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Saleem Ahmad Vs. State Of Up And 2 Others

  Allahabad High Court Matters Under Article 227 No. - 339 Of
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A.F.R.

Neutral Citation No. ­ 2024:AHC:89128

Court No. ­ 80

Case :­ MATTERS UNDER ARTICLE 227 No. ­ 339 of 2024

Petitioner :­ Saleem Ahmad

Respondent :­ State Of Up And 2 Others

Counsel for Petitioner :­ Sanjay Kumar Verma

Counsel for Respondent :­ G.A.,Kuldeep Singh Parmar

Hon'ble Dr. Yogendra Kumar Srivastava,J.

1. Heard Sri Sanjay Kumar Verma, learned counsel for the

petitioner, Sri Pankaj Saxena, learned AGA­I for the State

respondents and Sri Kuldeep Singh Parmar, learned counsel

for respondent no. 2.

2. The present petition has been filed seeking to assail the

order   dated   18.08.2022   passed   by   Judicial   Magistrate,

Ghatampur,   Kanpur   Dehat   in   Case   No.   474   of   2019

(Mashroof Raza alias Sonu Khatoon Vs. Waseem Ahmad

and others), under Section 12 of Protection of Women from

Domestic Violence Act, 2005

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, and the subsequent order

dated 03.10.2023 passed by the Additional Sessions Judge,

Court No. 1, Kanpur Dehat in Criminal Revision No. 76 of

2022   (Saleem   Ahmad   vs.   State   of   U.P.   and   another),

whereby the earlier order has been affirmed.

3. The facts of the case as reflected from the pleadings in

the petition indicate that an application dated 21.12.2019

was moved by the respondent no. 3 seeking an amendment

in   the   relief   clause   of   an   earlier   application   dated

1D.V. Act

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03.08.2019 which had been filed under Section 12 of the

D.V.   Act.  The   application   seeking   amendment   sought

deletion of a part of the relief clause, stating that due to an

inadvertent   typographical   error,   maintenance   had   been

sought for 'the minor son', whereas the applicant did not

have any minor son.

4. The petitioner herein, who is the father of the husband

of the respondent no. 3 (applicant in D.V. Case), raised

objections to the amendment application by contending

that no such amendment was permissible in a criminal

proceeding.

5.  Learned Magistrate passed an order dated 18.08.2022

allowing   the   application   dated   21.02.2019   seeking

amendment, and observing that the said application be

read along with the main application, fixed a date for

passing of further order.

6.  Aggrieved against the aforesaid order, the petitioner

preferred a revision, which has been rejected by an order

dated 03.10.2023, wherein the revisional court has held

that   proceedings   under   the   D.V.   Act   are  quasi  civil  in

nature, and accordingly, amendments to pleadings were

permissible.

7.  The order passed by the learned Magistrate on the

amendment   application   and   the   subsequent   revisional

order, are sought to be assailed by means of the present

petition.

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8.  Learned   counsel   for   the   petitioner   has   sought   to

challenge the orders passed by the learned Magistrate and

the revisional court by referring to the factual aspects of the

case and the defence which is to be set up on behalf of the

petitioner to contest the proceedings.

9. Learned AGA­I appearing for the State respondents and

also the counsel appearing for the respondent no. 3 have

supported the orders passed by the learned Magistrate and

also the revisional court by submitting that proceedings

under D.V. Act are essentially of a civil nature and in a

situation   where   amendment   is   necessary,   the   Court

concerned would have power to allow such amendments.

10.  It is submitted that the amendment sought in the

present case was to correct an inadvertent typographical

error, and the objections which were sought to be raised by

the petitioner herein were solely with a view to delay the

proceedings,   and   the   said   objections   have   been   rightly

turned down by the learned Magistrate.

11. The question which, thus, falls for consideration in the

present case is with regard to the extent of the powers of

amendment of pleadings exerciseable in proceedings under

the D.V. Act.

12. The proceedings under the D.V. Act, in the instant case,

were   initiated   pursuant   to   an   application   filed   under

Section 12 wherein the reliefs sought are referable to the

provisions under Sections 18, 19, 20 and 22 of the said Act.

