Bombay High Court, Writ Petition, Section 32, Section 88(1)(b), Tenancy Act, Agricultural Lands, Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal, Delay Condonation, Nullity of Order, Vested Rights
 20 Jul, 2026
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Prashant Haribhau Dalvi and Others Vs. Govind Ramchandra Saptarshi and Others

  Bombay High Court WRIT PETITION NO.3280 OF 2020; WRIT PETITION NO.3088
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Case Background

As per case facts, the petitioners' ancestor was a tenant and deemed purchaser of agricultural land on Tillers' Day. Later, the land was included in municipal limits, leading to a ...

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Document Text Version

wp3280-2020-J.doc

     Sayali

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

WRIT PETITION NO.3280 OF 2020

WITH

WRIT PETITION NO.3088 OF 2020

1.Prashant Haribhau Dalvi

2.Kamal Haribhau Dalvi, (deleted)

3.Nitinkumar Haribhau Dalvi

since deceased through LRs

3aShweta Nitinkumar Dalvi

3b.Tanishka Nitinkumar Dalvi

3c.Tikshala Nitinkumar Dalvi

3d.Aarav Nitinkumar Dalvi

4.Pratibha Ajit Bhujbal

5.Ujjawala Dattatraya Tilekar

6.Vandana Haribhau Doke

7.Pramod Shankarrao Dalvi

8.Sharad Shankarrao Dalvi

9.Vijay Shankarrao Dalvi

10.Hemlata Vitthalrao Gaikwad

11.Mangal @ Pushpalata 

Prakashrao Barke …  Petitioners

Vs.

1.Govind Ramchandra Saptarshi,

since deceased through LRs

1a.Neelima Vidyasagar Patwardhan

1

SAYALI

DEEPAK

UPASANI

Digitally signed

by SAYALI

DEEPAK

UPASANI

Date: 2026.07.20

12:13:09 +0530

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1b.Gauri Vikas Kulkarni

1c.Shashank Govind Saptarshi

1d.Meghna Vidyasagar Patwardhan

2.Yogesh Mangalsen Bahal

3.Rahul Maruti Adkar …  Respondents

Mr. Avinash B. Avhad with Mr. Mahesh Rawool & Mr. 

Goraksha Avhad for the petitioners in both petitions.

Mr. S.G. Karandikar i/by Mr. Prathamesh Bhargude for 

respondent Nos.2 in both petitions.

Mr. Prathamesh Bhargude for respondent No.3 in both 

petitions.

CORAM :AMIT BORKAR, J.

RESERVED ON :JULY 13, 2026.

PRONOUNCED ON:JULY 20, 2026

JUDGMENT:

1.By these writ petitions, the Petitioners are challenging the 

order dated 6 September 2018 passed by the Maharashtra Revenue 

Tribunal,   Pune   Bench,   Pune   in   Revision   Application   No. 

P/IV/2/2016.

2.The facts giving rise to these petitions are as follows. The 

dispute   is   about   agricultural   land   bearing   Survey   No.   160/1, 

admeasuring 92 R, situated at Village Hadapsar, Pune, which is 

referred to as the suit property. According to the Petitioners, their 

ancestor, Shri Namdeo Mahadu Dalvi, was cultivating the suit 

property as a tenant before 1 April 1957. Therefore, under the 

Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948, he became a 

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protected tenant and was also treated as a deemed purchaser of 

the land. It is their case that Mutation Entry No. 4449 dated 12 

October 1953 also recorded the name of Shri Namdeo Mahadu 

Dalvi as the tenant in the revenue records. In the year 1957, the 

original landlord filed Application No. 1267 of 1957 under Section 

31 of the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 

against Shri Namdeo Mahadu Dalvi. By an order dated 24 January 

1959, the landlord was allowed to recover possession of half 

portion of the suit property. However, this was made subject to the 

condition that the land should be put to non-agricultural use 

within   the   prescribed   time.   According   to   the   Petitioners,  the 

landlord did not fulfil this condition. Thereafter, on 19 January 

1960, Shri Namdeo Mahadu Dalvi passed away. After his death, 

Mutation Entry No. 5384 dated 13 February 1960 was recorded. 

By   this   entry,   the   names   of   his   legal   heirs,   namely   Shankar, 

Haribhau, Shevantabai, Anandibai, Jayavantibai and Parubai, were 

entered in the "Other Rights" column of the Record of Rights as his 

legal heirs, and the same was reflected in the 7/12 extract. Later, 

on 3 March 1962, the limits of the Pune Municipal Corporation 

were extended, and because of that, the suit property came within 

the municipal limits.

3.On   14   February   1964,   the   Agricultural   Lands   Tribunal, 

Hadapsar,   passed   an   order   in   Case   No.   ALT/III/Hadapsar/64 

holding   that   the   provisions   of   the   Bombay   Tenancy   and 

Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 were not applicable because the land 

had come within the municipal limits. After this order, Mutation 

Entry No. 6433 dated 30 March 1964 was made, by which the 

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names of the tenant's legal heirs were removed from the revenue 

records. According to the Petitioners, this was done without giving 

any notice either to the tenant or to his legal heirs. Many years 

later, on 29 September 2007, the Petitioners filed Tenancy Appeal 

No.   2003   of   2007   before   the   Sub   Divisional   Officer,   Haveli 

Division, Pune under Section 74 of the Act. They challenged the 

order   passed   in   the   year   1964   and   also   filed   an   application 

requesting that the delay in filing the appeal be condoned.

4.On 1 October 2007, some of the Petitioners also filed Special 

Civil Suit No. 1734 of 2007 before the Civil Judge, Senior Division, 

Pune.   In   that   suit,   they   sought   declaration   of   their   rights, 

cancellation of certain documents and a permanent injunction. 

Thereafter, on 14 March 2008, the Sub Divisional Officer directed 

the Petitioners to produce a copy of the order passed by the 

Agricultural Lands Tribunal in the year 1964. Thereafter, on 28 

March 2008, the Sub Divisional Officer held that the appeal was 

not maintainable on the ground that it had been filed against 

Mutation Entry No. 6433. However, according to the Petitioners, 

even after this order was passed, the matter continued to remain 

on the board of the authority. Fresh dates were given from time to 

time, and the parties continued to appear before the authority on 

different dates, including 7 July 2008 and 6 August 2008.

