1
AFR
Court No. 5
Case : WRIT C No. 13950 of 2020
Petitioner : Sanjay Kumar
Respondent : Union Of India And 3 Others
Counsel for Petitioner : Ankita Singhal,Siddharth Singhal
Counsel for Respondent : C.S.C.,Arvind Kumar
Goswami,Suresh C. Dwivedi
Hon'ble Surya Prakash Kesarwani,J.
Hon'ble Dr. Yogendra Kumar Srivastava,J.
(Per : Dr. Yogendra Kumar Srivastava,J.)
1.Heard Sri Siddharth Singhal, learned counsel for the
petitioner, Sri S.C.Dwivedi, learned counsel for the
respondent no. 3, learned Standing Counsel for the
respondent nos. 2 and 4 and Sri Arvind Kumar Goswami,
learned counsel for the respondent no. 1/Union of India.
2.The present writ petition seeks to raise a challenge to
certain conditions contained under the Scheme Guidelines of
March, 2016 notified by the respondent no. 1 under the
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Housing for All (Urban) and
also under the Brochure issued by the respondent no. 3 in
respect of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
3.Challenge in particular is to Clause 1.4 of the Scheme
Guidelines, 2016 under which the States/Union Territories
have been given discretion to decide a cutoff date on which
the beneficiaries need to be resident of that urban area for
being eligible to take benefits under the scheme and Clause
3.1 of the Brochure issued by the respondent no. 3 which
provides that the applicant is to be a citizen of India and a
resident of district Ghaziabad. A further prayer has been
made to command the respondent nos. 3 and 4 to consider
and process the application of the petitioner for allotment of
Neutral Citation No. - 2020:AHC:98771-DB
2
an EWS House.
4.Counsel for the petitioner contends that the
aforementioned conditions as contained under Clause 3.1 of
the Brochure as also Clause 1.4 of the Scheme Guidelines
are violative of the fundamental right of the petitioner under
Article 19 (1) (e) of the Constitution of India which
guarantees to all citizens the right to reside and settle in any
part of the territory of India. He submits that the restrictions
are not in the interest of the general public and are wholly
unreasonable and are therefore legally unsustainable. He
further submits that the petitioner being a resident of district
Hapur and also belonging to the EWS category, cannot be
excluded from the purview of the scheme.
5.The petitioner has placed reliance upon the judgment
in the case of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Vs.
Nawab Khan Gulab Khan and others
1
to support his
contentions.
6.Learned counsel appearing for the respondents have
strongly refuted the contentions sought to be raised on
behalf of the petitioner by pointing out that the 'Pradhan
Mantri Awas Yojna' is a scheme providing for housing for all
and aimed at addressing the housing requirements of urban
poor. It has been pointed out that the implementation of the
scheme is to be made in respect of the urban areas and the
conditions contained under the Scheme Guidelines are for
the purpose of identifying the beneficiaries in specified
urban areas for the purpose of grant of the benefit and
therefore the conditions are in the interest of the general
public and cannot in any manner be said to contain
restrictions which may be held to be unreasonable. It is
1. (1997) 11 SCC 121
3
submitted that the grounds sought to be raised by the
petitioner are legally untenable and the writ petition is liable
to be dismissed.
7.Heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the
record.
8.In order to appreciate the rival contentions, the
conditions contained under the Scheme Guidelines of the
respondent no. 1 and the Brochure issued by the respondent
no. 3 may be looked into.
9.The Scheme Guidelines of March, 2016, which is on
record, indicates that 'Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Housing
for All (Urban)' was launched as a mission by the Central
Government to address the housing requirements of urban
poor including slum dwellers through following programme
verticals :
“(i) Slum rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers with
participation of private developers using land as a resource
(ii) Promotion of Affordable Housing for weaker section
through credit linked subsidy
(iii) Affordable Housing in Partnership with Public &
Private sectors
(iv) Subsidy for beneficiaryled individual house
construction/enhancement.”
10.For the purpose of the scheme, the term 'beneficiary'
has been defined as follows :
“Beneficiary : A beneficiary family will comprise husband,
wife and unmarried children.
The beneficiary family should not own a pucca house (an
all weather dwelling unit) either in his/her name or in the
name of any member of his/her family in any part of
India.”