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13. The genesis of the D.V. Act is traceable to the General

Recommendation   No.   XII   (1989)   made   by   the   United

Nations Committee on Convention of Elimination of all

Forms   of   Discrimination   against   Women   (CEDAW),   in

terms of which it was recommended that the State parties,

should act to protect women against violence of any kind

especially, that occurring within the family. The Vienna

Accord of 1994 and the Beijing Declaration and Platform

for Action (1995), acknowledged that domestic violence

was   a   human   rights   issue   and   a   serious   deterrent   to

development.

14. The Protection from Domestic Violence Bill, 2002 upon

being tabled in the Lok Sabha was referred to a Standing

Committee   of   the   Ministry   of   Human   Resource

Development in the Rajya Sabha. The Committee submitted

its 124th Report on the Bill (2002), wherein it was stated

that the proposed legislation was aimed at “providing a

remedy under the civil law which is intended to preserve

the family and at the same time provide protection to

victims of domestic violence.”

15. The object of the Act was to bridge the gap between the

existing procedures in civil and criminal law by providing a

civil remedy for a complaint of domestic violence without

disrupting the harmony in the family. This is also clear from

the   following   extract   from   the   Report   of   the   Standing

Committee:

“ ...the existing civil, personal or criminal laws leave certain gaps in

addressing the issue of Domestic Violence. Under criminal law, if a

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husband perpetrates violence on his wife, she may file a complaint

under Section­498 A of IPC. Similarly, under the civil law, if there is

disharmony   in   a   family   and   the   husband   and   wife   cannot   live

together, any one of them may file a suit for separation followed by

divorce. However, the present Bill addresses such situation where

there is some disharmony in the family but the situation has not yet

reached a stage where either separation or divorce proceeding has

become inevitable and the aggrieved woman also for some reasons

does   not   want   to   initiate   criminal   proceedings   against   her

perpetrator. Therefore, the Bill seeks to give the aggrieved woman an

alternative avenue whereby she can insulate herself from violence

without being deprived of the basic necessities of life and without

disintegrating her family.”

16. The D.V. Act was enacted as a law (Act 43 of 2006)

with the purpose of providing a remedy in civil law for the

protection   of   women   from   being   victims   of   domestic

violence and to protect the occurrence of domestic violence

in society. The enactment of law was made keeping in view

the rights guaranteed under Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the

Constitution and to provide for a remedy in the civil law

which is intended to protect the women from being victims

of  domestic  violence  and  to prevent  the  occurrence  of

domestic violence in the society. The scheme of the Act

envisages that the order to be passed by the Magistrate, and

a complaint by the aggrieved person, would be of a civil

nature, and if the said order is violated, it would assume

the character of criminality. The legislative intent of the

enactment, is reflected in the statement of objects and

reasons of the Act, which reads as follows:

“STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS”

Domestic violence is undoubtedly a human Right issue and serious

deterrent to development. The Vienna Accord of 1994 and the Beijing

Declaration and the Platform for Action (1995) have acknowledged

this. The United Nations Committee on Convention on Elimination of

All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in its General

6

Recommendation NO. XII (1989) has recommended that State parties

should act to protect women against violence of any kind especially

the occurring within the family.

2. The phenomenon of domestic violence is widely prevalent but has

remained largely invisible in the public domain. Presently, where a

woman is subjected to cruelty by her husband or his relatives, it is an

offence under section 498A of the Indian Penal Code. The civil law

does not however address this phenomenon in its entirety.

3. It is, therefore, proposed to enact a law keeping in view the rights

guaranteed under articles 14,15 and 21 of the Constitution to provide

for a remedy under the civil law which is intended to protect the

woman from being victims of domestic violence and to prevent the

occurrence of domestic violence in the society.

4. The Bill, inter alia, seeks to provide for the following:­

(i) It covers those women who are or have been in a relationship with

the   abuser   where   both   parties   have   lived   together   in   a   shared

household and are related by consanguinity, marriage or through a

relationship   in   the   nature   of   marriage   or   adoption.   In   addition,

relationships with family members living together as a joint family

are   also   included.   Even   those   women   who   are   sisters,   widows,

mothers, single women, or living with the abuser are entitled to legal

protection under the proposed legislation. However, whereas the Bill

enables the wife or the female living in a relationship in the nature of

marriage to file a complaint under the proposed enactment against

any relative of the husband or the male partner, it does not enable

any female relative of the husband or the male partner to file a

complaint against the wife or the female partner.