5.On 25 August 2008, the Sub Divisional Officer made a note 

in the Roznama stating that since the earlier officer had already 

passed an order, no further order was required. According to the 

Petitioners, no formal order was ever supplied to them. They 

therefore sought information under the Right to Information Act, 

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2005. By a reply dated 12 January 2010, the Information Officer 

informed them that no separate order had been passed and that 

only the Roznama entry was available. Thereafter, on 10 February 

2010,   the   Petitioners   filed   Revision   Application   No. 

TNC/REV/26/2010/P before the Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal 

along with an application seeking condonation of delay. In the year 

2012, the Tahsildar, Haveli, started proceedings in Tenancy Case 

No. 32G/SR/3/2012 on the basis of a reference made by the Civil 

Court under Section 32G of the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural 

Lands Act, 1948. By an order dated 11 January 2012, the Tahsildar 

held that the Petitioners' ancestor was the tenant of the suit 

property as on 1 April 1957. The Tahsildar also recorded that the 

Petitioners continued to remain in possession of the land. On that 

basis, the purchase price of the suit property was fixed under 

Section 32G of the Act.

6.Being dissatisfied with this decision, the Respondents, who 

are the landlords, filed Tenancy Appeal No. 17 of 2012 before the 

Sub Divisional Officer and Deputy Collector, Pune. By an order 

dated 8 February 2016, the appeal was allowed. The Tahsildar was 

directed   to   decide   Tenancy   Case   No.   SR/64/2011   and   to 

communicate to the Civil Court the decision relating to the order 

dated 14 February 1964 and also the order passed by the Sub 

Divisional Officer in the year 2008. Aggrieved by this order, the 

Petitioners filed Revision Application No. P/IV/2/2016 before the 

Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal. By two separate orders dated 6 

September 2018, the Tribunal dismissed both revision applications. 

While dismissing Revision Application No. TNC/REV/26/2010/P, 

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the Tribunal held that the Petitioners had not given a satisfactory 

explanation for the delay in filing the revision. By another order 

passed on the same day in Revision Application No. P/IV/2/2016, 

the Tribunal held that the order passed by the Agricultural Lands 

Tribunal in the year 1964 was binding on the subsequent Tahsildar. 

On that basis, the revision application was also dismissed.

7.Being aggrieved by both the orders dated 6 September 2018 

passed by the Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal, and also by the 

consequential orders passed by the authorities under the Bombay 

Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948, the Petitioners have 

filed the present writ petitions before this Court.

8.Learned Advocate Mr. Avinash B. Avhad appearing for the 

Petitioners submitted that the Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal was 

not justified in rejecting the Revision Application only on the 

ground of delay. According to him, the original order dated 14 

February   1964,   by   which   the   proceedings   under   the   Bombay 

Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 were closed on the 

ground that the land had come within the municipal limits, was 

itself without legal authority and was a nullity. He submitted that if 

an order is void from the beginning, the question of limitation does 

not arise while challenging such an order. He further submitted 

that the Sub Divisional Officer had initially recorded on 28 March 

2008 that the appeal was withdrawn or rejected. However, even 

after making such a recording, the authority continued to give 

dates in the same proceedings, and finally, on 25 August 2008, 

dismissed the appeal. According to him, the Petitioners were never 

informed about the order dated 25 August 2008 and came to know 

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about it only later. Immediately thereafter, they took legal steps 

and filed the Revision Application.

9.In support of his contention that the order dated 14 February 

1964 was a nullity, Mr. Avhad placed reliance upon the decision of 

the Supreme Court in  

Tribhovandas Haribhai Tamboli v. Gujarat 

Revenue Tribunal, 

AIR 1991 SC 1538. He submitted that while 

interpreting the provisions introduced by the Gujarat Amendment 

Act, the Supreme Court held that the rights already acquired by a 

tenant   as   a   deemed   purchaser   cannot   be   taken   away 

retrospectively. He further submitted that while deciding the said 

case, the Supreme Court also considered its earlier decision in 

Parvati v. Fatehsinhrao Pratapsinhrao Gaekwad,  AIR   1986   SC 

2204, which dealt with Section 88(1)(b) of the Bombay Tenancy 

and   Agricultural   Lands   Act   as   applicable   in   Maharashtra. 

According to him, although the Supreme Court in Parvati held that 

a   notification   issued   under   Section   88(1)(b)   operates 

retrospectively,   the   rights   already   acquired   by   a   tenant  as   a 

deemed purchaser before issuance of such notification continue to 

remain protected. On that basis, he contended that the Petitioners' 

predecessor had already become a deemed purchaser and those 

rights   could   not   have   been   taken   away   by   the   subsequent 

notification.

10.Mr. Avhad also relied upon the judgment of the Division 

Bench of this Court in 

Pralhad Ganaba Kapare v. Sadaba Rambhau 

Bhonsale and Another, 

AIR 1973 Bom 172. He submitted that the 

Division Bench held that the rights acquired by a tenant under 

Section 32 of the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act 

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cannot be taken away merely because a notification is later issued 

under Section 88(1)(b) excluding the applicability of Sections 32 

to 32R. He further relied upon another Division Bench judgment in 

Ankush Hiraman Magar and Others v. Thakubai Maruti Tupe and 

Others, 

AIR 1981 Bom 350, where it was held that once a tenant 

acquires ownership under Section 32(1), such ownership is not 

lost merely because the land is later brought within the municipal 

limits.   Relying   upon   these   judgments   of   this   Court   and   the 

Supreme Court, he submitted that the order dated 14 February 

1964, by which the proceedings under Section 32G were dropped, 

was without legal effect. According to him, the delay in filing the 

Appeal   and   the   Revision   deserved   to   be   condoned   and   the 

impugned orders required to be set aside.

11.By way of rejoinder, Mr. Avhad submitted that the judgment 

in 

Jasin Tomu Damel v. Harischandra Pandurang Muranjan, 1959 

SCC OnLine Bom 100

 was not applicable to the facts of the present 

case. According to him, the question whether a tenant governed by 

the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 would 

continue to enjoy the rights available under that Act was not 

considered in that decision. He also sought to distinguish the 

judgment in Parvati by submitting that the Supreme Court in that 

case was considering the provisions of the Bombay Tenancy Act, 

1939. He further submitted that the decision in  

V.S. Charati v. 

