Pritam Singh, State of Haryana, Prevention of Corruption Act, illegal gratification, acquittal, High Court, demand, acceptance, trap case
 29 Jul, 2026
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Pritam Singh Vs. State of Haryana

  Punjab & Haryana High Court CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)
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Case Background

As per case facts, the complainant alleged that the appellant, a Foreman in the Electricity Department, demanded and received an amount to avoid proceedings related to electricity theft. A trap ...

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Document Text Version

IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB AND HARYANA AT 

CHANDIGARH  

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M) 

Reserved on: 01.05.2026 

Pronounced On: 29.07.2026 

 

Pritam Singh 

...Appellant 

       

 

V/S 

 

 

State of Haryana       

...Respondent 

 

 

CORAM:   HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE SUBHAS MEHLA  

Argued By:   Mr. Rajesh Sethi, Advocate, with  

  Mr. Parveen Gaur, Advocate 

  Mr. Arun Biriwal, Advocate and  

  Mr. Anshuman Sethi, Advocate for the appellant. 

  Mr. Satbir Singh Goripuria, DAG, Haryana. 

SUBHAS MEHLA, J.  

1.     The  present  appeal  has  been  filed  assailing  the  judgement  of 

conviction dated 19.03.2005 and the order of sentence of even date passed by 

the  learned  Special  Judge  (under  the  Prevention  of Corruption  Act,  1988), 

Kurukshetra, in FIR No.18 dated 16.05.2003 registered at Police Station State 

Vigilance  Bureau,  Ambala,  whereby  the  appellant  was  convicted  for  the 

offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption 

Act, 1988 (for short, 'the PC Act') and sentenced as under:- 

Offence under 

Section 

Imprisonment  Fine  In Default of 

Payment of Fine 

Section 7 of PC 

Act 

Rigorous 

Imprisonment for 

1 year 

Rs.2,000/-  In default of 

payment of the 

total amount of 

fine i.e. Rs.7,000 

a further rigorous 

imprisonment for 

a period of nine 

months 

Section 13(2) of 

PC Act 

Rigorous 

Imprisonment for 

2 years 

Rs.5,000 

    Both the substantive sentences were ordered to run concurrently. 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -2- 

 

BRIEF FACTS 

2.     Briefly  stated,  the  prosecution  case  is  that  on  16.05.2003, 

complainant Balwant Singh submitted an application before the State Vigilance 

Bureau,  Kurukshetra  (hereinafter  ‘SVB’)  alleging  that  on  the  night  of 

14.05.2003, the appellant, who was working as a Foreman in the Electricity 

Department, along with a Junior Engineer, visited his residence and accused the 

complainant of committing theft of electricity. It was alleged that the appellant 

demanded an amount of Rs.10,000/- for not initiating proceedings against him 

and received Rs.9,000/- on the spot. It is further alleged that the appellant later 

continued insisting upon payment of the remaining amount of Rs.1,000/- when 

finally,  the  SVB  was  approached.  Acting  upon  the  complaint,  a  trap  was 

arranged by the Vigilance Bureau wherein DRO Pirthi Singh was joined as part 

of the raiding party being a gazetted officer. The complainant allegedly paid the 

remaining amount of Rs.1,000/- to the appellant during the trap proceedings, 

whereafter the appellant was apprehended and the tainted currency notes were 

allegedly recovered from his possession. Upon completion of investigation and 

obtaining sanction for prosecution, the final report was presented before the 

Court. 

3.     Finding a prima facie case, the trial Court framed charges against 

the appellant for the offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13(2) of the PC 

Act, to which he pleaded not guilty and claimed trial. 

4.     In support of its case, the prosecution examined twelve witnesses 

and tendered documentary evidence on record. After completion of prosecution 

evidence,  the  statement  of  the  appellant  under  Section  313  of  the  Code  of 

Criminal  Procedure,  1973  was  recorded,  wherein  all incriminating 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -3- 

 

circumstances  were  denied  and  false  implication  was  pleaded.  Upon 

appreciation of the evidence, learned Special Judge convicted and sentenced the 

appellant in the manner mentioned hereinabove. Hence, the present appeal. 