(ii) It defines the expression "domestic violence" to include actual

abuse or threat or abuse that is physical, sexual, verbal, emotional or

economic. Harassment by way of unlawful dowry demands to the

woman or her relatives would also be covered under this definition.

(iii) It provides for the rights of women to secure housing. It also

provides for the right of a woman to reside in her matrimonial home

or shared household, whether or not she has any title or rights in

such home or household. This right is secured by a residence order,

which is passed by the Magistrate.

(iv) It empowers the Magistrate to pass protection orders in favour of

the   aggrieved   person   to   prevent   the   respondent   from   aiding   or

committing an act of domestic violence or any other specified act,

entering a workplace or any other place frequented by the aggrieved

person, attempting the communicate with her, isolating any assets

used   by   both   the   parties   and   causing   violence   to   the   aggrieved

person, her relatives or others who provide her assistance from the

domestic violence.

(v) It provides for appointment of Protection Officers and registration

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of non­governmental organisations as service providers for providing

assistance   to   the   aggrieved   person   with   respect   to   her   medical

examination, obtaining legal aid, safe shelter, etc."

17. An 'aggrieved person' is defined under Section 2(a) of

the D.V. Act to mean any woman who is, or has been, in a

domestic relationship with the respondent and who alleges

to have been subjected to any Act of domestic violence by

the respondent. It is noticeable that the grievance of the

'aggrieved person' under the D.V. Act, is to be considered

against a 'respondent' as defined under Section 2(q) of the

Act. The grievances which may be raised and the reliefs

that may be sought under the D.V. Act, are not to be in the

nature of a formal accusation as in a criminal case, and the

person against whom the relief is sought, is therefore not

referred to as an accused.

18.  The   procedure   for   obtaining   orders   of   reliefs   are

provided under Chapter IX of the D.V. Act, and in terms

thereof   the   various   reliefs   that   can   be   granted   are   as

follows:   (i)   protection   orders   under   Section   18;   (ii)

residence order under Section 19; (iii) monetary reliefs

under Section 20; (iv) custody orders under Section 21;

and (v) compensation orders under Section 22.

19. Amongst the various reliefs that may be claimed under

the D.V. Act, it is only the breach of a protection order, or

of an interim protection order by the respondent, that is

held to be an offence in terms of Section 31 with a penalty

specified, and in terms of Section 32, the said offence is

cognizable and non­bailable.

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20.  The proceedings before a magistrate, which are to

commence with filing of an application under Section 12,

seeking various kinds of reliefs, provided for, under Chapter

IX, are essentially of a civil nature, and it is only upon

breach of a protection order, or of an interim protection

order,   that   the   said   proceedings   get   transformed   into

criminal proceedings.

21.  The   breach   of   protection   order   or   of   an   interim

protection order, is held to be an offence under Section

31(1), and Section 31(2) uses the expression 'accused' only

when an offence i.e., a breach of a protection order or of an

interim protection order is alleged to have been committed.

22. It would be seen that criminality under Section 31 is

attached only to breach of a protection order under Section

18, or of an interim protection order under Section 23

order, or under Section 33 for failure of a Protection Officer

to discharge his duties without sufficient cause.

23. The question as to whether the reliefs envisaged under

Chapter  IX   of  the  D.V.  Act  are   of   a  civil  nature,  was

examined in  Kunapareddy Alias Nookala Shanka Balaji

Vs. Kunapareddy Swarna Kumari and Another

2

, wherein

after considering the purpose of the enactment and its

scheme, it was held that the order that is to be passed by

the Magistrate on a complaint by the aggrieved person,

would be of a civil nature, and it is only when the said

order   is   violated   that   it   assumes   the   character   of

2(2016) 11 SCC 774

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criminality. The observations made in the judgment, in this

regard, are as follows:

“12. In fact, the very purpose of enacting the DV Act was to provide for a

remedy which is an amalgamation of civil rights of the complainant i.e.

aggrieved person. Intention was to protect women against violence of any

kind, especially that occurring within the family as the civil law does not

address this phenomenon in its entirety. It is treated as an offence under

Section 498-A of the Penal Code, 1860. The purpose of enacting the law

was to provide a remedy in the civil law for the protection of women from

being victims of domestic violence and to prevent the occurrence of

domestic violence in the society. It is for this reason, that the scheme of the

Act provides that in the first instance, the order that would be passed by the

Magistrate, on a complaint by the aggrieved person, would be of a civil

nature and if the said order is violated, it assumes the character of

criminality.....

