No Acts & Articles mentioned in this case
ABA 160 of 2025.doc
Ajay
ININ THETHE HIGHHIGH COURTCOURT OFOF JUDICATUREJUDICATURE ATAT BOMBAYBOMBAY
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
ANTICIPATORY BAIL APPLICATION NO. 160 OF 2025
Tejas Lalit Soni ..Applicant
Versus
State of Maharashtra & Anr. ..Respondents
WITH
INTERIM APPLICATION NO. 437 OF 2025
IN
ANTICIPATORY BAIL APPLICATION NO. 160 OF 2025
Amit Jayantilal Mehta ..Applicant
Versus
State of Maharashtra & Anr. ..Respondents
....................
Mr. Saurabh Ghag a/w Ms. Dakshata Sawant & Ms. Nikita Chavan,
Advocate for Applicant.
Ms. Shilpa K. Gajare-Dhumal, APP for Respondent No.1 – State.
Mr. Prashant Malik a/w Mr. Harishkumar S. Zende & Ms. Gauri R.
Parab for Respondent No.2.
...................
CORAM:MILIND N. JADHAV, J.
DATE:JUNE 9, 2025
JUDGEMENT :
1. Heard Mr. Ghag, learned Advocate for Applicant; Ms. Gajare-
Dhumal, learned APP for Respondent No.1 - State and Mr. Malik,
learned Advocate for Respondent No.2 / Intervener - First Informant.
2. This Anticipatory Bail Application is filed under Section 438
of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Applicant apprehends arrest
since he is named in FIR bearing No. 1448 of 2024 dated 21.12.2024
registered with Amboli Police Station for offences punishable under
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Sections 420 and 409 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short "IPC").
The FIR was transferred to Economic Offences Wing (EOW) Unit – 5,
General Cheating III, Mumbai and re-numbered as CR No.74 of 2024.
3. Prosecution case emanates from the version narrated by
Respondent No.2 – Complainant in the FIR. The version initiates in the
backdrop of a Sole Selling Distribution Agreement dated 08.06.2023
(“Agreement” hereinafter) the terms of which, according to
Prosecution, have been breached by Applicant. This breach led to
termination of the Agreement by the counter party – Hunnar Jewels
(Hereinafter “the Company”) on 07.11.2023. There was a Novation of
Contract in May 2024 between parties. According to Complainant,
there was breach committed thereafter. Prosecution asserts that
Applicant was obligated, post to return back the gold stock received by
him under terms of the Agreement / Novation back to Complainant
Company. Prosecution alleges that Applicant refrained from returning
back the balance gold stock and misappropriated the same. This led
Respondent No.2 (CFO of the Complainant Company) to lodge the FIR
on 21.12.2024. Charges are under Sections 409 and 420 of the Indian
Penal Code 1860 (for short “IPC”).
4. Mr. Ghag, learned Advocate appearing for Applicant in
support of the Application would submit that Applicant has abided by
all terms and conditions of the Agreement and was consternated upon
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receipt of termination letter dated 07.11.2023 which, according to
him, was sudden and unexpected. He would stress on the fact that the
termination letter was the first instance of any communication between
parties where possibility of termination was put forth by Complainant
Company. He would submit that even in the prosecution complaint
essential ingredients of Section 409 and Section 420 of IPC are not
satisfied and hence there is no
prima facie case made out whatsoever
by prosecution against the Applicant. He would submit that even if
there is a dispute raised due to any alleged breach, the same would be
civil in nature since rights of parties are governed by terms and
conditions of the Agreement which was terminated and Novation was
exercised and therefore the Company should exercise remedy as
recited in the agreement i.e. either referring the dispute to arbitration
as per
clause 16 of the Agreement or approach the Civil Court of
appropriate original civil jurisdiction against Applicant. He would
submit that invoking criminal action / offence in the alternative
belatedly in such facts where rights of parties are governed by mutual
agreement and terms of contract is impermissible as there is no
element of deceit or fraud involved at the inception stage in the
present case. In support of his above submissions, he would refer to
and rely on the following decisions of the Supreme Court:-
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(i) Jay Shri & Anr. Vs. State of Rajasthan
1
;
(ii) Rikhab Birani & Anr. Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh
2
;
(iii) Siddharam Satlingappa Mhetre Vs. State of
Maharashtra and Ors.
