•

•

~

SAMPURAN SINGH AND ORS. A

v.

NIRANJAN KAUR AND ORS.

FEBRUARY 23, 1999

(A.P. MISRA AND N. SANTOSH HEGDE, JJ.] B

""

~ Limitatio11 Act, 1963 :

Article 61 (a }-Oral mortgage--Redemptio11 orlmmovable property

morlgaged for Rs. 53 i11 1893 before exte11sio11 of S. 59 of Tra11sfer of Property

c

Act, which required registratio11 of a mortgage, to State of Pu11jab-Held :

Such mortgage is valid a11d legally e11f orceable-As there is 110 restrictio11 in

the mortgage deed, right to redeem accrues from the very date of execution of

valid mortgage-Therefore, limitatio11 for fili11g suit expired i11 195:r-Hence,

suit filed in 1980 is time-ba1Ted-Tra11sfer of Property Act, 1872, S. 59.

D ,.

Sectio11 18-Applicability-Liability-Ack11owledgement of-Held : For

limitatio11 to revive afresh, the acknowledgement must be during subsiste11ce

of period of limitation.

Redemption of Mortgages (Punjab) Act, 1913.

E

Mortgage-Redemption of-Period of limitation-Applicability of

Act-Held : Act has no co-relation with period of limitation in case of

redemptio11 of niortgages-Hence, not applicable to redemptio11 of mortgages.

One R and others originally mortgaged the suit land for Rs. 53 by

A-

an oral mortgage in favour of B and others in March 1983 in the State of F

> Punjab Prior to the extension of Section 59 of the Transfer of Property Act,

1872, which required registration of a mortgage. Mutation was sanctioned.

The appellants had purchased the suit land in· the year

1959 from the

original mortgagors

by execution of registered sale deeds. Subsequently,

on

11.1.1960 the mortgages sold their mortgagee rights byway of registered

G

sale deed to the respondents.

.~ The appellants filed a suit in 1980 for possession by way of redemp-

... lion of the suit land. The respondents contended that 'the suit was barred

by limitation. According to the appellants till 1960-61 it were the

mortgagors

who remained in possession of the suit land and were getting H

841

842 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1999] 1 S.C.R.

A the same cultivated though their tenants. The appellants further con­

tended that since in the year 1960 the respondents had acknowledged the

existence of the original mortgage, a fresh period of limitation for redemp­

tion of the mortgage in question had begun to run from 11.1.1960. The

Trial Court decreed the suit

on the ground that a fresh period of limitation

B under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963 started from

11.1.1960. The

first Appellate Court set aside this judgment. The High Court dismissed

the second appeal. Hence this Appeal.

On behalf of the appellants it was contended that in an oral

mortgage till the Redemption of Mortgages (Punjab) Act, 1913 came into

C force, there was no period of limitation and the right for redemption

accrued only after this

Act came into force, and so limitation could not

start before the date when this Act came into force and thus as in the

present case neither mortgagors offered to pay the mortgage amount nor

mortgagees communicated

that the mortgage amount had been paid,

therefore, right to redeem mortgage had not accrued;

and that right to

D redeem under Article 6l(a) of

Part V of the Schedule to the Limitation Act,

1963 only accrued when either the mortgagors tendered the amount of

mortgage ur the mortgagees communicated satisfaction of the mortgage

amount through the usufruct from the land.

E Dismissing the appeal, this Court

HELD : 1. The oral mortgage was executed in March 1893 in the State of Punjab, prior to the extension of the provisions of Section 59 of

the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, ~hich requires registration of a

mortgage.' ·Therefore, the transaction was valid and legally enforceable.

F Further, the suit land was mortgaged with possession for Rs. 53 i.e. less

than Rs. 100. So the mortgage could have been effected either by a

registered instrument

or by delivery of possession of the land in

ques­

tion. Hence, a valid mortgage came into existence on the very day of its

execution. [846-D;

845-H; 846-A]

G

Sri Chand v. Nathi (P & H), CR No. 345 of (1981) decided on

21.1.1983, approved.

'

lnder Singh v. Kishno, (1966) Punj LR 408 (P & H), overruled.

H Puntshottam Dass v. S.M. Dedouza, AIR (1950) Ori 213 and C.

' ..

SAMPURNAN SINGH v. NIRANJAN KAUR 843

Beepatahumma v. V.S. Kadambolithaya, [1964] 5 SCR 836, held inap- A

plicable.

2. The period of limitation starts from the very day of a valid

mortgage. The court has only to see, whether a mortgage is valid or not.

