Corruption case; Bombay High Court; Acquittal; Prevention of Corruption Act; Demand of bribe; Inconsistent testimony; Tainted currency notes
 23 Jul, 2026
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Shailendra Manikrao Bakare Vs. The State of Maharashtra

  Bombay High Court CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1115 OF 2003
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Case Background

As per case facts, Dr. Hemant Chikhalikar, the first informant, had a defamation case where a warrant was to be issued. He approached the appellant-accused, a Bench Clerk, to expedite ...

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Applied Acts & Sections

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Document Text Version

-APEAL-1115-2003.DOC

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

  CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 1115 OF 2003

  

Shailendra Manikrao Bakare

Age: about 43 years, Occ. : Service,

Residing at Ramakramalkaji Wada,

Khadki, Dist. Pune. ...Appellant

Versus

The State of Maharashtra,

(At the instrance of Inspector of Police, 

Anti-Corruption Bureau, Pune)  …Respondent

Mr. Zaid Qureshi, for the Appellant (through VC), for the Appellant. 

Mr. D. J. Haldankar, APP, for the Respondent-State. 

 CORAM  :N. J. JAMADAR, J.

                                    RESERVED ON :9

th

 JULY 2026

                             PRONOUNCED ON :23

rd

 JULY 2026

JUDGMENT:

1. This Appeal is directed against a judgment and order dated 19

th

August 2003, passed by the learned Special Judge, Pune, in Special

Case No. 16 of 1998, arising out of CR No. 333 of 1997, registered with

the Anti Corruption Bureau, Pune, whereby the accused came to be

convicted for offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) read

with Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (“the PC

ARS  1/18

ARUN

RAMCHANDRA

SANKPAL

Digitally signed by

ARUN

RAMCHANDRA

SANKPAL

Date: 2026.07.23

21:08:34 +0530

-APEAL-1115-2003.DOC

Act, 1988”) and sentenced to undergo Rigorous Imprisonment for one

year and pay a fine of Rs.2000/-, on each count with default stipulation.

2.Shorn of Superfluities, the gravamen of indictment against the

accused runs as under:

2.1 Dr.   Hemant   Chikhalikar   (the   first   informant)   had   filed   a

complaint case, being RCC No. 1889 of 1994, alleging the commission

of offence of defamation by the accused therein, before the Court of

Judicial   Magistrate,  First  Class,  Pune. The accused therein  did not

appear before the Court, hence at the instance of the first informant, the

learned Magistrate had ordered issue of a bailable warrant against the

accused therein. 

2.2 On 20

th

  September  1997,  the  first  informant  approached   the

Appellant-Accused, who was then posted as the Bench Clerk in the

Court of the learned Magistrate on whose file the said complaint was

pending. The first informant deposited the process fees, and requested

the accused to take steps for   the issuance of warrant. The accused

called the first informant on 22

nd

 September 1997.

2.3 The first informant alleged that, on 22

nd

 September 1997 when he

approached the accused at 11.30 am, the latter called him to come at

5.00 pm. Since it was not possible for the first informant to again come

to the Court on 22

nd

 September 1997, the first informant approached

the accused on 26

th

  September 1997 at about 2.30 pm. The accused

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allegedly demanded a bribe of Rs.500/- for the issue of the warrant.

The accused asked the first informant to come with the bribe amount at

5.00 pm. 

2.4 The   first   informant   thus   approached   the   office   of   the   Anti

Corruption   Bureau,   Pune   and   lodged   the   complaint.   Two   panch

witnesses were summoned. The pre-trap formalities were completed.

Anthracene powder was applied to five currency notes of Rs.100/-

denomination and delivered to the first informant to tender the same to

the accused, when demanded. 

2.5 At about 4.30 pm on 26

th

  September 1997 a trap was laid. A

panch witness accompanied the first informant to the Court hall to

verify the demand. As the accused took out the file and assured the first

informant that the warrant would be issued on Monday and asked the

complainant to comply with the demand of the accused., the first

informant tendered the tainted currency notes to the accused. The latter

accepted the said currency notes and kept those notes in the left pocket

of his shirt. A predetermined signal was given to the raiding party.