 

CONTENTIONS ON BEHALF OF APPELLANT 

5.    Learned counsel for the appellant assailed the impugned judgement 

primarily on the ground that the prosecution has failed to establish the essential 

ingredients constituting the offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13(2) of 

the PC Act. It was argued that the complainant - Balwant Singh (PW-9) and the 

shadow witness (and also son of the complainant) - Joginder Singh (PW-10), 

did not support the prosecution case during trial and categorically denied that 

the  appellant  had  demanded  or  accepted  any  illegal gratification.  Learned 

counsel submitted that both the said witnesses attributed the demand of money 

to  certain  other  officials  of  the  Electricity  Department  and  specifically 

exonerated the appellant. It was further argued that although the prosecution 

case  itself  referred  to  the  involvement  of  a  Junior  Engineer,  however,  no 

proceedings  were  initiated  against  him  thereby  rendering  the  prosecution 

version doubtful. 

6.     Learned counsel further contended that trial Court erred in placing 

reliance upon the testimony of the official witnesses despite the complainant 

and shadow witness having disowned the prosecution story. It was argued that 

the alleged recovery of tainted currency notes, by itself, is insufficient to sustain 

conviction  in  the  absence  of  proof  of  demand  and  acceptance  of  illegal 

gratification. Learned counsel thus submitted that the prosecution has failed to 

prove  the  foundational  facts  necessary  for  invoking  the  presumption  under 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -4- 

 

Section 20 of the PC Act. Learned counsel for the appellant placed reliance on 

Neeraj Dutta v. State (Govt. of N.C.T. of Delhi) (SC) (Constitution Bench), 

2023 (4) SCC 731; State of Kerala v. C.P. Rao, 2011 (96) SCC 450; Madan 

Lal v. State of Rajasthan, 2025 (4) SCC 624; Rajesh Gupta v. State Through 

Central Bureau of Investigation, 2022 INSC 359; State of U.P. v. Ram Balak, 

2008(4)  RCR(Criminal)  845;  Jagtar  Singh  v.  State  of  Punjab,  2023(2) 

RCR(Criminal)  499;  N.  Sunkanna  v.  State  of  Andhra  Pradesh,  2015(4) 

RCR(Criminal) 797; Selvaraj v. State of Karnataka, 2015(4) RCR(Criminal) 

and thus, prayed that the impugned judgement of conviction be set aside, and 

the appellant be acquitted. 

 

CONTENTIONS ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT-STATE 

7.    Per  contra,  learned  State  counsel  supported  the  impugned 

judgement and submitted that the prosecution has successfully established the 

guilt of the appellant through the testimony of the official witnesses and the 

documentary evidence brought on record. It was argued that the appellant was 

posted as Assistant Foreman in the area concerned and the prosecution had duly 

proved  the  demand  and  acceptance  of  illegal  gratification.  Learned  State 

counsel  submitted  that  the  tainted  currency  notes  were  recovered  from  the 

possession of the appellant during the trap proceedings and the hand wash and 

pocket wash of the appellant tested positive. Reliance was placed upon the 

testimony  of  PW-11  Pirthi  Singh  (District  Revenue  Officer)  and  PW-12 

Inspector Gurdwaya Ram, both of whom fully supported the prosecution case 

regarding the trap proceedings and recovery. It was accordingly submitted that 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -5- 

 

trial  Court  had  rightly  returned  a  finding  of  guilt  and  no  interference  is 

warranted in appeal. 

 

OBSERVATIONS & ANALYSIS 

8.     Heard and record perused. 

9.     The principal question that arises for consideration is whether the 

prosecution has succeeded in proving beyond the shadow of reasonable doubt 

that  the  appellant  demanded  and  accepted  illegal  gratification  from  the 

complainant so as to attract the offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13(2) 

of the PC Act.  

10.    Balwant  Singh,  the  complainant,  appeared  as  PW-9.  In  his 

deposition  before  the  Court,  he  did  not  support  the  prosecution  case.  He 

categorically  stated  that  certain  officials  of  the Electricity  Department  had 

visited his house and demanded money from him, but specifically deposed that 

the  appellant  was  not  one  of  those  persons.  He  further  stated  that the 

appellant had nothing to do with the occurrence. Though he admitted his 

signatures on certain documents relied upon by the prosecution, he denied 

the contents thereof and asserted that his signatures had been obtained on 

blank  papers.  More  importantly,  he denied  that  the  appellant  had  ever 

demanded any amount from him or that any payment had been made to the 

appellant. 

