2025 INSC 912 1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL/ORIGINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NOS.___________ OF 2025

(Arising out of SLP(C) Nos. 2353-54 of 2025)

PADI KAUSHIK REDDY ETC.

…APPELLANT (S)/PETITIONER(S)

VERSUS

THE STATE OF TELANGANA AND

OTHERS ETC. …RESPONDENTS

WITH

WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 82 OF 2025

CIVIL APPEAL NO.___________ OF 2025

(Arising out of SLP(C) No. __________of 2025)

DIARY NO.14577 OF 2025

J U D G M E N T

B.R. GAVAI, CJI

1. Leave granted in SLP (C) Nos. 2353-2354 of 2025 and SLP

(C) Diary No. 14577 of 2025.

2. The appeals in the present set of matters challenge the

judgment and final order dated 22

nd

November 2024 passed by

a Division Bench of the High Court for the State of Telangana

at Hyderabad

1 in Writ Appeal Nos. 1157, 1158 and 1160 of

1

Hereinafter referred to as “the High Court”.

2

2024 whereby the Division Bench of the High Court set aside

the judgment and final order dated 9

th September 2024 passed

by a learned Single Judge of the High Court in a batch of Writ

Petitions.

FACTS

3. Shorn of unnecessary details, the facts leading to the

appeals are as under:

3.1. On 3

rd November 2023, on the recommendation of the

Election Commission of India, the Hon’ble Governor of the

State of Telangana issued the notification for General Election

to the State Legislative Assembly.

3.2. Pursuant to the notification, one Danam Nagender filed

his nomination as a candidate of the Bharat Rashtra Samithi

2

from the Khairatabad Assembly Constituency on 6

th November

2023. Similarly, two others namely Venkata Rao Tellam and

Kadiyam Srihari filed their nomination from Bhadrachalam

Assembly Constituency and Ghanpur Station Constituency as

candidates of BRS on 9

th November 2023.

3.3. Thereafter, on 30

th November 2023, the elections were

held and the results were declared on 3

rd December 2023.

2

Hereinafter referred to as “BRS”.

3

3.4. The aforementioned Danam Nagender, Venkata Rao

Tellam and Kadiyam Srihari won the election from their

respective constituency. The Indian National Congress

3

emerged as the single largest party and it along with its ally

formed the Government.

3.5. It is the allegation of the appellants that on 15

th March

2024, Danam Nagender joined the INC. It is further their

allegation that the other two BRS Member s of Legislative

Assembly

4 namely Kadiyam Srihari and Venkata Rao Tellam

also joined the INC on 31

st March 2024 and 7

th April 2024

respectively.

3.6. Subsequently, the Appellants in the lead matter namely

Padi Kaushik Reddy and Kuna Pandu Vivekanand, who are

themselves MLAs belonging to BRS, filed separate petitions

under Paragraph 2(1) of the Tenth Schedule read with Article

191(2) of the Constitution of India and Rules 6(1) and 6(2) of

the Members of Telangana Legislative Assembly

(Disqualification on ground of Defection) Rules, 1986

5 before the

Telangana State Legislative Assembly on 18

th March 2024,

3

Hereinafter referred to as “INC”.

4

Hereinafter referred to as “MLA”.

5

Hereinafter referred to as “Disqualification Rules 1986”.

4

2

nd April 2024 and 8

th April 2024. The common prayer in all

the three petitions was for a declaration from the Speaker of

the Telangana Legislative Assembly that the MLAs from BRS

who joined the INC be declared as disqualified from continuing

as members of the Telangana Legislative Assembly.

3.7. The Appellant in the connected matter , namely

Alleti Maheshwar Reddy, who is an MLA belonging to

Bharatiya Janata Party

6, also filed a petition seeking the

disqualification of Danam Nagender on 1

st July 2024.

3.8. Thereafter, aggrieved by the inaction/delay on part of the

Speaker in deciding the disqualification petitions, the

Appellants filed three separate Writ Petitions before the High

Court being Writ Petition Nos. 9472, 11098 & 18553 of 2024.

The first two Writ Petitions were filed on 10

th April 2024 and

24

th April 2024 and the third Writ Petition was filed on 9

th July

2024.

3.9. On 9

th September 2024, the learned Single Judge of the

High Court by a common judgment and order directed the

Secretary of the Telangana Legislative Assembly to forthwith

place the disqualification petitions before the Speaker for fixing

6

Hereinafter referred to as “BJP”.

5

a schedule of hearing (filing of pleadings, documents, personal

hearing etc.) within a period of four weeks. It was further

directed that the schedule so fixed, shall be communicated to

the Registrar (Judicial) of the High Court. It was further

clarified by the learned Single Judge of the High Court that if

nothing is heard within four weeks, then the matter would be

reopened suo motu and appropriate orders would be passed.

3.10. Taking exception to the judgment and order passed

by the learned Single Judge of the High Court, the Secretary of

the Telangana Legislative Assembly preferred three separate

intra-court appeals being Writ Appeal No. 1157, 1158 & 1160

of 2024.

3.11. On 22

nd November 2024, the Division Bench of the

High Court by a common judgment and final order disposed of

the Writ Appeals by setting aside the judgment and order

passed by the learned Single Judge of the High Court.

3.12. Aggrieved thereby, the present appeals pertaining to

disqualification petitions pending against three MLAs came to

be filed by way of special leave.

3.13. A Writ Petition has also been filed before this Court

by the Appellants in the lead matter along with a few others

6

pertaining to disqualification petitions pending against

another seven MLAs. The prayer in the Writ Petition is on the

same lines as the prayer by the original writ-petitioners before

the High Court i.e., to direct the Speaker to decide the

disqualification petitions in a time-bound manner and

preferably within an outer limit of 4 weeks. Accordingly, the

Writ Petition was tagged and heard along with the present

appeals.

SUBMISSIONS

4. We have heard Shri C. Aryama Sundaram, Shri Dama

Seshadri Naidu and Shri Gandra Mohan Rao , learned Senior

Counsel appearing on behalf of the Appellants/Petitioners and

Shri Mukul Rohatgi, Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Shri Ravi

Shankar Jandhyala, Shri Gaurav Agrawal, Shri S. Niranjan

Reddy, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the

Respondents.

5. Shri Sundaram, learned Senior Counsel appearing on

behalf of the Appellants submitted that till the time the learned

Single Judge of the High Court decided the writ petition on 9

th

September 2024 i.e., after a period of almost five months from

the date of filing, the Speaker had not even issued a notice in

7

the disqualification petitions filed by the Appellants.

It is submitted that taking into consideration this factual

aspect of the matter, the learned Single Judge had issued a

direction only to the effect that the Speaker should fix a

schedule of hearing within a period of 4 weeks from the date

of the said order. It is therefore submitted that, as such, there

was no occasion for the learned Judges of the Division Bench

to have interfered with the order of the learned Single Judge.

6. Shri Sundaram submitted that even after the order of the

learned Single Judge, for a period of more than 4 months, the

Speaker did not take any action. It is further submitted that

only after the present set of appeals came to be filed before this

Court on 15

th January 2025, a notice has been issued to the

delinquent MLAs on 16

th January 2025. The learned Senior

Counsel submitted that under Rule 7 of the Disqualification

Rules, 1986, a copy of the Disqualification Petition is required

to be forwarded to the member in relation to whom the petition

has been made or the Leader of the Legislature Party to which

the member belongs. It is submitted that in spite of a lapse of

a period of more than 11 months from the filing of

disqualification petitions, even the statutory requirement as

8

per Rule 7 of the Disqualification Rules 1986 has not been

complied with. It is further submitted that since the Speaker

was acting in such a lackadaisical manner, the learned Single

Judge of the High Court was completely justified in issuing

directions to the Secretary of the Telangana Legislative

Assembly to place the matter before the Speaker for fixing of

the schedule of the hearing within a period of 4 weeks.

7. Shri Sundaram submitted that the learned Single Judge

of the High Court had rightly applied the principles as laid

down by the Constitution Bench of this Court in the cases of

Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu and Others

7, Rajendra

Singh Rana and Others v. Swami Prasad Maurya and

Others

8 and Subhash Desai v. Principal Secretary,

Governor of Maharashtra and Others

9. The learned Senior

Counsel further submitted that the facts in the present case

are squarely identical to the facts in the case of Keisham

Meghachandra Singh v. Speaker, Manipur Legislative

Assembly and Others

10. It is submitted that applying the said

case, the learned Single Judge of the High Court would have

7

1992 Supp (2) 651

8

(2007) 4 SCC 270

9

(2024) 2 SCC 719

10

(2021) 16 SCC 503

9

been justified even in directing the disqualification petitions to

be decided within a specified period. However, the learned

Single Judge of the High Court, exercising restraint and

showing respect to the high constitutional functionary, had

only issued a direction to the Secretary of the Telangana

Legislative Assembly to place the matter before the Speaker for

fixing up the schedule of the hearing.

8. It is submitted by the learned Senior Counsel that since

the directions issued by the Constitution Bench of this Court

on 11

th May 2023 in the case of Subhash Desai (supra) were

not complied with by the Speaker, a Full Bench of this Court

in the case of Sunil Prabhu v. The Speaker, Maharashtra

State Legislative Assembly

11 on 18

th September 2023,

directed to place the proceedings before the Speaker within a

period of one week from that date so as to issue procedural

directions for completing the record and setting down a time

schedule for hearing of the disqualification petitions. It is

further submitted that thereafter vide an order dated 30

th

October 2023, this Court in the said case of Sunil Prabhu

(supra) directed the pending proceedings under the Tenth

11

Writ Petition (C) No.685 of 2023

10

Schedule to be concluded and final orders to be passed in

respect of Group A petitions on or before 31

st December 2023

and Group B petitions on or before 31

st January 2024. The

learned Senior Counsel further submitted that the said

directions were issued by a Bench presided over by the same

learned Judge (D.Y. Chandrachud, C.J.), who had authored

the judgment in the case of Subhash Desai (supra).

9. Shri Sundaram submitted that the learned Judges of the

Division Bench of the High Court, have erred in setting aside

a well-reasoned and fairly balanced judgment of the learned

Single Judge of the High Court. He further submitted that this

is a fit case wherein this Court should issue directions to the

Speaker to decide the disqualification petitions within a

specified period of time. He, therefore, prayed that the appeals

be allowed and appropriate directions be issued.

10. Shri Naidu, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf

of the Appellants/Petitioners supported the arguments

advanced by Shri Sundaram.