Thereupon the raiding party swooped in and apprehended the accused.

2.6In the personal search of the accused, the tainted currency notes

were found in the pocket of his shirt. Upon inspection of the currency

notes, in the light of an ultra violet lamp, bluish fluorescence was noticed

on the tainted currency notes as well as the fingers of the right hand of

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the accused and pocket of the shirt of the accused. Post trap panchnama

was drawn. 

2.7 The accused came to be arrested, and after finding the complicity

of the accused for the offences punishable under Sections 7 and 13(1)

(d) read with Section 13(2) of the PC Act, 1998, the accused was sent

for trial. 

2.8 The learned Special Judge, framed charge against the accused for

the offences punishable under Section 7 and 13(1)(d) read with Section

13(2) of the PC Act 1988. The accused abjured his guilt.

2.9 At the trial, to substantiate the indictment against the accused

prosecution examined three witnesses, namely, Dr. Hemant Chikhalikar,

(PW-1);   the   first   informant,   Rajendra   Dabhade,   (PW-2);   the  panch

witness, and Tulshidas Pawar, (PW-3); the Investigating Officer. 

2.10 In his defence the accused examined Madhukar Bakare, (DW-1)

who was allegedly present in the Court hall at the time of the alleged

occurrence. 

2.11 After appraisal of the evidence, the learned Special Judge was

persuaded to return a finding that the accused demanded and accepted

the amount of Rs.500/- as gratification other than legal remuneration

as a motive or reward for the issue of a warrant and the accused by

abusing his position as a public servant obtained for himself illegal

gratification of Rs.500/- and, thus, the accused committed offences

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punishable under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) read with Section 13(2) of

the PC Act, 1998.

2.12 Being aggrieved, the accused has preferred this Appeal.

3.I  have  heard   Mr.   Zaid   Qureshi,   the   learned   Counsel   for   the

Appellant, and Mr. D.J. Haldankar, the learned APP, for the Respondent-

State, at some length. With the assistance of the learned Counsel for the

parties, I have also perused the evidence and material on record. 

4.  Mr. Qureshi, the learned Counsel for the Appellant, submitted

that the learned Special Judge committed a grave error in returning a

finding of guilt. The prosecution case suffered from insurmountable

infirmities.  Firstly, the very fact that the first informant had filed the

complaint at the given time and place, allegedly consequent to the

demand of bribe  by the Appellant, is improbalised by the version of the

first informant and the Investigating officer. Secondly, the version of the

first informant bristles with improvements and inconsistencies, which

render   his   testimony   unworthy   of   credence.   Thirdly,   there   was   no

demand as such; which is a  

sine qua non for an offence punishable

under Section 7 of the P.C. Act, 1988. Fourthly, there is not an iota of

evidence to establish the verification of the demand. Fifthly, the defence

evidence, completely demolishes the prosecution case, and the learned

Special Judge committed a manifest error in completely discarding the

evidence   of   the   defence   witnesses   which   commands   equal   weight.

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Therefore, the impugned judgment of conviction which is based on

surmises   and   conjectures,   and   not   legal   evidence,   deserves   to   be

quashed and set aside. 

5.Per contra, Mr. D. J. Haldankar, the learned APP, stoutly supported

the impugned judgment. It was submitted that the guilt of the accused

was established by cogent evidence. The alleged discrepancies in the

testimony of the first informant and the Investigating Officer are not of

such a nature as to throw the entire prosecution case overboard. Taking

the Court through the evidence of the first informant, in particular, Mr.

Haldankar, would urge that, all the elements of demand, acceptance

and recovery can be said to have been duly proved. Thus, the Appeal,

being   devoid   of   substance,   deserves   to   be   dismissed,   urged   Mr.

Haldankar.