3
5. PER CONTRA, Ms. Gajare – Dhumal Learned APP for
Respondent – State would vehemently oppose the Application. She
would submit that Applicant and his friend Hemendra Jain lured Mr.
Giriraj Agrawal (CFO) of the Company into executing the agreement
making offshoot investment by portraying good business opportunity.
She would submit that Applicant was supposed to receive 50 Kg gold
as part of the agreement of which he received 20 Kg gold which is an
undisputed fact. She would submit that Applicant took orders for
manufacturing gold ornaments from his other Corporate clients but
instead of purchasing raw gold for fulfilling their demand, he
misappropriated the gold stock received from First Informant in his
custody for the said purpose. She would submit that custody of
Applicant is required since Applicant is incommunicado despite being
contacted twice requiring him to submit all relevant disclosure and
data of stock and account for monies and gold stock which is yet to be
ascertained by the prosecution. She would submit that Applicant has
received gold from many such traders and clients for manufacture of
1 2023 SCC OnLine SC 54
2 SLIP (Cri) 8592 of 2024
3 2010 SCC OnLine SC 1375
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articles but failed to return the same and in this regard one such
complaint filed by one of his other client is placed on record. Hence,
she would pray for Application to be rejected.
6. Mr. Malik, learned Advocate appearing on behalf of
Respondent No.2 would adopt the submissions of Ms. Gajare-Dhumal,
learned APP and make some additional submissions for consideration
of Court. He would rebut the submissions of Mr. Ghag by submitting
that Applicant, who is in the business of manufacturing gold
ornaments and jewellery falsely represented to First Informant that he
had several pending business orders from reputed Corporate
companies like Reliance and Titan and lured him to join his business
venture and invest gold available with him. He would submit that this
false representation depicted Applicant’s fraudulent intention from the
very inception to deceive Complainant Company and thus essential
ingredients of Section 420 and 409 are
prima facie met with. He would
submit that despite repeated reminders and calls from First Informant,
Applicant has shown no
bona fides and repeatedly evaded giving
answers or gave
mala fide promises. He would submit that in such
circumstances, Complainant Company was left with no other option
but to accept a further proposal / Novation from Applicant to
overcome the situation but was once again deceived by him. He would
submit that Applicant’s act have caused immense financial and
reputational losses to Complainant Company. He would submit that
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Applicant remains in possession of Complainant's property i.e. gold
stock which needs to be returned / recovered.
6.1. According to him, there has been inducement on the part of
Applicant right from inception to deceive the Company. He would
submit that first inducement by Applicant was in October 2022 when
he made an offer to First Informant to become his business partner
which did not fructify. According to him, thereafter Applicant reverted
back with the proposal to enter into a Sole Selling Distribution
Agreement. He would submit that on non-compliance of obligations of
the Sole Selling Distribution Agreement for a period of more than 5
months when First Informant expressed his mind to terminate the
agreement, at that time Applicant once again induced First Informant
by offering to deposit 5 Kgs. of gold ornaments in 5 Retail showrooms
and persuaded him to open 5 retail showrooms and to show his
bonafides he deposited 2 Kgs. of gold in one of the showroom which
was opened by First Informant. He would submit that Applicant took
back 1.5 Kgs of the said gold ornaments which was deposited in the
retail showroom for the purpose of hallmarking them but once again
deceived First Informant and did not return back the same. He would
submit that Applicant has not shown any
bonafides to return the
delivered property namely gold and has failed on his promises. He
would submit that First Informant entered into a contract with
Applicant on the sole belief that Applicant was inundated with
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substantial orders for manufacture of jewellery from the Corporate
world but it was not so. He would submit that in the entire episode of
association with Applicant, Informant was kept away from the business
of manufacture of gold ornaments in Applicant’s factory without any
disclosure being made to him under the Sole Selling Distribution
Agreement. He would submit that
modus operandi of Applicant was to
induce and lure persons to deliver raw gold and make false promises of
lucrative returns and thereafter misappropriate the gold. He has relied
upon the decision in the case of
Priti Saraf & Anr. Vs. State of NCT
Delhi and Anr.