11. Additionally, Shri Naidu submitted that prolonging the

disqualification proceedings and not taking them to a logical

end would frustrate the very purpose of the Tenth Schedule to

11

the Constitution of India. He submitted that the fear with

regard to the Speaker belonging to a particular political party

and as a result acting in a partisan manner was apprehended

when the Parliament was discussing the insertion of the Tenth

Schedule in the Constitution. It is submitted that Shri A.K.

Sen, the then Law Minister, had stated that the Speaker was

expected to act in an impartial manner and decide the

disqualification proceedings without any delay. Not only that

but Shri A.K. Sen had stated that if the amendment to the

Constitution was to be effective, and if the defection was to be

outlawed effectively, then it was necessary to choose a forum

which would decide the matter fearlessly and expeditiously. He

further stated that the Speaker was the only forum that was

possible. In that light, the learned Senior Counsel submitted

that a situation has now arisen which would require this Court

to reconsider the issue because in many cases the Speaker has

been acting like a member of a political party and not acting

like a Tribunal. He, therefore, reiterated that this Court should

direct the Speaker to decide the disqualification petitions

matter within a specified period of time.

12

12. Shri Rohatgi, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf

of the respondents, on the contrary, submitted that the

Division Bench of the High Court has rightly applied the legal

position as emanating from the Constitution Bench decisions

of this Court in the cases of Rajendra Singh Rana (supra),

Kihoto Hollohan (supra) and Subhash Desai (supra) and

held that a court cannot issue timelines to the Speaker for

deciding the matter within a particular period. He submitted

that the High Court does not have the power of judicial

superintendence over the functioning of the Speaker as a

Tribunal under Article 227 of the Constitution. He submitted

that the only power of judicial review that is available with the

High Court is under Article 226 of the Constitution. It is

submitted that while exercising the power of judicial review

under Article 226 of the Constitution, the High Court can only

examine the decision arrived at by the Speaker. It is further

submitted by the learned Senior Counsel that it is not

permissible for the High Court to pass any order which would

amount to Quia Timet action. It is submitted that this Court in

the case of Kihoto Hollohan (supra) has categorically held

that the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution

13

cannot pass any order which would amount to Quia Timet

action. It is, therefore, submitted that as such any petition

prior to the decision made by the Speaker would not be

tenable.

13. Shri Rohatgi further submitted that the three-Judges

Bench of this Court has wrongly decided the case of Keisham

Meghachandra Singh (supra). In that regard, it is submitted

that this Court in the case of Keisham Meghachandra Singh

(supra) did not take into consideration the law laid down by

the Constitution Bench in the cases of Kihoto Hollohan

(supra) and Rajendra Singh Rana (supra) in the correct

perspective. It is, therefore, submitted that vide the impugned

judgment and final order, the Division Bench of the High Court

has rightly distinguished the judgment of this Court in the

case of Keisham Meghachandra Singh (supra).

14. Shri Rohatgi further submitted that, in any case, judicial

propriety demanded that this Court should not have delivered

a judgment as was delivered in the case of Keisham

Meghachandra Singh (supra) inasmuch as a Bench

comprising of two learned Judges on an earlier occasion had

referred the same issue to a larger Bench by an order dated 8

th

14

November 2016 in the case of S.A. Sampath Kumar v. Kale

Yadaiah and Others

12. He submitted that as a matter of fact

the judgment in the case of Keisham Meghachandra Singh

(supra) tries to nullify what has been held by the larger

Benches of this Court in the cases of Kihoto Hollohan (supra)

and Rajendra Singh Rana (supra).

15. Shri Rohatgi further submitted that even the

Constitution Bench decision in the case of Subhash Desai

(supra) does not lay down any timeline for the Speaker for

deciding a disqualification petition. It is, therefore, submitted

that the learned Division Bench of the High Court was right in

reversing the direction of the learned Single Judge of the High

Court to the Speaker to decide the disqualification petitions

within a specified period.

16. Dr. Singhvi, Shri Ravi Shankar Jandhyala, and Shri

Gaurav Agrawal, learned Senior Counsel supplemented the

arguments of Shri Rohatgi on the similar lines.

17. Dr. Singhvi submitted that no judgment of this Court,

including the three Constitution Bench judgments, has given

directions to the Speaker for deciding the matter within a

12

(2021) 16 SCC 528

15

specified period. It is submitted by Dr. Singhvi that the only

exception in this regard is the case of Keisham

Meghachandra Singh (supra), however, it is reiterated by the

learned Senior Counsel that Keisham Meghachandra Singh

(supra) does not lay down a good law.

18. Insofar as the orders passed by the Full Bench of this

Court dated 18

th September 2023 and 30

th October 2023 are

concerned, Dr. Singhvi submitted that the said orders do not

lay down a binding precedent. Next, Dr. Singhvi tried to

distinguish the case of Rajendra Singh Rana (supra) by

stating that the facts in the said case are totally different. It is

submitted that in the case of Rajendra Singh Rana (supra),

because the term of the Assembly was coming to an end, the

Court was justified in directly deciding the disqualification

petition itself. It is further submitted that, in the present case,

there is still a long time for the term to expire and as such,

there is no urgency which requires a direction to be issued to

the Speaker to decide the matter within a particular period of

time.

19. Shri Agrawal submitted that if the Parliament decides

that a particular time limit is required to be laid down for

16

deciding the disqualification petitions, nothing prevents the

Parliament from doing so. However, the Parliament has not yet

chosen to do so and therefore it is neither the High Court nor

this Court that can issue a writ directing the Speaker to decide

the disqualification proceedings within a particular period.

20. Shri Agrawal further submitted that in any case, the

learned Division Bench of the High Court vide the impugned

judgment and final order has itself directed that the matter

should be decided within a reasonable period and as such, no

interference is warranted in the present proceedings.

21. Shri Sundaram, in rejoinder, submitted that in the

present case, the facts are glaring. It is submitted that one of

the MLAs, after being elected to the Legislative Assembly as a

Member of the BRS, contested and lost the Lok Sabha Election

as a Member of the INC but is still enjoying the Office of MLA,

having contested for the same while belonging to the BRS

party. It is submitted that if such a situation is permitted to

continue only on account of not deciding the disqualification

petitions within a particular period, it would be nothing less

than playing a fraud on democracy. The learned Senior

Counsel therefore reiterated that this is a fit case wherein this

17

Court should direct the Speaker to decide the disqualification

petitions within a specified period of time.

22. Before we proceed to decide the matter on merits, we find

it appropriate to revisit how the matter has reached the present

stage.

23. When the matter was firstly listed on 31

st January 2025,

taking into consideration that the learned Division Bench of

the High Court had directed the disqualification proceedings

to be decided within a “reasonable period”, we had asked Shri

Rohatgi to take instructions from the Speaker as to within how

much time he would decide the disqualification proceedings.

Thereafter, when the matter was listed on 10

th February 2025,

Shri Rohatgi submitted that he was not in a position to make

any statement in that regard. The matter, upon being

mentioned on 20

th February 2025, was directed to be kept for

hearing on 4

th March 2025. On the said date, when the matters

were called out and after we had heard Shri Sundaram and

Shri Naidu, learned Senior Counsel for the

Appellants/Petitioners at some length, an objection was raised

by Dr. Singhvi and Shri Rohatgi, learned Senior Counsel

appearing for the Respondents that no “formal notice” was

18

issued in these matters and therefore the respondents could

not file any reply. It will be relevant to refer to paras 5 and 6 of

the order dated 4

th March 2025, which read thus:

“5. No doubt that the objection is hypertechnical,

however we propose to adjourn the matter so that

no objection is raised at a subsequent point of time

by the respondents that the petitions were decided

without following the principles of natural justice.

6. We, therefore, issue a formal notice to the

respondents in both the matters, returnable on

25.03.2025.”

24. Thereafter, the matter was called on 25

th March 2025, 2

nd

April 2025 and finally on 3

rd April 2025 when we concluded

the hearing.

25. In this background, we proceed to consider the rival

contentions.

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

26. To appreciate the rival submissions, it would be apposite

that we first take a close look at the judicial decisions which

hold the field.

27. The Constitution Bench of this Court, in the case of

Kihoto Hollohan (supra), had an occasion to consider the

constitutional validity of the Tenth Schedule of the

Constitution which was introduced by the Constitution (Fifty-

19

second Amendment) Act, 1985. The Constitution Bench, in the

said case specifically considered the validity and scope of

Paragraphs 6 and 7 of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution.

It will be relevant to refer to the following observations of this

Court:

“13. …. A political party goes before the electorate

with a particular programme and it sets up

candidates at the election on the basis of such

programme. A person who gets elected as a

candidate set up by a political party is so

elected on the basis of the programme of that

political party. The provisions of Paragraph

2(1)(a) proceed on the premise that political

propriety and morality demand that if such a

person, after the election, changes his

affiliation and leaves the political party which

had set him up as a candidate at the election,

then he should give up his membership of the

legislature and go back before the electorate.

The same yardstick is applied to a person who is

elected as an Independent candidate and wishes to

join a political party after the election.”

[emphasis supplied]

28. This Court, amongst other questions, framed the

following two questions for its consideration:

“24. …..

(E) That the deeming provision in Paragraph 6(2)

of the Tenth Schedule attracts the immunity under

Articles 122 and 212. The Speaker and the

Chairman in relation to the exercise of the powers

under the Tenth Schedule shall not be subjected

to the jurisdiction of any Court.

20

The Tenth Schedule seeks to and does create a new

and non-justiciable area of rights, obligations and

remedies to be resolved in the exclusive manner

envisaged by the Constitution and is not amenable

to, but constitutionally immune from, curial

adjudicative processes.

(F) That even if Paragraph 7 erecting a bar on the

jurisdiction of Courts is held inoperative, the

Courts' jurisdiction is, in any event, barred as

Paragraph 6(1) which imparts a constitutional

‘finality’ to the decision of the Speaker or the

Chairman, as the case may be, and that such

concept of ‘finality’ bars examination of the matter

by the Courts.