6.Before   appreciating  the   aforesaid   rival   submissions   canvassed

across   the   bar,   a   brief   resume   of   the   evidence   adduced   by   the

prosecution may be apposite. 

7.Dr. Hemant Chikhalikar, the first informant, after informing the

Court  about  the  criminal  complaint   lodged  by  him   for   defamation

before the Court of the learned Magistrate and the order of warrant

issued against the accused therein, testified to the fact that on 26

th

September 1997, he approached the accused at 2.30 pm. At that time,

the accused allegedly demanded a bribe of Rs.500/- and stated that

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only after receipt of the said amount, he would make arrangement for

the issue of warrant against the accused in the said criminal case. The

accused allegedly asked the first informant to come alongwith the bribe

amount at 5.00 pm. Thereafter, the first informant went to the office of

the Anti-Corruption Bureau to lodge the compliant. 

8.Dr. Chikhalikar (PW-1) after apprising the Court about the pre-

trap formalities deposed that, at 4.30 pm the raiding party left the office

of the Anti-Corruption Bureau to reach the Court. After the Presiding

Officer   retired   to   his   Chamber,   the   first   informant   and   the   panch

witnesses approached the accused. The accused assured him that his

work would be done on Monday and called upon the first informant to

do the work of accused then and there. Thereupon, the first informant

tendered the tainted currency notes, the accused accepted the same and

kept those currency notes in the left pocket of his shirt. Thereafter, the

raiding party apprehended the accused. 

9.Mr. Rajendra Dabhade (PW-2), the panch witness, claimed to

have visited the office of the Anti-Corruption Bureau at 3.00 pm. He

further deposed, after the verification of the complaint and pre-trap

formalities,   the  raiding   party   left   the   office   of   the   Anti-Corruption

Bureau at 4.45 pm. It reached the District Court premises, Pune. He and

the first informant approached the accused.

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10.Mr Dabhade (PW2) wants to impress upon the Court that, the

first informant enquired with the accused as to whether the warrant

was prepared. The accused replied in the negative and stated that if the

amount as demanded by the accused was paid to him, he would prepare

the warrant on Monday. Thereupon, the first informant tendered the

tainted currency notes to the accused.  Mr. Rajendra Dabhade (PW-2)

lends support to the claim of Dr. Chikhalikar (PW-1) on the recovery of

the tainted currency notes from the accused. 

11.Mr.  Tulshidas   Pawar,   (PW-3),   the   then  Police   Inspector,   Anti-

Corruption Bureau, Pune, furnished the details of the pre-trap and post-

trap events. The accused was allegedly found in possession of the

tainted currency notes. Thereupon, the accused was apprehended. 

12.It would be contextually relevant to note that Mr. Madhukar

Bakare (DW-1), the witness examined by the accused in his defence,

wants the Court to believe that on 26

th

 September 1997, he had gone to

the Court of the concerned Magistrate in connection with a private

complaint filed by him. Two persons approached the accused. One of

those persons confronted the accused as to why the summons was not

issued. At about 5.20 pm after the Presiding Officer retired to his

Chamber,  when the first informant perused the record of his case, the

first informant appeared to be in an excited state. The accused assured

the first informant that he would prepare the warrant on Monday. While

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the accused was keeping the file of the first informant back in the

cupboard, the first informant thrusted some currency notes into the

pocket of the shirt of the accused. A raiding party came and the accused

was apprehended. 

13.In the backdrop of the aforesaid evidence, the following facts

appear to be rather incontrovertible. First, the capacity of the accused as

tthe public servant. Second, the presence of the accused and the first

informant at the time of the alleged occurrence. Third, the recovery of

the tainted currency notes from the possession of the accused. The

controversy revolves around the question whether the accused had

demanded and accepted the money by way of gratification other than

legal remuneration. Was it a case of the acceptance and demand or that

of thrusting of the tainted currency notes as deposed to by Madhukar

Bakare (DW-1). 

