2025 INSC 214 1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2550 OF 2025

(Arising out of SLP (C) No.23115 of 2022)

M/S. B N PADMANABHAIAH AND SONS ... APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

R N NADIGAR & ORS. ... RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

R. MAHADEVAN, J.

Leave granted.

2. The appellant has preferred this appeal assailing the judgment and final

order dated 01.10.2021 passed by the High Court of Karnataka at Bengaluru

1

in

R.S.A.No.2823 of 2010 thereby setting aside the judgment and decree passed by

the Presiding Officer, Fast Track Court-II, Tumkur

2

on 31.08.2010 in

R.A.No.478/2009 (Old R.A.No.67/2007) and decreeing the suit in O.S. No. 505

of 1989 filed by the plaintiffs before the Principal Civil Judge (Junior Division),

Tumkur

3

.

1

Hereinafter referred to as “the High Court”

2

Hereinafter referred to as “the First Appellate Court”

3

Hereinafter referred to as “the trial Court”

2

3. The Respondent No.1 is the third plaintiff; the appellant herein is the first

defendant; and the Respondent Nos.2 and 3 are the Defendant Nos.3 and 2 in

the suit.

4. The aforesaid suit in O.S.No.505/1989 was filed by the Plaintiff Nos.1 to

4 who are former students of Government Higher Secondary School, now

known as Government Junior College, Tumkur, along with others, in a

representative capacity before the trial Court, praying for the following reliefs:

a) For a declaration that the decree obtained by the 1st defendant in

O.S.No.80/1978 on the file of the Munsif Court, Tumkur is not binding on the 3

rd

defendant or anybody interested as a rate paying citizen of the State of

Karnataka including the plaintiffs.

b) For further declaring that the 3

rd

defendant is the rightful owner of the Suit

property.

c) For a direction to the 1

st

defendant to deliver the possession of the Suit

property to the Government / 3

rd

defendant;

d) For a consequential injunction restraining the 1st defendant from interfering

with the possession of the 3

rd

defendant; and

(e) For costs and such other reliefs.

Vide order dated 24.01.1994, at the instance of the plaintiffs, amendment was

ordered and clause (d) of the prayer made in the suit was deleted.

5. Upon examining both oral and documentary evidence, viz., PW1 to PW2

and DW1 and Exs.P1 to P45 and Exs.D1 to D49 and after hearing both sides,

the trial Court vide judgment and decree dated 28.02.2007, partly dismissed and

partly allowed the suit in the following terms:

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(i)Decree passed in O.S. No. 80/78 on the file of Munsif Court, Tumkur, filed by

Defendant No.1 is partly binding effect in respect of the relief of permanent

injunction and accordingly, the said suit is partly decreed, as the said decree is

not binding on Defendant No.3 or anybody interested as a rate paying citizens of

the State of Karnataka including the Plaintiffs as the said suit was not for the

relief of declarations.

(ii)Declared that Defendant No.3 is the rightful owner of the suit scheduled

property and they are entitled to get the possession of the same from the

Defendant No.1 as per the due procedure of law.

6. Challenging the aforesaid judgment and decree passed by the trial Court,

the appellant / Defendant No.1 filed a Regular Appeal bearing No.478 of 2009

before the First Appellate Court. Vide judgment and decree dated 31.08.2010,

the First Appellate Court allowed the said appeal and set aside the judgment and

decree passed by the trial Court in O.S.No.505 of 1989. Aggrieved by the same,

the Respondent No.1 / third plaintiff preferred a Regular Second Appeal bearing

No.2823 of 2010.

7. Vide judgment and final order dated 01.10.2021, the High Court allowed

the second appeal and set aside the judgment and decree passed by the First

Appellate Court, and decreed the suit as prayed for. The High Court also

directed that the possession of the suit schedule property consisting of the

school building operated by the Government and any vacant space in possession

of Defendant No.1, be delivered to the Government. Aggrieved by the same, the

appellant / Defendant No.1 is before us with the present Civil Appeal.

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8. When the matter was taken up for hearing on 16.12.2022

4

, this Court

granted an order of status quo.