29. One of the arguments that was advanced before this

Court was that the concept of “finality” given to the decision of

the Speaker excluded the court’s jurisdiction. This Court

therefore considered the question as to whether the word

“final” in paragraph 6(1) of the Tenth Schedule rendered the

decision of the Speaker immune from judicial review. The

majority judgment rendered by M.N. Venkatachaliah, J. (as His

Lordship then was), after referring to various earlier judgments

of this Court, observed thus:

“94. It is, therefore, inappropriate to claim that the

determinative jurisdiction of the Speaker or the

Chairman in the Tenth Schedule is not a judicial

power and is within the non-justiciable legislative

area. The classic exposition of Issacs J.,

in Australian Boot Trade Employees

Federation v. Whybrow & Co. [(1910) 10 CLR 266,

317] as to what distinguishes a judicial power from

21

a legislative power was referred to with the

approval of this Court in Express Newspaper (P)

Ltd. v. Union of India [AIR 1958 SC 578, 611 : 1959

SCR 12 : (1961) 1 LLJ 339] . Issacs, J., stated:

(CLR p. 317 quoted at AIR p. 611)

“If the dispute is as to the relative rights

of parties as they rest on past or present

circumstances, the award is in the

nature of a judgment, which might have

been the decree of an ordinary judicial

tribunal acting under the ordinary

judicial power. There the law applicable

to the case must be observed. If,

however, the dispute is as to what shall

in the future be the mutual rights and

responsibilities of the parties — in other

words, if no present rights are asserted

or denied, but a future rule of conduct

is to be prescribed, thus creating new

rights and obligations, with sanctions

for non-conformity — then the

determination that so prescribes, call it

an award, or arbitration, determination,

or decision or what you will, is

essentially of a legislative character,

and limited only by the law which

authorises it. If, again, there are neither

present rights asserted, nor a future

rule of conduct prescribed, but merely a

fact ascertained necessary for the

practical effectuation of admitted rights,

the proceeding, though called an

arbitration, is rather in the nature of an

appraisement or ministerial act.”

95. In the present case, the power to decide

disputed disqualification under Paragraph 6(1)

is pre-eminently of a judicial complexion.

96. The fiction in Paragraph 6(2), indeed, places it

in the first clause of Article 122 or 212, as the case

may be. The words “proceedings in Parliament” or

“proceedings in the legislature of a State” in

22

Paragraph 6(2) have their corresponding

expression in Articles 122(1) and 212(1)

respectively. This attracts an immunity from mere

irregularities of procedures.

97. That apart, even after 1986 when the Tenth

Schedule was introduced, the Constitution did

not evince any intention to invoke Article 122

or 212 in the conduct of resolution of disputes

as to the disqualification of members under

Articles 191(1) and 102(1). The very deeming

provision implies that the proceedings of

disqualification are, in fact, not before the

House; but only before the Speaker as a

specially designated authority. The decision

under Paragraph 6(1) is not the decision of the

House, nor is it subject to the approval by the

House. The decision operates independently of

the House. A deeming provision cannot by its

creation transcend its own power. There is,

therefore, no immunity under Articles 122 and

212 from judicial scrutiny of the decision of the

Speaker or Chairman exe rcising power under

Paragraph 6(1) of the Tenth Schedule.

98. But then is the Speaker or the Chairman

acting under Paragraph 6(1) a Tribunal? “All

tribunals are not courts, though all courts are

tribunals”. The word “courts” is used to designate

those tribunals which are set up in an organised

State for the Administration of Justice. By

Administration of Justice is meant the exercise of

judicial power of the State to maintain and uphold

rights and to punish “wrongs”……..”

[emphasis supplied]

30. It can thus be seen that this Court, in unequivocal terms,

has held that it was inappropriate to claim that the

determinative jurisdiction of the Speaker/Chairman in the

23

Tenth Schedule to the Constitution was not a judicial power

and was within the non-justiciable legislative area. This Court,

in no unclear terms, held that the power to decide disputed

disqualification under Paragraph 6(1) of the Tenth Schedule to

the Constitution was pre-eminently of a judicial complexion.

This Court, thereafter, referred to the provision of

Articles 122(1) and 212(1) of the Constitution and the fiction

in Paragraph 6(2) of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution.

This Court observed that these provisions attract immunity

from mere irregularities of procedures. Then, in paragraph 98,

this Court posed a question as to whether the

Speaker/Chairman, acting in Paragraph 6(1) of the Tenth

Schedule to the Constitution, is a Tribunal or not.

31. Thereafter, this Court referred to various judgments

distinguishing between the Courts and Tribunals and observed

thus:

“100. By these well known and accepted tests of

what constitute a Tribunal, the Speaker or the

Chairman, acting under Paragraph 6(1) of the

Tenth Schedule is a Tribunal.”

32. It can thus be seen that this Court, in unequivocal terms,

has held that the Speaker/Chairman, acting under Paragraph

6(1) of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution is a Tribunal.

24

The Constitution Bench thereafter insofar as Questions (E) and

(F) are concerned, came to the following conclusion:

“109. In the light of the decisions referred to above

and the nature of function that is exercised by the

Speaker/Chairman under Paragraph 6, the scope

of judicial review under Articles 136, and 226

and 227 of the Constitution in respect of an

order passed by the Speaker/Chairman under

Paragraph 6 would be confined to jurisdictional

errors only viz., infirmities based on violation

of constitutional mandate, mala fides, non -

compliance with rules of natural justice and

perversity.

110. In view of the limited scope of judicial review

that is available on account of the finality clause

in Paragraph 6 and also having regard to the

constitutional intendment and the status of the

repository of the adjudicatory power i.e.

Speaker/Chairman, judicial review cannot be

available at a stage prior to the making of a

decision by the Speaker/Chairman and a quia

timet action would not be permissible. Nor

would interference be permissible at an

interlocutory stage of the proceedings.

Exception will, however, have to be made in

respect of cases where disqualification or

suspension is imposed during the pendency of

the proceedings and such disqualification or

suspension is likely to have grave, immediate

and irreversible repercussions and

consequence.

111. In the result, we hold on contentions (E) and

(F):

That the Tenth Schedule does not,

in providing for an additional grant

(sic ground) for disqualification and for

adjudication of disputed

disqualifications, seek to create a non-

justiciable constitutional area. The

25

power to resolve such disputes vested in

the Speaker or Chairman is a judicial

power.

That Paragraph 6(1) of the Tenth

Schedule, to the extent it seeks to

impart finality to the decision of the

speakers/Chairmen is valid. But the

concept of statutory finality

embodied in Paragraph 6(1) does not

detract from or abrogate judicial

review under Articles 136, 226 and

227 of the Constitution insofar as

infirmities based on violations of

constitutional mandates, mala fides,

non-compliance with Rules of Natural

Justice and perversity, are

concerned.

That the deeming provision in

Paragraph 6(2) of the Tenth Schedule

attracts an immunity analogous to that

in Articles 122(1) and 212(1) of the

Constitution as understood and

explained in Keshav Singh case [(1965)

1 SCR 413 : AIR 1965 SC 745] to protect

the validity of proceedings from mere

irregularities of procedure. The deeming

provision, having regard to the words

‘be deemed to be proceedings in

Parliament’ or ‘proceedings in the

legislature of a State’ confines the scope

of the fiction accordingly.

The Speakers/Chairmen while

exercising powers and discharging

functions under the Tenth Schedule

act as Tribunal adjudicating rights

and obligations under the Tenth

Schedule and their decisions in that

capacity are amenable to judicial

review.

However, having regard to the

Constitutional Schedule in the Tenth

26

Schedule, judicial review should not

cover any stage prior to the making of a

decision by the Speakers/Chairmen.

Having regard to the constitutional

intendment and the status of the

repository of the adjudicatory power,

no quia timet actions are permissible,

the only exception for any interlocutory

interference being cases of interlocutory

disqualifications or suspensions which

may have grave, immediate and

irreversible repercussions and

consequence.”

[emphasis supplied]

33. The Constitution Bench therefore held that in light of the

decisions referred to above and the nature of function that was

exercised by the Speaker/Chairman under Paragraph 6 of the

Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, the scope of judicial review

under Articles 136, 226 and 227 of the Constitution in respect

of an order passed by the Speaker/Chairman under

Paragraph 6 of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution would

be confined to jurisdictional errors only i.e., infirmities based

on violation of constitutional mandate, mala fides, non-

compliance with rules of natural justice and perversity.

34. This Court thereafter held that in view of the limited

scope of judicial review on account of the finality clause in

Paragraph 6 of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution and

27

having regard to the constitutional intendment and the status

of the repository of the adjudicatory power i.e. , the

Speaker/Chairman, judicial review could not be available at a

stage prior to the making of a decision by the

Speaker/Chairman and a Quia Timet action would not be

permissible. It held that any interference would not be

permissible at an interlocutory stage of the proceedings.

This Court, however, excluded the cases where disqualification

or suspension was imposed during the pendency of the

proceedings and such disqualification or suspension was likely

to have grave, immediate and irreversible repercussions and

consequences.

35. In the present case, heavy reliance is sought to be placed

on paragraph 110 of Kihoto Hollohan (supra) by both the

sides. On the side of the Appellants/Petitioners, it is contended

that judicial restriction against Quia Timet actions does not

interdict in any manner against the judicial review in aid of

Speaker/Chairman to arrive at a prompt decision of the

disqualification petition. Per contra, it is argued on behalf of

the Respondents that no interference would be warranted by

28

the High Court or this Court at any time prior to the final

decision being rendered by the Speaker/Chairman.

36. Insofar as Shri Rohatgi’s submission that the High

Courts cannot exercise powers under Article 227 of the

Constitution is concerned, the said contention, in our view,

lacks merit inasmuch as in Paragraph 109 of Kihoto

Hollohan (supra) itself, the Constitution Bench has referred

to Article 227 along with Articles 136 and 226 of the

Constitution. In any case, the difference between the

jurisdictional exercise under Article 227 of the Constitution

and the jurisdiction of the High Court to issue a writ of

certiorari under Article 226 of the Constitution is very thin as

per the judgment of this Court in the case of Surya Devi Rai

v. Ram Chander Rai and Others

13.

37. The next judgment of the Constitution Bench which is

required to be considered by us is the case of Rajendra Singh

Rana (supra).

38. In the said case, on 27

th August 2003, 13 MLAs from the

Bahujan Samaj Party

14 approached the Hon’ble Governor of

the State of Uttar Pradesh and requested him to call upon the

13

(2003) 6 SCC 675

14

Hereinafter referred to as “BSP”.

29

Leader of Opposition i.e., Samajwadi Party to form the

Government. This was despite the fact that the ruling coalition

Government led by BSP had recommended the dissolution of

the Assembly on 25

th August 2003. The leader of BSP

Legislature Party on 4

th September 2003 filed a petition in

terms of Article 191 read with Paragraph 2 of the Tenth

Schedule of the Constitution for disqualification of the said 13

MLAs. Thereafter, on 6

th September 2003, 37 MLAs from BSP,

including the original 13 MLAs, claimed to have “split” from

the BSP. They claimed protection under Paragraph 3 of the

Tenth Schedule to the Constitution since they formed one-

third of the BSP (37 out of 109). The Speaker, instead of

deciding the disqualification petition relating to the original 13

MLAs, decided that the said 37 MLAs had met the

requirements of Paragraph 3 of the Tenth Schedule to the

Constitution and therefore did not incur disqualification under

Paragraph 2 of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution.