…...

13. Procedure for obtaining order of reliefs is stipulated in Chapter IV of the

DV Act which comprises Sections 12 to 29. Under Section 12 an

application can be made to the Magistrate by the aggrieved person or

Protection Officer or any other person on behalf of the aggrieved person.

The Magistrate is empowered, under Section 18, to pass protection order.

Section 19 of the DV Act authorises the Magistrate to pass residence order

which may include restraining the respondent from dispossessing or

disturbing the possession of the aggrieved person or directing the

respondent to remove himself from the shared household or even restraining

the respondent or his relatives from entering the portion of the shared

household in which the aggrieved person resides, etc. Monetary reliefs

which can be granted by the Magistrate under Section 20 of the DV Act

includes giving of the relief in respect of the loss of earnings, the medical

expenses, the loss caused due to destruction, damage or removal of any

property from the control of the aggrieved person and the maintenance for

the aggrieved person as well as her children, if any. Custody can be decided

by the Magistrate which was granted under Section 21 of the DV Act.

Section 22 empowers the Magistrate to grant compensation and damages

for the injuries, including mental torture and emotional distress, caused by

the domestic violence committed by the appellant. All the aforesaid reliefs

that can be granted by the Magistrate are of civil nature. Section 23 vests

the Magistrate with the power to grant interim ex parte orders. It is, thus,

clear that various kinds of reliefs which can be obtained by the aggrieved

person are of civil nature. At the same time, when there is a breach of such

orders passed by the Magistrate, Section 31 terms such a breach to be a

punishable offence.”

24.  The   procedure   to   be   followed   by   the   court   in

'proceedings'   under   the   D.V.   Act,   is   prescribed   under

Section 28 of the Act. Sub­section (1) of Section 28, while

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drawing a distinction between 'proceedings' under Sections

12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23, and 'offences' under Section

31,   states   that   that   they   would   be   governed   by   the

provisions of the Cr.P.C. For ease of reference, Section 28

of the D.V. Act is being extracted below:

“Procedure.­­(1)   Save   as   otherwise   provided   in   this   Act,   all

proceedings   under   sections   12,   18,   19,   20,   21,   22   and   23   and

offences under section 31 shall be governed by the provisions of the

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. (2 of 1974).

(2) Nothing in sub­section (1) shall prevent the court from laying

down its own procedure for disposal of an application under section

12 or under sub­section (2) of section 23.”

25. It is noticeable that Section 28(1) commences with the

expression “save as otherwise provided by this Act”, the

effect of which would be to exclude the application of the

Code in areas where the procedure has been expressly

provided under the D.V. Act or under the Protection of

Women from the Domestic Violence Rules, 2006

3

.

26. It is further noticeable that Section 28(2) begins with a

non obstante clause which empowers the court to lay down

its own procedure for disposal of an application under

Section 12 or under Section 23(2).

27. The aforesaid may be seen as exceptions to the general

rule with regard to the applicability of the provisions of the

Cr.P.C. to proceedings under the D.V. Act.

28.  The   'Statement   of   Objects   and   Reasons'   of   the

enactment   is   clearly  indicative   that   the   legislature   was

conscious that in a situation where a woman is subjected to

3D.V. Rules

11

cruelty by her husband or her relatives, it would be an

offence under Section 498 A of I.P.C.; however, the civil

law does not address the phenomena in its entirety. The

legislation, was, accordingly, brought in place, keeping in

view the rights guaranteed under Articles 14, 15 and 16 of

the Constitution and to provide for a remedy under the civil

law intended to protect a woman from being victim of

domestic   violence   and   to   prevent   the   occurrence   of

domestic violence in society.