If it is valid, right to redeem to the mortgagors accrues from that very

date, unless any restraint in the mortgage deed is provided specifying

restriction under it. When there is

no restriction mortgagors have a right

B

to redeem the mortgage from that very date when the mortgage was

executed. Right accruing. means, right either existing or coming into play

thereafter. Where no period in the mortgage is specified, there exists a

right to a mortgagor to redeem the mortgage

by paying the amount that C

very day in case he receives the desired money for which he has mortgaged

his land or any day thereafter. This right could only

be restricted through

law or in terms of a valid mortgage deed. There is no such restriction

shown or pointed out. Hence, the period of limitation would

start from the

very date the valid mortgage is said to have been executed and, therefore,

D

the period of limitation of

60 years would start from the very date of oral

mortgage, which would

be from March 1983. The submission based on the

language of Article 6l(a) of

Part

V of the Schedule to the Limitation Act,

1963 is misconceived. [849-H; 851-A-C]

3. The submission regarding applicability of Section 18 of the E

Limitation Act is without any force. The acknowledgement, if any, has to

be prior to th~ expir11tion of the prescribed period for filing the suit, in

other words, if the limitation has already expired,

it would not revive under

this Section.

It is only during subsistence of a period of limitation, if any,

,,.. such document is executed, the limitation would be revived afresh from the F

• said date of acknowledgement. In the present case, admittedly, the oral

mortgage deed is in March

1893. If the period of limitation for filing the

suit for redemption is

60 years than limitation for filing a suit would expire

in the year

1953. Thus, by the execution of the document dated

11.1.1960

it canuot be held by virtue of Section 18 that the period of limitation is

revived afresh from this date. [847-G-H]

G

4. The Redemption of Mortgages (Punjab) Act, 1913 has no

co-rela­

tion with the period of limitation in case of redemption of mortgages. In

any case,

even from the date of this Act, viz., 1913, the period of limitation

expires in

1973, hence the suit still is barred by time.

[850-C] H

844 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1999] 1 S.C.R.

A CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4544 of .():

1984.

From the Judgment and Order dated 4.2.83 of the Punjab & Haryana

High Court in R.S.A.

No. 2362 of 1982.

B A.B. Rohtagi, Harinder Mohan Singh for the Appellants.

G.K. Bansal for the Respondents.

~

•

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

c

MISRA, J. The only question raised by the learned counsel for the

mortgagor-appellants

is and, that is, what is also decided by the courts below is whether his suit for redemption is barred by time? This is a case

of oral mortgage executed in the year

1893 for a sum of Rs. 53 and further,

a question

is raised, whether fresh period of limitation

would revive from

D

11th January, 1960, on which date the original mortgagee sold his

mortgagee right

by a registered deed to the respondents, who acknowledge

>o

the existence of the mortgage in question?

To appreciate the controversy, it is necessary to refer to the following

short facts of this case. The suit land comprising of

37 kanals 15 marlas in

E

Khewat No.

260, Khatauni No. 448, Rect. No. 45, Killa No. 14(8-0), 19(8-0),

21(5-15), 22(8-0) situated in village Sambhli, Tehsil and District Kamal

(Haryana) was originally mortgaged by Rekha and others for a sum of Rs.

53 in favour of Bakhatwara, Raju and Matu S/o Sahu on 21st March 1893.

Mutation was sanctioned. Subsequently, on 11th January, 1960, the

mortgagee-Matu s/o Raju and Smt. Dasondha Wd/o Parsa D/o Sahu sold

F their mortgagee rights vide registered sale deed in the even date to the ....

respondents. ..

On the other hand, the appellants had purchased the suit land in

the year

1959 from the original mortgagor-Rekha and others vide three

G

separate registered sale deeds. According to the appellants

till 1960-61 it

were the mortgagors

who remained in possession of the suit land were

getting the same cultivated through their tenants. The appellants state that

since in the year

1960 the original mortgagees had acknowledged the

1""""'

original mortgage, therefore, a fresh period of limitation for redemption of

1'

the mortgage in question begun to run from 11th January, 1960 and prayed

H for possession by way of redemption on payment of Rs. 53.

SAMPURNAN SINGH v. NIRANJAN KAUR [MISRA, J.] 845

b-,

On these facts, the appellants filed the present suit in the year 1980 A

for possession by way of redemption of the suit land as against the respon-

dents. The respondents contested the suit and raised preliminary objec-

tions that the present suit

is hopelessly time barred and also raised other

objections which are not necessary

to refer, as both the parties pressed only

issue of limitation not

only before us but even when the matter was before

B

the courts below. Respondents' case is that they are in possession of the

"

suit property as owners as their predecessors-in-interest mortgi:ges with

·~ possession transferred their entire right by means of registered sale deed

dated 11th January,

1966 to the respondents, as aforesaid. At that time

there

was no agreement in subsistence as originally mortgagees became

owners. As stated earlier, the original oral mortgage

was for a sum of Rs. c

53.