14.For an answer, the recourse to the manner in which the witnesses

fared   in   the   cross-examination   assumes   significance.   Mr.   Tulshidas

Pawar   (PW-3),   the   Investigating   Officer,   conceded   in   the   cross-

examination that on 26

th

 September 1997, the first informant had come

to the office of the Anti-Corruption Bureau at about 10.00 to 10.30 am.

He had taken the first informant to the Chamber of the Superintendent

of Police. Mr. Tulshidas Pawar (PW-3) was candid enough to concede

that, before arranging the trap, he had not verified the demand of bribe

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by the accused. He went on to concede that as soon as he nabbed the

accused, the latter told him that he had not accepted any amount nor

committed any mischief. 

15.The aforesaid admissions, especially as regards the time of visit of

the first informant to the office of the Anti-Corruption Bureau to file the

complaint, are of critical salience. The first informant wants the Court

to believe that the alleged demand was made for the first time at 2.30

pm on 26

th

 September 1997. He immediately rushed to the office of the

Anti-Corruption   Bureau   and   filed   the   complaint.   In   contrast,   Mr.

Tulshidas Pawar (PW-3) categorically deposed that the first informant

came to the office of Anti-Corruption Bureau at about 10.00 to 10.30

am   on   26

th

  September   1997   and   the   complaint   was   filed.   This

discrepancy in the time of reporting the matter to the Anti-Corruption

Bureau, in the peculiar facts of the case, cannot be brushed aside as a

trivial difference of time in regard to the occurrence in the testimony of

two witnesses. 

16.It is imperative to note that the raid was conducted on the very

day on which the first informant lodged the complaint, nay, under a

couple of hours of the lodging of the complaint, if the version of the first

informant is to be believed. If the demand was made at 2.30 pm on 26

th

September 1997, then the first informant could not have lodged the

complaint about the unlawful demand at 10.00 am on 26

th

 September

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1997. Conversely, if the version of the first informant is given primacy,

then the very conduct of the raid, within two hours of filing of the

complaint, renders the entire trap process suspect. 

17.The Court cannot lose sight of the fact that the first informant

deposed that he approached the office of the Anti-Corruption Bureau

after the demand was made at 2.30 pm, and the raiding party allegedly

left the office of the Anti-Corruption Bureau for the trap at 4.30 pm,

under less than two hours. The prosecution wants the Court to believe

that under less than two hours time, the complaint was reduced to

writing; the panch witnesses, who happened to be public servants, were

summoned; the complaint was verified by the panch witnesses, pre-trap

formalities were completed and by 4.30 pm the raiding party left the

office of the Anti-Corruption Bureau. 

18.If the aforesaid sequence of events is considered, the prosecution

version is improbalised by the tasks allegedly completed within the

window period of hardly two hours. If the complaint was filed after

2.30 pm, some amount of time must have been consumed requisitioning

the services of the public servants as panch witnesses. Mr. Rajendra

Dabhade (PW-2) informs the Court that he and Mr. Vijay Sadanapure,

another panch, had left their office upon being called and reached the

office of the Anti-Corruption Bureau at 3.00 pm on 26

th

  September

1997. The complaint was thereafter verified. 

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19.It   appears   to   be   utterly   improbable   that   under   a   couple   of

minutes of the filing of the compliant, the panch witnesses would reach

the office of the Anti-Corruption Bureau at 3.00 pm. Thus, the clear and

categorical admissions of Mr. Tulshidas Pawar (PW-3) that the first

informant had approached the office of the Anti-Corruption Bureau on

the morning of 26

th

 September 1997, in the circumstances of the case,

appears more nearer to the truth. However, by that time, on the own

showing of the first informant, there was no demand of bribe by the

accused. 

20.Secondly, on the aspect of the verification of the demand, there is

not an iota of evidence. The admission that there was no independent

verification of the demand erodes the veracity of the prosecution case.