11.    Equally significant is the testimony of Joginder Singh (PW-10) i.e. 

the shadow witness and son of the complainant. He too failed to support the 

prosecution  case. He  specifically  denied  that  the  appellant  had  ever 

demanded any money from him or from his father. He also denied the 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -6- 

 

prosecution  version  regarding  payment  of  tainted  currency  notes, 

acceptance thereof by the appellant and the alleged recovery proceedings. 

12.    What assumes significance is that the shadow witness (PW-10) did 

not merely fail to support the prosecution version. Rather, he proceeded to 

narrate a version which substantially supports the defence plea. According to 

him, the grievance of the complainant was against a Junior Engineer and 

another  official  of  the  Electricity  Department.  He  further  stated  that  the 

amount  in  question  was  intended  to  be  paid  to  the  concerned  Junior 

Engineer and when he went to the place where the payment was to be made, 

the said Junior Engineer was not present. Thus, the testimony of PW-10, far 

from advancing the prosecution case, lends support to the defence version 

that the appellant was not the person who had originally demanded the alleged 

gratification. 

13.    The  prosecution  has  failed  to  prove  its  case  as  required  in  a 

criminal  trial  i.e.  beyond  the  shadow  of  reasonable  doubt  for  the  reasons 

hereinafter elaborated. 

a) Demand of Illegal Gratification 

14.     In  the  present  case,  the  prosecution  primarily  relied  upon  the 

testimony of the complainant and the shadow witness to establish the demand 

of illegal gratification. However, both PW-9 and PW-10 failed to support the 

prosecution case on the crucial aspect of demand. The prosecution is thus left 

without any direct evidence regarding demand, necessitating an examination as 

to whether the remaining evidence on record is sufficient to establish the said 

ingredient by way of circumstances. 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -7- 

 

15.     In B. Jayaraj v. State of Andhra Pradesh, (2014) 13 SCC 55, the 

facts were similar to those of the present case. A trap was laid and tainted money 

was recovered from the pocket of the accused; the complainant turned hostile, 

and consequently, the Hon’ble Apex Court set aside the judgement of conviction 

by the trial Courts. The Hon'ble Supreme Court held that proof of demand of 

illegal gratification is a sine qua non for constituting an offence under Section 

7 of the PC Act and that mere possession or recovery of currency notes from an 

accused, without proof of demand, would not establish the offence. The same 

principle was reiterated in P. Satyanarayana Murthy v. District Inspector of 

Police, State of Andhra Pradesh, (2015) 10 SCC 152, wherein it was held that 

proof of demand is the gravamen of the offence and in the absence thereof, the 

charge under Sections 7 and 13 of the PC Act cannot be sustained. 

16.     The Constitution Bench of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Neeraj 

Dutta v. State (Government of NCT of Delhi), 2023 SCC OnLine SC 280, 

while comprehensively considering the law on the subject, observed that where 

the prosecution seeks to establish the demand of gratification on the basis of 

circumstantial  evidence,  every  circumstance  relied upon  must  be  firmly 

established and the chain of circumstances must be such as to lead only to one 

conclusion, namely, the accused had made the demand in question. Thus, where 

direct evidence of demand is unavailable or found to be unreliable, the Court 

must carefully examine whether the circumstances proved on record unerringly 

point  towards  the  guilt  of  the  accused  and  are  inconsistent  with  any  other 

hypothesis.  It  is  in  the  aforesaid  backdrop  that  the  evidence  led  by  the 

prosecution in the present case is required to be examined. 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -8- 

 

17.    In  the  facts  of  the  present  case,  the  prosecution  has  failed  to 

establish the demand of illegal gratification through its most material witnesses, 

i.e. the complainant and the shadow witness. Once the demand itself remains 

unproved, the alleged recovery of tainted currency notes from the appellant 

loses much of its evidentiary significance. Mere recovery, howsoever proved, 

cannot by itself sustain a conviction under Sections 7 and 13(2) of the PC Act 

in the absence of proof of demand and voluntary acceptance. 

18.    The statutory presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act also 

cannot come to the aid of the prosecution in the facts of the present case. The 

presumption  is  not  intended  to  relieve  the  prosecution  of  its  obligation  to 

establish the foundational facts. Since the prosecution has failed to prove the 

demand of illegal gratification, the presumption under Section 20 cannot be 

invoked to sustain the conviction. 

b) Acceptance of Illegal Gratification 

19.    The prosecution case on ‘acceptance’ also suffers from serious 

doubt.  The  complainant  PW-9  and  the  shadow  witness PW-10  have  not 

supported the prosecution version regarding the payment of the alleged bribe 

amount. Rather, PW-10 shadow witness has narrated a different sequence of 

events,  which  lends  support  to  the  defence  plea  and  runs  contrary  to  the 

prosecution version. Further, the evidentiary value of the allegations against the 

appellant/accused is substantially weakened by the complainant’s deposition 

that his signatures were obtained on blank papers and that he did not make the 

statements attributed to him.  