Hussein   Nhanu   Jamadar,  

(1999)   1   SCC   273  was   also 

distinguishable because, in that case, the Tribunal had already 

dropped the proceedings on 31 May 1961 on the ground that the 

landlord was a minor, and the tenant had never challenged that 

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order. According to him, those facts are entirely different from the 

facts of the present case.

12.Mr. Avhad further submitted that the Petitioners' predecessor 

had already expired in the year 1960. Therefore, according to him, 

when the Agricultural Lands Tribunal passed the order on 14 

February 1964, the proceedings were continued against a person 

who was no longer alive. He submitted that such an order cannot 

be sustained in law.

13.On   the   other   hand,   learned   Advocate   Mr.   Karandikar 

appearing for Respondent No. 2 opposed the petitions. Inviting 

attention to Section 32(1) of the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural 

Lands Act, he submitted that although the section declares a 

tenant to be a deemed purchaser, it specifically states that such 

declaration is subject to the other provisions contained in that 

section and the succeeding provisions of the Act. According to him, 

this includes clauses (a) and (b) of the section, their provisos, as 

well as other provisions such as Sections 88B, 88C, Chapter III AA 

and Sections 43.1B and 43.1E. Therefore, according to him, the 

rights of a deemed purchaser are always subject to these statutory 

provisions.

14.Mr. Karandikar further relied upon the judgment of  the 

Supreme Court in

  V.S. Charati. He submitted that the Supreme 

Court   explained   that   the   expression   "purchase"   occurring  in 

Section 43.1E means a completed purchase and not merely the 

status of a deemed purchaser. Therefore, according to him, a 

tenant who has only become a deemed purchaser cannot claim 

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protection under Section 43.1E so as to prevent the landlord from 

exercising rights under Section 43.1B. He also submitted that the 

Supreme Court held that once an order passed by the competent 

Tribunal is not challenged, it becomes final and binding upon the 

parties. Merely because such an order may be legally incorrect, it 

does not automatically become a nullity.

15.Mr. Karandikar also referred to Section 88B(1) of the Act. He 

submitted that this provision was inserted by Maharashtra Act 38 

of 1957 and specifically provides that several provisions of the 

Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act would not apply to 

the lands covered by that section, except the provisions expressly 

saved   therein.   According   to   him,   this   itself   shows   that   the 

legislature intended to create statutory exceptions to the general 

rights available under the Act.

16.Proceeding further, Mr. Karandikar submitted that wherever 

the provisions of the saved Chapters are applicable, they continue 

to govern the matter. According to him, if the Petitioners' argument 

is accepted that no amendment made after Tiller's Day can affect 

the   rights   of   a   deemed   purchaser,   then   every   subsequent 

amendment   introduced   by   the   Legislature,   including   Sections 

88(1)(b), 88C, 43.1B, 43.1E and 43C, would become meaningless. 

He submitted that such an interpretation cannot be accepted.

17.Referring to the judgment in Tribhovandas Haribhai Tamboli, 

relied   upon   by   the   Petitioners   themselves,   Mr.   Karandikar 

submitted that the Supreme Court in that case was considering 

two special provisos introduced by the State of Gujarat. According 

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to him, no such provisos exist in the Maharashtra enactment. 

Therefore, the reasoning adopted in that case cannot be applied in 

the same manner to the present dispute. He further submitted that 

the   Supreme   Court,   while   deciding  

Tribhovandas   Haribhai 

Tamboli

, had approved its earlier judgment in Parvati. According 

to him, the Supreme Court specifically observed that 

Parvati was 

decided   in   the   absence   of   the   Gujarat   provisos   and   that   the 

interpretation   given   therein   would   continue   to   apply   while 

considering notifications issued under Section 88(1)(b).

18.Mr.   Karandikar   also   relied   upon   the   judgment   of   the 

Supreme Court in Parvati. He submitted that the Supreme Court 

clearly held that once the Government issues a notification under 

Section 88(1)(b) declaring certain lands to be reserved for non-

agricultural,   or   industrial   development,   the   provisions   of   the 

Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act cease to apply to 

those lands. According to him, the Supreme Court also rejected the 

argument that such notifications cannot operate retrospectively 

and expressly held that Section 88(1)(b) has retrospective effect. 

He submitted that the effect of the notification dated 21 May 1958 

was that all rights, obligations, and liabilities created under the Act 

in respect of the notified lands came to an end. He further relied 

upon the Division Bench judgment of this Court in  

Jasin Tomu 

Damel

, wherein it was held that the right of a deemed purchaser 

under Section 32 is only a statutory right and not an absolute 

vested right.

19.Replying   to  the   contention   that   the   original   tenant   had 

already expired before the order dated 14 February 1964 was 

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passed, Mr. Karandikar submitted that the Petitioners themselves 

failed to produce a copy of the impugned order though Rule 251 of 

the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code required them to annex it 

with the appeal. According to him, because the complete order and 

its cause title were not produced, neither the Appellate Authority 

nor this Court could verify whether the legal representatives of the 

deceased tenant had already been brought on record in those 

proceedings. He pointed out that on 14 March 2008, the Appellate 

Authority had specifically directed the Petitioners to produce a 

copy of the order dated 14 February 1964. Even then, they failed 

to comply with that direction. According to him, after allowing 

several decades to pass without challenging the order and without 

producing   the   relevant   record,   the   Petitioners   cannot  take 

advantage of their own omission. He therefore submitted that the 

writ petitions deserve to be dismissed.

20.Mr. Karandikar also sought to distinguish the judgment of 

this Court in 

Ankush Hiraman Magar. According to him, that case 

arose under Section 88C and not under Section 88(1)(b), which is 

involved in the present proceedings. He submitted that Section 

88C   begins   with   language   which   specifically   excludes   the 

operation of Sections 32 to 32R, subject to certain exceptions. He 

further pointed out that Section 33C opens with a non obstante 

clause overriding Section 88C(1), and sub section (5) of Section 

33C expressly provides that Sections 32 to 32R would apply, as far 

as possible, to the purchase of land by an excluded tenant. On that 

basis,   he   submitted   that   the   statutory   scheme   considered   in 

Ankush  Hiraman   Magar  is   materially   different   and   the   said 

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judgment cannot govern the present case.