In the absence of proof of demand, which is a   

sine qua non for the

constitution   of   the   offence,   the   charge   of   acceptance   of   illegal

gratification, punishable under Section 7 of the P.C. Act, 1988, cannot

be sustained. The endeavour of the prosecution to sustain the charge

against the accused on the strength of the testimony of Dr. Chikhalikar

(PW-1), the first informant, and Mr. Rajendra Dabhade (PW-2), the

panch witness, is also not free from infirmities. 

21.According to Dr. Chikhalikar (PW-1), the accused told him to

come on Monday and he would do the work of the first informant and

simultaneously the first informant told the accused that he should do

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the work of the accused then and there.  In contrast, Mr. Rajendra

Dabhade (PW-2) informed the Court that, the accused stated in specific

terms that he would do the work of the first informant if the first

informant paid the amount as was demanded by the accused. There is a

material variance in the version of the first informant and Mr. Rajendra

Dabhade (PW-2) as regards the alleged demand made by the accused. 

22.If   viewed   in   the   backdrop   of   a   critical   infirmities,   in   the

prosecution case as regards the time of filing of the complaint and the

completion of all the formalities, right from the filing of the complaint

to its verification, to requesting the public servants, to completion of

pre-trap formalities, it would be rather hazardous to place implicit

reliance on such contradictory testimony of Dr. Chikhalikar (PW-1) and

Mr. Rajendra Dabhade (PW-2) to sustain the alleged demand of illegal

gratification, especially in the absence of verification of the demand. 

23.It is well neigh settled that mere proof of acceptance and recovery

of tainted currency notes is not sufficient to bring home the charge

under Section 7 of the P.C. Act, 1988. On the mere proof of the tainted

currency notes having changed the hands, it cannot be presumed that

the money was accepted pursuant to a demand of illegal gratification.

The   entire   chain     of   demand,   acceptance   and   recovery   has   to   be

complete. If there is no proof of initial demand, the proof of two other

components, namely, acceptance and recovery of tainted currency notes,

ARS  13/18

-APEAL-1115-2003.DOC

which in a given case may form part of one and the same act, would not

be sufficient. 

24.A useful reference in this context can be made to the judgment of

the Supreme Court in the case of State of Maharashtra Vs Dnyaneshwar

Laxman Rao Wankhede,

1

 wherein it was enunciated as under:

“16. Indisputably, the demand of illegal gratification is a sine qua

non for constitution of an offence under the provisions of the Act.

For arriving at the conclusion as to whether all the ingredients of an

offence, viz., demand, acceptance and recovery of the amount of

illegal gratification have been satisfied or not, the court must take

into   consideration   the   facts   and   circumstances   brought   on   the

record   in  their  entirety.   For  the   said   purpose,   indisputably,   the

presumptive evidence, as is laid down in Section 20 of the Act, must

also be taken into consideration but then in respect thereof, it is

trite, the standard of burden of proof on the accused vis-a-vis the

standard of burden of proof on the prosecution would differ. Before,

however,   the   accused   is  called   upon   to   explain   as  to   how   the

amount in question was found in his possession, the foundational

facts must be established by the prosecution. Even while invoking

the provisions of Section 20  of the Act, the court is required to

consider the explanation offered by the accused, if any, only on the

touchstone   of   preponderance   of   probability   and   not   on   the

touchstone of proof beyond all reasonable doubt.”

25.This well-settled legal position was reiterated by the Supreme

Court in a recent pronouncement in the case of P Somaraju Vs State of

Andhra Pradesh.

2

 The Supreme Court observed as under:

1  (2009) 15 sCC 200.

2 AIR 2025 SC 5313.

ARS  14/18

-APEAL-1115-2003.DOC

“18. The statutory presumption under Section 20 of the PC Act

is not automatic and arises only once the foundational facts of

demand and acceptance are proved. The same has been reiterated

time and again by this Court; in the recent decision of Rajesh

Gupta Vs State through Central Bureau of Investigation, (2022

INSC 359)  it was held:

“17. For an offence under Section 7  of PC Act, the

demand of illegal gratification is a sine qua non to

prove the guilt. Mere recovery of currency notes cannot

constitute an offence under Section 7 of PC Act, unless

it   is   proved   beyond   reasonable   doubt   that   accused

voluntarily   accepted   the   money,   knowing   it  to   be   a

bribe. The proof of acceptance of illegal gratification

can follow only if there is proof of demand.”