4
to contend that Supreme Court has observed that many
a times, the offence of cheating is committed in the course of
commercial transaction between parties which has happened in the
present case. He would persuade the Court to therefore reject the
present ABA.
7. I have heard the learned Advocates appearing for the
respective parties and with their able assistance, perused the record of
the case. Submissions made by them has received due consideration of
the Court.
8. Prosecution alleges deception played by Applicant on two
separate occasions; first occasion being when he misrepresented he
having large pending orders from reputed Corporate Companies for
manufacture of gold articles and second occasion being when both
4 Criminal Appeal No(s) 296 of 2021 (Arising out of SLP (Cri) No. 6364 of 2019)
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parties came to a settlement on terms agreed upon by them but the
same once again been breached by Applicant. It is seen that Applicant
has disputed the allegations in the FIR. In such circumstances, I am
constrained to rely on the material on record to arrive at my
prima
facie
findings.
9. From the record, it appears that parties are at loggerheads
upon aspects which are governed by the terms of the Agreement and
Novation. Although allegations are made that Applicant deceived the
Complainant Company on two separate occasions, no material is
placed on record by prosecution to substantiate such a claim.
According to the contractual terms the first instance for cause of action
arose in July 2023. All the purportedly incriminating material against
Applicant appear to be emanating out of contractual obligations of
parties governed by the Agreement dated 08.06.2023. At this juncture,
I find it apropos to list out a few relevant terms of the subject
Agreement which read as under:-
9.1. Recital 2.3 of the Agreement deals with return of gold. The
clause reads thus:-
“
2.3 On expiry of the term or early termination of this
Agreement by the ABL, the Hunnar shall handover to the ABL,
the gold, free from all encumbrances, within 45 days of such
expiry or termination and shall execute such instrument(s) and
deeds as the ABL may require the Hunnar to execute. Upon such
expiry of the term or early termination of this Agreement, the
Hunnar shall ensure that the gold is returned in the same
manner and purity or in the finished manner as represented by
them.
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9.2. Clause 5.2 of the Agreement deals with deposit of gold,
payment of return and termination of agreement upon failure to fulfill
the conditions. The clause reads thus:-
"
5.2 It is specifically agreed by between parties that ABL will
give advance of 50 kg of Gold (purity 99.5) within 45 days from
the date of insurance cover starts and lease / sub lease of
premises of Hunnar starts SUBJECT / PROVIDED that Hunnar
shall pay minimum assured return of 2% p.m. of the value of
such Gold (purity 99.5) and further assured ABL that there shall
be a minimum double turnover of the finished goods metal
every month and this term shall be treated as a CONDITION
PRECEDENT for the continuance of this Agreement. Upon
failure by Hunnar in fulfilling the above 2 conditions than ABL
shall terminate this Agreement forthwith.”
9.3. Clause 15.5 of the Agreement deals with the obligations of
parties upon termination. The said clause reads thus:-
“
15.5 Upon termination of this Agreement:
(i) Both parties shall be relieved of their respective rights and
obligations under the Agreement save such obligations and/or
liabilities of the Parties that may survive the termination.
(ii)Hunnar shall immediately return to ABL any and all
unused precious metals / Raw materials / finished goods which
are kept in the premises of Hunnar.” (emphasis supplied)
10. Insofar as the present case is concerned dates are crucial in
order to appreciate rights of parties qua each other leading to filing of
FIR. Hence it would be worthwhile to delineate the facts for better
understanding of the rights of parties. From the prosecution case, it is
seen that Applicant - Tejas Lalit Soni and one Hemendra Jain who
were the partners of Hunnar Gold approached and convinced First
Informant in October 2022 with a proposal to join their Company and
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invest gold for the purpose of manufacturing gold ornaments. Hunnar
Gold had a factory at Kandivali which manufactured gold ornaments
for the Corporate world including Reliance, Titan etc. Thereafter in
May 2023 a revised proposal was made by Applicant to First Informant
and after negotiations between them, both Applicant and First
Informant decided to the execute Sole Selling Distributor Agreement
dated 08.06.2023. Under this agreement it was decided that First
Informant will give 50 Kgs. of gold as stock deposit for manufacture of
gold ornaments to Applicant and in lieu thereof as return, First
Informant will receive 2% of the value of gold on monthly basis and if
there was any default for more than 15 days proportionately First
Informant would be entitled to receive 3% of the value of gold deposit.