9. The learned counsel for the appellant, at the outset, submitted that earlier,

the appellant preferred a suit in O.S.No.80 of 1978 for permanent injunction

restraining the Public Work Department and the State of Karnataka from

interfering with his peaceful possession and enjoyment of the suit schedule

property and after due contest, the suit was decreed in his favour; and the

appeals filed by the authorities before the First Appellate Court and the High

Court were dismissed; and hence, the decree of permanent injunction obtained

by the appellant is conclusive and binding on the parties. However, without

impleading themselves as parties to the earlier suit and contesting it,

Respondent No.1 and others, claiming to be former students of Government

Higher Secondary School (now known as Government Junior College, Tumkur)

and as rate payers or persons interested in protecting property of the public,

preferred the present suit in O.S.No.505 of 1989 in a representative capacity, for

declaratory reliefs in favour of the Respondent No.2 / State of Karnataka with

respect to the same property owned by the appellant. Thus, according to the

learned counsel, the plaintiffs have no locus standi to maintain the present suit

against the appellant.

4

Issue notice to the respondents.

In the meanwhile, the status quo existing as on today, to continue.

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9.1. It is further submitted that the present suit came to be filed in 1985,

whereas the subject property has been in the possession of the appellant since

1970 vide a registered sale deed and therefore, the suit is hopelessly barred by

limitation. Without properly considering the same, the High Court decided the

issue of limitation in favour of the plaintiffs stating that the suit was filed in the

interest of the public as well as the institution.

9.2. Placing reliance on the decision of this Court in Annaimuthu Thevar

(dead) by LRs v. Alagammal and others

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, the learned counsel submitted that in

the earlier suit between the appellant and Respondent No.2 for permanent

injunction, the issue of title with respect to the suit property was decided in

favour of the appellant and hence, the finding relating to title, will operate as res

judicata in the present suit, where title was an issue, arising out of which is the

present appeal. However, the High Court erred in holding that the proceedings

are not hit by res judicata on the ground that the nature of the reliefs sought in

both the suits are different. According to the learned counsel, the Respondent

No.2 / State of Karnataka had contested the earlier suit at three forums and

therefore, merely because a third party instituted the present suit for declaration

in favour of Respondent No.2, the legal bar of res judicata cannot be brushed

aside. Thus, it is submitted that the present suit is clearly an attempt to do

something indirectly what cannot be done directly.

5

(2005) 6 SCC 202

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9.3. It is also submitted that the original Survey No.81 was subdivided into

Sy. nos. 81/1, 81/2 and 81/1A and the same can be derived from Ex. P24 and

Ex. P27 and hence, the issue of forfeiture could not have been decided against

the appellant as there was no document to prove the alleged forfeiture.

However, the High Court erred in relying on earlier proceedings instituted by

the successors in interest of Md Bokhari, wherein it was pointed out that the

land belonging to Md Bokhari was forfeited due to non-payment of arrears of

land revenue and by necessary implication it was assumed that the land of

successors in interest of Lankey would also be deemed to be forfeited.

According to the learned counsel, merely because the successors in interest of

Md bokhari failed to deny the forfeiture of their lands and the Survey number

was similar in those proceedings, by necessary implication it cannot be deduced

that the land of the appellant was also necessarily forfeited. Moreover, the

appellant was not a party to the proceedings instituted by successors in interest

of Md Bokhari. Even if the appellant had no title, he had perfected his title by

the law of adverse possession, as the appellant and his predecessors in title were

in possession and enjoyment of the property for more than 60 years.

9.4. Thus, the learned counsel submitted that the impugned order passed by

the High Court suffers from serious infirmities and illegalities and hence, the

same should be set aside by this Court.

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10. Per contra, the learned counsel for the Respondent No.1 / third plaintiff in

the present suit submitted that the Plaintiff Nos.1 to 4 are former students of the

Government Junior College, Tumkur, and are vitally interested in preserving the

institution’s property and thus, have locus standi to file and maintain the present

suit. In this regard, reference was made to the decision of this court in Kalyan

Singh v. Chhoti and others

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, wherein it was held that members of a community

can maintain a suit in representative capacity for preserving the property of

community.

10.1. Continuing further, the learned counsel submitted that the earlier suit

filed by the appellant was only for permanent injunction and there was no issue

of title to the property involved. That apart, during the pendency of the suit, the

appellant filed an interlocutory application seeking amendment of the plaint by

adding the relief of declaration of title. However, the said application was

subsequently, withdrawn by the appellant. Moreover, there was no finding with

regard to title in the earlier suit. Therefore, the decree of injunction would not

operate as res judicata in the subsequent suit for declaratory reliefs. In this

regard, reference was made to the decision of this court in Anathulla Sudhakar

v. P.Bucchi Reddy by LRs and others

7

.

6

(1990) 1 SCC 266

7

(2008) 4 SCC 59

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10.2. It is also submitted that the suit property was forfeited in the year 1919

due to non-payment of land revenue and consequently, it was resumed by the

Government and hence, the appellant has no valid title to the suit property.

