A RAJNI KUMAR

v.

SURESH KUMAR MALHOTRA AND ANR.

MARCH 28, 2003

B [SYED SHAH MOHAMMED QUADRI AND ASHOK BHAN. JJ.]

Practice and Procedure:

Civil Procedure C'ode,1908: 0.9. Rules II and 13, 0.34 und0.37, R.4:

C Suit for recove1y-Trial Court decreed suit ex-parte-Dismissed application

under Order 37 Rule 4 thereafter holding no spe.:ial circumstances/facts averred

in the app/icationjustifj;ing entitlement of petitioner to defend the suit-Revision

petition dismissed by High Court-On appeal, held, though appellant has

shown sufficient cause for his absence on the date when court passed ex-parte

D decree, he failed to disclose facts which would entitle him to defend the case­

Hence, High Court rightly declined to se1 aside ex-parte decree under 0.37

Rule 4-Since liability does not arise out of commercial transactiom, rate of

interest reduced from 18% to 6% p.a.-Directions issued.

0.37-leave w defend-Procedure--Grant of-Held: Since 0.37 does

E not speak of the procedure while granting leave to defend, the procedure

applicable to suit instituted

in the

ordinaiy manner will apply.

F

G

H

Suits instituted in the

ordinmy manner and suits filed under 0.37. R.4-

Distinction between-Discussed.

Words

&

Phrases:

'Special circumstances '---Meaning of in the can/ext of suit filed under

0.37 C'PC.

Respondent-landlord filed a suit for recovery of certain amount

towards water

and electricity charges due from his tenant-appellant for

the period of tenancy. Civil Court decreed the suit ex-parte. Aggrieved

tenant

filed application under

0.37 Rule 4 to set 11side the ex-parte decree.

Application

was dismissed by the Trial

Co11rt holding that no special

66

RAJNI KUMAR v. SURESH KUMAR MALHOTRA 67

circumstances had been disclosed in the application which would entitle A

him to defend the suit. Revision petition was dismissed by the Hih Court.

Hence the present appeal.

It was contended for the

appellant that in the absence of proof of

service of notice to appellant he was having special reason for non­

appearance; and that since sufficient amount as an advance had already B

been deposited with the respondent, 0.37

CPC was not applicable to the

facts of the case and appellant had good defence to the suit.

Dismissing the appeal, the

Court

HELD: 1.1. The expression 'special circumstances' is not defined in C

the

CPC nor is it capable of any precise definition by •the court because

problems of human beings are so varied and complex. In its ordinary

dictionary meaning it connotes something exceptional in character, extra­

ordinary, significant, uncommon. It is an antonym of common, ordh1ary

and general. It is neither practicable nor advisable to enumerate such D

circumstances. Non-service of summons will undoubtedly be a special

circumstance. (71-D]

1.2. In

an application under

Order 37, Rule 4, the court has to

determine the question, on the facts of each case, as to whether the

circumstances pleaded are so unusual or extra ordinary as to justify E

putting the clock back by setting aside the decree; to grant further relief

in regard to post-decree matters, namely, staying or setting aside the

execution and also in regard to pre decree matters. (71-E]

1.31n considering an application to set aside an ex-parte decree, it F

is necessary to bear in mind the distinction between suits instituted in the

ordinary manner and suits filed under Order 37 CPC. Rule 4 of Order

37 specifically provides for setting aside decree. Therefore, provisions of

Rule 13 of Order 9 will not apply to a suit filed under Order 37. In a suit

filed

in the ordinary manner a defendant has the right to contest the suit

as a

matter of course. Nonetheless, he may be declared ex-pa rte if he does G

not appear in response to summons, or after trial. In an application under

Order 9 Rule 11, if a defendant is set ex parte and that order is set aside,

he would be entitled to

participate in the proceedings from the stage he

was set ex-parte.

But an application under Order 9 Rule 13 could be filed

on any

of the grounds mentioned thereunder only after a decree is passed H

68 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) 3 S.C.R.

A ex parte against defendant. If the court is satisfied that (I) summons was

not duly served, or (2) he was prevented by sufficient cause from appearing

when the suit ~as called for hearing, i1t has to make an order setting aside

the decree against him on such terms as to cost

or payment into court or

otherwise as it thinks fit and thereafter on the day fixed for hearing by

B court, the suit

would proceed as if no ex parte dec:ee had been passed.