REASONS AND ANALYSIS:

21.Main dispute between both sides is about how Chapter III of 

the   Bombay   Tenancy   and   Agricultural   Lands   Act,   1948   and 

exemption given under Section 88(1)(b) are required to be read 

together. According to the Petitioners, their predecessor became 

deemed purchaser on Tillers' Day under Section 32. Because of 

this, later inclusion of the land inside municipal limits could not 

take away the statutory rights which had vested in his favour. On 

the other side, the Respondents contend that Section 88(1)(b) 

removes application of the earlier provisions of the Act. Therefore, 

according to them, once a valid notification under Section 88(1)

(b) becomes applicable, the statutory rights flowing from Chapter 

III cannot continue.

22.Section 32(1) of the Act provides:

"On the first day of April 1957 ... every tenant shall, subject 

to the other provisions of this section and the provisions of 

the next succeeding sections, be deemed to have purchased 

from his landlord…"

23.The starting words, namely, "subject to the other provisions 

of this section and the provisions of the next succeeding sections", 

become important because both parties are reading these same 

words in different way. The Petitioners say these words show those 

situations which are written in Sections 32G and 32M where the 

statutory   purchase   can   later   become   ineffective.   According   to 

them, outside those situations, the purchase remains untouched. 

The Respondents submit that these opening words show that the 

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purchase under Section 32 is never complete in every respect. 

According   to  them,  it  always   remains   controlled  by   the  later 

provisions contained in the Act and cannot be read separately.

24.Section 88(1)(b) provides:

"Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (2), nothing in 

the foregoing provisions of this Act shall apply ... to any area 

which the State Government may, from time to time, by 

notification in the Official Gazette, specify as being reserved 

for non-agricultural or industrial development."

25.The issue is about the meaning and effect of the words 

"nothing in the foregoing provisions of this Act shall apply". Both 

sides accept the existence of this provision, but each side gives 

different meaning to these words. Therefore, proper understanding 

of this expression becomes necessary for deciding the present 

petitions.

26.In   view   of   these   rival   submissions,   following   questions 

require consideration in the present petitions:

(i)  What is the true nature of the statutory purchase under 

Section 32 of the Act?

(ii)  Whether Section 88(1)(b) operates so as to exclude the 

application of Chapter III in respect of lands covered by a 

valid notification?

(iii)  Whether the order dated 14 February 1964 can be 

regarded as void for want of jurisdiction or whether it is, at 

the highest, an order alleged to be legally erroneous?

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(iv)  Whether the Petitioners have satisfactorily explained 

the delay in questioning the said order before the appellate 

and revisional authorities?

27.These questions are required to be examined by reading the 

statutory provisions together with the decisions relied upon by 

both sides, so that the effect of the Act and the authorities can be 

properly understood.

Statutory Scheme and Consideration of the Rival 

Submissions:

28.I have considered the submissions made from both sides. I 

have gone through the provisions of the Bombay Tenancy and 

Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 and the judgments relied upon by 

both parties. At first reading, submissions made by both sides 

appear to carry some force. Still, the dispute cannot be decided by 

picking   only   one   section   of   the   Act   or   by   reading   only  one 

judgment. The provisions of the Act and the judgments cited 

before the Court are required to be read together so that proper 

meaning can be gathered from the entire statutory scheme.

29.The Petitioners have placed reliance upon Section 32 of the 

Act. Section 32(1) provides:

"On the first day of April 1957 ... every tenant shall, subject 

to the other provisions of this section and the provisions of 

the next succeeding sections, be deemed to have purchased 

from his landlord…"

30.According   to   the   Petitioners,   once   the   tenant   became   a 

deemed purchaser on the Tillers' Day, ownership came in his 

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favour by operation of law. They submit that after this stage, such 

title   could   be   defeated   only   in   those   situations   which   are 

mentioned  in  the  Act.  According  to  them,  the  Act  recognises 

limited   circumstances   where   such   purchase   can   become 

ineffective. Therefore, no other provision should be understood in 

a manner which takes away the statutory purchase created under 

Section 32.

31.For supporting this submission, reliance has been placed 

upon the judgment of the Supreme Court in 

Sri Ram Ram Narain 

Medhi v. State of Bombay, 

AIR 1959 SC 459. The Supreme Court in 

paragraph 39 observed:

"The title of the landlord to the land passes immediately to 

the tenant on the tiller's day... The tenant gets a vested 

interest   in   the   land,   defeasible   only   in   either   of   these 

cases…"

32.Similarly, the Bombay High Court in Ankush Hiraman Magar, 

while following the above judgment, observed in paragraph 7:

"The purchase is complete on the tillers' day and the land 

becomes vested in the tenant as from that date."

33.Again, in paragraph 9, it was observed:

"The subsequent inclusion of land within the limits of the 

Poona   Municipal   Corporation   cannot   have   the   effect   of 

divesting the land which had once vested in the tenant under 

Section 32(1)."

34.Prima   facie,   these   observations   appear   to   support   the 

Petitioners' submission that the purchase under Section 32 is not 

incomplete. According to these authorities, statutory rights come 

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in favour of the tenant on the Tillers' Day.

35.However, the matter does not stop only there. Section 32 

starts with the words "subject to the other provisions of this section 

and the provisions of the next succeeding sections". These opening 

words   cannot   be   ignored.   They   appear   to   indicate   that   the 

purchase created under Section 32 was never intended by the 

Legislature to operate independent from the remaining provisions 

of the Act. Rather, the Legislature made the operation of Section 

32 subject to the later provisions contained in the statute.

36.The later provisions show that though the purchase may take 

place on the Tillers' Day, in situations recognised by law, such 

purchase may later become ineffective. Section 32G(3) provides 

that where the tenant is not willing to purchase the land, the 

Tribunal shall declare that the purchase is ineffective. Section 32M 

further provides that if the purchase price is not paid, the purchase 

shall become ineffective and thereafter the land has to be dealt 

with under Section 32P. Sections 32N and 32P further regulate 

what   consequences   will   follow   after   such   purchase   becomes 

ineffective. Thus, the Act itself recognises that a purchase brought 

into existence under Section 32 may cease to operate in situations 

recognised by the statute.