11.The scheme under Clause 2.1 provides coverage to all
statutory towns as per Census 2011 and towns notified
subsequently would be eligible for coverage under the
4
scheme/mission.
12.The implementation process for the scheme is
provided for Clause 8 of the Scheme Guidelines, which is
being extracted below :
“8. Implementation Process
8.1 As a first step, States/UTs will sign a Memorandum of
Agreement (MoA) to participate in the mission by agreeing
to mandatory conditions and other modalities. A copy of
the MoA to be signed between State/UT and Centre is
placed at Annexure 3.
8.2 States/UTs will send proposals to the Ministry for
inclusion of cities in the mission along with broad
assessment of housing and resources requirement. Ministry
will approve inclusion of these cities considering
availability of resources. The credit linked subsidy
component of the mission will, however, be implemented
in all statutory cities/towns across the country right from
the launch of the mission.
8.3 State/Cities will undertake a demand survey through
suitable means for assessing the actual demand of housing.
While validating demand survey, States/Cities should
consider possible temporary migration from rural areas to
the city just to take advantage of housing scheme and
exclude such migrants from list of beneficiaries. On the
basis of demand survey and other available data, cities will
prepare Housing for All Plan of Action (HFAPoA). HFAPoA
should contain the demand of housing by eligible
beneficiaries in the city along with the interventions
selected out of four verticals mentioned in para 3 of the
guidelines. The information regarding beneficiaries should
be collected by States/UTs in suitable formats but must
contain the information as in Annexure 4. While preparing
HFAPoA, State/UT and Implementing Agencies should also
consider the affordable housing stock already available in
the city as Census data suggests that large number of
houses are vacant.
8.4 Jan Dhan Yojana/other bank account number and
Aadhaar number/Voter ID card/any other unique
identification details of intended beneficiaries or a
certificate of house ownership from Revenue Authority of
Beneficiary’s native district will be integrated in the data
base of HFAPoA for avoiding duplication of benefit to one
individual family. Beneficiaries will be validated by
States/UTs and ULBs thereby ensuring their eligibility at
the time of preparation of the projects and approval of
projects.
8.5 On the basis of HFAPoA, States/Cities will
subsequently prepare the Annual Implementation Plans
5
(AIPs) dividing the task upto 2022 in view of the
availability of resources and priority. For larger cities,
HFAPoA and AIPs can be prepared at subcity (ward/zone
etc.) level with the approval of concerned State/UT
Government.
8.6 The result of demand survey, draft HFAPoA and draft
AIP should be discussed with the local representatives
including MLAs and MPs of that area so that their views
are adequately factored in while finalising the plans and
beneficiary list.
8.7 Cities which have already prepared Slum Free City Plan
of Action (SFCPoA) or any other housing plan with data on
housing, should utilise the existing plan and data for
preparing “Housing for All Plan of Action” (HFAPoA).
Houses constructed under various schemes should be
accounted for while preparing HFAPoA & AIP. Flow Chart
for preparing HFAPoA is placed below. The formats for the
HFAPoA and AIP are kept at Annexure 5 & 6 respectively.”
13.The implementation process under Clause 8 of the
Scheme envisages that the States/Union Territories would
send proposals to the Ministry for inclusion of cities in the
mission along with broad assessment of housing and
resource requirement and the Ministry would approve
inclusion of these cities considering availability of resources.
The State/Cities are to undertake a demand survey through
suitable means for assessing the actual demand of housing
and it has been provided that while validating the demand
survey, the States/Cities would consider possible temporary
migration from rural areas to the city just to take advantage
of housing scheme and exclude such migrants from list of
beneficiaries. It has also been provided that the unique
identification details of the intended beneficiaries such as
Jan Dhan Yojana/bank account number, Aadhaar
number/Voter ID card or a certificate of house ownership
from Revenue Authority of the Beneficiary's native district
would be integrated in the data base of House For All Plan
of Action (HFAPoA) for avoiding duplication of benefit to
one individual family. The beneficiaries are to be validated
6
by the States/Union Territories and the Urban Local Bodies
for ensuring the eligibility. It is further on the basis of the
HFAPoA that States/Cities are to subsequently prepare the
Annual Implementation Plans (AIPs) dividing the task upto
the year 2022 in view of the availability of resources and
priority. In respect of larger cities, HFAPoA and AIPs can be
prepared at subcity (ward/zone) level with the approval of
the concerned State/Union Territory Government. It has also
been provided that the result of the demand survey, draft
HFAPoA and draft AIP are to be discussed with the local
representatives including MLAs and MPs of the area so as to
ensure that their views are adequately factored in while
finalising the plans and the beneficiary list. The HFAPoA and
AIPs are thereafter to be submitted for approval to the
authorities and are to be reviewed on a yearly basis and
based on HFAPoA and availability of resources, each city, is
to prepare Detailed Project Report (DPRs). The Urban Local
Bodies are also required to take into account the provisions
of the City Development Plan, City Sanitation Plan etc. in
preparing HFAPoA.
