the above

two decisions a two Judge Bench of this Court has reiterated the same

principle in Kaushnuma Begum v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd, [2001] 2 SCC

9.

In M.C. Mehta v. Union of India. [1987] 1 SCC 395 this Court has gone even

beyond the rule of strict liability by holding that "where an enterprise is

engaged in a hazardous or inherently dangerous activity and harm is -caused

on any one on account of the accident in the operation of such activity,

the enterprise is strictly and absolutely liable to compensate those who

are affected by the accident; such liability is not subject to any of the

exceptions to the principle of strict liability under the rule in Rylands

v. Fletcher"

In the present case, the Board made an endeavour to rely on the exception

to the rule of strict liability (Rylands v. Fletcher) being "an act of

stranger". The said exception is not available to the Board as the act

attributed to the third respondent should reasonably have been anticipated

or at any rate its consequences should have been prevented by the

appellant-Board. In Northwestern Utilities, Limited v. London Guarantee and

Accident Company, Limited. (1936) Appeal Cases 108, the Privy Council

repelled the contention of the defendant based on the aforecited exception.

In that case a hotel belonging to the plaintiffs was destroyed in a fire

caused by the escape and ignition of natural gas. The gas had percolated

into the hotel basement from a fractured welded joint in an intermediate

pressure main situated below the street level and belonging to the

defendants which was a public utility company. The fracture was caused

during the construction involving underground work by a third party. The

Privy Council held that the risk involved in the operation undertaken by

the defendant was so great that a high degree care was expected of him

since the defendant ought to have appreciated the possibility of such a

leakage.

The Privy Council has observed in Quebec Railway, Light Heat and Power

Company Limited v. Vandry and Ors., (1920) Law Reports Appeal Cases 662

that the company supplying electricity is liable for the damage without

proof that they had been negligent. Even the defence that the cables were

disrupted on account of a violent wind and high tension current found its

way through the low tension cable into the premises of the respondents was

held to be not a justifiable defence. Thus, merely because the illegal act

could be attributed to a stranger is not enough to absolve the liability of

the Board regarding the live wire lying on the road.

In W.B. State Electricity Board v. Sachin Banerjee, [1999] 9 SCC 21 the

Electricity Board adopted a defence that electric lines were illegally

hooked for pilferage purposes. This Court said that the Board cannot be

held to be negligent on the said fact situation but the question of strict

liability was not taken up in that case.

In the light of the above discussion we do not think that the Board has any

reasonable prospect of succeeding in this appeal. Hence even without

issuing notice to the respondents we dismiss this appeal.