10.3. Stating so, the learned counsel submitted that the High Court after

examining the entire evidence available on record, correctly decreed the suit as

prayed for, by the order impugned herein, which need not be interfered with by

this court.

11. The learned counsel for the Respondent No.2 / State of Karnataka

submitted that the reliefs sought in the earlier suit and in the present suit are

altogether different and Respondent No.1 was not a party to the earlier suit.

Further, the issue of title over the disputed land between the parties was not

decided in the earlier suit, which was filed only for permanent injunction. That

apart, Respondent No.1 and others filed the present suit in O.S.No.505/1989 in

a representative capacity. Therefore, the principle of res judicata does not apply

to the present suit.

11.1. Elaborating further, the learned counsel submitted that the land in dispute

bearing Sy.No.81 of Tumkur originally belonged to one Syed Md. Bokhari and

Lankey and both failed to pay arrears of land revenue and therefore, their lands

were forfeited and resumed by the Government. It is also submitted that once

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the land was forfeited, due to non-payment of arrears of land revenue, Syed Md.

Bokhari and Lankey lost their ownership and they were estopped from entering

into any transaction with respect to the suit land in any manner. Despite the

appellant being aware of the same, proceeded to purchase the suit property from

the legal heirs of Lankey. Thus, it is submitted that this transaction was void and

hence, the appellant cannot claim any right, title and interest over the suit

property.

11.2. It is also submitted that the earlier suit filed by the appellant was for

permanent injunction under section 38 of the Specific Relief Act, whereas, the

present suit filed by the plaintiffs under Order 1 Rule 8 of CPC in a

representative capacity had a wider scope than an ordinary suit and hence, the

same was maintainable before the trial Court. That apart, since the present suit

was filed in the interest of public as well as Institution, the delay could not come

in the way of entertaining the same. Therefore, the learned counsel submitted

that the appeal filed by the appellant, with an intent to grab the land belonging

to the Government, lacks merits and is liable to be dismissed.

12. We have heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and also

perused the materials placed before us.

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13. As already stated above, the plaintiffs 1 to 4 claiming themselves as

former students of Government Higher Secondary School, now, known as

Government Junior College, Tumkur, filed the suit in O.S.No.505 of 1989 in a

representative capacity seeking declaration in favour of the Respondent No.2 /

Defendant No.3 - State of Karnataka and for direction to the appellant /

Defendant No.1 to deliver possession of the suit property to the State. The suit

schedule property is a land bearing Survey No.81/1 measuring 6 acres 30

guntas, but the subject matter in issue is 15 guntas of land. After due contest, the

trial Court decreed the suit partly, which was set aside by the First Appellate

Court on appeal filed by the appellant. However, the High Court decreed the

suit as prayed for by the plaintiffs, by the order impugned in this appeal.

14. It is borne out from the records that original Sy.No.81 of Tumkur

comprised totally 7 acres 15 guntas of land, of which, 15 guntas of land was

acquired by the Indian Railways, 5 acres 3 guntas remained in the Khata of

Mohamad Bokhari and 1 acre 37 guntas remained in the Khata of Lankey. The

Government took over 2 acres 22 guntas from the Khata of Mohamad Bokhari

and 1 acre 10 guntas from the Khata of Lankey vide order dated 10.09.1919. In

respect of the said lands, revenue/kandayam was not paid to the Government

and hence, they were resumed by the Government and thereafter, the said lands

were reflected as Government lands. Objections were invited from the public

giving two years’ time, and upon no objections being received, in the year

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1933-34, record of rights and index of lands were accordingly, prepared.

Subsequently, Sy.No.81 was divided into Sy.No.81/1 measuring 6 acres 30

guntas and 81/2 measuring 10 guntas.

14.1. According to the Respondent No.2, the land measuring 6 acres 30 guntas

situated in Sy.No.81/1 was shown as Town Extension, i.e., the land belonging to

Mokam Ramaswamy Setty. Of the 6 acres 30 guntas, 19 guntas was shown as a

road leading from the Railway Station to Someshwarpuram and remaining 6

acres 11 guntas were shown as the Government High School Compound,

Tumkur. Subsequently, in 1960, one Mohiddin Bibi as the legal representative

of Mohamad Bokhari, acquired the land measuring 2 acres 4 guntas from the

remaining 6 acres 11 guntas of land. Later, the Secretary of Sarvodaya High

School namely C.K.Gopal Rao purchased the said land and with sanction on

23.12.1968, formed a layout for 3 acres 15 guntas. Thereafter, the authorities of