14.It has been clearly provided that the beneficiary would
be eligible for availing only a single benefit under any of the
four verticals under the scheme and the State/Union
Territory Governments have been given the responsibility to
ensure that the beneficiary is not given benefit of more than
one component under the Mission.
15.The monitoring of the mission is provided for at all
three levels: City, State and Central Government. The States
and cities are required to develop mechanism for monitoring
the progress of mission and its different components.
16.For the purposes of the implementation of the scheme
7
under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Housing for All
(urban) Mission, the State Government under its order
dated 21
st
March, 2016 issued guidelines providing for
preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for each
urban unit under different verticals/components of the
mission and also provides for the mechanism for
implementation of the mission at the State and the City
level.
17.The Brochure issued by the respondent no. 3 is under
the aforementioned Scheme Guidelines of March, 2016
issued by the respondent no. 1 and also the directions issued
by the State Government under its order dated 21.03.2016.
The Brochure provides for online registration for EWS
houses under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Housing for
All (urban). The eligibility conditions provided under Clause
3 of the Brochure are as follows :
“3.0 पात्रता
3.1 आवेदक भारत का नागरिरक हो तथा िजिला गरािजियाबाद का िनवासी
होना चािहए।
3.2 योजिना म
े आवेदन करने की अन्तिम न्तम ितिथ तक आवेदक की आयु
18 वष
र से कम नहीं होनी चािहए।
3.3 आवेदक के पास उसके नाम से अन्तथवा उसके पिरवार (उसके
पित/पत्नी एवं अन्तिववािहत बच्चे) के िकसी सदस्य के नाम से भारत के
िकसी भी भागर म
े पक्का मकान
(सभी मौसम िरहायशी इकाईयां) नहीं होनी
चािहए।
3.4 उपरोक्त पात्रता धारक प्रधानमंत्री आवास योजिना (शहरी) के
अन्तन्तगर
रत आवेदन हेतु पात्र होंगरे। राज्य नगररीय िवकास अन्तिभकरण द्वारा पूर्वर
म
े चयिनत आवेदकों के साथ
-साथ नये आवेदकों को भी गरािजियाबाद
िवकास प्रािधकरण से प्रधानमंत्री आवास योजिना (शहरी) के अन्तधीन भवनों
हेतु आवेदन करना होगरा। आवेदन के पश्चात उनकी पात्रता का सत्यापन
राज्य नगररीय िवकास अन्तिभकरण द्वारा िकये जिाने के उपरान्त सत्यािपत
आवेदक ही आबंटन के पात्र होंगरे।
8
3.5 इस योजिना के अन्तन्तग्त
र िनिमरत िकये गरये आवास पिरवार की मिहला
मुिखिया अन्तथवा पिरवार के पुरुष मुिखिया और उसकी पत्नी के संय
ुक्त नाम मे
होगरा और के वल उन मामलों म
े जिब पिरवार मे कोई वयस्क मिहला सदस्य
नहीं हो, तो पिरवार के पुरुष सदस्य के नाम म
े िकया जिा सकता है।
3.6 द
ुबरल आय वगरर
(ई डब्ल्य
ूर् एस
) श्रेणी के भवनों हेतु . 3.00
Rs
लाखि
(रुपये तीन लाखि मात्र) तक की वािष
रक आय वाले पिरवार ही पात्र होंगरे।
आवेदक को राज्य सरकार द्वारा प्रािधक
ृत अन्तिधकारी से िनगररत आय प्रमाण
पत्र जिो योजिना प्रकाशन के समय वैध हो, प्रस्तुत करना अन्तिनवाय
र होगरा।
”
18.It may be noticed that as per terms of the Scheme
Guidelines 2016 issued by the respondent no. 1, the
Brochure contains conditions under which the beneficiaries
need to be resident of the urban area in respect of which the
scheme has been launched by the respondent no. 3 and it
also provides that the beneficiary family should not own a
pucca house either in his/her name or in the name of any
member of his/her family in any part of India to be eligible
to take benefits under the scheme.