   In these circumstances, the evidence on record does not inspire 

confidence that the amount was consciously and voluntarily accepted by the 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -9- 

 

appellant  as  illegal  gratification  pursuant  to  a  demand  made  by  him. 

Consequently, the recovery of tainted currency notes from the appellant, by 

itself, cannot be treated as conclusive proof of acceptance of illegal gratification. 

c) Recovery Proceedings and Testimony of Official Witnesses 

20.    Learned State counsel has rightly pointed out that PW-11 Pirthi 

Singh, District Revenue Officer, and PW-12 Inspector Gurdwaya Ram have 

supported the prosecution case regarding the trap proceedings. Their testimony 

establishes that tainted currency notes were prepared, trap proceedings were 

conducted and the tainted currency notes were recovered from the possession of 

the  appellant. The  hand  wash  and  pocket  wash of the  appellant  also  tested 

positive. 

21.    However, even if the testimony of PW-11 and PW-12 is accepted 

in its entirety, the circumstances emerging therefrom do not establish beyond 

the shadow of reasonable doubt that any demand for illegal gratification was 

made by the appellant. The evidence of the said witnesses may establish the 

recovery proceedings, but it does not establish the foundational fact that the 

demand  for  illegal  gratification  emanated  from  the appellant  or  that  he 

consciously  and  voluntarily  accepted  the  illegal  gratification  to  attract  the 

operation of Section 7 of the PC Act. On the contrary, the only direct witnesses 

on the aspect of demand, namely PW-9 and PW-10, have expressly denied the 

prosecution  version.  Therefore,  the  circumstances  relied  upon  by  the 

prosecution do not form a complete chain leading only to the hypothesis of guilt 

of the appellant. 

 

 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -10- 

 

d) Analysis of the Impugned Trial Court Judgement 

22.    At  this  stage,  it  would  be  apposite  to  examine  the  reasoning 

adopted by trial Court while dealing with the issues of demand, acceptance and 

the presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act. The relevant observations 

contained in Para 23 of the impugned judgment read as under:- 

“23.  Learned defence counsel also contended that mere recovery 

of money from the accused is not sufficient to convict the accused 

when  the  substantial  evidence  in  the  case  is  not  reliable.  He 

contended that in the absence of demand and acceptance, mere 

recovery  of  money  from  the  accused  cannot  be  made  basis  to 

presume  that  the  money  was  received  and  demanded  as  bribe 

amount.  I  find  no  force  in  the  said  submission  of  the  learned 

defence counsel, because it is not always necessary that the passing 

of  money  should  be  proved  by  direct  evidence.  It  may  also  be 

proved by circumstantial evidence. Acceptance of money by the 

accused  and  its  recovery  in  the  manner,  as  alleged by  the 

prosecution, stands duly proved on the file. Once this fact is proved 

by the prosecution, then a legal presumption can well be drawn 

under section 20 of the Act that such gratification was accepted as 

a reward for doing the public duty, unless contrary is proved by the 

accused. Accused in this case although tried to prove the contrary 

by alleging that he had received the amount to pay the same to J.E. 

Mr. S.P. Dhiman, to whom the person who paid him the money, 

wanted to pay the same, but as soon as he received the money, he 

was apprehended by the police party and was taken to S.V.B. unit 

Kurukshetra, resulting into registration of the present case, but he 

has  miserably  failed  to  prove  this  fact.  Jawahar  Lal  DW2, 

examined to prove this defence, cannot be believed, because he is 

a neighbour of the son of accused in the vicinity where they both 

run shops. He stated that he had heard a noise which attracted him 

and a few shopkeepers to the shop of the son of accused, where the 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -11- 

 

accused alongwith three-four police officials were present. They 

had some exchange of words with regard to currency notes and 

accused was then lifted physically by them and taken in a jeep. In 

his  cross-examination,  he  stated  that  he  had  not  made  any 

complaint to the S.P. or D.C. about forcible lifting of accused. He 

also stated that he does not know what had transpired earlier to his 

reaching the shop of son of accused. Thus, he is silent about the 

defence version given by the accused that some persons had come 

to his shop and wanted to pay certain money to J.E. whom they 

were enquiring and he accepted the said money to further pass the 

same to said J.E. and was thereafter lifted by the police party. 