29. The procedure set out under the D.V. Act and the D.V.

Rules, is sufficiently indicative of a conscious deviation

from the manner in which a criminal court proceeds to take

cognizance, issue process and try the accused under the

provisions of the Cr.P.C. It is only in case of a breach of a

protection order or of an interim protection order, passed

under the provisions of the D.V. Act, that an element of

criminality is sought to be attached. At the stage of the

proceedings related to an application under Section 12, the

applicability   of   the   Cr.P.C.,   would   be   seen   to   be

circumscribed by the provisions under Section 28 of the

D.V. Act.

30. The question as to whether a proceeding is civil or not,

was examined in  State of Uttar Pradesh Vs. Mukhtar

Singh

4

 and it was stated thus:

“Whether a proceeding is civil or not depends, in my opinion, on the nature

of the subject-matter of the proceeding and its object, and not on the mode

adopted or the forum provided for the enforcement of the right. The

expression “civil rights” in a broad sense comprises the entire bundle of

4AIR 1957 All 505

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private rights that a human being or any person recognises by law as a

juristic entity might, as such, possess under law and for the recognition,

declaration or enforcement of which law makes a provision.”

31. The test to be applied for examining the character of a

proceeding before a Court or authority, and the distinction

between a 'civil proceeding' and a 'criminal proceeding',

was formulated by a Constitution Bench of the Supreme

Court in SAL Narayan Row Vs. Ishwarlal Bhagwandas

5

,

and it was held as follows:

“8. ......The expression “civil proceeding” is not defined in the Constitution,

nor in the General Clauses Act. The expression in our judgment covers all

proceedings in which a party asserts the existence of a civil right conferred

by the civil law or by statute, and claims relief for breach thereof. A

criminal proceeding on the other hand is ordinarily one in which if carried

to its conclusion it may result in the imposition of sentences such as death,

imprisonment, fine or forfeiture of property. It also includes proceedings in

which in the larger interest of the State, orders to prevent apprehended

breach of the peace, orders to bind down persons who are a danger to the

maintenance of peace and order, or orders aimed at preventing vagrancy are

contemplated to be passed.

“......The character of the proceeding, in our judgment, depends not upon the

nature of the tribunal which is invested with authority to grant relief, but

upon the nature of the right violated and the appropriate relief which may be

claimed. A civil proceeding is therefore one in which a person seeks to

enforce by appropriate, relief the alleged infringement of his civil rights

against another person or the State, and which if the claim is proved would

result in the declaration express or implied of the right claimed and relief

such as payment of debt, damages, compensation, delivery of specific

property, enforcement of personal rights, determination of status etc.”

32.  The   distinction   between   a   'civil   proceeding'   and   a

'criminal proceeding', and the test to be applied for the

purpose was reiterated in Ram Kishan Fauji Vs. State of

Haryana and Others

6

. It was observed as follows:

31. “...... As far as criminal proceeding is concerned, it clearly stipulates that

a criminal proceeding is ordinarily one which, if carried to its conclusion,

may result in imposition of (i) sentence, and (ii) it can take within its ambit

the larger interest of the State, orders to prevent apprehended breach of

5AIR 1965 SC 1818

6(2017) 5 SCC 533

13

peace and orders to bind down persons who are a danger to the maintenance

of peace and order. The Court has ruled that the character of the proceeding

does not depend upon the nature of the tribunal which is invested with the

authority to grant relief but upon the nature of the right violated and the

appropriate relief which may be claimed.”

33. The question as to whether the nature of proceedings

under the various provisions of the D.V. Act, would be of a

civil or criminal nature, was clarified in Kunapareddy Alias

Nookala Shanka Balaji Vs. Kunapareddy Swarna Kumari

and   Another, wherein   referring   to   Section   28,   it   was

observed that in respect of a petition filed under Sections

18 and 20, though proceedings are to be governed by the

Cr.P.C.,   such   proceedings,   undisputedly;   would   be

predominantly of a civil nature. It was also observed that

all the reliefs stipulated under Chapter IV of the D.V. Act,

which comprises Sections 12 to 29 and can be granted by a

Magistrate, are of a civil nature. The observations made in

the judgment, are as follows:

“12. In fact, the very purpose of enacting the DV Act was to provide

for   a  remedy   which   is   an   amalgamation   of   civil   rights   of   the

complainant i.e. aggrieved person. Intention was to protect women

against violence of any kind, especially that occurring within the

family as  the civil  law  does not  address  this phenomenon in its

entirety. It is treated as an offence under Section 498­A of the Penal

Code,   1860.   The   purpose   of   enacting   the   law   was   to   provide   a

remedy in the civil law for the protection of women from being

victims   of   domestic   violence   and   to   prevent   the   occurrence   of

domestic violence in the society. It is for this reason, that the scheme

of the Act provides that in the first instance, the order that would be

passed by the Magistrate, on a complaint by the aggrieved person,

would be of a civil nature and if the said order is violated, it assumes

the character of criminality.......”