19.Article 19 (1) (e), which is the sole ground of
challenge to the conditions contained under the Scheme
Guidelines and the Brochure, guarantees to every citizen the
right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.
In terms of Article 19 (5), the right under Article 19 (1) (e)
is subject to reasonable restrictions which may be imposed
in the interests of general public.
20.We may take note that what is guaranteed under
Article 19 (1) (e) is the right of a citizen to reside and settle
in any part of the territory of India; however, in view of
Article 19 (5), this does not prevent the State from imposing
reasonable restrictions in the interests of general public. Any
restrictions which are in the interests of the general public,
in our view, would therefore not be open to challenge on the
9
ground of being violative of the right under Article 19 (1)
(e).
21.The Scheme Guidelines and the conditions under the
Brochure clearly demonstrate that the conditions, which are
sought to be challenged by the petitioner, are in furtherance
of the objectives of the scheme/mission which essentially
seeks to address the housing requirement of urban poor
including the slum rehabilitation of slum dwellers,
promotion of affordable housing for weaker sections. The
beneficiary family, under the Scheme, should not own a
pucca house in any part of India in order to eligible, which
clearly goes to show the aim and focus of the scheme which
is to provide housing for the urban poor.
22.The implementation of the scheme is to be made urban
areawise, as per the Census 2011 and towns notified
subsequently would be eligible for coverage. The
implementation process under the scheme provides for a
survey for identification of the beneficiaries and for
monitoring of the scheme at the level of the City, State and
the Central Government. The implementation of the scheme
and the identification of beneficiaries under the Scheme
Guidelines and the order dated 21
st
March, 2016 issued by
the State Government is to be made on the basis of DPRs to
be prepared for each urban unit.
23.From the Scheme Guidelines, the order dated 21
st
March, 2020 issued by the State Government and also the
Brochure, it is amply clear that the scheme is being
implemented with the objective of addressing the housing
requirement of the urban poor and the conditions under the
scheme with regard to identification of beneficiaries with the
requirement that the beneficiaries need to be resident of
10
urban area for which the scheme is being implemented is in
larger public interest for the purposes of an effective
implementation of the scheme. We are therefore of the view
that the conditions under the Guidelines and also the
Brochure cannot be held to impose restrictions which may
be said to be unreasonable or in any manner have the effect
of violating the right of the petitioner to reside and settle in
any part of the territory of the country as guaranteed under
Article 19 (1) (e).
24.The judgment in the case of Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation Vs. Nawab Khan Gulab Khan and others ,
which is sought to be relied upon by the petitioner, relates to
eviction of pavement dwellers, and it was in the context of
the said facts that certain observations were made with
regard to right to shelter being part of the fundamental right
under Articles 21 and 19 (1) (e), and while holding that no
person has a right to make encroachments on places
reserved or earmarked for a public purpose, it was stated
that the State has the constitutional duty to provide
adequate facilities for settlement of life and erection of
shelter to make the right to life under Article 21 meaningful,
effective and fruitful.
25.The facts of the present case are entirely
distinguishable inasmuch as the claim of the petitioner
herein is confined to a consideration for allotment of an
EWS house under a housing scheme of the respondent no. 3,
and it is not the case of the petitioner that his right to
shelter, life or livelihood is being taken away, and
accordingly the petitioner cannot derive any benefit from the
ratio laid down in the decision in the case of Ahmedabad
Municipal Corporation (supra).
11
26. Notice may also be had of the fact that right to
adequate housing has come to be recognized as a basic
human right. In Olga Tellis and others Vs. Bombay
Municipal Corporation and others
2
, on a petition filed on
behalf of the pavement dwellers, it was held that the right to
life guaranteed under Article 21 would include the right to
livelihood and shelter.