37.The Respondents submit that the present case stands on a 

different footing altogether because it is governed by Section 88(1)

(b). Section 88(1)(b) provides:

"Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (2), nothing in 

the foregoing provisions of this Act shall apply... to any area 

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which the State Government may... specify as being reserved 

for non-agricultural or industrial development."

38.According to the Respondents, the words "nothing in the 

foregoing provisions of this Act shall apply" have been used in 

wide   language.   They   submit   that   unlike   Section   88C,   which 

excludes only Sections 32 to 32R, Section 88(1)(b) excludes the 

operation of all the foregoing provisions of the Act. Therefore, 

according to them, once a valid notification under Section 88(1)

(b)   becomes   applicable,   Chapter   III   no   longer   governs   those 

notified lands.

39.For supporting this submission, reliance has been placed 

upon the judgment of the Supreme Court in 

Parvati. The Supreme 

Court observed in paragraph 3:

"On a plain reading of the provisions of Section 88(1) it is 

crystal clear that... the provisions of the Tenancy Act were 

made inapplicable retrospectively…"40.The Court further held in paragraph 5 :

"The consequence that falls is that the provisions of Bombay 

Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 are not applicable 

to the land in question... and as a result these rights acquired 

under the said Act automatically becomes non est."

41.The Supreme Court also rejected the submission based upon 

Section 89(2)(b) by observing in paragraph 5 :

"The argument... is totally devoid of any merit."

42.These   observations   appear   to   give   support   to   the 

Respondents' contention that Section 88(1)(b) was intended by 

the Legislature to operate as an overriding provision in relation to 

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notified lands.

43.The   Petitioners   attempted   to   answer   this   submission   by 

placing   reliance   upon   the   judgment   in  

Tribhovandas Haribhai 

Tamboli

. According to them, the Supreme Court recognised that 

the   rights   of   a   deemed   purchaser   cannot   be   taken   away 

retrospectively.

44.However, on careful reading of the said judgment, it appears 

that the controversy before the Supreme Court arose because of 

the two provisos inserted by the Gujarat Amendment Act, 1965. In 

paragraph 9, the Supreme Court noticed the judgment in 

Parvati 

and recorded:

"...this Court held that the notification had retrospective 

operation and... all rights, title, obligations etc. accrued or 

acquired under the said Act ceased to exist."

45.The Court thereafter further observed:

"It would be seen that the effect of the second proviso was 

not considered therein."

46.Thus, the distinction made in  Tribhovandas  appears to be 

because   of   the   special   Gujarat   provisos   and   not   because   the 

interpretation adopted earlier in Parvati was held to be incorrect. It 

is   also   not   disputed   that   the   amendments   considered   in 

Tribhovandas are not part of the Maharashtra enactment.

47.The   Respondents   have   further   relied   upon   the   Division 

Bench judgment in Jasin Tomu Damel. In that case, the Division 

Bench rejected the contention that a notification under Section 88 

could   not   affect   the   existing   tenancy   rights   and   observed  in 

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paragraph 14 :

"...the notification issued by the State Government... cannot 

affect the defendant's rights."

48.The Court also observed that the earlier view treating such 

rights   as   vested   rights   "cannot   now   be   regarded"   as   correct. 

Though this judgment was delivered before the decision in 

Parvati, 

its   broad   approach   appears   broadly   consistent   with   the 

interpretation which was later accepted by the Supreme Court.

49.The Petitioners have placed reliance upon Ankush Hiraman 

Magar. There can be no dispute that the said judgment explains 

the legal fiction created by Section 32 and the vesting which takes 

place on the Tillers' Day. At the same time, it also appears that the 

controversy before the learned Single Judge was arising under 

Sections 88C and 43C. The legal effect of Section 88(1)(b) was not 

under   examination   in   that   case.   Naturally,   the   Court   had   no 

occasion to consider the pronouncement of the Supreme Court in 

Parvati. Therefore, though the principles stated regarding statutory 

purchase   continue   to   have   importance,   their   application   to   a 

matter governed by Section 88(1)(b) still requires examination 

keeping in view the judgments of the Supreme Court.

50.Another submission made by the Respondents relates to the 

nature of the order dated 14 February 1964. According to the 

Petitioners, that order is a nullity because it was passed against a 

person who had already expired and also because it proceeds on 

an incorrect understanding of the provisions of the Act. 

51.In   this   connection,   reliance   has   been   placed   upon   the 

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judgment   in  

V.S.   Charati.   The   Supreme   Court   observed   in 

paragraph 9:

"A decision, simply because it may be wrong, would not 

thereupon become a nullity. It would continue to bind the 

parties unless set aside."

52.This principle makes distinction between an order which is 

wrong and an order which is without jurisdiction. Whether the 

order dated 14 February 1964 falls in one category or the other 

cannot be decided only by making an allegation. That question will 

necessarily depend upon the facts available on record and the 

nature of jurisdiction exercised by the Agricultural Lands Tribunal. 

The   Petitioners   have   asserted   that   the   proceedings   continued 

against a dead tenant. On the other hand, the Respondents have 

pointed out that despite directions, the Petitioners themselves did 

not   produce   the   complete   order   dated   14   February   1964. 

Therefore,   it   cannot   even   be   verified   whether   the   legal 

representatives   had   been   brought   on   record.   These   rival 

submissions therefore require examination on the basis of the 

available material.

53.Thus,   after   considering   the   statutory   provisions   and   the 

authorities relied upon by both sides, it appears that the present 

controversy is not confined to the concept of deemed purchase 

under Section 32. The issue appears to be whether such statutory 

purchase continues without interruption even after the Legislature 

has enacted an provision like Section 88(1)(b), and whether the 

order passed in the year 1964 can be ignored as a nullity or 

whether it continues to bind the parties until it is set aside in 

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accordance with law.

54.The stand taken by the Petitioners is that their predecessor 

became a deemed purchaser on the Tillers' Day under Section 32. 

According   to   them,   once   the   statute   treated   the   tenant   as 

purchaser, ownership came into existence by operation of law. 

They submit that a later event, namely inclusion of the land within 

municipal limits, could not remove rights which had come into 

existence. For this proposition, reliance has been placed upon the 

decisions in 

Ankush Hiraman Magar and Pralhad Ganaba Kapare. 