There is no other evidence on behalf of the accused to make his 

defence version probable and thus has failed to prove the contrary, 

as required under section 20 of the Act. It was held in AIR 1992 

S.C. 1201 B.Hanmantha Rao vs. State of Andhra Pradesh that once 

the amount is found in the possession of the accused, the burden 

shifts to him to explain the circumstances to prove his innocence as 

contemplated under section 20 of the Act. Reliance can also be 

placed  on  the  authority  relied  upon  by  the  learned Public 

Prosecutor 2001(1) R.C.R. (Criminal) 95 (Supra). The facts and 

circumstances of the authorities, 2004(1) R.C.R. (Criminal) 369 

and 1979 Crl. .L J. 1087 (Supra) relied upon by the learned defence 

counsel, are not identical to the facts and circumstances of the 

present case, and therefore, no benefit whatsoever can be given to 

the accused of the same.” 

 

23.    A perusal of the aforesaid observations in the impugned judgment 

shows that the trial Court primarily proceeded on the basis of the recovery of 

tainted currency notes and the testimony of the official witnesses associated 

with the trap proceedings. However, while recording the finding of guilt, the 

trial  Court  failed  to  adequately  appreciate  the  evidentiary  impact  of  the 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -12- 

 

testimonies of PW-9 and PW-10, who were the most material witnesses on the 

aspects of demand and acceptance. Once both the complainant and the shadow 

witness failed to support the prosecution version, and in fact, attributed the 

demand  to  officials  other  than  the  appellant,  the  question  whether  the 

foundational facts stood established required closer scrutiny.  

24.    Further,  the  trial  Court  placed  considerable  emphasis  upon  the 

statutory presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act. In this regard, reference 

may be made to the testimony of PW-8 Rajesh Mehla, who produced the official 

record pertaining to the checking conducted at the premises of the complainant 

and deposed as under:- 

   “That from 14.3.2003 Sh.Pritam Singh FM was on duty in 

the area of Chakarwarti Mohalla, City Thanesar. I identify the 

signatures of Sh. J.K. Arora, SDO Operation Divn.  no.1 on Ex. 

PG. the meter number of Balwant Singh is KK20-1300 and it falls 

in the Chakarwarti Mohalla. 

XXX by Sh. S.C.Sharma, Adv., Counsel for accused. 

   I do not know Balwant Singh. I had not gone to his house at 

any point of time. I had brought a record dated 14.5.2003 vide 

which  the  checking  of  the  house  of  Balwant  Singh  Mohalla 

Chakarwarti  bearing  account  no.KK20-1300  was  done  by 

Sh.S.P.Dhiman, J.E. and line-man Ram Janam on 14.3.2003. The 

charge  of  account  no.  KK20-1300  of  Balwant  Singh  Mohalla 

Chakarwarti was with Sh.S.P.Dhiman, J.E. and Ram Janam Line-

man. As per my record the number of meter of Balwant Singh is 

107253001and the meter was showing the reading as 01344 on 

14.5.2003. According to this record seals were found intact. The 

connected load was noted to be 3.200 kilo-wat. As per this record 

consumer had refused to sign the LL-1 checking report. The time 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -13- 

 

of visit of S.P. Dhiman and Ram Janam is 7.44 P.M. according to 

my record” 

 

    The aforesaid testimony reflects that witness PW-8 categorically 

deposed that the checking in question was carried out by Junior Engineer S.P. 

Dhiman and Lineman Ram Janam and the complainant's account was under 

their charge. Significantly, the official record brought on record through PW-8 

does not indicate any role of the appellant in the checking proceedings or in any 

official matter concerning the complainant. The prosecution has also not led any 

evidence  to  establish  that  any  official  act  relating  to  the  complainant  was 

pending with the appellant or fell within his domain of duties. This circumstance 

assumes importance when viewed alongside the testimonies of complainant 

PW-9 and shadow witness PW-10, both of whom attributed the demand of 

money to officials other than the appellant. In such circumstances, the very 

nexus between the alleged gratification and any public duty to be performed by 

the appellant remains inadequately established. 