27.Again in M/s Shantistar Builders Vs. Narayan
Khimalal Totame and others
3
, which was a case relating to
construction of dwelling units for weaker sections of society,
it was held that the right to life would take within its sweep
the right to food, the right to clothing, the right to a decent
environment and a reasonable accommodation to live in.
The observations made in the judgment in this regard are as
follows :
“9. Basic needs of man have traditionally been accepted to
be threefood, clothing and shelter. The right to life is
guaranteed in any civilized society. That would take within
its sweep the right to food, the right to clothing, the right
to decent environment and a reasonable accommodation to
live in. The difference between the need of an animal and
a human being for shelter has to be kept in view. For the
animal it is the bare protection of the body; for a human
being it has to be a suitable accommodation which would
allow him to grow in every aspect physical, mental and
intellectual. The Constitution aims at ensuring fuller
development of every child. That would be possible only if
the child is in a proper home. It is not necessary that every
citizen must be ensured of living in a wellbuilt
comfortable house but a reasonable home particularly for
people in India can even be mudbuilt thatched house or a
mudbuilt fireproof accommodation.”
28.Taking a similar view in P.G. Gupta Vs. State of
Gujarat and others
4
, it was held that right to residence and
settlement including facilities and opportunities to weaker
2 1985 (3) SCC 545
3 1990 (1) SCC 520
4 1995 Supp (2) SCC 182
12
sections of the society to make life meaningful and livable in
equal status with dignity of persons was held to be enjoined
by Articles 38, 39 and 46 and 19 (1) (e). It was held
imperative for the State to provide housing accommodation
to the poor by providing for housing schemes where the
weaker sections could have permanent settlement and
residence assured under Articles 19 (1) (e) and 21 of the
Constitution. The observations made in the judgment in this
regard are as follows :
“7...Article 19(1)(e) protects the right to residence and
settlement in any part of the territory of India. The
protection of life assured under Article 21 has been given
expanded meaning of right to life. It is settled law that all
the related provisions under the Constitution must be read
together and given meaning of widest amplitude to cover
variety of rights which go to constitute the meaningful
right to life. The Preamble to the Constitution says that the
people of India having resolved to secure to all its citizens
social and economic justice also made it subject to equality
of status and opportunity to promote the dignity of the
individual in the united and integrated Bharat. Article 37
declares the rights in Part IV or fundamental law in the
governance of the country. Article 39(b) enjoins that the
ownership and control of the material resources of the
community are to promote the welfare of the people by
securing social and economic justice to the weaker sections
so as to subserve the common good to minimise the
inequalities in income and endeavour to eliminate
inequalities in status. The State, thereby, evolved the
scheme to provide facilities and opportunities to the
individuals and also groups of people to have no houses of
their own. Article 46, in particular, enjoins that the State
shall promote with special care the economic interest of
the weaker sections of the people and to protect them from
social injustice.
8. Article 11(1) of the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights laid down that the
States' parties to the Covenant recognise the "right to
everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and
for his family including food, clothing and housing and to
the continuous improvement of living conditions". The
State parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the
realisation of these rights. Recognising these obligations of
the State and to give effect to the essential importance of
International cooperation, the directions contained in
Articles 38, 39 and 46, the Housing Scheme for allotment
13
to lower income group of the people was made. Possession
of real property is the basis for and the symbol of wealth
and influence in society. To the poor, settlement with a
fixed abode and right to residence guaranteed by Article
19(1)(e) remain more a teasing illusion unless the State
provides them the means to have food, clothing and
shelter so as to make their life meaningful and worthliving
with dignity.
xxx
11. As stated earlier, the right to residence and settlement
is a fundamental right under Article 19(1)(e) and it is a
facet of inseparable meaningful right to life under Article
21. Food, shelter and clothing are minimal human rights.
The State has undertaken as its economic policy planned
development of the country and has undertaken massive
housing schemes. As its part, allotment of houses was
adopted, as is enjoined by Articles 38, 39 and 46, Preamble
and 19(1)(e), facilities and opportunities to the weaker
sections of the society of the right to residence, make the
life meaningful and liveable in equal status with dignity of
person. It is, therefore, imperative of the State to provide
permanent housing accommodation to the poor in the
housing schemes undertaken by it or its instrumentalities
within their economic means so that they could make the
payment of the price in easy installments and have
permanent settlement and residence assured under Articles
19(1)(e) and 21 of the Constitution...”