10.1. It is seen that apart from the above principal clause of Sole
Selling Distributor Agreement, there were several other rights and
obligations listed in the agreement
qua the Applicant on one hand and
the First Informant on the other hand whereby Applicant was required
to involve the First Informant in the business of manufacture of gold
ornaments in his factory.
10.2. In the interregnum on 04.07.2023 First Informant changed
the name of his company from
"ABL Ltd" to "Hunnar Jewels Ltd". This
was on the advice of Applicant whose company was named as "Hunnar
Gold". It is seen that First Informant deposited 20 Kgs. of gold with
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Applicant despite the fact that as per the agreement, he was required
to deposit 50 Kgs. of gold. Sometime in September 2023, a meeting
took place between First Informant and Applicant wherein he
complained about non-disclosure of his obligations to him by
Applicant. It was lamented that First Informant was denied access to
stock verification and Tally access, disclosure relating to manufacture
of gold ornaments and most importantly large scale cash transactions
carried out by Applicant. In that view of the matter, First Informant
refused to deposit further 30 Kgs. of gold with Applicant. In November
2023 First Informant reminded Applicant of non-receipt of 2%
promised returns as per Agreement on the value of the stock of gold
deposited with him and threatened to terminate the Agreement.
Thereafter First Informant by termination notice dated 07.11.2023
terminated the Agreement for breaches and by virtue of such
termination sought return of gold which was deposited with Applicant.
10.3. It is prima facie seen that termination of agreement was on
account of seven reasons i.e. violations of clauses 3.3, 3.9, 3.11, 5.2,
vi,10.9 and 1.13 which were the rights and obligations as per the
Agreement which were not complied with by Applicant according to
First Informant. Primarily it was the First Informant's case that there
was non-compliance of substantial obligations as stated in the Sole
Selling Distribution Agreement between parties and majorly non-
disclosure by Applicant which led to giving of termination notice.
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Thereafter there is a hiatus of 6 months until 15.05.2024 when the
Applicant to show his
bonafides presented a credit note to First
Informant which confirmed the fact that the entire gold which was
given by First Informant to Applicant was invested and in safe custody
with Applicant along with returns that the First Informant was entitled
to. Believing the credit note which was given by Applicant, First
Informant thereafter accepted another proposal of which there is no
documentation placed before the Court but which finds place in the
record and is endorsed by First Informant as reflected in the FIR.
10.4. According to the new proposal given by Applicant, First
Informant was directed to open 5 retail showrooms and Applicant
obliged and agreed to deposit 5 Kgs. of gold ornaments in each of the 5
showrooms to account for return of First Informant's investment of 20
Kgs of gold along with his returns earned as per the Sole Selling
Distribution Agreement. In this regard when Applicant and First
Informant met on 22.06.2024 to discuss the proposal, to show his
bonafides Applicant deposited 2 Kgs. of gold in one of the retail
showroom but took back 1.5 kgs. gold for the purpose of hallmarking
the manufactured articles and left only 500 grams of gold in the hands
of First Informant. Since Applicant did not return back the said 1.5
Kgs. gold, First Informant waited for sometime and ultimately on
21.12.2024 lodged the FIR with Amboli Police Station. Pursuant to
filing of FIR, the Economic Offences Wing (EOW) of the State issued
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two notices dated 02.01.2025 and 17.01.2025 to Applicant for
enlisting his cooperation in the investigation. In view of receiving such
notices and apprehending his arrest, Applicant has filed the present
ABA.