However, the Speaker had kept the petition relating to

disqualification of original 13 MLAs pending.

39. Challenging the decision of the Speaker in accepting this

split while keeping the issue with regard to the disqualification

30

of the original 13 MLAs pending, a writ petition came to be filed

before the Allahabad High Court. The matter was adjourned in

the High Court on a number of occasions. At the same time,

the petition for disqualification of the original 13 MLAs which

was pending was adjourned by the Speaker on the ground that

the matter was pending before the High Court. The said

petition was pending before the High Court from 29

th

September 2003 on one pretext or the other. In the meantime,

on 7

th September 2005, the Speaker passed an order rejecting

the petition filed for disqualification of the original 13 MLAs.

Thereafter, the appellants therein moved an application for

amendment of the writ petition before the High Court. It

appears that there were certain unpleasant happenings as

recorded in paragraph 9 of the said judgment between two

Members of the Bench. Thereafter, the matter was assigned to

the Full Bench. Ultimately, the matter was decided on 14

th

February 2007. The learned Chief Justice had dismissed the

appeals while the other two learned Judges quashed the order

of the Speaker and directed him to reconsider the matter with

particular reference to the petition for disqualification of the

original 13 MLAs. The learned Chief Justice took the view that

31

the Speaker was justified in finding a split on the basis of a

claim of split in the original political party and one-third

members of the legislature party separating, by taking into

account all events up to the time of his taking a decision on

the question of split. However, the other two learned Judges

took a view that the Speaker was in error in not deciding the

petition seeking disqualification of the original 13 MLAs first

and in proceeding to decide the application for recognition of a

split made by the 37 MLAs which included the original 13

MLAs already subject matter of the disqualification petition

before him.

40. Aggrieved by the decision of the Full Bench of the High

Court to remit the matter to the Speaker, the set of 37 MLAs

filed various appeals before this Court. There was also an

appeal before this Court by the original writ petitioner wherein

it was contended that instead of remanding the matter, the

High Court, on the basis of pleadings and material, ought to

have allowed the writ petition and disqualified the original 13

MLAs. This is how the matter reached this Court.

41. Before this Court, it was sought to be urged on behalf of

the 37 MLAs who claimed to have split from the BSP that the

32

two learned Judges who had set aside the decision of the

Speaker had exceeded their jurisdiction. A reliance was sought

to be placed on the judgment of this Court in the case of

Kihoto Hollohan (supra) in support of the said argument.

Justice P.K. Balasubramanyan, speaking for the Constitution

Bench, however, observed thus:

“40. Coming to the case on hand, it is clear that

the Speaker, in the original order, left the question

of disqualification undecided. Thereby he has

failed to exercise the jurisdiction conferred on him

by para 6 of the Tenth Schedule. Such a failure to

exercise jurisdiction cannot be held to be covered

by the shield of para 6 of the Schedule. He has also

proceeded to accept the case of a split based

merely on a claim in that behalf. He has entered

no finding whether a split in the original political

party was prima facie proved or not. This action of

his, is apparently based on his understanding of

the ratio of the decision in Ravi S. Naik case [1994

Supp (2) SCC 641 : (1994) 1 SCR 754] . He has

misunderstood the ratio therein. Now that we have

approved the reasoning and the approach in Jagjit

Singh case [(2006) 11 SCC 1 : (2006) 13 Scale 335]

and the ratio therein is clear, it has to be held that

the Speaker has committed an error that goes to

the root of the matter or an error that is so

fundamental, that even under a limited judicial

review the order of the Speaker has to be interfered

with. We have, therefore, no hesitation in agreeing

with the majority of the High Court in quashing the

decisions of the Speaker.”

42. It can thus be seen that the Constitution Bench came to

the conclusion that since the Speaker in the original order had

33

left the question of disqualification undecided, he had failed to

exercise the jurisdiction conferred on him by Paragraph 6 of

the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution. This Court held that

such a failure to exercise jurisdiction could not be held to be

covered by the shield of Paragraph 6 of the Tenth Schedule to

the Constitution. This Court also came to a finding that the

Speaker had committed an error that goes to the root of the

matter or an error that was so fundamental that it would

enable this Court to interfere with the order of the Speaker

even under a limited judicial review.

43. After observing the aforesaid, this Court itself, in the

peculiar facts and circumstance, proceeded to decide the

question of disqualification. This Court took note of the fact

that the term of the Assembly was coming to an end and an

expeditious decision by the Court was warranted for protection

of the constitutional scheme and constitutional values. This

Court found that the very fact that the original 13 MLAs gave

a letter to the Hon’ble Governor requesting him to call upon

the Leader of Opposition to form the Government was

sufficient enough to incur a disqualification under Paragraph

2(1)(a) of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution.

34

This Court therefore took an unprecedented step of holding

those 13 MLAs as disqualified.

44. The last of the Constitution Bench judgments which is

required to be considered for the present purpose is that of

Subhash Desai (supra).

45. Insofar as the said case is concerned, the Constitution

Bench firstly held that the finding of another Constitution

Bench in the case of Nabam Rebia and Bamang Felix v.

Deputy Speaker, Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly

and Others, to the effect that a notice for the removal of a

Speaker restricts him from adjudicating disqualification

proceedings under the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution,

was in conflict with another Constitution Bench judgment in

the case of Kihoto Hollohan (supra) and therefore referred the

same to a larger Bench of seven Judges.

46. Thereafter, it can be seen that one of the issues framed

by this Court in the reference order leading to the Constitution

Bench judgment in the said case of Subhash Desai (supra)

was as under:

35

“32. …… The following questions were framed for

consideration:

…….

32.2. (b) Whether a petition under Article 226 or

Article 32 lies, inviting a decision on a

disqualification petition by the High Courts or the

Supreme Court, as the case may be;”

47. The petitioners therein had urged before this Court that

this Court itself should decide the disqualification petitions at

the first instance. While considering the argument in that

regard, the Constitution Bench observed thus:

“76. In Kihoto Hollohan [Kihoto

Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651] ,

this Court held that the Speaker is a Tribunal for

the purposes of the Tenth Schedule. Therefore, the

exercise of power under the Tenth Schedule is

subject to the jurisdiction of courts under Articles

136, 226 and 227 of the Constitution. This Court

further observed that the finality clause contained

in Para 6(2) did not completely exclude the

jurisdiction of courts. However, it was held that

such a clause limits the scope of judicial review

because the Constitution intended the Speaker or

the Chairman to be “the repository of adjudicatory

powers” under the Tenth Schedule. This Court

held that judicial review is not available at a stage

prior to the decision of the Speaker or Chairman,

save in certain exceptional circumstances detailed

in that case. Thus, Kihoto Hollohan [Kihoto

Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651]

makes it evident that the exclusive power to decide

the question of disqualification under the Tenth

Schedule vests with the Speaker or Chairman of

the House.

……………

36

80. This Court should normally refrain from

deciding disqualification petitions at the first

instance, having due regard to constitutional

intendment. The question of disqualification

ought to be adjudicated by the constitutional

authority concerned, namely, the Speaker of

the Legislative Assembly, by following the

procedure prescribed. Disqualification of a

person for being a Member of the House has

drastic consequences for the Member

concerned and by extension, for the citizens of

that constituency. Therefore, any question of

disqualification ought to be decided by

following the procedure established by law.

In Kshetrimayum Biren Singh [Kshetrimayum

Biren Singh v. Speaker, Manipur Legislative

Assembly, (2022) 2 SCC 759] , a three-Judge

Bench of this Court set aside the order of the

Speaker disqualifying MLAs under Para 2(1)(a) for

not granting an opportunity to them to lead

evidence and present their case. The Speaker was

directed to decide the disqualification petitions

afresh by complying with the principles of natural

justice. Even in cases where the Speaker

decides disqualification petitions without

following the procedure established by law, this

Court normally remands the disqualification

petitions to the Speaker. Therefore, absent

exceptional circumstances, the Speaker is the

appropriate authority to adjudicate petitions

for disqualification under the Tenth Schedule.

…………………

82. In a parliamentary democracy, the Speaker is

an officer of the Assembly. The Speaker performs

the function of presiding over the proceedings of

the House and representing the House for all

intents and purposes. In Kihoto Hollohan [Kihoto

Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651] , it

was contended that the Speaker does not

represent an independent adjudicatory machinery

since they are elected by the majority of the

37

Assembly. Rejecting the argument, this Court

emphasised that the office of the Speaker is held

in high respect in parliamentary tradition. The

Court held that the Speaker embodies propriety

and impartiality and that it was therefore

inappropriate to express distrust in the office of the

Speaker : (SCC p. 714, para 118)

“118. It would, indeed, be unfair to the

high traditions of that great office to say

that the investiture in it of this

jurisdiction would be vitiated for

violation of a basic feature of

democracy. It is inappropriate to express

distrust in the high office of the Speaker,

merely because some of the Speakers

are alleged, or even found, to have

discharged their functions not in keeping

with the great traditions of that high

office. The robes of the Speaker do

change and elevate the man inside.”

(emphasis supplied)

……………….

84. A similar submission was made before this

Court in Keisham Meghachandra Singh v. Manipur

Legislative Assembly [Keisham Meghachandra

Singh v. Manipur Legislative Assembly, (2021) 16

SCC 503 : 2020 SCC OnLine SC 55] , wherein it

was submitted that this Court should issue a writ

of quo warranto against the appointment of an

MLA as a minister when disqualification petitions

are pending. Rejecting the submission, this Court

held as under : (SCC pp. 513 & 527, paras 10 &

33)

“10. Shri Kapil Sibal, learned Senior

Advocate appearing on behalf of the

Appellant, in the Civil Appeal arising

out of SLP (C) No. 18659 of 2017, has

argued that the Speaker in the present

case has deliberately refused to decide

the disqualification petitions before

38

him. … In these circumstances, he has

exhorted us to issue a writ of quo

warranto against Respondent 3 stating

that he has usurped a constitutional

office, and to declare that he cannot do

so. …

***

33. It is not possible to accede to Shri

Sibal's submission that this Court issue

a writ of quo warranto quashing the

appointment of Respondent 3 as a

minister of a cabinet led by a BJP

Government. Mrs Madhavi Divan is

right in stating that a disqualification

under the Tenth Schedule from being

an MLA and consequently minister

must first be decided by the exclusive

authority in this behalf, namely, the

Speaker of the Manipur Legislative

Assembly. It is also not possible to

accede to the argument of Shri Sibal

that the disqualification petition be

decided by this Court in these appeals

given the inaction of the Speaker. It

cannot be said that the facts in the

present case are similar to the facts

in Rajendra Singh Rana [Rajendra

Singh Rana v. Swami Prasad Maurya ,

(2007) 4 SCC 270] . In the present case,

the life of the Legislative Assembly

comes to an end only in March 2022

unlike in Rajendra Singh

Rana [Rajendra Singh Rana v. Swami

Prasad Maurya, (2007) 4 SCC 270]

where, but for this Court deciding the

disqualification petition in effect, no

relief could have been given to the

petitioner in that case as the life of the

Legislative Assembly was about to come

to an end. The only relief that can be

given in these appeals is that the

39

Speaker of the Manipur Legislative

Assembly be directed to decide the

disqualification petitions pending before

him within a period of four weeks from

the date on which this judgment is

intimated to him. In case no decision is

forthcoming even after a period of four

weeks, it will be open to any party to the

proceedings to apply to this Court for

further directions/reliefs in the matter.”