The Trial Court decreed the suit for redemption on payment of Rs.

53 and held that the suit is within time and hence they have right to redeem

the mortgage. The Trial Court held that the suit

is within time by holding

D

"

that the acknowledgement by the respondents, on behalf of the original

mortgagees vide sale deed dated 11th January, 1960, a fresh period of

limitation start from the date of this deed. It further placed reliance in the

case of

lnder Singh &

Ors. v. Mst. Kishno & Ors., (1966) Punjab Law Report

408, to hold that the period of limitation would only run after expiry of 12

E years from the date of mortgage, in cases of unregistered mortgage. Since

the present case is also a case of unregistered mortgage it held that such

mortgage and possession would only become valid after a period of

12

years from the date of such mortgage. The present oral mortgage in

question

was of the year 1893 thus the limitation would only start after 12

years of this date which would be in the year

1905 and adding 60 years

F

> from this, the limitation for filing suit would only expire in the year 1965

,

and since there is acknowledgement by the mortgagees on 11th January,

1960, as aforesaid, a fresh limitation starts from this date hence the suit is

within limitation. However, the first Appellate Court set aside this judg-

ment.

It held that the aforesaid decision in lnder Singh (supra) is of no help

G

to the plaintiffs (mortgagors) as it is not disputed by the parties and rather

conceded that earlier, specially during the year in question, oral agreement

was permissible in the

State of Punjab and was treated to be a valid

~

agreement. This coupled with the fact that the principal money secured ..

under the said agreement was less than Rs. 100, so the mortgage could

have been effected either by a registered instrument or

by delivery of H

846 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1999) 1 S.C.R.

A possession of the land in question. In this view of the matter, admittedly,

the land in the suit was mortgag~d with possession for Rs. 53 in March

1893. Hence, a valid mortgage came into existence on the very day of its

execution. In

view of this, it held that the period of limitation of redemption

of the land in suit started on that

very date of the execution and thus period

B of

60 years is to be counted from March 1893, hence the suit is barred by

time. When the matter was taken in second appeal the High Court relied

on its Full Bench decision in

Civil Revision No. 345 of 1981, titled,

Sli

Chand & Ors. v. Nathi, dated 21st January 1983, in which it over-ruled its

earlier decision in

Inder-Singh (supra) and hence dismissed the appeal of

the present appellants.

c

Learned senior counsel for the appellants, Mr. A.B. Rohtagi, fairly

stated that the aforesaid Full Bench decision

is no doubt against the

appellants but made submissions for holding contrary to what has been

held therein. In the said case of

Sli Chand & Ors. (supra) one of the core

D question raised was, whether an oral mortgage was valid in the eyes of law,

which.is executed on 14th June

1948 in the State of

Punjab, prior to. the

extension of the provisions of Section

59 of the Transfer of

Property Act,

1882 which requires registration of a mortgage. It is also not in dispute that

the Transfer of Property Act by virtue of Section 1 is only extended in the

State of Haryana on the 5th August

1967, to which the Full Bench was

E concerned and to the State of

Punjab after 1st November 1956, to which

we are concerned. It held that there was no bar to give effect to an oral

mortgage in a case where mortgagor gave possession of the land to a

mortgagee. The Full Bench held :

F

G

"Now once that is so on the admitted stand that an oral mortgage

was made on June

14, 1948 it seems to inflexibly follow that no

legal infirmity attached thereto and the transaction was in essence,

legally valid and enforceable. All that, therefore, remains for ad­

judication

is as to what would be the period of limitation for the

redemption of such a

valid, oral

mortgage."

The Full Bench decision rightly over-ruled the decision of Inder Singh

(supra) as that decision wrongly based its conclusion on an earlier decision

in the case of

Purnshottam Dass and Anr. v. S.M. Dedouza & Anr., AIR 37 (1950) Orissa 213. The facts in that ca~e were that the mortgage was for

H an amount for more than Rs. 100 and was unregistered which was executed

. ~

SAMPURNAN SINGH v. NIRANJAN KAUR [MISRA, J.) 847

~-

after the Transfer of Property Act was made applicable to the State of

Orissa hence the mortgage was invalid.