Those judgments proceed on the footing that Section 32 creates a 

statutory fiction and that the purchase is deemed to have taken 

place on the Tillers' Day. They proceed on the basis that such 

purchase can fail only in those situations which the Act recognises. 

55.While considering the above submission, this Court cannot 

ignore the language used by the Legislature in Section 32. The 

section does not create an unconditional purchase. It states that 

the deemed purchase is "subject to the other provisions of this 

section and the provisions of the next succeeding sections." These 

qualifying words form part of the enactment and therefore cannot 

be   ignored   while   interpreting   the   scope   of   Section   32.   The 

statutory purchase created by Section 32 has to be considered 

together with the remaining provisions of the statute.

56.The Respondents have relied upon Section 88(1)(b). Their 

submission   is   that   where   the   State   Government  has   issued   a 

notification reserving an area for non-agricultural or industrial 

development,   the   Legislature   has   declared   that   the   earlier 

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provisions   of   the   Act   shall   not   apply.   They   contend   that   the 

language used in Section 88(1)(b) was intended to operate as an 

overriding   provision.   Therefore,   once   the   notification   is   made 

applicable to a particular area, the rights claimed under Chapter III 

cannot continue only because the tenant had become a deemed 

purchaser.

57.The above submission gets support from the judgment of the 

Supreme Court in 

Parvati. In that judgment, the Supreme Court 

examined Section 88(1)(b) under the Maharashtra enactment and 

interpreted the effect of the notification issued thereunder. The 

Court held that the notification operated retrospectively and that, 

subject to the statutory exceptions, rights claimed under the Act 

did not continue in respect of notified lands. The Supreme Court 

rejected the contention that Section 89(2)(b) preserved such rights 

notwithstanding the notification. Since the controversy before this 

Court also concerns Section 88(1)(b) of the Maharashtra Act, the 

interpretation placed by the Supreme Court cannot be ignored.

58.The Petitioners attempted to distinguish the above decision 

by relying upon  

Tribhovandas Haribhai Tamboli. However, after 

examining the said judgment, it appears that the controversy there 

arose   because   of   two   provisos   introduced   by   the   Gujarat 

Amendment Act, 1965. The Supreme Court noticed the earlier 

decision   in   Parvati   and   explained   the   context   in   which   the 

controversy had arisen. Those statutory amendments do not exist 

in the Maharashtra legislation. Therefore, the observations made 

in 

Tribhovandas have to be understood in the background of the 

Gujarat amendments and cannot govern disputes arising under the 

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Maharashtra Act.

59.The   same   position   applies   while   examining   the   reliance 

placed   upon   Ankush   Hiraman   Magar.   The   observations   made 

therein regarding the legal fiction created by Section 32 continue 

to have significance. However, the controversy before the learned 

Judge in that matter arose under a different statutory setting 

involving Sections 88C and 43C. The consequences flowing from 

Section 88(1)(b), after the later decision of the Supreme Court in 

Parvati, did not arise for consideration. Therefore, though the 

principles stated therein remain relevant, they cannot answer the 

issue arising in the present petitions.

60.The Petitioners have next submitted that the order dated 14 

February 1964 deserves to be ignored altogether because it was 

passed against a deceased tenant and therefore suffers from a 

complete   lack   of   jurisdiction.   This   Court   finds   difficulty  in 

accepting the submission. The Petitioners were called upon before 

the authorities to produce the complete order dated 14 February 

1964. Despite such opportunity, the original order together with its 

complete cause title has not been produced. In the absence of that 

record, it is not possible to arrive at a conclusion whether the legal 

representatives had or had not been brought on record before the 

order was passed. Since the Petitioners seek to establish that the 

order is a nullity, the burden to establish such plea rests upon 

them. Mere assertion unsupported by the original proceedings 

would not be sufficient to establish that the entire adjudication 

was conducted against a dead person.

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61.In this connection, the principle explained by the Supreme 

Court   in  

V.S.   Charati  assumes   considerable   importance.   The 

Supreme   Court   has   recognised   that   an   order   passed   by   a 

competent authority does not become a nullity merely because 

another legal interpretation may be possible. Unless such order is 

set aside by a competent forum, it continues to bind the parties. 

This distinction between an erroneous order and an order without 

jurisdiction cannot be ignored while examining the controversy.

62.Taking an overall view of the matter, this Court is satisfied 

that the Petitioners have raised questions concerning the operation 

of Section 32, the effect of the notification issued under Section 

88(1)(b),   and   the   manner   in   which   the   proceedings   were 

conducted. However, they have not established that the order 

dated 14 February 1964 is so void that it can be ignored. The 

interpretation placed by the Supreme Court in 

Parvati continues to 

bind   this   Court   while   construing   Section   88(1)(b)   of   the 

Maharashtra Act. Likewise, the principle stated in  

V.S. Charati 

makes it clear that an order does not become non est merely 

because it is alleged to be incorrect.

63.For   these   reasons,   this   Court   is   unable   to   decide   the 

controversy   only   on   the   assumption   that   the   order   dated   14 

February 1964 was void. The correctness of that order has to be 

examined   within   the   provisions   of   the   Bombay   Tenancy   and 

Agricultural Lands Act, 1948, particularly Section 88(1)(b), and in 

the light of the decisions of the Supreme Court. The authorities 

relied   upon   by   both   sides   arose   in   different   contexts   and, 

therefore, each of them has to be understood in the facts of each 

25

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case. The determination must depend upon the reading of the 

statutory provisions, the notification issued under Section 88(1)

(b), the effect of the order dated 14 February 1964, and the 

material which is established on record.

64.On perusal of the record, it appears that the Petitioners 

questioned the order dated 14th February 1964 by filing an appeal 

under Section 74 of the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands 

Act, 1948 only in the year 2008. Thus, the challenge was brought 

after decades from the date on which the order came to be passed. 

Such long lapse of time required the Petitioners to place before the 

appellate authority a convincing explanation for not approaching 

the authority within limitation. 

65.The   record   further   shows   that   the   appeal   was   initially 

dismissed on 28th March 2008 on the ground that it was not 

maintainable. However, the matter continued to appear on the 

board   and   further   dates   were   assigned.   According   to   the 

Petitioners, on 25th August 2008 the appellate authority merely 

recorded that since the appeal had been dismissed by the earlier 

order dated 28th March 2008, there was no necessity of passing 

any order. According to the Petitioners, this sequence of events 

created confusion regarding the actual status of the proceedings. 