85. The incumbent Speaker of the Maharashtra

Legislative Assembly has been duly elected by the

MLAs in terms of the procedure laid down under

the Maharashtra Assembly Rules, 1960. The

petitioners have referred to the decision of the

Speaker to cancel the recognition of Mr Sunil

Prabhu as the Chief Whip of the Shiv Sena on 3-7-

2022 to argue that the Speaker is biased and

impartial. The decision of the Speaker to cancel the

recognition of Mr Prabhu has also been challenged

in the instant proceedings. Even if this Court sets

aside the decision of the Speaker cancelling the

recognition of Mr Prabhu on merits, it would not

be a sufficient reason for this Court to decide the

disqualification petitions. We are also unable to

accept the alternative submission of the

petitioners to direct the Deputy Speaker to

adjudicate the question of disqualification for the

simple reason that the Maharashtra Legislative

Assembly has duly elected the Speaker, who has

been entrusted with the authority to decide

disqualification petitions under the Constitution.

The Deputy Speaker can perform the duties of the

Speaker only when the office of the Speaker is

vacant. [ Article 180 of the Constitution.] As

observed in Kihoto Hollohan [Kihoto

Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651]

and Shrimanth Balasaheb Patil [Shrimanth

Balasaheb Patil v. Karnataka Legislative

Assembly, (2020) 2 SCC 595] , the Speaker is

expected to act fairly, independently, and

impartially while adjudicating the disqualification

40

petitions under the Tenth Schedule. Ultimately,

the decision of the Speaker on the question of

disqualification is subject to judicial review.

Therefore, this Court is of the opinion that the

Speaker of the Maharashtra Legislative

Assembly is the appropriate constitutional

authority to decid e the question of

disqualification under the Tenth Schedule.”

[emphasis supplied]

48. Finally, in conclusion, this Court observed thus:

“213. In view of the discussion above, the following

are our conclusions:

…………….

213.2. This Court cannot ordinarily adjudicate

petitions for disqualification under the Tenth

Schedule in the first instance. There are no

extraordinary circumstances in the instant case

that warrant the exercise of jurisdiction by this

Court to adjudicate disqualification petitions. The

Speaker must decide disqualification petitions

within a reasonable period;

…………..”

49. It can thus be seen that even in the case of Subhash

Desai (supra), this Court reiterated the position that the

Speaker is a Tribunal for the purposes of the Tenth Schedule

to the Constitution and that the exercise of powers under the

Tenth Schedule to the Constitution was subject to the

jurisdiction of courts under Articles 136, 226 and 227 of the

Constitution. This Court reiterated that the finality clause

41

contained in Paragraph 6(2) of the Tenth Schedule to the

Constitution did not completely exclude the jurisdiction of

courts. This Court further reiterated that judicial review is not

available at a stage prior to the decision of the

Speaker/Chairman, save in certain exceptional

circumstances. The Constitution Bench held that this Court

should normally refrain from deciding disqualification

petitions at the first instance, having regard to the

constitutional intendment. It held that the question of

disqualification ought to be adjudicated by the constitutional

authority concerned i.e., the Speaker.

50. This Court also noticed that in the case of Rajendra

Singh Rana (supra), this Court decided to adjudicate the

disqualification petition since, the Speaker of the Legislative

Assembly had inter-alia failed to decide the same in a time-

bound manner and also took into consideration the necessity

of an expeditious decision.

51. Though the Constitution Bench also noticed the

judgment of three learned Judges in the case of Keisham

Meghachandra Singh (supra), it did not disapprove the view

taken in the said case and in subsequent paragraphs observed

42

that the Speaker should act fairly, independently, and

impartially while adjudicating the disqualification petitions

under the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution. This Court,

therefore, observed that the Speaker of the Maharashtra

Legislative Assembly was the appropriate constitutional

authority to decide the question of disqualification under the

Tenth Schedule to the Constitution which decision was

ultimately subject to judicial review.

52. Having considered the ratio of the Constitution Bench

judgments of this Court, we also find it appropriate to refer to

the judgment of the three learned Judges of this Court in the

case of Keisham Meghachandra Singh (supra).

53. In the said case, Respondent No.3, in one of the appeals,

contested as a candidate nominated and set up by the INC and

was duly elected as such. Immediately after declaration of the

results on 12

th March 2017, said Respondent No. 3 along with

various BJP MLAs met the Hon’ble Governor of the State of

Manipur in order to stake a claim for forming a BJP -led

Government. On 15

th March 2017, the Governor invited the

group led by the BJP to form the Government in the State.

Respondent No. 3, along with others, was sworn in as a

43

Minister in the BJP-led Government. As many as thirteen

applications for the disqualification of Respondent No.3 were

filed before the Speaker of the Manipur Legislative Assembly

between April and July 2017. Since no action was taken on

any of the said petitions by the Speaker, a writ petition came

to be filed in July 2017 before the High Court of Manipur at

Imphal seeking a direction to the Speaker to decide the

disqualification petition within a reasonable time.

On 8

th September 2017, the High Court observed that since

the issue as to whether a High Court can direct a Speaker to

decide a disqualification petition within a certain time-frame is

pending before a Bench of Five Judges of this Court, it was

unable to pass any order in the matter. Another writ petition

seeking disqualification of Respondent No. 3 met the same

fate. As a result, the writ petitioners preferred appeals by way

of special leave.

54. Since the facts in the present case are somewhat similar

to the facts in the case of Keisham Meghachandra Singh

(supra), we find it appropriate to refer to the arguments

advanced on behalf of the appellants therein which are

44

recorded in paragraph 10 of the said judgment and which read

thus:

“10. Shri Kapil Sibal, learned Senior Advocate

appearing on behalf of the appellant, in the civil

appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 18659 of 2017,

has argued that the Speaker in the present case

has deliberately refused to decide the

disqualification petitions before him. This is

evident from the fact that no decision is

forthcoming till date on petitions that were

filed way back in April 2017. Further, it is clear

that notice in the present disqualification

petition was issued by the Speaker only on 12-

9-2018, long after the petition had been filed,

and as correctly stated by the High Court, it

cannot be expected that the Speaker will decide

these petitions at all till the life of the

Assembly of 5 years expires. In these

circumstances, he has exhorted us to issue a writ

of quo warranto against Respondent 3 stating that

he has usurped a constitutional office, and to

declare that he cannot do so. For this purpose, he

has cited several judgments of this Court. He has

also argued that though it is correct to state that

whether a writ petition can at all be filed against

inaction by a Speaker is pending before a Bench of

five Judges of this Court, yet, it is clear from a

reading of para 110 of Kihoto

Hollohan v. Zachillhu [Kihoto

Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651] ,

that all that was interdicted by that judgment was

the grant of interlocutory stays which would

prevent a Speaker from making a decision and not

the other way around. For this purpose, he read to

us Black's Law Dictionary on the meaning of a quia

timet action, and argued that the judgment read as

a whole would make it clear that if the

constitutional objective of checking defections is to

be achieved, judicial review in aid of such goal can

obviously not be said to be interdicted. He also

45

strongly relied upon the observations of this Court

in Rajendra Singh Rana v. Swami Prasad

Maurya [Rajendra Singh Rana v. Swami Prasad

Maurya, (2007) 4 SCC 270] and exhorted us to

uphold the reasoning contained in the impugned

judgment [Mohd. Fajur Rahim v. Speaker, Manipur

Legislative Assembly, 2019 SCC OnLine Mani 127]

and then issue a writ of quo warranto against

Respondent 3.”

55. It will also be relevant to refer to paragraph 12 of the said

judgment which sets out the Reference Order made in the case

of S.A. Sampath Kumar (supra) referring the issue to a larger

Bench:

“12. Having heard the learned counsel for both the

parties, it is important to first set out the reference

order of this Court dated 8 -11-2016 in S.A.

Sampath Kumar v. Kale Yadaiah [S.A. Sampath

Kumar v. Kale Yadaiah, (2021) 16 SCC 528] . A

Division Bench of this Court after referring

to Speaker, Haryana Vidhan Sabha v. Kuldeep

Bishnoi [Speaker, Haryana Vidhan

Sabha v. Kuldeep Bishnoi, (2015) 12 SCC 381] ,

and Speaker, Orissa Legislative Assembly v. Utkal

Keshari Parida [Speaker, Orissa Legislative

Assembly v. Utkal Keshari Parida, (2013) 11 SCC

794] , then held : (S.A. Sampath Kumar case [S.A.

Sampath Kumar v. Kale Yadaiah, (2021) 16 SCC

528] , SCC p. 532, paras 3-4)

“3. We have considered the aforesaid

submissions of both the learned

Attorney General and the learned

counsel appearing on behalf of the

petitioner. We feel that a substantial

question as to the interpretation of the

Constitution arises on the facts of the

present case. It is true that this Court

46

in Kihoto Hollohan case [Kihoto

Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992 Supp (2)

SCC 651] laid down that a quia

timet action would not be permissible

and Shri Jayant Bhushan, learned

Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of

some of the respondents has pointed

out to us that in P. Ramanatha

Aiyar's Advanced Law Lexicon a quia

timet action is the right to be protected

against anticipated future injury that

cannot be prevented by the present

action. Nevertheless, we are of the view

that it needs to be authoritatively

decided by a Bench of five learned

Judges of this Court, as to whether the

High Court, exercising power under

Article 226 of the Constitution, can

direct a Speaker of a Legislative

Assembly (acting in quasi judicial

capacity under the Tenth Schedule) to

decide a disqualification petition within

a certain time, and whether such a

direction would not fall foul of the quia

timet action doctrine mentioned in para

110 of Kihoto Hollohan case [Kihoto

Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992 Supp (2)

SCC 651] . We cannot be mindful of the

fact that just as a decision of a Speaker

can be corrected by judicial review by

the High Court exercising jurisdiction

under Article 226, so prima facie should

indecision by a Speaker be correctable

by judicial review so as not to frustrate

the laudable object and purpose of the

Tenth Schedule, which has been

referred to in both the majority and

minority judgments in Kihoto Hollohan

case [Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992

Supp (2) SCC 651] .