11. In the backdrop of the aforesaid facts, what is crucial for the
Court to consider are the rights between the parties.
Prima facie
relationship between the parties is primarily seen when parties have
indulged in negotiations at various point of time to take their
relationship forward despite First Informant giving the Termination
Notice. It is seen that the Sole Selling Distribution Agreement is the
fulcrum of the dispute of parties. The said Agreement was terminated
in view of the alleged violation of 7 obligations under the said
Agreement by Applicant. According to First Informant one of the
principal breach was that he has not received return of 2% per month
of the value of the advanced gold which was deposited with Applicant
despite assurance given by Applicant to him. That apart another
principal obligation is with respect to non-disclosure of documents
pertaining to non-disclosure of compliances, inventory audit, tax
documents, all types of reports i.e. waste generated report, stock
report, consumption report, WIP, production report on monthly basis
as per the Agreement. When the termination notice appended at page
Nos.91-92 of Applicant is perused, it is
prima facie seen that some of
the issues which were raised in the termination notice leading to
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termination of Agreement are primarily leading to non-compliance of
obligations under the Agreement.
12. It is seen that clause 16 of the said agreement pertains to
Dispute Resolution and jurisdiction to be invoked by First Informant.
Rather First Informant has waited for more than 13 months to file the
FIR after the termination notice after reviving the contract. This delay
is
prima facie attributable to First Informant agreeing to the Novation
of the contract. There is no material placed on record with respect to
Novation for Court to believe the case of First Informant.
Prima facie it
is seen that insofar as the Sole Selling Distribution Agreement is
concerned, copy of the Agreement is placed on record which governs
the rights and obligations of both parties. That apart it is seen that
parties were in a relationship pursuant to execution of Agreement on
08.06.2023 and therefore whether at the inception stage at the time of
executing the agreement and whether Applicant followed deception by
making false or misleading representation cannot be ascertained at a
prima facie stage and it can only be done when prosecution leads
evidence to that effect and proves the same. What is alleged by First
Informant is a contractual dispute or breach of the contract
per se.
Prevailing impression is that civil disputes are time consuming and
therefore present complaint has been filed by invoking criminal
jurisdiction and criminal procedure which may be the reason for First
Informant to approach the law enforcement agencies.
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13. Question before the Court is whether in the first instance,
Applicant before the Court had any intention of defrauding the First
Informant. That apart whether arrest of Applicant would be the right
course of action is what Court will have to see in the present facts.
From the complaint made by the First Informant, it is seen that First
Informant is aggrieved because of Applicant not sharing with him
details of all his debtors for whom he manufactured gold ornaments
and sold the said gold ornaments on credit. Second grievance is that
entire production of Applicant was required to be routed through First
Informant except for the corporate production and that not having
been complied with Applicant is alleged to have breached the
conditions in the Agreement. Next First Informant has alleged that it
was decided between parties that inventory audit will be done every
month which was not complied with after execution of the Agreement
on 08.06.2023. First Informant has not placed on record any material
whether he ever called upon Applicant for these compliances.
Thereafter First Informant has alleged that as stated in the agreement,
Applicant has not paid the assured return of 2% per month of the value
of advance gold given by First Informant. Neither has he honoured his
commitment relating to turnover of finished goods every month. First
Informant has also alleged that documents pertaining to applicable tax
law in a single tally document has not been provided for verification.
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14. That apart it is alleged that Applicant failed to provide 5
different types of returns namely pertaining to stock report of gold,
waste generated report while manufacturing gold ornaments, all types
of stock reports, consumption reports, WIP and production reports on
monthly basis and failed to give inspection to the First Informant
regarding verification of stock of products. When all such breaches are
alleged, it was well within the realm of the First Informant to seek such
information as and when it was due as per the terms and conditions of
contract rather than wait for more than 18 months after the first
default post execution of the Agreement in June 2023 and file the FIR
on 21.12.2024. However it is seen that cause of action arose for the
first time to the First Informant after completion of 1st month of the
contract as per the terms of contract and prosecution case.