Even   if   such   submission   is   taken   into   consideration,   it   still 

remained necessary for the Petitioners to explain the subsequent 

period   because   the   conduct   of   the   parties   after   the   alleged 

confusion also assumes importance.

66.The Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal, while considering the 

26

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application for condonation of delay, examined the explanation 

offered by the Petitioners regarding the period subsequent to 25th 

August 2008. The Tribunal noticed that even after the alleged 

order or Roznama entry dated 25th August 2008, the Petitioners 

did not immediately apply for obtaining a certified copy. Instead, 

the application for certified copy came to be made only on 11th 

November 2009. The Tribunal found that there was no explanation 

for this period between 25th August 2008 and 11th November 

2009.   According   to   the   Tribunal,   mere   assertion   that   the 

Petitioners were unaware of the position was not sufficient in the 

absence of any material showing diligence. On that reasoning, the 

Tribunal concluded that sufficient cause had not been established.

67.The Tribunal did not stop at examining the delay occurring 

after   the   proceedings   before   the   appellate   authority.   It  also 

considered the question relating to the delay in filing the appeal 

against the original order dated 14th February 1964. The Tribunal 

examined the Petitioners' contention that the said order was a 

nullity and therefore could be challenged at any point of time. 

After considering the material placed before it, the Tribunal did 

not accept that contention. It formed the opinion that the order 

dated 14th February 1964 could not be treated as a nullity merely 

because such allegation had been made by the Petitioners. Once 

the Tribunal reached that conclusion, it proceeded on the footing 

that the normal principles of limitation and condonation of delay 

will apply.

68.In my opinion, the approach adopted by the Tribunal cannot 

be said to be either arbitrary or contrary to law. The Tribunal has 

27

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examined both aspects of the matter. Firstly, it considered whether 

sufficient explanation had been offered for the delay occurring 

after the proceedings of August 2008. Secondly, it also examined 

whether the original order dated 14th February 1964 could be 

regarded as a nullity so as to render the question of limitation 

irrelevant. After recording reasons on both issues, the Tribunal 

concluded that the Petitioners had failed to establish sufficient 

cause. Merely because another view may also be possible on the 

facts   would   not   justify   interference   under   Article   226   of   the 

Constitution of India.

69.Once the Tribunal held that the order dated 14th February 

1964 was not a nullity, the Petitioners could not avoid explaining 

the enormous delay in approaching the appellate authority. In my 

considered   opinion,   therefore,   the   order   passed   by   the 

Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal does not warrant interference in 

exercise of writ jurisdiction. Once the Revisional Authority has 

examined the issue of delay on the basis of the material available 

and has arrived at a plausible conclusion, this Court would not 

substitute its own view merely because another conclusion could 

also have been reached.

70.Accordingly, I am of the opinion that no case is made out for 

interference with the impugned order. The writ petitions, being 

devoid of merit, are therefore dismissed.

71.In the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no 

order as to costs. 

28

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72.Pending interim application(s), if any, shall stand disposed 

of.

(AMIT BORKAR, J.)

29

Reference cases

Description

High Court Upholds Dismissal of Tenancy Petitions: A Deep Dive into the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 and Section 88(1)(b)

This pivotal judgment from the Bombay High Court, currently featured on CaseOn, provides crucial clarity on the interplay between the **Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948** and the exemptions under **Section 88(1)(b)**, particularly concerning 'deemed purchase' rights when land is brought under municipal limits. The court's decision to dismiss the writ petitions reinforces the binding nature of prior judgments and the strict application of limitation periods, making it an essential read for legal professionals navigating complex land tenancy disputes.

Background of the Case: A Decades-Long Land Dispute

The dispute revolves around agricultural land in Hadapsar, Pune. The Petitioners' ancestor, Shri Namdeo Mahadu Dalvi, claimed to be a tenant cultivating the land before April 1, 1957, thus becoming a 'deemed purchaser' under the Act. His name was recorded in revenue records as a tenant.In 1957, the original landlord sought possession of half the property under Section 31, which was granted in 1959, conditional on converting the land to non-agricultural use—a condition the Petitioners allege was not met. Shri Namdeo Mahadu Dalvi passed away in 1960, and his legal heirs' names were subsequently entered into the 'Other Rights' column.A significant turning point came on March 3, 1962, when the land was included within the Pune Municipal Corporation limits. Following this, on February 14, 1964, the Agricultural Lands Tribunal (ALT) declared the **Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948** inapplicable due to the land's inclusion in municipal limits, leading to the removal of the tenant's legal heirs' names from revenue records. The Petitioners claim this was done without proper notice.Decades later, in 2007, the Petitioners challenged the 1964 ALT order by filing a Tenancy Appeal and a Civil Suit, asserting their rights. The Sub Divisional Officer (SDAO) initially deemed the appeal non-maintainable in 2008, but the matter continued, creating confusion for the Petitioners regarding the status of their case. In 2010, the Petitioners filed a Revision Application before the Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal (MRT), seeking condonation for the significant delay.Parallel to this, in 2012, the Tahsildar, based on a civil court reference, recognized the Petitioners' ancestor as a tenant on April 1, 1957, confirming their continued possession and fixing the purchase price under Section 32G of the Act. However, this was later overturned by the SDAO in 2016, who directed a fresh decision and communication to the Civil Court regarding the 1964 and 2008 orders. Aggrieved by this, the Petitioners approached the MRT, which ultimately dismissed both their revision applications in 2018, primarily due to the unsatisfactory explanation for the delay and upholding the 1964 ALT order as binding.

The Legal Issues at Hand

The Bombay High Court was tasked with addressing several critical legal questions:1. **Nature of Statutory Purchase:** What is the true nature of a 'statutory purchase' under Section 32 of the Act, and are these rights absolute or conditional?2. **Applicability of Section 88(1)(b):** Does **Section 88(1)(b)** effectively exclude the application of Chapter III (which includes deemed purchase provisions) when lands are covered by a valid notification for non-agricultural or industrial development?3. **Validity of the 1964 Order:** Can the order passed on February 14, 1964, be considered 'void' due to lack of jurisdiction (e.g., being passed against a deceased person) or merely 'legally erroneous'?4. **Condonation of Delay:** Have the Petitioners provided a satisfactory explanation for the extensive delay in challenging the 1964 order before the appellate and revisional authorities?

