1

Reportable

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 3353-3354 OF 2018

(ARISING OUT OF SLP (CIVIL) Nos. 22018-22019 OF 2014)

P. Meenakshisundaram ….Appellant

Versus

P. Vijayakumar & Anr. …. Respondents

J U D G M E N T

Uday Umesh Lalit, J.

1. Leave granted.

2.These appeals by special leave challenge the correctness of the

judgment and order dated 07.01.2014 passed by the High Court of Madras in

Appeal Suit (MD) Nos. 218-219 of 2010.

3.The facts leading to the filing of these appeals in brief are as under :-

A.The property in question is a plot admeasuring about 3708

sq.ft., with a marriage hall (“Suit Property”, for short) situated in

Village Parasuramanpatti, Madurai North Taluk, Tallakulakam sub-

Division, Madurai North. The appellant had mortgaged the suit

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property with the Catholic Syrian Bank (later Federal Bank Ltd.) and

the bank had initiated recovery proceedings, namely, O.S. No.40 of

1996 before 3

rd

Additional Sub-Court, Madurai which was later

transferred to DRT, Coimbatore and renumbered as Transfer

Application No.1441 of 2002.

B.On 30.06.2000 the appellant entered into an agreement

(Ex.A1) intending to sell the suit property to respondent No.1. The

consideration agreed was Rs.19 lakhs out of which Rs.1 lakh was paid

by way of advance. This agreement recited an assurance on the part

of the appellant, “…that there is no encumbrance over the Schedule

mentioned property” but went on to state:-

“The 2

nd

Party says that the original Parent Document in

respect of the property is not available with the 2

nd

party

and it is in the bank. In case, there is any loan availed by

the 2

nd

party either on the schedule property or on other

property, then the 2

nd

party has to pay the said loan

amount by getting it from the 1

st

party and to get the

Original Parent Document and other supportive records

in respect of the schedule property and the 2

nd

party has

to hand over the same to the 1

st

party.”

C.The cheques issued thereafter by respondent No.1 were

dishonored (as evident from Notice Ex.A-2 dated 18.09.2000) but the

parties entered into a subsequent agreement on 20.09.2000 (“the suit

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agreement”, for short) under which the consideration was fixed at

Rs.37.5 lakhs. As per this agreement, even the movables utilized for

marriage hall were also included. Over and above Rs.1 lakh which

was already received as advance, additional sums of Rs.2 lakhs by

way of cheque and Rs.3 lakhs by way of demand draft were paid on

the same day. The suit agreement recited that the remaining amount

had to be paid and the sale deed to be registered by 20.03.2001 in

following terms:-

“………the 1

st

party has to pay the remaining amount of

sale consideration of Rs.26,50,000/- (Rupees twenty six

lakhs and fifty thousand only) within 20.03.2001 either

before the Sub Registrar or in person and the 2

nd

party

has to receive the same and give proof to that effect and

the said Sale Deed has to be registered by the 2

nd

party

without any encumbrance and that there is no other

person except the 2

nd

party to have title over the same.”

D.Though the relevant terms in the suit agreement were identical

to those in agreement (Ex.A1), the understanding between the parties

as on the date when the suit agreement was entered into was captured

in the subsequent communication of respondent No.1 dated

22.09.2001 (Ex.A6) as under :-

“That on further persuasion and negotiations between the

parties, it was agreed to have a fresh sale agreement with

reference to the said Kalyana Mandapam and annexe. As

your client wanted to clear the entire loan in the Catholic

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Syrian Bank only by himself, the sale price of the said

property was agreed for Rs.37,50,000/- only and a sum of

Rs.5,00,000/- (Rupees five lakhs only) through D.D. and

Cheque was paid additionally to your client by making

the total advance of Rs.6,00,000/- including the cash

advance of Rs.1,00,000/- already paid on the earlier

agreement dated 30.06.2000. Therefore in supersession

of the earlier agreement dated 30.06.2000 a fresh sale

agreement was made on 20.09.2000 with the parties

concerned.”