15. I am of the
prima facie opinion that the aforesaid
information can be provided by Applicant on his participation in the
investigation for enabling the prosecution to seek answers to the
issues complained of by First Informant. Custody of Applicant in that
regard is therefore not required and is unwarranted once the
Applicant places the record and disclosures how he dealt with the gold
received from First Informant. In that view of the matter, request
made by Respondent No. 2 - First Informant for rejection of present
ABA stands rejected. Needless to state that Applicant will have to
cooperate and make all such necessary disclosure as called for by
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prosecution relating to receipt of stock of the 20 Kgs. gold pursuant to
Sole Selling Distribution Agreement dated 08.06.2023 and
manufacture and sale of articles therefrom from his stock record to the
prosecution.
16. In the present case clause 16 of the agreement which deals
with ‘Dispute Resolution’ is of material importance and ought to have
been invoked by any aggrieved party seeking relief for non-compliance
of the material term of Agreement which is clearly quantifiable in
terms of money. Clause 16
of the Agreement reads thus:-
“
16. DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND JURISDICTION:
In the event of any disputes and differences between the parties
hereto, the same shall be refereed to the Arbitration of the Sole
Arbitrator Mr. Prajna Naik, resident of E-702, Aditya
Apartments, Yashwant Nagar Vakola, Santacruz East, Mumbai
400-055 under the provisions of Arbitration and Conciliation
Act, 1996. Award of the Sole Arbitrator shall be final and
binding on both parties hereto.”
17. The aggrieved party, First Informant in the present case, has
neglected / avoided / failed to invoke the Arbitration clause. In such a
case, the scope of adjudication for Criminal Courts is limited to a
narrow compass –
To decide the question of criminality i.e. “Whether
the act of the Applicant constitutes a criminal wrong?”
18. While this matter presents an intriguing and rather exciting
set of circumstances having precedents from various Courts settling the
applicable law, I shall refrain from commenting on the merits of the
charges attracted against the Applicant since this is an Anticipatory
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Bail Application. I have also deliberately limited my recordings
concerning the transaction between parties given the strong likelihood
that the parties may be before another adjudicating authority / dispute
resolution mechanism in subsequent stages of this dispute, it is prudent
to avoid any pronouncements that might inadvertently be prejudicial
to interests of any of the parties.
19. In the case of Ramesh Kumar Vs. State (NCT of Delhi), the
Supreme Court held that criminal proceedings are not for realisation of
disputed dues and thus a criminal Court exercising jurisdiction to grant
bail / anticipatory bail is not expected to act as a recovery agent to
realise the dues of the Complainant, and that too, without any trial.
20. In the case of Uma Shankar Gopalika Vs. State of Bihar
5
the
Supreme Court while quashing a criminal proceedings held that every
breach of contract would not give rise to an offence of cheating and
only in those cases breach of contract would amount to cheating where
there was any deception played at the very inception. The relevant
paragraph reads thus:-
“6. Now the question to be examined by us is as to whether on
the facts disclosed in the petition of complaint any criminal
offence whatsoever is made out much less offences under
Sections 420/120-B IPC. The only allegation in the complaint
petition against the accused persons is that they assured the
complainant that when they receive the insurance claim
amounting to Rs 4,20,000, they would pay a sum of Rs 2,60,000
to the complainant out of that but the same has never been
paid. Apart from that there is no other allegation in the petition
of complaint. It was pointed out on behalf of the complainant
5 (2005) 10 SCC 336
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that the accused fraudulently persuaded the complainant to
agree so that the accused persons may take steps for moving the
Consumer Forum in relation to the claim of Rs 4,20,000. It is
well settled that every breach of contract would not give rise to
an offence of cheating and only in those cases breach of contract
would amount to cheating where there was any deception
played at the very inception. If the intention to cheat has
developed later on, the same cannot amount to cheating. In the
present case it has nowhere been stated that at the very
inception there was any intention on behalf of the accused
persons to cheat which is a condition precedent for an offence
under Section 420 IPC.