Key Legal Provisions and Precedents (The Rule)

To resolve these issues, the Court delved into core provisions of the **Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948** and several Supreme Court and High Court judgments:* **Section 32(1):** Declares a tenant a 'deemed purchaser' on April 1, 1957, but significantly states this is 'subject to the other provisions of this section and the provisions of the next succeeding sections.' This 'subject to' clause became a central point of contention.* **Sections 32G(3) and 32M:** Outline scenarios where a deemed purchase can become ineffective (e.g., if the tenant is unwilling to purchase or fails to pay the price).* **Section 88(1)(b):** Crucially states, 'nothing in the foregoing provisions of this Act shall apply... to any area which the State Government may... specify as being reserved for non-agricultural or industrial development.' This provision provides broad exclusion for specific notified lands.The Court examined key precedents:* **_Sri Ram Ram Narain Medhi v. State of Bombay (AIR 1959 SC 459)_**: Held that title passes to the tenant on 'Tillers' Day,' creating a 'vested interest' defeasible only in specific cases.* **_Ankush Hiraman Magar and Others v. Thakubai Maruti Tupe and Others (AIR 1981 Bom 350)_**: Opined that ownership acquired under Section 32(1) is not lost if the land is later brought within municipal limits.* **_Parvati v. Fatehsinhrao Pratapsinhrao Gaekwad (AIR 1986 SC 2204)_**: A landmark Supreme Court judgment that declared notifications under **Section 88(1)(b)** operate retrospectively, rendering rights acquired under the Act 'non est' (non-existent) for notified lands.* **_Tribhovandas Haribhai Tamboli v. Gujarat Revenue Tribunal (AIR 1991 SC 1538)_**: Distinguished *Parvati* based on special provisos introduced by the Gujarat Amendment Act, which are not present in Maharashtra legislation.* **_V.S. Charati v. Hussein Nhanu Jamadar (1999) 1 SCC 273)_**: Established that a decision, even if wrong, does not automatically become a nullity; it binds parties unless set aside by a competent authority.* **_Jasin Tomu Damel v. Harischandra Pandurang Muranjan (1959 SCC OnLine Bom 100)_**: Held that the right of a deemed purchaser under Section 32 is a statutory right, not an absolute vested right, and can be affected by Section 88 notifications.

Court's Examination and Reasoning (The Analysis)

**On the Nature of Statutory Purchase and Section 88(1)(b):**The Petitioners argued that the 'deemed purchase' on Tillers' Day conferred a vested right, citing *Sri Ram Ram Narain Medhi* and *Ankush Hiraman Magar*. They contended that subsequent inclusion of land in municipal limits or later amendments could not divest these rights. However, the Respondents emphasized the 'subject to' clause in Section 32(1) and the broad exclusionary language of **Section 88(1)(b)**. They relied heavily on *Parvati*, which unequivocally stated that Section 88(1)(b) notifications apply retrospectively, rendering rights under the Act non-existent for notified lands. The High Court concurred with the Respondents, holding that *Parvati*'s interpretation of Section 88(1)(b) remains binding for the Maharashtra enactment. The Court distinguished *Tribhovandas*, noting it was based on specific Gujarat amendments absent in Maharashtra law.**On the Nullity of the 1964 Order:**The Petitioners claimed the 1964 ALT order was a nullity because it was passed against a deceased person and based on an incorrect understanding of the law. The Court, however, found difficulty in accepting this. It highlighted that the Petitioners failed to produce the complete 1964 order despite directions, preventing verification of whether legal representatives were on record. Applying the principle from *V.S. Charati*, the Court reiterated that an order, even if legally erroneous, does not automatically become a nullity; it continues to bind until properly set aside.**On Condonation of Delay:**The Petitioners filed their appeal against the 1964 order in 2008 – over four decades later – and the revision application in 2010. While they cited confusion regarding the proceedings in 2008, the Tribunal found their explanation for the subsequent period (from August 2008 to November 2009, when they finally sought a certified copy) unsatisfactory, lacking diligence. The High Court upheld the Tribunal's decision, stating that once the 1964 order was deemed not a nullity, the enormous delay required a compelling explanation, which the Petitioners failed to provide.**For legal professionals seeking swift insights into such nuanced judgments, CaseOn.in offers 2-minute audio briefs, allowing them to grasp the essence of complex rulings involving the Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948 and Section 88(1)(b) efficiently, even on the go.** This feature proves invaluable for quickly understanding the implications of precedents like *Parvati* and *Charati* in real-world scenarios.

The Verdict (Conclusion)

The Bombay High Court ultimately dismissed both writ petitions, finding no grounds to interfere with the Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal's decision. The Court emphasized that the 'deemed purchase' under Section 32 of the **Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948** is not unconditional and is subject to other provisions, including the overriding effect of **Section 88(1)(b)** notifications. Furthermore, the Petitioners failed to conclusively establish that the 1964 order was a nullity, and their lengthy delay in challenging it remained inadequately explained. The Tribunal's plausible conclusions on these matters were therefore upheld.

Why This Judgment Matters for Lawyers and Students

This judgment is an important read for several reasons:* **Interpreting Statutory 'Subject To' Clauses:** It highlights the critical importance of phrases like 'subject to' in statutory interpretation, demonstrating how they can significantly qualify seemingly absolute rights.* **Retrospective Application of Exemptions:** It solidifies the retrospective effect of **Section 88(1)(b)** notifications in Maharashtra, confirming that rights acquired under other provisions of the **Bombay Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948** can be nullified. This is crucial for advising clients on land status and potential liabilities.* **Nullity vs. Erroneous Orders:** The clear distinction between an order being 'void' (a nullity) and merely 'erroneous' is reinforced. This has profound implications for challenging past decisions and the application of limitation periods.* **Burden of Proof for Nullity:** The case illustrates the high bar for proving an order is a nullity, especially when adequate records are not produced.* **Diligence in Pursuing Remedies:** It serves as a stark reminder of the necessity for diligence in pursuing legal remedies and the severe consequences of unexplained, prolonged delays.--- **Disclaimer:** All information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Readers should consult with a qualified legal professional for advice on any specific legal matter.

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