But in a suit under Order 37 the procedure for appearance of defendant

is governed by provisions of Rule 3 thereof. In default, the plaintiff

becomes entitled to a decree for the sum mentioned in the summons

together with interest at the rate specified, if any, upto the date of the

decree together with costs.

The

plaintiff will also be entitled to judgment

C in terms of sub-rule (6) of Rule 3. If the defendant enters an appearance,

the plaintiff is required to serve on the defendant a summons for judgment

in the prescribed form. Within the time prescribed, the defendant may

seek leave of the court to defend the suit, which will be i;ranted on

disclosing such facts as may be deemed sufficient to entitle him to defend

D and such leave may be granted to him either unconditionally or on such

terms as

the court may deem fit. Inasmuch as

Order 37 does not speak of

the procedure when leave to defend t.he suit is granted, the procedure

applicable to suits instituted in the ordinary manner, will apply.

(71-F, G, H; 72-A-G]

E 1.4. Power under Rule 4 of Order 37 is not confined to setting aside

the ex

parte decree., it extends to

stayin:~ or setting aside the execution and

giving leave to appear to the summons and to defend the suit. The very

purpose

of

Order 37 is to ensure an e1'peditious hearing and disposal of

the suit filed thereunder. Rule 4 empowers the court to grant leave to the

F defendant to appear to summons and ddend the suit if the Court considers

it reasonable so to do, on such terms as court thinks fit in addition to

setting aside the decree.

It is not enough for the defendant to show

special

G

circumstances which prevented him from appearing or applying for leave

to defend, he has also to show by affidavit· or otherwise, facts which would

entitle him leave to defend the suit. (72-H; 73-A-C]

1.5. In the instant case, though the appellant has shown sufficient

cause for his absence on the

date of passing ex parte decree, he

failed to

disclose facts which would entitle him to defend the case. The respondent

was right in his submission

that in the

application under Rule 4 of Order

H 37, the appellant did not say a word all>out any amount being in deposit

J

l

RAJNI KUMAR v. SURESH KUMAR MALHOTRA (QUADRI, J.] 69

with the respondent or that the suit was not maintainable under Order A

37. The High Court was right in accepting existence of special

circumstance justifying his not seeking leave of the court to defend, but

in declining to grant relief since he had mentioned no circumstances

justifying any defence. Inasmuch as having regard to the provision of

Section 34 C.P.C. and the facts of the case the liability does not arise out B

of a commercial transaction. The grievance of the appellant with regard

to rate of interest is justified. Hence the rate of interest is reduced from

18 per cent to 6 per cent per annum. (73-E, F, GJ

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2538 of2003.

From the Judgment and Order dated 15.10.2001 of the Delhi High

Court

in C.R. No. 138 of

200 I.

A. Sharan, Amit Kumar, Mrs. Madhu Sharan, Samit Ali Khan, Amit

Anand Tiwari and C.D. Singh for the Appellant.

In-person, for Respondent No.

I.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SYED SHAH MOHAMMED QUADRI, J. Leave is granted.

In this appeal, from the Judgment and Order of the High Court of Delhi

in C.R. No.138 of2001 dated October 15, 2001, the short point that arises

for consideration

is : whether the High

Court committed jurisdictional error

c

D

E

in declining to set aside the ex parte decree on the application of the appellant

under Rule 4

of

Order 37, on the ground that he failed to disclose facts F

sufficient to entitle him to defend the suit.

The facts relevant for the disposal

of this appeal may be noted here.

The appellant-tenant had taken on rent residential flat

No.C 4 70, Sarita

Vihar, Ground Floor, New Delhi • 110 004, from the respondent-landlord for

a period

of nine months under an agreement of lease reduced to writing on

November 26, 1993. After the expiry

of the term of tenancy she continued

G

to occupy the said premises as tenant till January 11, 1997. Alleging that the

appellant did not pay the electricity and water consumption charges for the

period starting from November 26, 1993 to January

11, 1997, the respondent H

70 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] 3 S.C.R.

A filed suit No.597 of 1997 in the Court of Senior Civil Judge, Delhi, under

Order

37 of

Code of Civil Procedure (C.P.C.), for recovery of Rs.33,661. On

the ground that on April 21, 1999 sumrP.ons for judgment was sent by

registered post A.O. to the appellant pursuant to the order of the Court dated

April 16, 1999 the Court drew inference of deemed service on him, proceeded

with the case and decreed the suit ex parte on August 12, 1999. The appellant,

B however, filed application under Rule 4 of Order 37 C.P.C. in the trial court

to set aside the ex parte decree. On January 6, 200 I, the application was

dismissed as no special circumstanc:es were stated in the petition both in

regard to there being illegality in deeming service of summons for judgment

on the appellant as well facts sufficient to entitle him to defend the suit.