E.On 21.02.2001 a further sum of Rs.2 lakhs was paid by way of

cheque by respondent No.1. Though the transaction was to be

completed by 22.03.2001 the record is silent about any

communication between the parties around that time towards

completion of transaction. However, amount of Rs.10 lakhs was paid

by cheque on 22.09.2001, which according to respondent No.1 was

made over to the appellant so that the dues of the bank could be

settled.

F.The record is again silent about any developments after

22.09.2001 till 29.07.2002 when a legal notice was issued by

respondent No.1 through his advocate. According to respondent

No.1 this was responded by the advocate for the appellant and in the

ensuing discussion it was agreed that possession of the suit property

be handed over to respondent No.1. According to respondent No.1,

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out of the balance amount of Rs.19.5 lakhs, Rs.13.5 lakhs was to be

made over by respondent No.1 to the bank directly and the remaining

sum of Rs.6 lakhs was agreed to be paid to the appellant in cash on

the day the document was to be registered. According to respondent

No.1, possession of the suit property was handed over to him by the

appellant on 03.08.2002.

The aforesaid case set up by respondent No.1 is disputed and

denied by the appellant and according to him, with the intervention of

local police and other hirelings, the possession was forcibly taken by

respondent No.1 on 16.09.2002.

G.On 01.09.2002, a telegram was sent by the advocate for

respondent No.1 to the appellant. Immediately thereafter i.e. on

02.09.2002 an IA No.126 of 2002 was preferred by respondent No.1

to implead himself in the Transfer Application No.1441 of 2002

before DRT, Coimbatore. In his reply telegram dated 03.09.2002

appellant denied all the assertions made by the advocate for

respondent No.1 and cancelled the agreement dated 20.09.2000. The

appellant also complained to DIG of the relevant range and sought

police protection and preferred OP No.226 of 2002 in the High Court

of Madras against respondent No.1, Inspector of Police,

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Oomachikulam and Deputy Superintendent of Police of the

concerned Division. According to the appellant, he was threatened

by the hirelings employed by respondent No.1 and possession of the

suit property was taken over by respondent No.1 on 16.09.2002.

This prompted the appellant to prefer an appropriate petition before

the Superintendent of Police, Madurai, Rural.

H.In the aforesaid background, on 19.02.2002, respondent No.1

filed OS No.764 of 2002 seeking specific performance of the

agreement dated 20.09.2000. The plaint was later amended and the

Federal Bank Ltd. through its Branch Manager was added as second

defendant. As regards arrangement under which respondent No.1 was

put in possession, it was averred:

“……. Meanwhile, as necessary steps have to be taken

for settlement of the loan availed on the suit property,

the advocates of both the sides have held a meeting on

29.07.2002 to execute the Sale Agreement made on

20.09.2000 and it was agreed that this defendant has to

execute the Sale Deed in respect of the suit property on

the 18

th

day of Aadi month of this year (3.08.2002); that

the remaining sale consideration of Rs.13,00,000/- out of

Rs.19,50,000/- has to be paid by the plaintiff to settle the

case which is being conducted at Debts Recovery

Tribunal; that the remaining amount of Rs.6,50,000/-

(Rupees six lakhs and fifty thousand only) has to be

given to the 1

st

defendant as cash ….”

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In respect of readiness and willingness on the part of

respondent No.1 to perform his obligations under the suit agreement,

Para 7 of the amended plaint was as under:

“(7)While this plaintiff was ready to fulfill the sale

agreement on 3.8.2002 as per the above said

arrangement, as agreed to execute the Sale Deed either

on the 3

rd

day of Aavani Month (19.8.2002) or on 5

th

day

of Aavani (21.8.2002) and that there is some difficulty

according to religious custom in registering the sale deed

in the month of Aadi and to give consent to this plaintiff

to take the possession of the marriage hall, this plaintiff

took the possession of the suit property on the 18

th

day of

Aadi Month on 3.8.2002 and he has been enjoying the

same. The marriage functions which were being booked

by the 1

st

defendant are being conducted by this plaintiff

under his supervision.”

I.In his written statement, the appellant denied relevant assertions

made by respondent No.1. As regards readiness and willingness on

the part of respondent No.1, it was stated:-

“It is submitted that in spite of defendant’s repeated

demands the plaintiff has not come forward either to pay

balance sale price or to complete the sale immediately.