13. Procedure for obtaining order of reliefs is stipulated in Chapter IV

of the DV Act which comprises Sections 12 to 29. Under Section 12

an application can be made to the Magistrate by the aggrieved person

or Protection Officer or any other person on behalf of the aggrieved

person. The Magistrate is empowered, under Section 18, to pass

protection order. Section 19 of the DV Act authorises the Magistrate

14

to pass residence order which may include restraining the respondent

from   dispossessing   or   disturbing   the   possession   of   the   aggrieved

person or directing the respondent to remove himself from the shared

household or even restraining the respondent or his relatives from

entering the portion of the shared household in which the aggrieved

person resides, etc. Monetary reliefs which can be granted by the

Magistrate under Section 20 of the DV Act includes giving of the

relief in respect of the loss of earnings, the medical expenses, the loss

caused due to destruction, damage or removal of any property from

the control of the aggrieved person and the maintenance for the

aggrieved person as well as her children, if any. Custody can be

decided by the Magistrate which was granted under Section 21 of the

DV Act. Section 22 empowers the Magistrate to grant compensation

and damages for the injuries, including mental torture and emotional

distress, caused by the domestic violence committed by the appellant.

All the aforesaid reliefs that can be granted by the Magistrate are of

civil nature. Section 23 vests the Magistrate with the power to grant

interim ex parte orders. It is, thus, clear that various kinds of reliefs

which can be obtained by the aggrieved person are of civil nature. At

the same time, when there is a breach of such orders passed by the

Magistrate,   Section   31   terms   such   a   breach   to   be   a   punishable

offence.

14. In the aforesaid scenario, merely because Section 28 of the DV

Act provides for that the proceedings under some of the provisions

including Sections 18 and 20 are essentially of civil nature.…...

34.  The   nature   of   proceedings   instituted   upon   an

application under Section 12 of the D.V. Act, and whether

the filing of such application can be equated to lodging of a

complaint or initiation of prosecution, was examined in a

recent decision in Kamatchi Vs. Lakshmi Narayanan

7

 and

clarifying   the   law   on  the  subject   it  was  held   that  the

Magistrate after hearing the parties and considering the

material on record, may pass an appropriate order under

Section 12, and only thereafter, the breach of such order

would constitute an offence as provided under Section 31;

at   the   time   when   the   application   under   Section   12   is

preferred, no offence is committed as per the terms of the

7(2022) 15 SCC 50

15

provisions of the D.V. Act.

35.  There is a marked distinction between a 'complaint'

contemplated under the D.V. Act and the D.V. Rules, and a

'complaint' under the Cr.P.C.. A complaint under Rule 2(b)

of the D.V. Rules, has been defined as an allegation made

orally or in writing by any person to a Protection Officer,

whereas a complaint under Section 2(d) Cr.P.C. is any

allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate with a

view   to   taking   action   under   Cr.P.C.   that   some   person

whether known or known has committed an offence. The

Magistrate dealing with an application under Section 12 is

not called upon to take action for the commission of an

offence; hence what is contemplated is not a complaint but

an application to a Magistrate as set out in Rule 6(1) of the

D.V. Rules. The filing of an application under Section 12 of

the D.V. Act, can, therefore, not be equated to the lodging

of complaint or initiation of prosecution as contemplated

under the provisions of the Cr.P.C.

36. The question as to whether an amendment would be

permissible in a criminal complaint or a petition filed under

the provisions of Cr.P.C., was examined in S.R. Sukumar

Vs. S. Sunaad Raghuram

8

, and laying down principles for

the purpose it was held that although there was no specific

provision   in   the   Cr.P.C.   to   permit   amendment   of   a

complaint or a petition, if the amendment sought to be

made related to a simple infirmity, which was curable by

means   of   a   formal   amendment   and   by   allowing   such

8 (2015) 9 SCC 609

16

amendment no prejudice would be caused to other side, the

court may permit such amendment to be made. Referring

to and earlier decision in U.P. Pollution Control Board v.

