2023 INSC 663 1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 7117 OF 2019

PRIYA PRAMOD GAJBE …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

AND OTHERS …RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

B.R. GAVAI, J.

1. Application for intervention is allowed.

2. This appeal challenges the judgment and order passed

by the Division Bench of the High Court of Bombay dated

22

nd December 2018, thereby dismissing the petition filed by

the appellant challenging the order passed by the Scheduled

Tribe Caste Certificate Scrutiny Committee, Kokan Division,

Thane (for short, ‘the Scrutiny Committee’) dated 12

th

December 2017, thereby invalidating the claim of the

appellant that she belongs to ‘Mana’ Scheduled Tribe.

3. The appellant is a student having secured admission in

the first year of MBBS Degree Course in Respondent No.4/

College during the Academic Year 2016-17 against the seat

2

reserved for Scheduled Tribe. The appellant claimed that she

belongs to ‘Mana’ Scheduled Tribe. As such, her case was

referred to the Scrutiny Committee. The Scrutiny Committee

by order dated 12

th December 2017 invalidated the claim of

the appellant on the following grounds:-

i. The appellant failed to satisfy the Affinity Test

conducted during the vigilance inquiry.

ii. The appellant failed to prove that she originally

belongs to an area where the people of Mana

Scheduled Tribe reside.

4. We have heard Shri Sudhanshu Choudhari, learned

counsel appearing for the appellant, Shri Shrirang B. Varma,

learned counsel appearing for the State of Maharashtra and

Shri Kunal Cheema, learned counsel appearing for the

intervenor.

5. Shri Choudhari, learned counsel for the appellant,

relying on the recent judgment rendered by a three Judges

Bench of this Court in the case of Mah. Adiwasi Thakur

Jamat Swarakshan Samiti v. State of Maharashtra and

Others

1, submits that once the pre -Constitutional

documents established that the appellant belongs to ‘Mana’

Scheduled Tribe, further reference to the Vigilance Cell itself

1

2023 SCC Online SC 326

3

was not necessary. He further submits that the Affinity Test

cannot be applied as a litmus test.

6. Shri Varma, learned counsel appearing for the State of

Maharashtra, on the contrary, submits that the Scrutiny

Committee as well as the High Court have rightly concluded

that the appellant has failed to establish that she belongs to

‘Mana’ Tribe. He submits that some of the documents show

that the appellant’s forefathers entries are ‘Mani’. He,

therefore, submits that in view of the conflicting documents,

it was necessary for the appellant to clear the Affinity Test.

Relying on a Full Bench judgme nt of the High Court of

Bombay in the case of Ku. Yogita v. State of Maharashtra

and Others

2, he submits that though area restrictions have

been removed in 1976, it will still be necessary for a

candidate to establish that the candidate’s family originally

belongs to an area for which a particular tribe was notified as

a Scheduled Tribe.

7. Shri Cheema, learned counsel appearing for the

intervenor(s), supports the arguments advanced by Shri

Varma, learned counsel for the State of Maharashtra.

2

Writ Petition No.6103 of 2010 decided on 15.09.2016

4

8. This Court, in the case of Mah. Adiwasi Thakur

Jamat Swarakshan Samiti (supra), has observed as

under:-

“20. It is not possible to exhaustively lay down in

which cases the Scrutiny Committee must refer the

case to Vigilance Cell. One of the tests is as laid

down in the case of Kumari Madhuri Patil, (1994) 6

SCC 241. It laws down that the documents of the

pre-Constitution period showing the cast of the

applicant and their ancestors have got the highest

probative value. For example, if an applicant is able

to produce authentic and genuine documents of the

per-Constitution period showing that he belongs to

a tribal community, there is no reason to discard

his claim as prior to 1950, there were no

reservations provided to the Tribes included in the

ST order. In such a case, a reference to Vigilance

Cell is not warranted at all.”

9. It could thus be seen that this Court has held that

documents of the pre-Constitution period showing the caste

of the applicant and their ancestors have got the highest

probative value. It has also been held that if an applicant is

able to produce authentic and genuine documents of the per-

Constitution period showing that he belongs to a tribal

community, there is no reason to discard his or her claim as

prior to 1950, there were no reservations provided to the

Tribes included in the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order.

10. A perusal of the report of the Vigilance Committee itself

5

would reveal that the appellant’s great grandfathers birth

record show the caste as ‘Mana’. The said document relates

to as early as 10

th March 1924, while another document of

14

th April 1926 shows as ‘Mani’. However, it is pertinent to

note, and learned counsel for the parties also agree, that

there is no caste named ‘Mani’. It is thus possible that there

could be some mistake in writing when the caste was written.

It is to be noted that original record is written in Marathi and

not in English. As such, such an error is quite possible.

11. We, therefore, find that there was no reason to discard

the pre-Constitutional document of the period as early as

1924.