C Aggrieved by the order of the trial court, the appellant filed revision

C.R.No.138 of 2001 in the High Court, which was also dismissed on October

15, 200 I. That order of the High Court is assailed in appeal before us.

Mr. A. Sharan, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant,

strenuously contended that there

was no proof or record to show that any

D notice by registered post with acknowledgment due was issued to the appellant

by the respondent who had taken the notice from the court but did not file

any proof of issuing the notice to the appellant, therefore, there was special

reason for the appellant not to appear in response to the summons for judgment.

He argued that sufficient amount was deposited with the respondent as advance

E and that

Order 37 C.P.C. was not applicable to the facts of the case, therefore,

the appellant

had good defence to the suit. The trial court as well as the High Court, submitted Mr. Sharan, erred in dismissing the application under Rule

4 of Order 37 C.P.C.

The respondent appeared in-person and argued his case with precision

F and perfection.He submitted that summons for judgment was issued on April

21, 1999 and that the court had rightly drawn presumption of service on the

appellant; that nowhere in her application had the appellant stated anything

about her defence

to the suit and therefore the order under challenge was

rightly passed by the courts below.

G

To appreciate the contentions of

the parties it would be useful to refer

to Rule 4 of Order 37 C.P.C. which is in the following terms :

"Order XXXVll -Summary Procedure

H (I) to (3) xxx xxx xxx

J

RAJNI KUMAR v. SURESH KUMAR MALHOTRA (QUADRI, J.] 71

(4) Power to set aside decree -After decree the Court may, under A

special circumstances, set aside the decree, and if necessary stay or

set aside execution, and may give leave to the defendant lo appear to

the summons and to defend the suit, if it seems reasonable to the

Court so to do, and on such terms as the Court thinks fit."

A careful reading of Rule 4 shows that it empowers, under special B

circumstances, the court which passed an ex parte decree under Order 37 to

set aside the decree and grant one or both of the following reliefs, if it seems

reasonable to the court sq to do and on such terms as the court thinks fit :

(i)

to stay or set aside execution and

(ii) to give leave to the defendant (a) to appear to the summons and

(b) to defend the suit.

The expression 'special circumstances' is not defined in the

C.P.C. nor

c

is it capable of any precise definition by the court because problems of D

human beings are so varied and complex. In its ordinary dictionary meaning

it connotes something exceptional in character, extra-ordinary, significant,

uncommon. It is an antonym of common, ordinary and general. It is neither

practicable

nor advisable to enumerate such circumstances.Non-service of

summons

will undoubtedly be a special circumstance. In an application under E

Order 37, Rule 4, the court has to determine the question, on the facts of each

case, as to whether circumstances pleaded are so unusual or extra ordinary

as to justify putting the clock back by setting aside the decree; to grant

further relief in regard to post-decree matters, namely, staying or setting

aside the execution and also in regard to pre decree matters viz., to give leave

to the defendant to appear to the summons and to defend the suit. F

In considering an application to set aside ex parte decree, it is necessary

to bear in mind the distinction between suits instituted in the ordinary manner

and suits filed 1mder Order 37 C.P.C.Rule 7 of Order 37 says that except as

provided thereunder the procedure in suits under Order 37 shall be the same G

as the procedure in suits instituted in the ordinary manner. Rule 4 of Order

3 7 specifically provides for setting aside decree, therefore, provisions of Rule

13 of Order 9 will not apply to a suit filed under Order 37. In a suit filed in

the ordinary manner a defendant has the right to contest the suit as a matter

of course. Nonetheless, he may be declared ex parte if he does not appear in

response to summons, or after entering appearance before framing issues; or, H

72 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] 3 S.C.R.