Even though specific condition to complete the sale on or

before 20.03.2001 is mentioned in the sale agreement and

time is mentioned as essence of the contract, the plaintiff

has not completed the sale within the stipulated time.

The plaintiff was not ready and willing to perform his

part of contract even though the defendant was ready to

clear the encumbrance over the suit property.”

The matter regarding handing over of possession was elaborated as

under:

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“On 16.09.2002, the plaintiff came with his men and

threatened the defendant that why he had cancelled the

sale agreement and if he did not execute sale deed in his

favour he would not permit the defendant to enjoy the

suit property. The defendant immediately went to the

office of the Police Commissioner, Madurai City wherein

he was asked to come tomorrow. On 17.09.2002 he

presented a petition to the Police Commissioner, Madurai

City and it was forwarded to SP, Madurai Rural. When

the defendant was in the office of the SP, Madurai Rural,

at the instigation of the plaintiff one Karthick Muniasamy

of Pudur with his men namely Rajesh, Kannan,

Muniasamy and other attacked the watchman of the suit

property and illegally trespassed into the suit property

and damaged the property and took illegal possession of

the suit property. On coming to know about the illegal

taking over possession of the suit property by the

plaintiff’s men, the defendant immediately told this

matter to the SP, Madurai Rural who made endorsement

on the petition directing the Inspector of Police,

Oomachikulam to register F.I.R. against the plaintiff and

his men. .….”

J.In his Additional Written Statement-cum-Counter Claim the

appellant submitted:

“The application in I.A. No.126/2002 filed by the

plaintiff in T.A. No. 1441/2002 pending before the DRT,

Coimbatore was dismissed on 03.01.2003. In the

meantime the defendant has also paid Rs.13 lakhs to the

Federal Bank, Madurai after the filing of the suit till

date.”

He further submitted:

“It is submitted that the plaintiff has taken illegal

possession of the suit property as stated above and his

possession is unlawful. He has been in receipt of

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unlawful gains on account of being in illegal possession

and receiving income from the suit property. The suit

property used to be booked for a minimum of 30

Muhoorthams per year. After deducting all expenses the

year income from the suit property is Rs.1,80,000/-.

From 17.09.2002 to till filing of this counter-claim

approximately the past mesne profits would be

Rs.5,40,000/-. The plaintiff is liable to pay Rs.5,40,000/-

as past mesne profits from 17.09.2002 to the date of

filing of this Additional Written statement cum counter

claim. In these circumstances a decree for mandatory

injunction and for mesne profits is to be granted, where

the 1

st

defendant would be put to irreparable loss and

damage.”

The appellant in the circumstances prayed for delivery of

possession of the suit property, past mesne profits of Rs.5,40,000/-

and future mesne profits as well.

K.The Presenting Officer of the Federal Bank Ltd. filed a memo

on 08.12.2009 in the proceedings before DRT Coimbatore that the

appellant had remitted a sum of Rs.13,42,173/- on 16.11.2009 towards

full and final settlement of the account. It was therefore prayed by the

Presenting Officer that satisfaction of the claim be recorded.

L.The trial court by its judgment and decree dated 01.10.2010

decreed OS No.764 of 2002 and dismissed the counter claim preferred

by the appellant. All the issues were answered in favour of respondent

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No.1. The appellant was directed to execute the sale deed in respect of

the suit property and register the same in favour of respondent No.1

after receiving the balance sale consideration within three months and

the appellant was further directed to pay to respondent a sum of

Rs.3,23,038/- towards the costs of the suit. It was observed that time

was not the essence of the contract. As regards readiness and

willingness on the part of respondent No.1, it was observed as under:

“While considering the readiness and willingness of the

plaintiff as to purchase the suit properties it was

submitted by the counsel for the plaintiff that as agreed

the plaintiff did issue the legal notice to the 1

st

defendant

to come forward to register suit properties after getting

full consideration and also the plaintiff was waiting on

03.08.2002 in the suit Sub-Registrar office as to register

the suit properties as agreed and also the plaintiff was

ready to pay the full amount and willing to purchase the

suit properties.”