Modi Distillery

9

 it was observed as follows:

“18.  Insofar   as   merits   of   the   contention   regarding   allowing   of

amendment   application   is   concerned,   it   is   true   that   there   is   no

specific provision in the Code to amend either a complaint or a

petition filed under the provisions of the Code, but the courts have

held that the petitions seeking such amendment to correct curable

infirmities can be allowed even in respect of complaints. In  U.P.

Pollution Control Board  v.  Modi Distillery  wherein the name of the

company was wrongly mentioned in the complaint, that is, instead of

Modi Industries Ltd. the name of the company was mentioned as

Modi Distillery and the name was sought to be amended. In such

factual background, this Court has held as follows:

“6. …The learned Single Judge has focussed his attention only

on   the   technical   flaw   in   the   complaint   and   has   failed   to

comprehend that the flaw had occurred due to the recalcitrant

attitude of Modi Distillery and furthermore the infirmity is one

which could be easily removed by having the matter remitted

to the Chief Judicial Magistrate with a direction to call upon

the   appellant   to   make   the   formal   amendments   to   the

averments contained in Para 2 of the complaint so as to make

the controlling company of the industrial unit figure as the

accused concerned in the complaint. All that has to be done is

the making of a formal application for amendment by the

appellant for leave to amend by substituting the name of Modi

Industries Limited, the company owning the industrial unit, in

place of Modi Distillery. … Furthermore, the legal infirmity is

of such a nature which could be easily cured.”

19. What is discernible from U.P. Pollution Control Board case is that

an easily curable legal infirmity could be cured by means of a formal

application for amendment. If the amendment sought to be made

relates to a simple infirmity which is curable by means of a formal

amendment and by allowing such amendment, no prejudice could be

caused to the other side, notwithstanding the fact that there is no

enabling provision in the Code for entertaining such amendment, the

court may permit such an amendment to be made. On the contrary, if

the amendment sought to be made in the complaint does not relate

either to a curable infirmity or the same cannot be corrected by a

formal amendment or if there is likelihood of prejudice to the other

side, then the court shall not allow such amendment in the complaint.

9 (1987) 3 SCC 684

17

20. In the instant case, the amendment application was filed on 24­5­

2007 to carry out the amendment by adding Paras 11(a) and 11(b).

Though, the proposed amendment was not a formal amendment, but

a substantial one, the Magistrate allowed the amendment application

mainly on the ground that no cognizance was taken of the complaint

before the disposal of amendment application. Firstly, the Magistrate

was yet to apply the judicial mind to the contents of the complaint

and   had   not   taken   cognizance   of   the   matter.   Secondly,   since

summons was yet to be ordered to be issued to the accused, no

prejudice would be caused to the accused. Thirdly, the amendment

did not change the original nature of the complaint being one for

defamation. Fourthly, the publication of poem Khalnayakaru being in

the nature of subsequent event created a new cause of action in

favour of the respondent which could have been prosecuted by the

respondent by filing a separate complaint and therefore, to avoid

multiplicity of proceedings, the trial court allowed the amendment

application. Considering these factors which weighed in the mind of

the courts below, in our view, the High Court rightly declined to

interfere   with   the   order   passed   by   the   Magistrate   allowing   the

amendment application and the impugned order does not suffer from

any   serious   infirmity   warranting   interference   in   exercise   of

jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution.”

37.  The aforesaid authorities lead to the conclusion that

even in criminal cases governed by the Cr.P.C., the court is

not powerless and may allow amendment in appropriate

cases, which may be in situations where an amendment

seeks to introduce facts based on subsequent events, or to

avoid multiplicity of the proceedings. An amendment may

also be permissible if it relates to a simple infirmity which is

curable by means of a formal amendment and in allowing

such amendment no prejudice is likely to be caused to the

other side.

38. There would, thus, be no complete or absolute bar in

seeking  amendment  even in complaints  before criminal

courts which are governed by Cr.P.C., although the power

to allow such amendment would have to be exercised with

due caution and sparingly, in appropriate circumstances.