It is for this reason it held that the

A

period of limitation would only start after the expiry of 12 years of such

invalid mortgage

as such possession would prefect into a valid mortgage

after the expiry of this period. Hence Full Bench rightly held that the

principle of

Pwushottam Dass & Anr. (supra) was wrongly applied in the

B

lnder Singh (supra). The Full Bench finally concluded :

-o,

~ "In the present case, admittedly the oral mortgage had been made

on June

14, 1948. At that time the relevant provisions of the

Transfer of

Property Act had not been made applicable to the

area. The said transaction at that time

was therefore, valid and c

legally enforceable one and the fact whether the mortgage was

registered or not was wholly irrelevant with regard to the issue of

its validity. Consequently, the terminus for the limitation for

redemption has to run from the aforesaid date of June

14, 1948 ...

".

We find no error committed in coming to the said decision by the

D

"'

,-.. Full Bench. No sustainable submission has been advanced to hold a con-

trary

view.

In his endeavour, learned counsel for the appellants, referred to

E

Section 18 of the Limitation Act to hold that the acknowledgement by the

original mortgagees to the respondents, through the said registered docu-

ment dated 11th January 1960, the period of limitation is revive which

would only start from that date of acknowledgement hence the suit filed in

the year 1980 would be within limitation. The said submission is without

any force. Section 18, sub-section (1), itself starts with the words "Where,

F

).-

before the expiration of the prescribed period for a suit or application in

...

respect of any property or right, an acknowledgement of liability in respect

of such property or right has been made

...

". Thus, the acknowledgement, if

any, has to be prior to the expiration of the prescribed period for filing the

suit, in other words, if the limitation has already expired, it would not revive

G

under this Section. It is only during subsistence of a period of limitation,

if any, such document is executed, the limitation would be

·revived afresh

--

from the said date of acknowledgement. In the present case, admittedly the

~

oral mortgage deed is in March 1893. If the period of limitation for filing

suit for redemption

is

60 years then limitation for filing a suit would expire

in the year

1953. Thus, by the execution of this document

dated 11th H

848 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1999] 1 S.C.R.

A January 1960 it cannot be held by virtue of Section 18 that the period of

limitation is revived afresh from this date.

Learned counsel for the appellants has also made reference in the

case reported in C. Beepathwnma & Ors. v. V.S. Kadambolithaya & Ors.,

B (1964] 5 SCR 836. In view of this decision it was submitted that since

mortgagee-respondents continued

to enjoy the property with possession

c

under the mortgage they cannot shirk from accepting their

obligatiol). under >

it. This court held : . •

" ... That doctrine is that a person who accepts a benefit under a

deed or

will or other instrument must adopt the whole contents of

the instrument, must conform

to all its provisions and renounce all

rights that are inconsistent with

it, in other words a person cannot

approbate and reprobate the same transaction."

D This has no relevance to the present case. Present case is not a case where

mortgagee has received

any benefit under any instrument and renouncing

to perform any obligation under it. In the present case, there

is neither any

deed or document of mortgage. Even under oral mortgage the only

obligation for a mortgagee

was to hand over possession of the property

mortgaged at the moment mortgagor pays the mortgage money.

It is

E nobody's case that the mortgagor has paid back the money. This part of

the judgment only refers

to the doctrine of election. There is no obligation

under the oral mortgage which could be said not performed

by the

mortgagee. We are only concerned here, whether the suit filed by the

appellants

is within time or not. It is significant that this very decision also

F makes reference about the limitation in filing such suits. Here a suit was

filed for redemption of mortgage deed,

Ex.

P-2 by the 1st and 2nd respon­

dents. The first respondent purchased Schedule 'A' property and under­

took to redeem the mortgage property described in Schedules 'A" and 'B'

and hand over possession of Schedule 'B' property to the legal repre­

sentatives in the

family of one Madana. Before this on 14th April 1842

G Madana, who was then Ejaman of the family, usufructuarily mortgaged the

'A', 'B' and 'C' Schedule properties under

Ex.

P-1. This deed did not

contain any provision for repayment of the amount or for the usufructuary

mortgage to be worked

off.

So no period was stated for redemption. Then

it was later converted into a mortgage specifying time through

Ex.

P-2, as

H aforesaid. in 1862. The Court held :

SAMPURNAN SINGH v. NIRANJAN KAUR [MISRA, J.] 849

.... ~

" .. .Jn 1842 when Ex. P-1 was executed, there was no law prescribing A

a period of limitation for the redemption of a usufructuary

mortgage. Such limit came in 1859 for the first time and a period

of 60 years from the date of the mortgage was prescribed. It is this

statute which seems to have been the cause for the execution of

Exs.

P-2 and P-2(a); the mortgagees Were perhaps afraid that the

B

mortgage could be redeemed at any time within 60 years from the

..;._ date of the 11101tgage of 1842. The last date for redemption thus was

"

1902. By getting the term certain for 40 years, the date for redemp-

tion

was shifted by them to 1902 and redemption could not take

place till that year. the mortgagors also benefited, because they

obtained a release of some properties and received Rs.