25.    This  aspect  assumes  added  significance  while  examining  the 

reasoning adopted by the trial Court. A perusal of the record reflects that in the 

complaint  forming  the  basis  of  the  present  FIR,  the  allegations  were  not 

confined  exclusively  to  the  appellant  and  reference  was  also  made  to  the 

involvement  of  other  officials  of  the  Electricity  Department.  However,  the 

prosecution  proceeded  only  against  the  appellant  and  no  satisfactory 

explanation emerges from the record for excluding the said officials from the 

purview of investigation. This circumstance assumes particular relevance in 

view  of  the  testimony  of  PW-8,  which  indicates  that  the  checking  of  the 

complainant's premises was carried out by Junior Engineer S.P. Dhiman and 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -14- 

 

Lineman Ram Janam, as well as the testimonies of PW-9 and PW-10, both of 

whom attributed the demand of money to officials other than the appellant. In 

these  circumstances,  the  matter  warranted  closer  scrutiny  before  the 

presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act was invoked against the appellant. 

26.    Further, a perusal of the impugned judgment reflects that despite 

the categorical deposition of DW-2 J.K. Arora, S.D.O., to the effect that the 

appellant was deputed for maintenance of 11 K.V. lines and L.D. systems such 

as transformers, etc., as reflected in duty roster Ex.DX, the trial Court observed 

that there was insufficient evidence to establish the nature of the appellant's 

duties. Consequently, the defence evidence on the said aspect was not accorded 

due weight. This Court finds it difficult to concur with the aforesaid approach. 

The testimony of a defence witness cannot be discarded merely on the ground 

that it has been led by the defence. It is well settled that the evidence of defence 

witnesses is entitled to the same consideration as that of prosecution witnesses 

and must be evaluated on its own merits. The material produced by DW-2 was 

directly relevant to the issue whether the appellant was in a position to perform, 

influence  or  facilitate  any  official  act  concerning  the  complainant,  and 

consequently, whether the statutory presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act 

could at all be attracted. The trial Court failed to examine this aspect in its proper 

perspective. 

27.    The trial Court appears to have proceeded on the premise that once 

recovery stood established, the burden shifted upon the appellant under Section 

20 of the PC Act. However, before the statutory presumption could be invoked, 

it  was  incumbent  upon  the  prosecution  to  establish the  foundational  facts 

regarding demand and acceptance of illegal gratification as a motive or reward 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -15- 

 

for performing, or causing the performance of, a public duty. For the reasons 

already discussed hereinabove, those foundational facts have not been proved 

beyond the shadow of reasonable doubt. Consequently, the presumption under 

Section 20 could not have been invoked in the manner adopted by the trial Court. 

28.    Thus,  apart  from the  failure of the prosecution  to  establish the 

demand and voluntary acceptance of illegal gratification, the material available 

on record also does not satisfactorily establish the necessary nexus between the 

alleged gratification and any public duty to be performed by the appellant. The 

very foundation on which the presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act was 

invoked by the trial Court, therefore, becomes doubtful. 

29.    In the considered view of this Court, the evidence on record did not 

justify  the  conclusion  that  the  demand  and  voluntary  acceptance  of  illegal 

gratification by the appellant stood proved beyond the shadow of reasonable 

doubt.  Therefore,  the  approach  adopted  by  the  trial  Court  in  treating  the 

recovery as sufficient to convict the appellant cannot be sustained. 

 

CONCLUSION 

30.     Examining the evidence on record, and in the light of the aforesaid 

discussion, this Court finds that the prosecution has failed to establish beyond 

the  shadow  of  reasonable  doubt  the  foundational  elements  necessary  for 

sustaining the conviction of the appellant for the offences punishable under 

Sections 7 and 13(2) of the PC Act, and the trial Court has erred in convicting 

the appellant. The testimonies of PW-9 and PW-10 create a serious dent in the 

prosecution case and render doubtful the allegation that the appellant either 

demanded or accepted illegal gratification. Consequently, the prosecution has 

 

CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)              -16- 

 

failed to prove the guilt of the appellant beyond the shadow of reasonable doubt. 

The appellant is, therefore, entitled to the benefit of doubt. 

31.     Consequently, the present appeal is allowed. The judgement of 

conviction dated 19.03.2005 and the order of sentence of even date passed by 

learned  Special  Judge  (under  the  Prevention  of  Corruption  Act,  1988), 

Kurukshetra  are hereby  set aside.  The  appellant  is acquitted of the  charges 

framed against him. 