7. In our view petition of complaint does not disclose any
criminal offence at all much less any offence either under
Section 420 or Section 120-B IPC and the present case is a case
of purely civil dispute between the parties for which remedy lies
before a civil court by filing a properly constituted suit. In our
opinion, in view of these facts allowing the police investigation
to continue would amount to an abuse of the process of court
and to prevent the same it was just and expedient for the High
Court to quash the same by exercising the powers under Section
482 CrPC which it has erroneously refused.”
21. In the case of
Delhi Race Club (1940) Ltd. & Ors. Vs. State of
Uttar Pradesh & Anr.
6
the Supreme Court while distinguishing Section
406 with 420 held as follows:-
“
27. In our view, the plain reading of the complaint fails to spell
out any of the aforesaid ingredients noted above. We may only
say, with a view to clear a serious misconception of law in the
mind of the police as well as the courts below, that if it is a case
of the complainant that offence of criminal breach of trust as
defined under Section 405 of IPC, punishable under Section 406
of IPC, is committed by the accused, then in the same breath it
cannot be said that the accused has also committed the offence
of cheating as defined and explained in Section 415 of the IPC,
punishable under Section 420 of the IPC.
28. Every act of breach of trust may not result in a penal offence
of criminal breach of trust unless there is evidence of
manipulating act of fraudulent misappropriation. An act of
breach of trust involves a civil wrong in respect of which the
person may seek his remedy for damages in civil courts but, any
breach of trust with a mens rea, gives rise to a criminal
prosecution as well. It has been held in Hari Prasad Chamaria v.
Bishun Kumar Surekha & Ors., reported in (1973) 2 SCC 823 as
6 2024 INSC 626
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under:
“4. We have heard Mr. Maheshwari on behalf of the
appellant and are of the opinion that no case has been
made out against the respondents under Section 420
Penal Code, 1860. For the purpose of the present appeal,
we would assume that the various allegations of fact
which have been made in the complaint by the appellant
are correct. Even after making that allowance, we find
that the complaint does not disclose the commission of
any offence on the part of the respondents under Section
420 Penal Code, 1860. There is nothing in the complaint
to show that the respondents had dishonest or fraudulent
intention at the time the appellant parted with Rs.
35.000/- There is also nothing to indicate that the
respondents induced the appellant to pay them Rs.
35,000/- by deceiving him. It is further not the case of the
appellant that a representation was made, the respondents
knew the same to be false. The fact that the respondents
subsequently did not abide by their commitment that they
would show the appellant to be the proprietor of Drang
Transport Corporation and would also render accounts to
him in the month of December might create civil liability
on the respondents for the offence of cheating.”
29. To put it in other words, the case of cheating and dishonest
intention starts with the very inception of the transaction. But
in the case of criminal breach of trust, a person who comes into
possession of the movable property and receives it legally, but
illegally retains it or converts it to his own use against the terms
of the contract, then the question is, in a case like this, whether
the retention is with dishonest intention or not, whether the
retention involves criminal breach of trust or only a civil
liability would depend upon the facts of each case.
30. The distinction between mere breach of contract and the
offence of criminal breach of trust and cheating is a fine one. In
case of cheating, the intention of the accused at the time of
inducement should be looked into which may be judged by a
subsequent conduct, but for this, the subsequent conduct is not
the sole test. Mere breach of contract cannot give rise to a
criminal prosecution for cheating unless fraudulent or dishonest
intention is shown right from the beginning of the transaction
i.e. the time when the offence is said to have been committed.
Therefore, it is this intention, which is the gist of the offence.
Whereas, for the criminal breach of trust, the property must
have been entrusted to the accused or he must have dominion
over it. The property in respect of which the offence of breach
of trust has been committed must be either the property of
some person other than the accused or the beneficial interest in
or ownership’ of it must be of some other person. The accused
must hold that property on trust of such other person. Although
the offence, i.e. the offence of breach of trust and cheating
involve dishonest intention, yet they are mutually exclusive and
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different in basic concept. There is a distinction between
criminal breach of trust and cheating. For cheating, criminal
intention is necessary at the time of making a false or
misleading representation i.e., since inception. In criminal
breach of trust, mere proof of entrustment is sufficient. Thus, in
case of criminal breach of trust, the offender is lawfully
entrusted with the property, and he dishonestly
misappropriated the same. Whereas, in case of cheating, the
offender fraudulently or dishonestly induces a person by
deceiving him to deliver any property. In such a situation, both
the offences cannot co-exist simultaneously.”