4. The facts of the present case

demonstrate that disqualification

47

petitions had been referred to the

Hon'ble Speaker of the Telangana State

Legislative Assembly on 23-8-2014, and

despite the hopes and aspirations

expressed by the impugned judgment

[Errabelli Dayakar Rao v. Talasani

Srinivas Yadav, 2015 SCC OnLine Hyd

418] , the Speaker has chosen not to

render any decision on the said

petitions till date. We, therefore, place

the papers before the Hon'ble Chief

Justice of India to constitute an

appropriate Bench to decide this

question as early as possible.””

56. It will also be relevant to refer to paragraph 13 of the said

judgment, which reads thus:

“13. We would have acceded to Mrs Madhavi

Divan's plea that in view [ S.A. Sampath

Kumar v. Kale Yadaiah, (2021) 16 SCC 528] of this

order of a Division Bench of this Court, the hearing

of this case ought to be deferred until the

pronouncement by a five-Judge Bench of this

Court on the issues raised in the present petition.

However, we find that this very is sue was

addressed by a five-Judge Bench judgment

in Rajendra Singh Rana [Rajendra Singh

Rana v. Swami Prasad Maurya, (2007) 4 SCC 270]

and has already been answered. Unfortunately,

the decision contained in the aforesaid judgment

was not brought to the notice of the Division Bench

which referred [S.A. Sampath Kumar v. Kale

Yadaiah, (2021) 16 SCC 528] the matter to five

Hon'ble Judges of this Court, though Rajendra

Singh Rana [Rajendra Singh Rana v. Swami

Prasad Maurya, (2007) 4 SCC 270] was sought to

be distinguished in Kuldeep Bishnoi [Speaker,

Haryana Vidhan Sabha v. Kuldeep Bishnoi, (2015)

48

12 SCC 381] , which was brought to the notice of

the Division Bench of this Court.”

57. It is pertinent to note that R.F. Nariman, J. who had

authored the judgment in the case of Keisham

Meghachandra Singh (supra) was also a Member of the

Bench which passed the Reference Order in the case of

S.A. Sampath Kumar (supra). A perusal of paragraph 13 of

the judgment in the case of Keisham Meghachandra Singh

(supra) would clearly reveal that the judgment in the case of

Rajendra Singh Rana (supra) was not brought to the notice

of the Bench that made the Reference Order.

58. This Court, in the said case, thereafter, extensively

referred to the Constitution Bench judgment in the cases of

Kihoto Hollohan (supra) and Rajendra Singh Rana (supra),

which we have already referred to hereinabove.

This Court, thereafter, observed thus:

“25. Indeed, the same result would ensue on a

proper reading of Kihoto Hollohan [Kihoto

Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992 Supp (2) SCC 651] .

Paras 110 and 111 of the said judgment when read

together would make it clear that what the finality

clause in Para 6 of the Tenth Schedule protects is

the exclusive jurisdiction that vests in the Speaker

to decide disqualification petitions so that nothing

should come in the way of deciding such petitions.

The exception that is made is also of importance in

49

that interlocutory interference with decisions of

the Speaker can only be qua interlocutory

disqualifications or suspensions, which may have

grave, immediate, and irreversible repercussions.

Indeed, the Court made it clear that judicial review

is not available at a stage prior to the making of a

decision by the Speaker either by a way of quia

timet action or by other interlocutory orders.

26. A quia timet action has been described

in Black's Law Dictionary as follows:

“Quia Timet.— Because he fears or

apprehends. In equity practice, the

technical name of a bill filed by a party

who seeks the aid of a court of equity,

because he fears some future probable

injury to his rights or interests, and

relief granted must depend on

circumstances.”

27. The leading judgment referred to insofar

as quia timet actions are concerned is the

judgment in Fletcher v. Bealey [Fletcher v. Bealey,

(1884) LR 28 Ch D 688 : 54 LJ Ch 424 : 52 LT 541]

. In this case, a quia timet action was asked for to

interdict the tort of nuisance in order to prevent

noxious liquid from flowing into a river. Pearson,

J. after referring to earlier judgments on quia

timet action then held : (Ch D p. 698)

“ … I do not think, therefore, that I shall

be very far wrong if I lay it down that

there are at least two necessary

ingredients for a quia timet action.

There must, if no actual damage is

proved, be proof of imminent danger,

and there must also be proof that the

apprehended damage will, if it comes,

be very substantial. I should almost say

it must be proved that it will be

irreparable, because, if the danger is not

proved to be so imminent that no one

can doubt that, if the remedy is delayed,

50

the damage will be suffered, I think it

must be shown that, if the damage does

occur at any time, it will come in such a

way and under such circumstances that

it will be impossible for the plaintiff to

protect himself against it if relief is

denied to him in a quia timet action.”

28. This statement of the law has subsequently

been followed by recent English decisions reported

as London Borough of Islington v. Margaret

Elliott [London Borough of Islington v. Margaret

Elliott, 16 2012 EWCA Civ 56] (see para 30)

and Vastint Leeds BV v. Persons unknown [Vastint

Leeds BV v. Persons unknown, (2019) 4 WLR 2 :

2018 EWHC 2456 (Ch)] in which a quia

timet injunction was described in the following

terms : (Vastint Leeds BV case [Vastint Leeds

BV v. Persons unknown, (2019) 4 WLR 2 : 2018

EWHC 2456 (Ch)] , WLR para 26)

“26. Gee describes a quia

timet injunction in the following terms

[Gee, Commercial Injunctions, 6th Edn.

(2016) at [2-035]]:

‘A quia timet (since he fears) injunction

is an injunction granted where no

actionable wrong has been committed,

to prevent the occurrence of an

actionable wrong, or to prevent

repetition of an actionable wrong.’ ”

The decision in Fletcher [Fletcher v. Bealey, (1884)

LR 28 Ch D 688 : 54 LJ Ch 424 : 52 LT 541] was

referred to in approval in para 30 of the aforesaid

judgment.

29. The decision in Fletcher [Fletcher v. Bealey,

(1884) LR 28 Ch D 688 : 54 LJ Ch 424 : 52 LT 541]

was also referred to by this Court in Kuldip

Singh v. Subhash Chander Jain [Kuldip

Singh v. Subhash Chander Jain, (2000) 4 SCC 50]

as follows : ( Kuldip Singh case [Kuldip

51

Singh v. Subhash Chander Jain, (2000) 4 SCC 50]

, SCC p. 55, para 6)

“6. A quia timet action is a bill in equity.

It is an action preventive in nature and

a specie of precautionary justice

intended to prevent apprehended wrong

or anticipated mischief and not to undo

a wrong or mischief when it has already

been done. In such an action the court,

if convinced, may interfere by

appointment of receiver or by directing

security to be furnished or by issuing an

injunction or any other remedial

process.

In Fletcher v. Bealey [Fletcher v. Bealey

, (1884) LR 28 Ch D 688 : 54 LJ Ch 424

: 52 LT 541] , Pearson, J. explained the

law as to actions quia timet as follows :

(Ch D p. 698)

‘ … there are at least two necessary

ingredients for a quia timet action.

There must, if no actual damage is

proved, be proof of imminent danger,

and there must also be proof that the

apprehended damage will, if it comes,

be very substantial. I should almost say

it must be proved that it will be

irreparable, because, if the danger is not

proved to be so imminent that no one

can doubt that, if the remedy is delayed

the damage will be suffered, I think it

must be shown that, if the damage does

occur at any time, it will come in such a

way and under such circumstances that

it will be impossible for the plaintiff to

protect himself against it if relief is

denied to him in a quia timet action.’ ”

30. A reading of the aforesaid decisions, therefore,

shows that what was meant to be outside the pale

of judicial review in para 110 of Kihoto

Hollohan [Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992 Supp

52

(2) SCC 651] are quia timet actions in the sense of

injunctions to prevent the Speaker from making a

decision on the ground of imminent apprehended

danger which will be irreparable in the sense that

if the Speaker proceeds to decide that the person

be disqualified, he would incur the penalty of

forfeiting his membership of the House for a long

period. Paras 110 and 111 of Kihoto

Hollohan [Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu, 1992

Supp (2) SCC 651] do not, therefore, in any

manner, interdict judicial review in aid of the

Speaker arriving at a prompt decision as to

disqualification under the provisions of the

Tenth Schedule. Indeed, the Speaker, in acting

as a tribunal under the Tenth Schedule is bound

to decide disqualification petitions within a

reasonable period. Wh at is reasonable will

depend on the facts of each case, but absent

exceptional circumstances for which there is

good reason, a period of three months from the

date on which the petition is filed is the outer

limit within which disqualification petitions

filed before the Speaker must be decided if the

constitutional objective of disqualifying

persons who have infracted the Tenth Schedule

is to be adhered to. This period has been fixed

keeping in mind the fact that ordinarily the life

of the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assembly

of the States is 5 years and the fact that

persons who have incurred such

disqualification do not deserve to be MPs/MLAs

even for a single day, as found in Rajendra

Singh Rana [Rajendra Singh Rana v. Swami

Prasad Maurya, (2007) 4 SCC 270] , if they

have infracted the provisions of the Tenth

Schedule.”

[emphasis supplied]

53

59. Thereafter, in paragraph 33 in the case of Keisham

Meghachandra Singh (supra), this Court considered and

rejected the contention of the appellants therein for deciding

the disqualification petition itself and observed that the facts

in the said case are not similar to the facts in the case of

Rajendra Singh Rana (supra). This Court also observed that

the life of the Legislative Assembly in the said case would come

to an end only in March 2022. It, therefore, granted relief to

the extent of directing the Speaker of the Manipur Legislative

Assembly to decide the disqualification petitions pending

before him within a period of four weeks from the date on

which that judgment was intimated to him. It also reserved a

remedy to the parties to approach the Court in the event the

decision was not taken within a period of four weeks.

60. Having considered the position of law as has been laid

down by this Court in various judgments, we will now consider

the issue that falls for consideration before us.