M.The matter was carried further by filing Appeals by the

appellant in the Madras High Court, Madurai Bench. According to

the High Court before the execution of suit agreement the appellant

had not disclosed about the existence of encumbrance which fact

came to the knowledge of respondent No.1 subsequently. Relying on

the decision of this Court in S.P. Chengalvaraya Naidu (Dead) by

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LRs v. Jaganath (Dead) by LRs and Others.

1

it was observed as

under:

“Since the first defendant has suppressed the fact that he

obtained loan by way of encumbering the suit property

and also pendency of Original Suit No.40 of 1996 at the

time of execution of Ex.A3, it is pellucid that the entire

defence put forth on the side of the first defendant is

based upon falsehood.

….. But for the reasons best known to him,

schemingly, deliberately suppressed the existence of

mortgage over the suit property and further stated in

Ex.A3 to the effect that there is no encumbrance over the

same. Therefore, the entire defence put forth on the side

of the first defendant is purely based upon falsehood and

as per the dictum given by the Hon’ble Apex Court the

defence put forth by the first defendant in the present

case can summarily be thrown out.”

The High Court found that the readiness and willingness on the

part of respondent No.1 stood established. The High Court, thus, by

its judgment and order dated 07.01.2014 dismissed the appeals,

namely, Appeal Suit Nos.218-219 of 2010 preferred by the appellant.

4.This Court issued notice on 25.08.2014 in petitions for special leave

to appeal. The parties exchanged the pleadings and also filed documents on

record.

1 (1994) 1 SCC 1

12

We heard Ms. V. Mohana, learned Senior Advocate in support of the

appeals and Mr. V. Prabhakar, learned Advocate for respondent No.1. After

conclusion of hearing, written submissions were filed by respondent No.1

submitting inter alia:-

“Apart from having averred regarding the readiness and willingness,

respondent No.1 by his conduct had proved the same which are as below:-

i)Payment of an advance of Rs.6,00,000/- on 20.09.2000.

ii)Further advance of Rs.2,00,000/- paid on 21.01.2001.

iii)Further advance of Rs.10,00,000/- paid on 22.09.2001.

iv)Notice dated 22.09.2001 issued by the respondent to the

petitioner to execute the sale deed.

v)Holding a meeting of the petitioner, his counsel with the

respondent and his counsel for determining the manner of

performance of the Agreement. The said factum of the meeting

and the outcome thereof as set out in the Plaint in Para 6 at

Page 136 of Volume II stood admitted by the respondent in the

Notice dated 29.07.2002 issued on his behalf which had been

marked as Exhibit A15.

vi)Taking possession of the property on 03.08.2002.

vii)Seeking impleadment in the Debt Recovery proceedings

with a view to settle the debt due from the Respondent.

viii)Filing of the Suit within 9 days after the telegram dated

03.09.2002 issued by the petitioner cancelling the agreement.

Suit had been filed on 12.09.2002. ……………..

The non deposit of the balance consideration by respondent

No.1 cannot be put against respondent No.1 inasmuch as the

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encumbrance came to light after the agreement to sell which ought to

have been cleared by the petitioner by demanding the amount for the

discharge in terms of the recital at page 37 of the SLP paper book

2

which was never done by the petitioner. As per the recital in the

Agreement to sell the petitioner had to handover the original parent

title deed and other supportive documents which was again not done

despite having received nearly half of the sale consideration. Since

the parent title deed had not been given as required under the

agreement, possession was given to respondent No.1.”

5.In Gomathinayagam Pillai and Others v. Pallaniswami Nadar

3

after

referring to the observations of the Privy Council in Ardeshir Mama v.