the said school attempted to take possession of the land belonging to

Government High School, which compelled the Headmaster of the Government

High School to obtain a prohibitory order on 25.10.1969 from the Taluka

Magistrate, against the Secretary of Sarvodaya High School, Mohidin Bibi etc.,

against which, the Secretary of Sarvodaya High School preferred an appeal

before the Karnataka Appellate Tribunal, which came to be dismissed on

28.01.1971. Meanwhile, in 1970, the Head Master of Government High School,

Tumkur, made an application before the Competent Authority for cancellation

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of measurement effected in Sy.No.81/1 and pursuant to the same, cancellation

order was passed by the Tahsildar on 11.05.1972. Consequently, the Tahsildar

rectified the index of lands on 16.06.1972 and issued a copy on 25.06.1973

restoring the entire measurement of 6 acres 30 guntas in the name of Town

Extension. Thereafter, Sarvodaya High School claimed ownership under

Mohamad Bokhari and filed O.S.No.268 of 1981 before the District Munsif,

Tumkur, which came to be dismissed on 14.11.1988. The said Sarvodaya High

School filed a Regular Appeal in R.A.No.117 of 1988 and the same also came

to be dismissed. Thereafter, the said School filed R.S.A. No.349 of 1999, which

was also dismissed on 28.06.2005. As a result, Sarvodaya High School has no

right over the said property. It is thus, stated by the Respondent No.2 that the

suit property belonged to the Government and was in possession of the

Government High School.

14.2. On the other hand, the appellant averred that as per the revenue records,

Sy No 81 was 7 acres and 15 guntas, of which, one Lankey owned 1 acre and 37

guntas and Md. Bokhari owned 5 acres and 18 guntas. Out of Lankey’s 1 acre

37 guntas, 1 acre and 10 guntas was acquired for the Government High School,

Tumkur and 12 acres for Municipal Road running from the Railway Station to

Someshwara extension in 1919. The remaining 15 guntas continued to be in the

possession of Lankey and later, by his son Chikkanna, prior to 1928. Similarly,

out of total 5 acres and 18 guntas of Md Bokhari, 15 guntas was acquired for

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railways; 7 guntas for municipal road; 2 acres and 22 guntas for the

Government High School. Lankey’s son Chikkanna who owned the 15 guntas

and was in possession prior to 1928 sold the 15 guntas to one Chowdhary Abdul

Haq on 29.11.1928 under a registered sale deed. The revenue khata was made

out in the name of Chowdhary Abdul Haq, who sold it to Abdul Razak under a

registered sale deed on 18.07.1938. Subsequently, the said 15 guntas was

converted for non-agricultural purposes by order of the Revenue Commissioner

in Order No.DIS.254/42-43 and was renumbered by the Tumkur Municipality in

the name of Abdul Razak in 1944. Thereafter, the legal heirs of Abdul Razak

mortgaged the said property to the appellant in 1959 and eventually sold it to

the appellant vide a registered sale deed dated 07.12.1970. Since then, the

appellant has been in possession of the same. It is further averred by the

appellant that the original Sy. No. 81 was sub-divided as 81/1, 81/2 and 81/1A,

as evident from Exs.P.24 and P.27 and there was no document to prove that the

entire land in Sy.No.81 was resumed by the Government due to non-payment of

land revenue by the original owner. Thus, according to the appellant, he is a

bona fide purchaser of 15 guntas of land in Sy.No.81/1A of Tumkur, which is

the subject matter in dispute in O.S.No.505 of 1989, from the legal heirs of

Lenkey.

15. Be that as it may. Earlier, the appellant / Defendant No.1 filed a suit in

O.S. No. 80 of 1978 before the Principal Munsif Court, Tumkur, against the

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Public Works Department and State of Karnataka, for permanent injunction in

respect of the same subject property, alleging that he had purchased the suit

property (vacant land) from the legal heirs of Abdul Razak for a valuable sale

consideration on 07.12.1970 and thereafter, the property was registered in the

name of the appellant on 11.02.1971. It was further alleged that to the north and

east of the suit property, there was an open field belonging to the Government

High School, in which, the State had proposed to construct a Government Girls’

Hostel and hence, there was a likelihood of the suit property being encroached

upon by them. After examining the oral and documentary evidence, the trial

Court held that the appellant was in lawful possession of the suit property, and

thus, decreed the suit in favour of the appellant, vide judgment dated

30.11.1981. Challenging the same, the State preferred R.A.No.2/82, which was

dismissed by the First Appellate Court, vide judgment dated 07.04.1984. The

further appeal in RSA No.717/1984 preferred by the State also came to be

dismissed on 11.02.1985. The Defendants / authorities did not claim any right,

title and interest over the suit property. There was no record to state whether

any appeal against the said judgment of the High Court, is pending or disposed

of, by this Court. In such circumstances, based on the available materials, it can

be inferred that the decree of permanent injunction granted by the trial Court in

favour of the appellant, became final and conclusive in respect of the suit

property.