61. Noticing the evil of political defections, the Parliament

had found it appropriate to amend the Constitution by the

Constitution (Fifty-Second Amendment) Act, 1985 so as to

provide for the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India.

54

The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the Constitution

(Fifty-Second Amendment) Bill, 1984 reads thus:

“Statement of Objects and Reasons

The evil of political defections has been a matter of

national concern. If it is not combated, it is likely

to undermine the very foundations of our

democracy and the principles which sustain it.

With this object, an assurance was given in the

Address by the President to Parliament that the

Government intended to introduce in the current

session of Parliament an anti-defection Bill. This

Bill is meant for outlawing defection and fulfilling

the above assurance.”

62. By the said amendment, certain changes were made to

Articles 101, 102, 190 and 191. Most importantly, the Tenth

Schedule which provided for disqualification on the ground of

defection, came to be added by the said Amendment Act.

63. It will be relevant to note that, when the Bill came up for

discussion before both the Houses of Parliament, the question

as to “whether the adjudication of disqualification petitions

should be left to the discretion of the Speaker/Chairman or to

some other authority” was also extensively debated.

64. It will be relevant to refer to the speech of Shri A.K. Sen,

the then Law Minister, delivered on 30

th January 1985 before

the Lok Sabha, which reads thus:

55

“Shri A.K. Sen - …… Once it goes outside the

control of the House, it will take years and years

for the court to come to a decision, because there

will be appeals and further appeals and the matter

will be forgotten, like the Anti-Defection Bills of the

past. Therefore, if we mean business, we must give

authority to decide this serious matter to the

Speaker or the chairman of the House concerned,

who has been elected by the majority vote of the

Hose concerned. With these words, I recommend

to the House the unanimous acceptance of this

Bill.”

65. It can thus be seen that the reason for entrusting this

important task to the Speaker/Chairman was that, once such

a disqualification petition goes outside the control of the

House, it might take years and years for the courts to come to

a decision due to appeals and further appeals ultimately

leading to the matter being forgotten.

66. It will be relevant to refer to the speech of the then

Member of Parliament Shri Rajesh Pilot, made during the same

Lok Sabha debate, which reads thus:

“Shri Rajesh Pilot - …….. I would also like to

make a submission that when we go through this

legislation and analyse it, there is a lurking fear

that the Speaker may have been given

authoritarian powers. The Speaker or the

Chairman is elected through due process and he

belongs to a party. He is elected on the ticket of a

particular party and when he seeks re-election, he

has to look to that party again. A legislation should

be brought in the Parliament that in future nobody

would contest against the Speaker and once his

56

non-political character has been recognized, he

will have to sever all connections with his political

party so that nobody may contest election against

him. Then he will contest election as an

independent candidate and return as an

independent candidate to this House. Otherwise, if

such privileges are not given to the Speaker and he

is under pressure from the ruling party, it is feared

that the rights of the Opposition may be adversely

affected.”

67. The then learned Member of Parliament expressed his

fear that the Speaker may have been given authoritarian

powers. He expressed that the Speaker/Chairman belongs to

a particular party and is elected through due process. He also

expressed his fear that, such a Speaker/Chairman has to be

supported by that particular party when he seeks re-election.

He, therefore, suggested enacting a legislation providing for re-

election of the Speaker/Chairman without contest.

He expressed that it was necessary that the

Speaker/Chairman severs all connections with his political

party so that nobody would contest elections against him and

that he contests the election as an independent candidate and

return as an independent candidate to the House. The learned

Member of Parliament expressed that if such privileges were

not given to the Speaker and if he was under pressure from

57

the ruling party, the rights of the members of the Opposition

may be adversely affected.

68. It will also be relevant to refer to the speech made by one

of the Members Shri Priya Ranjan Das Munshi, wherein he

expressed his apprehension that the petition before the

Speaker could face undue delay, which reads thus:

“Shri Priya Ranjan Das Munshi : ……Now, in

regard to a dispute regarding a member, the

matter will be referred to the Presiding Officer, but

no time limit has been fixed. I would request in the

next session the time limit should be fixed within

which the Speaker has to announce his decision.

If he keeps it pending for three to four months, it

should not be allowed.”

69. The learned Member had expressed that no time limit had

been fixed for the Presiding Officer to decide the issue. He

suggested that a time-limit should be fixed, within which the

Speaker must announce his decision. He also expressed that

the Speaker/Chairman should not be allowed to keep the

matter pending for three to four months.

70. It will be relevant to refer to another extract from the

speeches of Shri A.K. Sen, the then Law Minister delivered

during the same debate, which reads thus:

58

“Shri A.K. Sen : …..The other questions are about

the Speaker’s authority. It was our clear intention

from the very beginning that we are not going to

allow this matter to be dilly-dallied and tossed

about in the courts of law or in the Election

Commission’s office. I had myself appeared in the

Courts along with late Kanhaiya Lal Mishra Ji for

winning our symbol. Babuji is there. He was the

President of our party then. We used to go very

regularly and Shri Siddhartha Shankar Ray was

assisting me at that time. But the time we won

back our symbol, it became worthless, because we

had already won the election not on a pair of

bullocks, but on a cow and a calf. Therefore, that

type of delay should not be tolerated any more. We

want a quick decision. If this Bill is to be effective,

and if defection is to be outlawed effectively, then

we must choose a forum which will decide the

matter fearlessly and expeditiously. This is the

only forum that is possible. With these words I

commend the Motion for consideration.”

71. It can therefore be seen that the only purpose of

entrusting the work of adjudicating the disqualification

petitions to the Speaker/Chairman was to avoid dilly-dallying

in the courts of law or the Election Commission’s office.

The then Law Minister, who was himself an eminent lawyer,

referred to a matter in which he had appeared before the courts

seeking restoration of his party’s rights to use a party symbol.

However, by the time his party’s right was restored by the

courts, his party had already won the election on another

symbol. The then Law Minister expressed that such a type of

59

delay should not be tolerated and that they wanted a quick

decision.

72. It can also be seen that the Parliament decided to entrust

the important question of adjudication of disqualification

petitions, on account of defection, to the Speaker/Chairman

expecting him to decide them fearlessly and expeditiously.

As can be seen from the speeches of the then Law Minister and

other Members, Parliament was conscious of the potential long

delays that could arise if the petitions were left to be decided

through court proceedings. To avoid such potential delays,

that would defeat the purpose of the Tenth Schedule, the

Parliament therefore intended to have a forum which

facilitated the quick disposal of the disqualification

proceedings.

73. With the experience of over 30 years of working of the

Tenth Schedule to the Constitution, the question that we will

have to ask ourselves is as to whether the trust which the

Parliament entrusted in the high office of the Speaker or the

Chairman of avoiding delays in deciding the issue with regard

to disqualification has been adhered to by the incumbents in

the high office of Speaker and the Chairman or not?

60

74. We need not answer this question, since the facts of the

various cases we have referred to hereinabove themselves

provide the answer.

75. Now, let us consider the submissions made on behalf of

the rival parties.

76. It has been argued on behalf of the respondents that in

view of the Reference made to a Bench of learned five Judges

in the case of S.A. Sampath Kumar (supra), the question as

to whether this Court can issue a direction to the Speaker to

decide the disqualification proceedings in a time-bound

manner should not be decided in the present proceedings. It

has also been argued on behalf of the respondents that this

Court cannot pass any order which would be in the nature of

Quia Timet action.

77. No doubt that the Bench of learned two-Judges of this

Court in the case of S.A. Sampath Kumar (supra) has referred

the question with regard to the issuance of directions to the

Speaker, to the Bench of learned five-Judges. However, in a

subsequent case of Keisham Meghachandra Singh (supra),

a Bench of learned three-Judges of this Court found that when

the Reference Order came to be passed in the case of S.A.

61

Sampath Kumar (supra), the judgment of the Constitution

Bench of this Court in the case of Rajendra Singh Rana

(supra) was not brought to the notice of the Division Bench of

this Court. It will also be relevant to note that R.F. Nariman,

J., who had authored the judgment in the case of Keisham

Meghachandra Singh (supra) was also a Member of the

Bench which passed the Reference Order in the case of S.A.

Sampath Kumar (supra).

78. Needless to state that in the case of Keisham

Meghachandra Singh (supra), this Court, after referring to

various earlier judgments of this Court, has directed the

Speaker of the Manipur Assembly to decide the disqualification

petitions within a period of three months from date of order.

79. In our considered view, the issue is no more res-integra.

80. The Constitution Bench in the case of Kihoto Hollohan

(supra), while considering the challenge to the constitutional

validity of the Tenth Schedule, has held that the power of the

Speaker/Chairman to decide disqualification petitions under

Paragraph 6(1) of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution is

pre-eminently of a judicial complexion. In the majority

judgment, M.N. Venkatachaliah, J. (as His Lordship then was)

62

held that the proceedings of disqualification were, in fact, not

before the House, but only before the Speaker as a specially

designated authority. The decision under Paragraph 6(1) of the

Tenth Schedule to the Constitution was not the decision of the

House, nor was it subject to the approval by the House. The

decision operated independently of the House. It was therefore

held that the decision of the Speaker/Chairman exercising

power under Paragraph 6(1) of the Tenth Schedule to the

Constitution does not enjoy immunity from judicial scrutiny

under Articles 122 and 212 of the Constitution.

81. No doubt that the Constitution Bench in the case of

Kihoto Hollohan (supra) observed that the scope of judicial

review under Articles 136, 226 and 227 of the Constitution in

respect of an order passed by the Speaker/Chairman under

Paragraph 6(1) of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution

would be confined to jurisdictional errors only i.e., infirmities

based on violation of constitutional mandate, mala fides, non-

compliance with rules of natural justice and perversity .

This Court also observed that judicial review would not be

available at a stage prior to the making of a decision by the

Speaker/Chairman and a Quia Timet action would not be

63

permissible. Further, it was observed that an interference

would not be permissible at an interlocutory stage of the

proceedings. However, this Court made an exception in respect

of cases where disqualification or suspension was imposed

during the pendency of the proceedings and such

disqualification or suspension was likely to have grave,

immediate and irreversible repercussions and consequences.

A heavy reliance is sought to be placed on the aforesaid

observations by the Respondents.

82. It can be seen from the judgment of the Constitution

Bench in the case of Kihoto Hollohan (supra) that what was

contemplated by not permitting a Quia Timet action was to

prevent the passing of an order which would have the effect of

protracting, interfering or delaying the proceedings pending

before the Speaker/Chairman. At that point of time, the

Constitution Bench was not expected to anticipate that, in the

future, situations may arise where the high constitutional

functionaries, like the Speaker/Chairman, would keep the

proceedings pending for years together and permit them to die

a natural death at the end of the tenure of the members facing

64

such disqualification proceedings. However, such situations

have subsequently come before this Court in various cases.