A during or after trial. Though addressing arguments is part of trial, one can

loosely say that a defendant who remains absent at the stage of argument, is

declared ex parte after the trial. In an application under Order 9 Rule 11, if

a defendant

is set ex parte and that order is set aside, he would be entitled

to participate in the proceedings from the stage he was set ex parte. But an

B application under

Order 9 Rule 13 could be filed on any of the grounds

mentioned thereunder only after a decree

is passed ex parte against defendant. If the court is satisfied that (I) summons was not duly served, or (2) he was

prevented by sufficient cause from appearing when the suit was called for .

hearing, it has to make an order setting aside the decree against him on such

terms as to cost or payment into court or otherwise as it thinks fit and

C thereafter on the day fixed for hearing by court, the suit would proceed as if

no ex parte decree had been passed. Buit in a suit under Order 3 7 the procedure

for appearance of defendant is governed by provisions of Rule 3 thereof. A

defendant

is not entitled to defend the suit unless he enters appearance within

ten days of servic:e of summons either in person or by a pleader and files in

D court an address for service of notices on him. In default of his entering an

appearance, the plaintiff becomes entitled to a decree for any sum not

exceeding the sum mentioned in the summons together with interest at the

rate specified, if any, upto the date of the decree together with costs. The

plaintiff will also be entitled to judgment in terms of sub-rule (6) of Rule 3.

If the defendant enters an appearance, the plaintiff is required tc serve on the

E defendant a summons for judgment

in the prescribed form. Within ten days

from the service of such summons for judgment, the defendant may seek

leave of the court to defend the suit, which will be granted on disclosing such

facts as may be deemed sufficient to entitle him to defend and such leave

may be granted to him either unconditionally or on such terms as the court

F may deem fit. Normally the coun will not refuse leave unless the court is

satisfied that facts disclosed by the defendant do not indicate substantial

defence or

that defence intended to be put up is frivolous or vexatious.

Where a part of the amount claimed by the plaintiff is admitted by the

defendant to be due from him, no leave to defend the suit can be granted

unless the admitted amount is deposited by him in

Court. Inasmuch as Order

G 37 does not speak of the procedure when leaw to defend the suit is granted,

the procedure applicable to suits instituted in the ordinary manner, will apply.

It is important to note here that the power under Rule 4 of Order 37 is

not confined to setting aside the ex patte decree, it extends to staying or

H s.:tting aside the execution and giving leave to appear to the summons and

)

.....

...

RAJN! KUMAR v. SURESH KUMAR MALHOTRA [QUADRL J.] 73

to defend the suit. We may point out that as the very purpose of Order 37 is A

to ensure an expeditious hearing and disposal of the suit tiled thereunder,

Rule 4 empowers the court to grant leave to the defendant to appear to

summons and defend the suit if the Court considers it reasonable so to do,

on such terms as court thinks fit in addition to setting aside the decree. Where

on an application, more than one among the specified reliefs may be granted B

by the Court all such reliefs must be claimed in one application. It is not

permissible to claim such reliefs in successive petitions as it would be contrary

to the letter and spirit of the provision. That is why where an. application

under Rule 4 of Order 37 is filed to set aside a decree either because the

ddendant did not appear in response to summons and limitation expired, or

having appeared, did not apply for leave to defend the suit in the prescribed C

period, the court is empowered to grant leave to defendant to appear to the

summons and to defend the suit in the same application. It is, therefore, not

enough for the defendant to show special circumstances which prevented him

from appearing or applying for leave to defend, he has also to show by

affidavit or otherwise, facts which would entitle him leave to defend the suit.

D

In this respect, Rule 4 of Order 37 is different from Rule 13 of Order 9.

Now adverti~g to the facts of this case, though appellant has shown

sufficient cause for his absence on the date of passing ex pa11e decree, he

failed to disclose facts which would entitle him to defend the case. The

respondent was right in his submission that in the application under Rule 4 E

of order 37, the appellant did not say a word about any amount being in

deposit with the respondent or that the suit was not maintainable under Order

37. From a perusal of the order under challenge, it appears to us that the High

Court was right in accepting existence of special circumstances justifying his

not seeking leaw of the court to defend, but in declining to grant relief since

he had mentioned no circumstances justifying any defence. F

In this view of the matter, we do not find any illegality much less

jurisdictional error in the order under challenge to warrant interference of this

Court. Inasmuch as having regard to the provisions of Section 34 of the

C.P.C. and the facts of the case that the liability does not arise oui of a G

commercial transaction, we are of the view that the grievance of the appellant

with regard to rate of interest is justified. We, therefore, reduce the rate of

interest from 18 per cent to 6 per cent per annum.

We directed the appellant to deposit the decree amount to serve as

security for the suit amount in the event of this Court granting him leave to H

74 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] 3 S.C.R.

A defend the suit.Since that relief is not granted to him, it will be open to him

to withdraw the said amount or have it adjusted in satisfaction of the decree.

Subject to above modification of the order of the trial court as confirmed by

the High Court the appeal is dismissed.

B

No costs.

S.K.S. Appeals dismissed.