12. Insofar as Affinity Test is concerned, this Court, in the

case of Anand v. Committee for Scrutiny and Verification

of Tribe Claims and Others

3, has observed thus:

“22. It is manifest from the aforeextracted

paragraph that the genuineness of a caste claim has

to be considered not only on a thorough

examination of the documents submitted in support

of the claim but also on the affinity test, which

would include the anthropological and ethnological

traits, etc., of the applicant. However, it is neither

feasible nor desirable to lay down an absolute rule,

which could be applied mechanically to examine a

caste claim. Nevertheless, we feel that the following

3

(2012) 1 SCC 113

6

broad parameters could be kept in view while

dealing with a caste claim:

(i) While dealing with documentary

evidence, greater reliance may be placed

on pre-Independence documents because

they furnish a higher degree of probative

value to the declaration of status of a

caste, as compared to post-Independence

documents. In case the applicant is the

first generation ever to attend school, the

availability of any documentary evidence

becomes difficult, but that ipso facto does

not call for the rejection of his claim. In

fact, the mere fact that he is the first

generation ever to attend school, some

benefit of doubt in favour of the applicant

may be given. Needless to add that in the

event of a doubt on the credibility of a

document, its veracity has to be tested on

the basis of oral evidence, for which an

opportunity has to be afforded to the

applicant;

(ii) While applying the affinity test, which

focuses on the ethnological connections

with the Scheduled Tribe, a cautious

approach has to be adopted. A few

decades ago, when the tribes were

somewhat immune to the cultural

development happening around them, the

affinity test could serve as a

determinative factor. However, with the

migrations, modernisation and contact

with other communities, these

communities tend to develop and adopt

new traits which may not essentially

match with the traditional characteristics

of the tribe. Hence, the affinity test may

not be regarded as a litmus test for

establishing the link of the applicant with

a Scheduled Tribe. Nevertheless, the

claim by an applicant that he is a part of

a Scheduled Tribe and is entitled to the

7

benefit extended to that tribe, cannot per

se be disregarded on the ground that his

present traits do not match his tribe's

peculiar anthropological and ethnological

traits, deity, rituals, customs, mode of

marriage, death ceremonies, method of

burial of dead bodies, etc. Thus, the

affinity test may be used to corroborate

the documentary evidence and should

not be the sole criteria to reject a claim.”

13. This court has held that while applying the Affinity Test

which focuses on the ethnological connections with the

Scheduled Tribe, a cautious approach has to be adopted. It

has been held that a few decades ago, when the tribes were

somewhat immune to the cultural development happening

around them, the affinity test could serve as a determinative

factor. However, with the migrations, modernisation and

contact with other communities, these communities tend to

develop and adopt new traits which may not essentially

match with the traditional characteristics of the tribe. Hence,

the affinity test may not be regarded as a litmus test for

establishing the link of the applicant with a Scheduled Tribe.

It has been held that the claim by a person belonging to the

Scheduled Tribe cannot per se be disregarded on the ground

that his present traits do not match his tribe's peculiar

anthropological and ethnological traits etc. It has been held

8

that though the Affinity Test may be used to corroborate the

documentary evidence, it should not be the sole criteria to

reject the claim.

14. It will further be apposite to refer to the recent judgment

of this Court in the case of Mah. Adiwasi Thakur Jamat

Swarakshan Samiti (supra), wherein this Court observed

thus:-

“25. Now, we come to the controversy regarding the

affinity test. In clause (5) of Paragraph 13 of the

decision in the case of Kumari Madhuri Patil, (1994)

6 SCC 241, it is held that in the case of Scheduled

Tribes, the Vigilance Cell will submit a report as

regards peculiar anthropological and ethnological

traits, deities, rituals, customs, mode of marriage,

death ceremonies, methods of burial of dead bodies

etc. in respect of the particular caste or tribe. Such

particulars ascertained by the Vigilance Cell in

respect of a particular Scheduled Tribe are very

relevant for the conduct of the affinity test. The

Vigilance Cell, while conducting an affinity test,

verifies the knowledge of the applicant about deities

of the community, customs, rituals, mode of

marriage, death ceremonies etc. in respect of that

particular Scheduled Tribe. By its very nature,

such an affinity test can never be conclusive. If the

applicant has stayed in bigger urban areas along

with his family for decades or if his family has

stayed in such urban areas for decades, the

applicant may not have knowledge of the aforesaid

facts. It is true that the Vigilance Cell can also

question the parents of the applicant. But in a

given case, even the parents may be unaware for the

reason that for several years they have been staying

in bigger urban areas. On the other hand, a person

may not belong to the particular tribe, but he may

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have a good knowledge about the aforesaid aspects.

Therefore, Shri Shekhar Naphade, the learned

senior counsel, is right when he submitted that the

affinity test cannot be applied as a litmus test. We

may again note here that question of conduct of the

affinity test arises only in those cases where the

Scrutiny Committee is not satisfied with the

material produced by the applicant.”

15. It could thus clearly be seen that this Court has held

that if the appellant has stayed in bigger urban areas along

with his family for decades or if his family has stayed in such

urban areas for decades, the applicant may not have

knowledge of the aforesaid facts. This Court has, therefore,

held that the Affinity Test cannot be applied as a litmus test.

16. Insofar as the contention with regard to area restriction

is concerned, it could be seen that Mana Tribe is found at

Entry No.18 in the Presidential Order with respect to the

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for the State of

Maharashtra. It could be seen that in the said entries, there

is no area restriction with regard to any of the tribes

mentioned therein. Per contra, in some of the entries,

restriction is imposed with regard to certain districts. As

such, the findings of the High Court with regard to area

restrictions also, in our view, is not sustainable in law. We

find that the order of the Scrutiny Committee as well as of

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the High Court need to be interfered with and quashed and

set aside on this short ground alone.

17. In the result, the appeal is allowed. The order dated

12

th December 2017 passed by the Scrutiny Committee and

the order dated 22

nd December 2018 passed by the High

Court of Bombay are quashed and set aside. It is held and

declared that the appellant belongs to ‘Mana’ Scheduled

Tribe.

18. Needless to state that the validity certificate shall be

issued by the Committee within a period of one month from

today.

19. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.

..............................J.

(B.R. GAVAI)

..............................J.

(J.B. PARDIWALA)

NEW DELHI;

JULY 11, 2023