83. A glaring example was the case of Rajendra Singh Rana

(supra) which came before the Constitution Bench of this

Court. We have already narrated the facts of the said case. In

the said case, though the proceedings of disqualification and

the split were pending since 4

th September 2003 and 6

th

September 2003 respectively, the Speaker chose not to decide

the disqualification petition relating to the original 13 MLAs

but decided the question of split under Paragraph 3 of the

Tenth Schedule to the Constitution. Meanwhile, the petition

regarding the disqualification of the original 13 MLAs was kept

pending. The pendency of the writ petition before the

Allahabad High Court was taken as one of the grounds by the

Speaker for not deciding the proceedings pending before him.

Subsequently, the matter was heard by a Full Bench of the

Allahabad High Court. In the Full Bench, the writ petition was

dismissed by the learned Chief Justice, while the other two

learned Judges of the Bench took a view that the Speaker was

in error in not deciding the petition seeking disqualification of

the original 13 MLAs first, and instead, directly deciding the

65

application for recognition of a split made by the 37 MLAs,

which included the original 13 MLAs . Finally, the matter

reached this Court. The Constitution Bench of this Court

ultimately held that the Speaker had committed an error that

goes to the root of the matter or an error that was so

fundamental, that even under a limited judicial review, the

order of the Speaker had to be interfered with.

84. This Court took into consideration the glaring facts in the

case. It found that the term of the Assembly was coming to an

end and an expeditious decision by the Court was warranted

for the protection of the constitutional scheme and

constitutional values. This Court further found that the very

fact that the original 13 MLAs had given a letter to the Hon’ble

Governor requesting him to call upon the Leader of Opposition

to form the Government was a ground sufficient enough to

incur disqualification under Paragraph 2(1)(a) of the Tenth

Schedule to the Constitution. This Court therefore took an

unprecedented step of holding those 13 MLAs as disqualified.

85. The view taken by another Constitution Bench of this

Court in the case of Subhash Desai (supra) is consistent with

the decisions of the earlier Constitution Bench.

66

86. This Court, in the case of Subhash Desai (supra), held

that the Speaker of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly was

the appropriate constitutional authority to decide the question

of disqualification under the Tenth Schedule to the

Constitution. It was held that there were no extraordinary

circumstances in the said case that warranted the exercise of

jurisdiction by this Court to adjudicate disqualification

petitions in the first instance. This Court therefore held that

the Speaker must decide disqualification petitions within a

reasonable period. It is to be noted that though the

Constitution Bench in the case of Subhash Desai (supra) had

noticed the judgment of three learned Judges in the case of

Keisham Meghachandra Singh (supra), it did not disapprove

the view taken in the said case. On the contrary, it observed

that the Speaker should act fairly, independently, and

impartially while adjudicating the disqualification petitions

under the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution.

87. We have also extensively referred to the judgment of

learned three Judges in the case of Keisham Meghachandra

Singh (supra). This Court, after referring to the earlier

judgments, found that what was meant by passing an order in

67

Quia Timet action in the case of Kihoto Hollohan (supra) was

passing an order injuncting the Speaker from making a

decision in the disqualification petitions pending before him. It

held that it did not, in any manner, interdict judicial review in

aid of the Speaker arriving at a prompt decision as to

disqualification under the provisions of the Tenth Schedule to

the Constitution. It was observed that the Speaker, in acting

as a Tribunal was bound to decide the disqualification

petitions within a reasonable period.

88. In the present case, the Appellants in the lead matter

namely Padi Kaushik Reddy and Kuna Pandu Vivekanand filed

separate disqualification petitions before the Telangana State

Legislative Assembly on 18

th March 2024, 2

nd April 2024 and

8

th April 2024.

89. Since the petitions for disqualification filed by the

Appellants/Petitioners were kept pending before the Speaker,

writ petitions were filed before the High Court.

90. The learned Single Judge, vide judgment and order dated

9

th September 2024, had only asked the Speaker for fixing a

schedule of hearing (filing of pleadings, documents, personal

hearing etc.) within a period of four weeks. The learned Single

68

Judge further clarified that, if nothing was heard within four

weeks, then the matter would be reopened suo motu. Being

aggrieved by the order of the learned Single Judge, the

Secretary of the Telangana Legislative Assembly preferred

three separate appeals. Vide impugned judgment and final

order dated 22

nd November 2024, however, the learned

Division Bench of the High Court reversed the order of the

learned Single Judge.

91. When the matter was firstly listed on 31

st January 2025

before this Court, taking into consideration that the learned

Division Bench of the High Court had directed the

disqualification proceedings to be decided within a “reasonable

period”, we had asked Shri Rohatgi, learned Senior Counsel for

the Respondents to take instructions from the Speaker as to

within how much time would the disqualification proceedings

be decided by him. Thereafter, when the matter was listed on

10

th February 2025, Shri Rohatgi submitted that he was not in

a position to make any statement in that regard. Thereafter,

upon the matter being mentioned on 20

th February 2025, it

was directed to be kept for hearing on 4

th March 2025. On the

said date, after we had heard Shri Sundaram and Shri Naidu,

69

learned Senior Counsel for the Appellants/Petitioners at some

length, a hyper technical objection was raised by Dr. Singhvi

and Shri Rohatgi, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the

Respondents that no “formal notice” was issued in these

matters and therefore the respondents could not file any reply.

Though we found the objection to be totally hyper technical, in

order to avoid any complications at a subsequent point of time,

where a ground could be raised by the respondents claiming

that the petitions were decided without following the principles

of natural justice, we issued a formal notice to the respondents

returnable on 25

th March 2025. It is to be noted that the

Speaker had issued notices to the MLAs pertaining to the lead

matter only on 16

th January 2025 i.e., on the next day after

the lead matter was filed before this Court on 15

th January

2025. Similarly, notices were issued to the remaining MLAs

pertaining to the connected writ petition on 4

th February 2025

i.e., on the next day after the connected matters were heard for

the first time by this Court on 3

rd February 2025.

92. It could thus be seen that the Speaker did not even find

it necessary to issue notices in the petitions filed by the present

petitioners for a period of more than seven months and only

70

after the proceedings were filed before this Court, did the

Speaker find it necessary to issue notice.

93. The question, therefore, that we ask ourselves is as to

whether the Speaker has acted in an expeditious manner,

when expedition was one of the main reasons, why the

Parliament had entrusted the important task of adjudicating

disqualification petitions to the Speaker/Chairman.

Non-issuance of any notice for a period of more than seven

months and issuing notice only after either the proceedings

were filed before this Court, or after this Court had heard the

matter for the first time cannot by any stretch be envisaged as

acting in an expeditious manner.

94. Though, we do not possess any advisory jurisdiction, it is

for the Parliament to consider whether the mechanism of

entrusting the Speaker/Chairman the important task of

deciding the issue of disqualification on the ground of

defection, is serving the purpose of effectively combating

political defections or not? If the very foundation of our

democracy and the principles that sustain it are to be

safeguarded, it will have to be examined whether the present

mechanism is sufficient or not. However, at the cost of

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repetition, we observe that it is for the Parliament to take a call

on that.

95. In light of the facts of the present case, however, a failure

to issue any direction to the Speaker, in our view, would

frustrate the very purpose for which the Tenth Schedule has

been brought in the Constitution. If we do not issue any

direction, it will amount to permitting the Speaker to repeat

the widely criticized situation of “operation successful, patient

died”.

96. In any event, we find that there was absolutely no

occasion for the learned Judges of the Division Bench of the

High Court to have interfered with the well-reasoned order of

the learned Single Judge, as learned Single Judge had only

asked the Speaker to fix a schedule of hearing (filing of

pleadings, documents, personal hearing etc.) within a period

of four weeks. The learned Single Judge had not even issued

any direction to decide the disqualification proceedings within

a time-bound period. We, therefore, find that the Division

Bench of the High Court has erred in interfering with the order

of the learned Single Judge of the High Court.

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97. We further find that as a matter of fact, there was no

occasion for the Secretary, Telangana Legislative Assembly to

have challenged the order passed by the learned Single Judge

inasmuch as nothing adverse could be found in the said order.

98. Next, it was sought to be urged on behalf of the appellants

that taking into consideration the glaring facts in the present

case, we ourselves should decide the question with regard to

the disqualification as was done by the Constitution Bench of

this Court in the case of Rajendra Singh Rana (supra).

99. In that respect, it is pertinent to note that all the

judgments of the Constitution Bench, right from Kihoto

Hollohan (supra) to Subhash Desai (supra), consistently hold

that the Speaker is the authority who should decide the issue

with regard to disqualification at the first instance.

We are, therefore, not inclined to accede to the said request.

We, however, find it appropriate to direct the Speaker to decide

the petitions pending before it within a stipulated period.

100. We may clarify that we are inclined to do so in view of the

specific finding of the Constitution Bench of this Court in the

cases of Kihoto Hollohan (supra) and Subhash Desai

(supra), that the Speaker, while acting as an adjudicating

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authority in Paragraph 6(1) of the Tenth Schedule to the

Constitution, acts as a Tribunal amenable to the jurisdiction

of the High Court under Articles 226 and 227 of the

Constitution and of this Court under Article 136 of the

Constitution. While doing so, we are also reminded of the

finding of the Constitution Bench that the Speaker/Chairman,

while acting as an adjudicating authority under Paragraph 6

of the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution does not enjoy the

constitutional immunity as available either under Article 122

or 212 of the Constitution.

101. We are therefore inclined to allow the present

appeals/petition.

102. In the result, we pass the following order:

(i) The present appeals/petition are allowed;

(ii) The impugned judgment and final order dated 22

nd

November 2024 passed by the Division Bench of the

High Court is quashed and set aside;

(iii) We direct the Speaker to conclude the disqualification

proceedings pending against the 10 MLAs pertaining

to the present appeals/petition as expeditiously as

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possible and in any case, within a period of three

months from the date of this judgment; and

(iv) We further direct that the Speaker would not permit

any of the MLAs who are sought to be disqualified to

protract the proceedings. In the event, any of such

MLAs attempt to protract the proceedings,

the Speaker would draw an adverse inference against

such of the MLAs.

103. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.

104. In the facts and circumstances, no order as to costs.

..............................CJI

(B.R. GAVAI)

.............................................J

(AUGUSTINE GEORGE MASIH )

NEW DELHI;

JULY 31, 2025.