19.   It is therefore vital to examine these elements before the

circumstance of recovery can assume any significance. We once

again   rely   on   the   observation   of   this   Court   in  Rajesh   Gupta

(supra):

“16. ….The law is well-settled by the judgments of this

Court in Panna Damodar Rathi vs. State of Maharashtra

(1979) 4 SCC 526 and Ayyasami vs. State of Tamil

Nadu (1992) 1 SCC 304, whereby it has been clarified

that the sole testimony of the complainant, who is the

interested   witness,   cannot   be   relied   upon   without

having corroboration with the independent evidence.”

26. In a case of the present nature, where the inconsistencies in the

prosecution case and the improbabilities of the prosecution version

stare   in   the   face,   the   prosecution   cannot   draw   mileage   from   the

presumption contained in Section 20 of the P.C. Act, 1988, as it then

ARS  15/18

-APEAL-1115-2003.DOC

stood. It is trite, where the demand has not been proved, Section 20 will

have   no   application.   (Union of India Through Inspector CBI Vs

Purnandu Biswas,

3

 T Subramanian Vs State of T. N.

4

 and Om Prakash Vs

State of Haryana.

5

27.  At this juncture, it is necessary to note that the accused has

offered a version which compets in probability. Mr. Tulshidas Pawar

(PW-3)   conceded   in   the   cross-examination   that   the   accused   has

instantaneously offered the explanation that he had not accepted the

money and committed   no mischief. The testimony of Mr. Madhukar

Bakare (DW-1)  that the first informant thrusted the currency notes in

the pocket of the accused, could not be impeached during the course of

cross-examination.   Nothing   material   could   be   elicited   in   the   cross-

examination of Mr. Madhukar Bakare (DW-1) to discredit his version.

28.In the aforesaid view of the matter, the learned Special Judge

committed an error in convicting the accused by offering a gratuitous

explanation regarding the conduct of the first informant. The visit of the

first  informant   to   the  office  of  the  Anti-Corruption  Bureau   on   the

morning of 26

th

  September 1997 was sought to be downplayed by

observing that the first informant might have thought that the accused

was   expecting   some   gratification   from   the   first   informant   and,

3 (2005) 12 SCC 576.

4 (2006) 1 SCC 401.

5 (2006) 2 SCC 250.

ARS  16/18

-APEAL-1115-2003.DOC

therefore, he might have visited the Anti-Corruption Bureau office in

the morning just to seek advice. Clearly, the learned Special Judge

misdirected himself in ignoring the material contradiction and its effect

on the probabilities of the case. Likewise, the discrepancy in the version

of the first informant and Mr. Rajendra Dabhade (PW-2) on the crucial

aspect of the demand of illegal gratification was brushed aside by a

casual observation that, such contradictions were quite natural. 

29.To conclude, the learned Special Judge committed a grave error

in  arriving   at  the   finding   of   guilt  of  the  accused  on  assumptions,

surmises and conjectures sans legal evidence. Resultantly, the impugned

judgment of conviction cannot be sustained. 

30.The conspectus of the aforesaid consideration is that, the Appeal

deserves to be allowed.  

31.Hence, the following order:

: O R D E R :

(i) The Appeal stands allowed. 

(ii) The impugned judgment and order dated

19

th

 August 2003 stand quashed and set aside. 

(iii) The Appellant-accused  stands   acquitted

of the offences punishable under  Sections 7

and 13(1)(d) read with Section 13(2) of the

P.C. Act, 1988.  