18

39.  The question as to whether a court dealing with an

application filed under the D.V. Act has the power to allow

amendments to the application originally filed, was also

examined   in   the  Kunapareddy   (supra)  case   and   after

considering the provision contained under sub­section (2)

of Section 28, which empowers the court to lay down its

procedure for disposal of an application filed under Section

12 or under Section 23, it was held that the court is not

powerless in this regard and may allow amendments in

appropriate cases. This would be in situations where the

amendment becomes necessary, in view of the subsequent

events or to avoid multiplicity of litigation. It was observed

as follows:

“16. ….It cannot be said that the court dealing with the application

under the DV Act has no power and/or jurisdiction to allow the

amendment   of   the   said   application.   If   the   amendment   becomes

necessary in view of subsequent events (escalation of prices in the

instant case) or to avoid multiplicity of litigation, court will have the

power to permit such an amendment. It is said that procedure is the

handmaid of justice and is to come to the aid of the justice rather

than defeating it. It is nobody's case that Respondent 1 was not

entitled to file another application claiming the reliefs which she

sought to include in the pending application by way of amendment. If

that be so, we see no reason, why the applicant be not allowed to

incorporate this amendment in the pending application rather than

filing a separate application.....

17. What we are emphasising is that even in criminal cases governed

by the Code, the Court is not powerless and may allow amendment in

appropriate   cases.   One   of   the   circumstances   where   such   an

amendment   is   to   be   allowed   is   to   avoid   the   multiplicity   of   the

proceedings. The argument of the learned counsel for the appellant,

therefore, that there is no power of amendment has to be negated.

18. In this context, provisions of Sub­Section(2) of Section 28 of the

DV Act gain significance. Whereas proceedings under certain sections

of the DV Act as specified in sub­Section (1) of Section 28 are to be

governed by the Code, the Legislature at the same time incorporated

the provisions like sub­Section(2) as well which empowers the Court

to lay down its own procedure for disposal of the application under

19

Section 12 or Section 23(2) of the DV Act. This provision has been

incorporated by the Legislature keeping a definite purpose in mind.

Under Section 12, an application can be made to a Magistrate by an

aggrieved  person or a Protection Officer or any other person on

behalf of the aggrieved person to claim one or more reliefs under the

said Act. Section 23 deals with the power of the Magistrate to grant

interim and ex­parte orders and sub­Section (2) of Section 23 is a

special provision carved out in this behalf which is as follows:

“23. (2).If the Magistrate is satisfied that an application prima

facie   discloses   that   the   respondent   is   committing,   or   has

committed   an   act   of   domestic   violence   or   that   there   is   a

likelihood that the respondent may commit an act of domestic

violence, he may grant an ex parte order on the basis of the

affidavit in such form, as may be prescribed, of the aggrieved

person under section 18, section 19. section 20, section 21 or,

as the case may be, section 22 against the respondent.”

19. The reliefs that can be granted by the final order or by an

interim order, have already been pointed out above wherein it

is noticed that most of these reliefs are of civil nature. If the

power to amend the complaint/application, etc. is not read

into the aforesaid provision, the very purpose which the Act

attempts to subserve itself may be defeated in many cases.”

40. The proceedings before the Magistrate relating to reliefs

claimed under Chapter IV of the D.V. Act, having been held

essentially to be of a civil nature, the power to amend the

complaint/application would have to be read in relevant

statutory provisions, as a necessary concomitant.

41. Having regard to the aforesaid, the contention sought

to be raised on behalf of the petitioner that the Magistrate

before whom the application under Section 12 of the D.V.

Act, was pending, did not have the jurisdiction or the

power to allow the application seeking amendment in the

relief clause of the original application, cannot be legally

sustained.

42.  The order passed by the learned Magistrate allowing

the amendment application, and the subsequent order of

20

affirmation by the revisional court, cannot be said to suffer

from any illegality, which may warrant interference by this

Court, in exercise of its supervisory power, under Article

227 of the Constitution.

43. The petition thus fails and is accordingly dismissed.

Order Date :­ 14.5.2024

Arun K. Singh

[Dr. Y.K. Srivastava, J.]

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