Flora Sassoon

4

, this Court laid down that in a suit for specific performance

of an agreement, the plaintiff must plead and prove that he was ready and

willing to perform his part of the contract since the date of the contract, right

upto the date of the hearing of the suit. The observations by this Court in

that behalf were as under:-

“But the respondent has claimed a decree for specific

performance and it is for him to establish that he was, since the

date of the contract, continuously ready and willing to perform

his part of the contract. If he fails to do so, his claim for

2 As quoted in Paragraph 3(B) above

3 (1967) 1 SCR 227

4 L.R. 55 I.A. 360

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specific performance must fail. As observed by the Judicial

Committee of the Privy Council in Ardeshir Mama v. Flora

Sasson [ L.R. 55 I.A. 360, 372 ]

“In a suit for specific performance, on the

other hand, he treated and was required by the

Court to treat the contract as still subsisting. He

had in that suit to allege, and if the fact was

traversed, he was required to prove a continuous

readiness and willingness, from the date of the

contract to the time of the hearing, to perform the

contract on his part. Failure to make good that

averment brought with it the inevitable dismissal

of his suit.”

The respondent must in a suit for specific performance of an

agreement plead and prove that he was ready and willing to

perform his part of the contract continuously between the date

of the contract and the date of hearing of the suit.”

6.Similarly in J.P. Builders and Another v. A. Ramadas Rao and

Another

5

, it was observed by this Court in paragraphs 21 and 25 as under :-

“21. Among the three clauses, we are more concerned about

clause (c). “Readiness and willingness” is enshrined in clause

(c) which was not present in the old Act of 1877. However, it

was later inserted with the recommendations of the 9th Law

Commission’s Report. This clause provides that the person

seeking specific performance must prove that he has performed

or has been ready and willing to perform the essential terms of

the contract which are to be performed by him.

25. Section 16(c) of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 mandates

“readiness and willingness” on the part of the plaintiff and it is

a condition precedent for obtaining relief of grant of specific

performance. It is also clear that in a suit for specific

5 (2011) 1 SCC 429

15

performance, the plaintiff must allege and prove a continuous

“readiness and willingness” to perform the contract on his part

from the date of the contract. The onus is on the plaintiff.”

7.The assurance given by the appellant at the time when the agreement

dated 30.06.2000 (Ex.A1) was executed that there was no encumbrance over

the suit property was not a correct statement of fact. The further recital that

the “Original Parent Document” was in the Bank again was not a fair and

complete disclosure. It is true that these averments were copied in the

subsequent suit agreement dated 20.09.2000. However the communication

dated 22.09.2001 (Ex.A6) emanating from respondent No.1 records that by

the time the suit agreement was entered into the existence of the

encumbrance was a well known fact. For the purposes of the present matter

what is important is the common understanding with which the parties had

entered into the transaction. If respondent No.1 was well aware about the

existence of encumbrance over the suit property at the time when suit

agreement was entered into, he cannot thereafter submit to the contrary. In

the face of such clear understanding under which the suit agreement was

entered into, the High Court was completely in error in observing that the

entire case put forth on the part of the appellant was required to be

summarily thrown out. Further, reliance on the decision in S.P.

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Chengalveraya Naidu (supra) was also misplaced. That case did not arise

from a suit for specific performance and more over the plaintiff in that case

was found to have withheld relevant documents and as such the judgment

rendered by the trial Court dismissing his claim was restored by this Court.

The principle laid down therein cannot apply either on facts or in law to the

present case.

8.As regards suit for specific performance, the law is very clear that the

plaintiff must plead and prove his readiness and willingness to perform his

part of the contract all through i.e., right from the date of the contract till the

date of hearing of the suit. If respondent No.1 was well aware about the

encumbrance and the parties had chosen that the balance consideration be

paid to the appellant before 20.03.2001 so that the sale deed could be

registered without any encumbrance, it was for respondent No.1 to have

taken appropriate steps in that behalf for completion of transaction. The

facts on record disclose that the first step taken by respondent No.1 after the

suit agreement was well after four months, when further amount of Rs.2

lakhs was paid on 21.01.2001. Thereafter nothing was done till 20.03.2001

by which the transaction had to be completed. The record is completely

silent about any communication sent around 20.03.2001 towards completion

of transaction. As a matter of fact the first step thereafter was six months

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after the deadline namely on 22.09.2001 when the communication (Ex.A6)

was sent along with amount of Rs.10 lakhs. The written submissions filed

on behalf of respondent No.1 also do not indicate any steps till this time so

as to say that he was all the while ready and willing to complete the

transaction.