15

16. Pertinently, it is to be pointed out that during the pendency of the earlier

suit, the appellant filed an interlocutory application under Order VI Rule 17

praying to amend the plaint for declaration of title, which was allowed.

However, he gave up the claim of declaration of title on 05.12.1979 and pressed

only for the relief of permanent injunction against the encroachment made by

the State officials over the suit property and the same was granted in his favour

on 30.11.1981.

17. Admittedly, neither the plaintiffs in the present suit nor the Government

High School, were made parties to the earlier suit filed by the appellant which

was solely between the appellant and the State, only for the relief of permanent

injunction in respect of the suit property. It is also an admitted fact that the

decree granted in O.S.No.80 of 1978 in favour of the appellant was challenged

by the State before the appellate courts, but ended in dismissal. In the present

suit, from which this appeal arises, the Plaintiff Nos.1 to 4 claim to be former

students of the Government Higher Secondary School now known as

Government Junior College, Tumkur, while the remaining Plaintiffs and

Defendant Nos.4 to 20 are citizens, rate payers or persons interested in

protecting public property. Pursuant to the direction issued by the Government

of Karnataka vide order dated 21.11.1972 in the appeal proceedings between

Sarvodaya High School and the Headmaster of the Government High School,

that if the parties are interested in ascertaining their claims as to the ownership

16

of the land, they may approach the Civil Courts for appropriate reliefs, the said

plaintiffs preferred the present suit in O.S. No. 505 of 1989 in a representative

capacity inter alia seeking a declaration that the decree obtained by the

appellant in O.S.No.80/1978 is not binding on the Respondent No.2 / State and

also a declaration that the Respondent No.2 / State is the rightful owner of the

suit property. As the previous suit was decided on merits and has attained

finality, Respondent No.2/State is bound by the terms of the decree. Further, as

Plaintiffs in the present suit were not parties to the previous suit and they made

no attempt to implead themselves therein, having complete knowledge of the

earlier round of litigations between the appellant and the State, they have no

locus standi to file the present suit, specially in a representative capacity,

wherein they are attempting to obtain reliefs for respondent No.2/State, which

itself is barred from encroaching the suit property. Therefore, we are of the

opinion that the present suit filed by the plaintiffs is not maintainable.

18. Though it was contended on the side of the contesting Respondents that

the suit schedule property was never in possession of the appellant / Defendant

No.1 or in possession of his predecessors in title and the appellant did not get

the actual possession of the suit property under the alleged sale and he

trespassed into the property illegally and now, put up stone slabs only in 1985,

i.e., after the suit in O.S. No. 80/1978 came to be attained finality; till then, the

Respondent No.2 / Defendant No.3 was in actual possession of the same by

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using it as playground; and thus, the possession of the appellant over the suit

property is unlawful and he is liable to be ejected, we cannot accept the same, as

it is evident that the Respondent No.2 / State did not claim any right, interest or

title over the suit property and they did not adduce any concrete evidence to

show that the suit property was in actual possession of the Government in the

earlier round of litigations in O.S. No. 80/1978. As such, they cannot now be

permitted to raise the same in the subsequent suit filed by the third parties, that

too, in a representative capacity. However, the trial Court erroneously

entertained the suit and partly decreed the same in favour of the plaintiffs.

Though the said decree was set aside by the First Appellate Court, the High

Court decreed the suit as prayed for, by the judgment and order impugned in

this appeal.

19. In view of the reasons stated above, the suit from which the present

appeal arises, is not maintainable in law and is liable to be dismissed. Hence, we

need not go into the other contentions raised by the parties.

20. In fine, we set aside the judgments and decrees / orders passed by the

Courts below and dismiss the suit filed by the Respondent No.1 and other

plaintiffs. However, we make it clear that we are not expressing any opinion on

the issue of title of the property and it is for the parties to approach the

competent civil court for appropriate relief by adducing necessary oral and

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documentary evidence.

21. Accordingly, this appeal stands disposed of. The parties shall bear their

own costs.

22. Connected miscellaneous application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.

………………………… J.

[J.B. Pardiwala]

………………………… J.

[R. Mahadevan]

NEW DELHI

FEBRUARY 14, 2025.