ARS  17/18

-APEAL-1115-2003.DOC

(iv) The   amount   of   fine   deposited   by   the

Appellant be refunded to the Appellant. 

(v) The bail bond stands cancelled and the

surety stands discharged.

(vi) R & P be sent back to the Court of the

Special Judge. 

 

[N. J. JAMADAR, J.]

ARS  18/18

Description

Bombay High Court Overturns Corruption Conviction, Emphasizing Proof of Demand Under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988

In a significant ruling concerning the **Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988**, the Bombay High Court recently delivered a crucial judgment in Criminal Appeal No. 1115 of 2003, emphasizing the strict requirements for proving **demand of illegal gratification**. This detailed case analysis is now available on CaseOn, offering legal professionals and students alike an in-depth look at its implications. The appellate court meticulously examined the evidence, ultimately quashing the conviction that had been upheld by the Special Judge, Pune, highlighting critical flaws in the prosecution's case regarding the demand and acceptance of a bribe.

The Case Background

The case involved Shailendra Manikrao Bakare, a Bench Clerk, who was accused of demanding and accepting a bribe of Rs. 500/- for processing a bailable warrant in a defamation case. The first informant, Dr. Hemant Chikhalikar, initiated the complaint with the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) after allegedly being asked for the bribe. A trap was laid on September 26, 1997, leading to the recovery of tainted currency notes from the accused's shirt pocket. The Special Judge, Pune, had convicted Bakare under Sections 7 and 13(1)(d) read with Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, sentencing him to rigorous imprisonment and a fine.

Legal Case Analysis (IRAC Method)

Issue

Can an accused be convicted under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, based solely on the recovery of tainted currency notes, when there are significant inconsistencies in the prosecution's evidence regarding the initial demand and a lack of independent verification of that demand?

Rule

The core legal principles governing this case are derived from the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, specifically Sections 7 and 13. Section 7 penalizes a public servant for accepting gratification other than legal remuneration as a motive or reward. Section 13(1)(d) deals with a public servant obtaining any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage by corrupt or illegal means or by abusing their position. Section 20 of the Act provides for a statutory presumption that if a public servant accepts any gratification, it shall be presumed that they did so as a motive or reward for doing an official act. However, this presumption is not automatic and arises only once the foundational facts of demand and acceptance are proven.

Crucially, as established by the Supreme Court in cases like *State of Maharashtra Vs Dnyaneshwar Laxman Rao Wankhede* (2009) and *P Somaraju Vs State of Andhra Pradesh* (2025), the demand of illegal gratification is a *sine qua non* (an essential condition) for an offence punishable under Section 7 of the P.C. Act, 1988. Mere recovery of currency notes is insufficient to prove guilt unless it's established beyond reasonable doubt that the accused voluntarily accepted the money knowing it to be a bribe. Independent corroboration of the complainant's testimony, especially regarding the demand, is often necessary given that the complainant is an interested witness.

Analysis

The Bombay High Court meticulously analyzed the evidence presented by the prosecution and the defense, finding several critical infirmities in the prosecution's case:

Inconsistencies in Timing and Demand

The most significant discrepancy arose concerning the timing of the complaint. The first informant (PW-1) claimed the demand was made at 2:30 PM on September 26, 1997, after which he immediately rushed to the ACB office. However, the Investigating Officer (PW-3) categorically stated that the first informant visited the ACB office between 10:00 AM and 10:30 AM on the same day. This fundamental contradiction made the entire trap process suspect, as it would be improbable for a demand made at 2:30 PM to be reported and for pre-trap formalities, including summoning panch witnesses and verifying the complaint, to be completed, and the raiding party to depart by 4:30 PM.

Lack of Demand Verification

The Investigating Officer (PW-3) conceded that he had not verified the demand for the bribe before arranging the trap. This omission is crucial because, as per legal precedents, independent verification of the demand is vital for bolstering the prosecution's case. The absence of such verification severely eroded the veracity of the demand alleged by the first informant.