32.     The bail bonds and surety bonds furnished by the appellant shall 

stand discharged. If the appellant has deposited the amount of fine, the same 

shall be refunded to him in accordance with law. 

33.    Pending  miscellaneous  application(s),  if  any, shall  also  stand 

disposed of. 

 

 

(SUBHAS MEHLA)

 

JUDGE 

29.07.2026 

Manisha 

       

 

Whether Speaking/Reasoned:  YES/NO 

 

      Whether Reportable:    YES/NO 

 

 

Reference cases

Description

High Court Overturns Conviction in Prevention of Corruption Act Case: Emphasizing Proof of Demand in Illegal Gratification Cases

In a significant ruling that reaffirms the critical importance of establishing 'demand' in corruption cases, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh recently overturned a conviction in Pritam Singh v. State of Haryana (CRA-S-711-SB-2005 (O&M)). This pivotal judgment, now prominently featured on CaseOn, provides essential insights into the evidentiary burden on the prosecution in Prevention of Corruption Act cases and underscores the stringent requirements for proving illegal gratification cases. Legal professionals often turn to platforms like CaseOn for detailed analyses of such landmark decisions, ensuring they stay abreast of evolving judicial interpretations.

Case Background

The case revolved around Pritam Singh, a Foreman in the Electricity Department, who was accused by complainant Balwant Singh of demanding and accepting illegal gratification. According to the complaint filed on May 16, 2003, Pritam Singh and a Junior Engineer visited Balwant Singh's residence on May 14, 2003, alleging electricity theft. They reportedly demanded Rs.10,000/- to avoid initiating proceedings, with Rs.9,000/- allegedly paid on the spot. Pritam Singh was then said to have insisted on the remaining Rs.1,000/-. Subsequently, a trap was arranged by the State Vigilance Bureau (SVB), during which the appellant allegedly accepted the remaining amount, was apprehended, and tainted currency notes were recovered from him.

The trial court, after examining the evidence, convicted Pritam Singh under Sections 7 and 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (PC Act), sentencing him to rigorous imprisonment for 1 year and 2 years respectively, with fines. These sentences were ordered to run concurrently.

The Appeal and Key Contentions

Pritam Singh challenged the conviction, arguing that the prosecution failed to prove the essential ingredients of the offences. His counsel highlighted that both the complainant (PW-9) and the shadow witness (PW-10, the complainant's son) did not support the prosecution's case. They explicitly denied that Pritam Singh had demanded or accepted any illegal gratification, instead attributing the demand to other Electricity Department officials and specifically exonerating the appellant. The defense further pointed out the lack of proceedings against the Junior Engineer mentioned in the initial complaint, casting doubt on the prosecution's narrative.

The appellant's counsel emphasized that mere recovery of tainted currency notes, without concrete proof of demand and voluntary acceptance, is insufficient for conviction. They cited various Supreme Court judgments, including Neeraj Dutta v. State (Govt. of N.C.T. of Delhi) (a Constitution Bench ruling), B. Jayaraj v. State of Andhra Pradesh, and P. Satyanarayana Murthy v. District Inspector of Police, all of which underscore the necessity of proving demand as a foundational fact for conviction under the PC Act.

Conversely, the State counsel defended the conviction, asserting that the guilt was established through official witnesses and documentary evidence. They argued that Pritam Singh, as Assistant Foreman, was in a position to demand gratification, and the recovery of tainted notes, along with positive hand and pocket wash tests, corroborated the prosecution's case. Official witnesses (PW-11 and PW-12) had supported the trap and recovery proceedings.

IRAC Analysis

Issue

The central legal question before the High Court was whether the prosecution had succeeded in proving, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the appellant had demanded and voluntarily accepted illegal gratification, thereby satisfying the requirements of Sections 7 and 13(2) of the PC Act, especially when the primary witnesses (complainant and shadow witness) had turned hostile.

Rule

The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, particularly Sections 7 and 13(2), criminalizes public servants demanding and accepting illegal gratification. A crucial legal principle, repeatedly affirmed by the Supreme Court, is that proof of demand for illegal gratification is a sine qua non (an essential condition) for constituting an offence under Section 7. Mere possession or recovery of currency notes from an accused, without proof of demand, cannot establish the offence.