29.In Chameli Singh and others vs. State of U.P. and
others
5
, while considering the components of right to live
under Articles 21 and 19 (1) (e), it was held that right to
live as a human being would include right to food, water,
decent environment education, medical care and shelter and
referring to the Directive Principles of State Policy, it was
held that the State would be deemed to be under an
obligation to provide housing facilities to the weaker
sections of society so as to bring them into the mainstream
of national life and provide facilities and opportunities to
them as fundamental to their basic human and
constitutional rights. It was stated thus :
“8. In any organised society, right to live as a human being
is not ensured by meeting only the animal needs of man.It
5 1996 (2) SCC 549
14
is secured only when he is assured of all facilities to
develop himself and is freed from restrictions which inhibit
his growth. All human rights are designed to achieve this
object. Right to live guaranteed in any civilised society
implies the right to food, water, decent environment
education, medical care and shelter. These are basic
human rights known to any civilised society. All civil,
political, social and cultural rights enshrined in the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Convention or
under the Constitution of India cannot be exercised
without these basic human rights. Shelter for a human
being, therefore, is not a mere protection of his life and
limb. It is home where he has opportunities to grow
physically, mentally, intellectually and spiritually. Right to
shelter, therefore, includes adequate living space, safe and
decent structure, clean and decent surroundings, sufficient
light, pure air and water, electricity, sanitation and other
civic amenities like roads etc. so as to have easy access to
his daily avocation. The right to shelter, therefore, does not
mean a mere right to a roof over one's head but right to all
the infrastructure necessary to enable them to live and
develop as a human being. Right to shelter when used as
an essential requisite to the right to live, should be deemed
to have been guaranteed as a fundamental right. As is
enjoined in the Directive Principles, the State should be
deemed to be under an obligation to secure it for its
citizens, of course subject to its economic budgeting. In a
democratic society as a member of the organised civic
community one should have permanent shelter so as to
physically, mentally and intellectually equip oneself to
improve his excellence as a useful citizen as enjoined in the
Fundamental Duties and to be useful citizen and equal
participant in democracy. The ultimate object of making a
man equipped with a right to dignity of person and
equality of status is to enable him to develop himself into a
cultured being. Want of decent residence, therefore,
frustrates the very object of the Constitutional animation of
right to equality, economic justice, fundamental right to
residence, dignity of person and right to live itself. To bring
the Dalits and Tribes into the mainstream of national life
providing these facilities and opportunities to them is the
duty of the State as fundamental to their basic human and
constitutional rights.”
30. It is therefore seen that right to housing and shelter has
been held to be included as part of the fundamental rights
guaranteed under Articles 21 and 19 (1) (e) in a series of
judicial pronouncements.
15
31.In the case at hand, the scheme in question&Housing
for All (Urban) seeks to address the housing requirement of
the urban poor by providing for rehabilitation of slum
dwellers and promotion of affordable housing for weaker
sections. The objective of the Scheme and Guidelines
provided therefor being clearly with a view to address the
objective of creating housing facilities for all, in particular,
the urban poor&including slum dwellers, by providing for
their identification urban areawise, the Scheme Guidelines
can in no manner be said to be contrary to public interest so
as to be said to be violative of any of the fundamental rights
guaranteed to the petitioner, as asserted by him.
32.Counsel for the petitioner has not been able to point
out as to how the conditions contained under the Guidelines
and the Brochure, which are sought to be challenged, in any
manner curtail his right to reside and settle in any part of
the territory of the country as guaranteed under Article 19
(1) (e), or that the aforesaid conditions can be assailed on
the ground of not being in the interest of the general public.
33.Having regard to the aforesaid facts, we are not
inclined to exercise our discretionary jurisdiction under
Article 226 of the Constitution of India in the present case.
34.The writ petition thus fails and is accordingly
dismissed.
Order Date : 10.11.2020
Pratima
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