Contradictory Testimonies on Acceptance

The testimony of the first informant (PW-1) and the panch witness (PW-2) regarding the actual transaction also varied. While PW-1 stated that the accused assured him the work would be done on Monday and simultaneously, the informant told the accused to do the work then and there (implying an exchange), PW-2 claimed the accused stated he would do the work *if* the demanded amount was paid. This material variance further weakened the credibility of the prosecution's narrative concerning the alleged demand and acceptance.

As legal professionals, staying updated with such rulings is paramount. CaseOn.in offers concise 2-minute audio briefs that provide a quick yet comprehensive overview of these specific judgments, enabling you to grasp their nuances and implications efficiently.

Defense Evidence

The defense presented a witness, Madhukar Bakare (DW-1), who testified that the first informant thrusted the currency notes into the accused's pocket while the accused was keeping the file back. This defense version, supported by the Investigating Officer's admission that the accused immediately denied accepting money and committing mischief, competed in probability with the prosecution's claims. The cross-examination of DW-1 failed to discredit his version.

Misdirection by Special Judge

The High Court found that the learned Special Judge erred by downplaying these material contradictions and inconsistencies, dismissing them as trivial or offering gratuitous explanations for the first informant's conduct (e.g., visiting the ACB for advice in the morning). This amounted to basing the conviction on assumptions rather than concrete legal evidence.

Conclusion

The Bombay High Court concluded that the prosecution failed to establish the foundational fact of demand, which is a *sine qua non* for an offence under Section 7 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Given the insurmountable infirmities, including contradictory testimonies, lack of demand verification, and improbable timelines, the statutory presumption under Section 20 could not be invoked. The appeal was allowed, and the impugned judgment of conviction was quashed, leading to the acquittal of Shailendra Manikrao Bakare. The fine amount deposited by the Appellant was ordered to be refunded, and the bail bond cancelled.

Summary of Original Content

The original court judgment details the appeal of Shailendra Manikrao Bakare against his conviction under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. The prosecution's case revolved around a trap where Bakare, a Bench Clerk, allegedly demanded and accepted Rs. 500/- to issue a bailable warrant. The High Court, after reviewing testimonies of the first informant (PW-1), panch witness (PW-2), investigating officer (PW-3), and defense witness (DW-1), identified severe inconsistencies in the timeline of events, particularly regarding when the complaint was filed and when the alleged demand occurred. Crucially, the absence of independent verification of the bribe demand and contradictions between key prosecution witnesses led the court to conclude that the prosecution failed to prove the 'demand'—a prerequisite for conviction under the Act. The judgment highlights that mere recovery of tainted currency notes is insufficient without establishing prior demand and voluntary acceptance. Consequently, the conviction was quashed, and the accused was acquitted.

Why This Judgment is an Important Read for Lawyers and Students

This judgment serves as a vital reminder of the burden of proof resting on the prosecution in cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. For lawyers, it underscores the critical importance of scrutinizing the pre-trap formalities, the verification of demand, and the consistency of witness testimonies. It reinforces that even with the recovery of tainted currency, if the 'demand' is not proven beyond reasonable doubt, the entire prosecution case can falter. Defense lawyers can draw valuable insights into challenging the prosecution's narrative by highlighting discrepancies and the lack of independent corroboration, especially when a defense of 'thrusting' is presented.

For law students, this case is an excellent illustration of the application of the IRAC method in real-world legal analysis. It clarifies the legal principle that demand is the *sine qua non* for an offence under Section 7 of the PC Act and demonstrates how inconsistencies in evidence, particularly regarding timing and lack of verification, can render a conviction unsustainable. It also provides a practical understanding of how courts evaluate the reliability of interested witnesses (like the complainant) and the implications of the statutory presumption under Section 20 of the Act.

Disclaimer

All information provided in this analysis is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, readers should consult with a qualified legal professional for advice on any specific legal matter. Reliance on the information provided herein is at your own risk. The views expressed are interpretations of the judgment and not exhaustive legal opinions.

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