100 in cash. c

The period of 60 years was repeated in the Act of 1871; but it

contained a rider that if during the period of 60 years, there was

an acknowledgement then the period would run from the date of

that acknowledgement. Art.

148 of the Limitation Act as it stands

today was introduced

by the Act of 1877. It makes the

60 years'

D

...

period run from the time when redemption is due ... "

(Emphasis supplied)

The aforesaid passage clearly shows that the mortgage could be redeemed

E at any time within

60 years from the date of mortgage.

Hence

we find that this case, instead of supporting, is against the

submissions of learned counsel for the appellants. Lastly, learned counsel

for the appellants faintly made reference to the Redemption of Mortgages

(Punjab) Act, 1913 to submit that in an oral mortgage, till this Act came.

F

)-- into force, there was no period of limitation and the right for redemption

>

accrued only after this Act came into force, hence limitation cannot start

before the date when this Act came into force and thus

as in the present

case neither mortgagors offered to pay the mortgage amount nor

mortgagees communicated that the mortgage amount has been paid, hence

G

right to redeem mortgage could not be said to have accrued, so question

of running any period

of limitation never arose till this 1913 Act came into

force. This submission

is misconceived without any merit and has no force.

We have already recorded that the period of limitation starts the very first

date of a valid mortgage. Court has only to see, whether a mortgage

is valid

or not.

If it is valid, right to redeem to the mortgagors accrues from that H

850 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1999] 1 S.C.R.

A very date, unless any restrain in the m01tgage deed is provided specifying

restriction under it

as in the case of

C. Beepathumma & Ors. (supra)

specific restriction

was contained under Ex.

P-2. So far, this 1913 Art, the

statement of objects and reasons clearly reveal that this Act was only

brought in, as under Section 7(5) of the Punjab Alienation of Land Act, as

B subsequently amended in 1907, the Deputy Commissioner has, in the case

of mortgages made under Section 6 of that Act, certain powers to restore

mortgagors to possession

of their property was provided, therefore, 1913

Act was passed to confer similar powers in respect of other mortgages not

covered under

Section 6. This also provided for a summary procedure in

the matter of redemption mortgages. This has no co-relation with the

C period of limitation in case of redemption of mortgages. In any case, even

from the date of this Act,

viz., 1913 the period of limitation expires on 1973

hence the suit still is barred by time.

Learned counsel also referred to the language of

Section 61(a)

D

of part V of the Schedule to the Limitation Act, which is quoted

hereunder:

11

61. By a mortgagor -

Description of suit Period of Time from which

E

limitation period begins to run

(a) to redeem or When the right to

recover possession of Thirty Years redeem or

to recover

immovable property possession accrues.

mortgaged;"

F

It is not in dispute at the relevant time period of limitation under this

was

60 years and not 30 years.

Submission.

was, as aforesaid, right to redeem only accrue when

either mortgagors tender the amount

of mortgage or the mortgagees

G communicate satisfaction of the mortgage amount through the usufruct

from the land. This submission

is misconceived, as aforesaid, if this inter­

pretation

is

accepted~ then till this happens the period of limitation never

start running and it could

go on for an infinite period. We have no

hesitation to reject this submission. The language recorded above makes it

H clear that right .of redemption accrues from the very first day unless

. .

)<

~

..

.... .

SAMPURNAN SINGH v. NIRANJAN KAUR [MISRA, J.] 851

restricted under the mortgage deqd. \}'hen there is no restriction A

mortgagors have a right to redeem the mortgage from that very date when

the mortgage was executed. Right accruing means, right either existing or

coming into play thereafter. Where no period in the mortgage is specified,

there eXist a right to a mortgagor to redeem the mortgage by paying the

amount that

very day in case he receives the desired money for which he

has mortgaged

his land or any day thereafter. This right could only be

restricted through law or in terms of a valid mortgage deed. There is no

such restriction shown or pointed out. Hence, in our considered opinion

the period of limitation would start from the very date the valid mortgage

is said to have been executed hence the period of

limitat\on of 60 years

wo~ld star from the very date of oral mortgage that would be f~om March,

1893. In vitw of this, we do not find any error in the decision of the first

Appellate Court or the High Court hoiding that the suit of the present

appellants

is time barred.

I

B

c

Hence, for the reasons recorded above, we do not find any merit or

force in the submissions made

by the learned counsel for the appellants. D

Accordingly, the present appeal is dismissed. Costs on the parties.

(

v.s.s. Appeal dismissed.