9. The assertion made by respondent No.1 in paragraph 7 of the plaint

is a mere assertion without any relevant details as to what exactly he had

done towards fulfillment of his obligations and completion of the

transaction. The factual aspects as detailed above are quite clear that

respondent No.1 had completely failed in his obligations and was not ready

and willing to perform his part of the contract. Even going by the case set

up by respondent No.1, that around 29.07.2002 an arrangement was arrived

at, under which out of the balance amount Rs.19.5 lakhs, Rs. 13.5 lakhs

were to be made over by respondent No.1 to the Bank directly and rest of the

sum of Rs.6 lakhs was to be paid to the appellant in cash, the facts do not

indicate any observance of these conditions. Beyond filing an application

for impleadment which came to be dismissed, respondent No.1 did not take

any step. The amount of Rs.13.5 lakhs was independently deposited and

discharge was obtained by the appellant.

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10.If respondent No.1 was put in possession of the suit property pursuant

to the arrangement as suggested by him, his corresponding obligation under

such arrangement was also twofold namely to pay off the dues to the Bank

directly and pay rest of the sum to the appellant. There is nothing on record

which could be consistent with discharge of such obligation on the part of

respondent No.1.

11.The case put up by respondent No.1 that he was put in possession

pursuant to an arrangement arrived at on or around 29.07.2002 is not free

from doubt. In a matter where Rs.19.5 lakhs were still outstanding, it is not

possible to accept that the vendor may put the purchaser in possession when

the original agreement did not contemplate handing over of the possession

even before execution of the sale deed. The contemporaneous facts

including the aspects that the appellant had initiated criminal proceedings

and made complaints to various authorities about forcible possession having

been taken by respondent No.1, also indicate falsity in the claim of

respondent No.1. Be that as it may the basic issue is whether respondent

No.1 was ready and willing to perform his part of the contract which in our

considered view has to be answered against him. We are conscious that two

19

Courts have arrived at a finding of fact but in our view such finding is

completely opposed to and contrary to the facts on record and is completely

unsustainable.

12.We, therefore, reject the claim of respondent No.1 and hold that the

suit for specific performance preferred by respondent No.1 is required to be

dismissed. At the same time we accept the counter claim made by the

appellant and hold that he is entitled to recovery of possession. It appears

that the assertions in the counter claim that the Kalyana Mandapam was

fetching Rs.1,80,000/- per annum were not disputed or denied by respondent

No.1. On the score that the appellant was wrongfully denied and deprived of

the earnings from Kalyana Mandapam for the last 16 years, he would be

entitled to reasonable return. But at the same time he had retained and

enjoyed sum of Rs.18 lakhs which he had received by way of advance from

respondent No.1. In the circumstances, though we would direct refund of

the sum of Rs.18 lakhs, we further deem it appropriate to direct that in the

circumstances neither would respondent No.1 be entitled to any interest on

the sum of Rs.18 lakhs which was given by way of advances under the suit

agreement to the appellant nor would appellant be entitled to any sum by

way of mesne profits for last 18 years of wrongful possession of the suit

property by respondent No.1.

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13.Allowing the appeal, we therefore direct:-

(a)The suit for specific performance filed by respondent No. 1 is

dismissed. Respondent No.1 shall be entitled to the refund of sum of Rs.18

lakhs paid by way of advance under the suit agreement. Said sum shall be

refunded by the appellant within three months from the date of this

judgment. No interest shall be payable on said sum. However, if the said

sum is not paid within three months from today as directed, it shall carry

interest @ 7½ per cent from the date of expiry of said period of three

months.

(b)Counter claim preferred by the appellant is allowed.

Respondent No.1 shall deliver vacant and peaceful possession of the suit

property to the appellant within one month from the date of this judgment.

The appellant shall however not be entitled to any mesne profits in respect of

wrongful possession of the suit property by respondent No.1.

(c)The decree passed by the trial court and affirmed by the High

Court stands modified accordingly. Each party shall bear his own costs

throughout.

14.The appeals stand allowed in the aforesaid terms.

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………………….J.

(R. Banumathi)

….……………….J.

(Uday Umesh Lalit)

New Delhi

March 28, 2018