(Emphasis Supplied)
22. From the above, it is amply clear that criminal machinery
cannot be initiated for acts which are civil in nature and every act of
breach of trust may not result in a penal offence of criminal breach of
trust unless there is evidence of manipulating act of fraudulent
misappropriation. In the present case, the prosecution, at this
prima
facie
stage, has failed to put forth any material indicating towards any
manipulating act or fraudulent misappropriation of property done by
the Applicant. All the materials purporting to be incriminating
Applicant indicate towards acts not being done to fulfill contractual
obligations which has its own remedies in law but not by initiating
criminal law machinery. The question whether retention of gold
involves criminal breach of trust or only a civil liability to return in
these facts can only be proved at trial. At this
prima facie stage, there
appears to be no deception played by Applicant at inception of
transaction as relationship of parties continued for 19 months before
filing of FIR - an important element of Section 420 IPC since in the
present case First Informant has accepted Novation of the Contract in
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the interregnum. Similarly ingredients of Section 409 IPC do not prima
facie
seem to be satisfied on the face of record. In such circumstances, I
am of the
prima facie opinion that the aspect of ‘criminality’ is not
present in the instant case at this
prima facie stage from the record and
thus liberty of Applicant deserves to be protected. Alternatively, I am
also conscious of the fact that the possibility of a criminal wrong is not
too far fetched and can be unearthed at a subsequent juncture,
especially in light of the fact that there is another complaint lodged
against the Applicant by some other client and hence this makes
Applicant’s participation in the investigation of paramount importance.
However Applicant will therefore have to participate and make full and
complete disclosure to the prosecution as delineated hereinabove to
effect appropriate recovery of the alleged gold received by the
Applicant.
23. In view of the above observations and findings, the following
order is passed:-
(i) Anticipatory Bail Application is allowed;
(ii)In the event of arrest, Applicant is directed to be
enlarged on bail on he executing a P.R. Bond in the sum
of Rs.1,00,000/- with one or two sureties in the like
amount;
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(iii)Applicant shall report to the concerned Investigating
Officer with all disclosures as called for regarding
dealing with the gold stock received by him from First
Informant and manufacture of articles and sale thereof
by him form his Stock Register from tomorrow i.e.
10.06.2025 onwards upto three weeks daily (except
Sundays) between 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon for
interrogation and investigation and provide all such
relevant and necessary details and documents and
thereafter as and when called for by the I.O.;
(iv)Applicant shall furnish particulars of his present
residential and office address and mobile numbers to
the Investigating Officer and also in future if he changes
any of them, forthwith and he shall not leave the State
of Maharashtra without prior permission of the Trial
Court; Applicant shall deposit his passport with the
Trial Court, if any, within a period of one week from
today;
(v)Applicant shall submit all particulars and statements /
record of his / his business(es)/bank transactions from
the date of his entering into the present Sole Selling
Distribution Agreement contract till the present day
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along with details of the Stock Register of all inventory
of his goods relevant to the subject matter dispute to
the Investigating Officer alongwith all relevant
documents / stock register etc. for investigation;
(vi)It is directed that Applicant shall extend complete
cooperation in the investigation of the case to the
Investigating Officer as called for;
(vii)Any infraction of the conditions herein above shall
entail cancellation of this order.
24. All parties are directed to act on a server copy of this order.
25. Anticipatory Bail Application is allowed and disposed in the
above terms. In view thereof, Interim Application stands disposed.
Ajay [ MILIND N. JADHAV, J. ]
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AJAY
TRAMBAK
UGALMUGALE
Digitally signed
by AJAY
TRAMBAK
UGALMUGALE
Date: 2025.06.09
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