Section 20 of the PC Act allows for a statutory presumption that gratification was accepted as a motive or reward for performing a public duty. However, this presumption can only be invoked once the foundational facts of demand and voluntary acceptance are proved by the prosecution. If direct evidence of demand is unreliable or unavailable, circumstantial evidence can be used, but the chain of circumstances must be so complete as to lead only to the conclusion of guilt, inconsistent with any other reasonable hypothesis. The evidence of defense witnesses must also be considered on its own merits, not merely discarded because it's from the defense.

Analysis

The High Court meticulously analyzed the evidence, noting the critical failure of both the complainant (PW-9) and the shadow witness (PW-10) to support the prosecution's version. PW-9 explicitly stated that the appellant was not among those who demanded money and had nothing to do with the incident, even claiming his signatures were taken on blank papers. PW-10, the shadow witness, went further by corroborating the defense's narrative, stating that the grievance was against a Junior Engineer and other officials, and the money was intended for the Junior Engineer, who was absent at the time of the alleged payment.

The Court emphasized that the alleged recovery of tainted currency notes, while proven by official witnesses (PW-11 and PW-12), loses its evidentiary significance without the foundational proof of demand and voluntary acceptance by the appellant. The testimony of these official witnesses established the recovery proceedings but failed to establish that the demand emanated from the appellant or that he consciously and voluntarily accepted the money as illegal gratification related to his public duty.

Crucially, the testimony of PW-8, who produced official records, revealed that the electricity checking at the complainant's premises was conducted by Junior Engineer S.P. Dhiman and Lineman Ram Janam, not the appellant. There was no evidence to suggest the appellant had any official role or pending duty related to the complainant's matter, thus breaking the necessary nexus between the alleged gratification and any public duty to be performed by Pritam Singh. The Court found that the trial court failed to adequately appreciate this aspect and erred in invoking the statutory presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act without the foundational facts of demand and acceptance being established beyond reasonable doubt. The defense evidence, including the duty roster presented by DW-2, showing the appellant's duties were unrelated to the complainant's issue, was also not given due weight by the trial court.

For busy legal professionals, CaseOn.in offers 2-minute audio briefs that distill the essence of such rulings, providing quick and comprehensive analyses of judgments like Pritam Singh v. State of Haryana and many others concerning the Prevention of Corruption Act, making it easier to grasp key legal principles efficiently.

Conclusion

The High Court concluded that the prosecution had failed to establish, beyond a shadow of reasonable doubt, the foundational elements necessary for sustaining a conviction under Sections 7 and 13(2) of the PC Act. The testimonies of the complainant and the shadow witness, who explicitly denied the appellant's involvement in the demand or acceptance of illegal gratification, created serious doubts in the prosecution's case. The absence of proof of demand, coupled with the lack of a clear nexus between the appellant's duties and the alleged gratification, meant that the statutory presumption under Section 20 could not be invoked. Consequently, the High Court allowed the appeal, set aside the conviction and sentence, and acquitted Pritam Singh of all charges.

Final Summary

This judgment serves as a robust reminder of the high evidentiary threshold required in cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act. It reiterates that mere recovery of tainted money, even if proven, cannot lead to conviction without corroborative proof of demand and voluntary acceptance of illegal gratification by the accused public servant for a specific public duty. The hostile testimony of key prosecution witnesses (complainant and shadow witness) and the absence of a link between the accused's duties and the alleged bribe proved fatal to the prosecution's case.

Why This Judgment Is Important for Lawyers and Students

This ruling is crucial for legal practitioners and students alike for several reasons:

  • Reinforces 'Demand' as Sine Qua Non: It strongly reiterates the Supreme Court's stance that proof of demand is indispensable for convictions under the PC Act, especially Sections 7 and 13(2).
  • Evidentiary Value of Hostile Witnesses: The case demonstrates how the turning hostile of key witnesses (complainant and shadow witness) can dismantle the prosecution's case, even in the presence of recovery.
  • Limits of Section 20 Presumption: It clarifies that the statutory presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act is not automatic; it requires foundational facts of demand and acceptance to be established first.
  • Importance of Nexus: The judgment highlights the necessity of proving a direct nexus between the alleged gratification and the public duty of the accused.
  • Appreciation of Defence Evidence: It underscores that courts must give due consideration to defense evidence and not dismiss it merely because it is presented by the defense.

This case serves as a vital precedent in understanding the nuances of anti-corruption law and the strict standards of proof required to secure convictions against public servants.

Disclaimer

All information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Readers should consult with a qualified legal professional for advice on any specific legal matter.

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