As per case facts, Baba Gandha Singh Education Trust received Section 12AA registration for educational activities. The Commissioner of Income Tax proposed cancelling this, arguing the Trust generated significant surplus ...
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IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB AND HARYANA
AT CHANDIGARH
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M)
Reserved on : 29.11.2025
Pronounced on : 27.02.2026
Whether full judgment is pronounced
or
operative part thereof : Full
The Commissioner of Income Tax, Patiala ...Appellant
Versus
Baba Gandha Singh Education Trust, Barnala ...Respondent
CORAM: HON’BLE MRS. JUSTICE LISA GILL
HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE PARMOD GOYAL
Present: Ms. Pridhi J. Sandhu, Advocate
for appellant.
Ms. Radhika Suri, Senior Advocate with
Ms. Pranika Singla, Advocate
for respondent.
***
PARMOD GOYAL, J.
Present appeal has been filed against the order dated 29.09.2010
(Annexure A-3) passed by Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, whereby appeal
against order dated 16.03.2010 (Annexure A-2) passed by Commissioner of
Income Tax cancelling registration under Section 12AA of Income Tax Act,
1961 in favour of respondent-Trust, was allowed.
2. Factual matrix required to appreciate and decide controversy arising in
present case is being noticed herein. Respondent–Baba Gandha Singh
Educational Trust on application dated 11.04.2007 was granted registration
under section 12AA of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -2-
‘1961 Act’) vide order dated 29.08.2007 (Annexure A-1) w.e.f. 01.04.2007
for pursuing educational activities. On 05.11.2009, the Commissioner of
Income Tax, Patiala issued a notice under Section 12AA(3) of 1961 Act
proposing to cancel the registration of the respondent-Trust on the ground
that it was generating surplus for assessment year 2002-03 to assessment year
2007-08 and therefore went beyond the purpose for which registration was
accorded to it.
3. Respondent in its reply to the show cause notice pleaded that it
was imparting education and the surplus generated was ploughed back by
way of investment in capital assets. In furtherance of its stated object
generation of surplus by running educational institution and its utilization for
education purpose would not disentitle it from exemption/cancellation of
registration u/s 12AA(3) of 1961 Act.
4. The Commissioner of Income Tax vide order dated 16.03.2010
(Annexure A-2) after review of copies of accounts filed by ITO, Barnala for
assessment years 2002-2003 to 2007-2008 held that respondent-Trust was
generating huge surplus year after year, which shows that the Trust was not
carrying on activity as per Section 2(15) of 1961 Act wherein charitable
activity has been defined. While cancelling the registration under Section
12AA(3) of 1961 Act, reliance was placed upon judgment of Supreme Court
in Municipal Corporation of Delhi Vs. Children Book Trust, (1992) 3
SCC 390 and the judgment of the Hon’ble Uttarakhand High Court in
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -3-
Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Queens’ Educational Society and Anr.,
2009 (319) ITR 160.
5. On appeal filed by respondent–Trust before the Income Tax
Appellate Tribunal, Chandigarh (hereinafter referred to as ‘Tribunal’),
learned Tribunal noticed that pertinently the Commissioner does not dispute
that the assessee/Trust was carrying on educational activities which is
admittedly the dominant objective of the assessee/Trust. Notably the
assessee/Trust is engaged in running schools and the Commissioner of
Income Tax has not pointed out any other activity being carried out by the
assessee/Trust. The learned Tribunal thereafter allowed the appeal and set
aside the cancellation of registration under Section 12AA of 1961 Act in
favour of respondent-Trust.
6. While setting aside order of Commissioner of Income Tax,
learned Tribunal vide interim order dated 29.09.2010 placed reliance upon
judgment of this Court in Pinegrove International Charitable Trust Vs.
Union of India and Ors., 2010 (327) ITR 73. Aggrieved therefrom present
appeal was filed by the Department.
7. Learned counsel for appellant has defended order of cancellation
passed by Commissioner of Income Tax on the ground that respondent-Trust
was found involved in activities other than charitable activities as defined in
Section 2 (15) of 1961 Act and was generating huge surplus since assessment
year 2002-2003 to 2007-2008. Learned counsel further argued that since case
of Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Queens’ Educational Society and
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -4-
Anr. (supra) (vide which judgment of this Court in Pinegrove International
Charitable Trust Vs. Union of India and Ors. (supra) was approved) has
been overruled by Hon’ble Supreme Court in M/s. New Noble Educational
Society Vs. The Chief Commissioner of Income Tax I and Anr., 2023 (6)
SCC 649, therefore, order of learned Tribunal be set aside and appeal be
allowed by restoring order of cancellation of registration passed by
Commissioner of Income Tax.
8. Learned counsel for respondent-Trust, however, defended
impugned order dated 16.03.2010 passed by Learned Tribunal and argued
that mere generation of surplus income year after year by educational
activities would not lead to the conclusion that assessee/Trust is not carrying
on activity in accordance with its objects. It is argued that basis of the order
of cancellation under Section 12AA(3) of 1961 Act does not exist as pre-
condition to invoke 12AA(3) of 1961 Act is not present. Cancellation is
justified under Section 12AA(3) of 1961 Act if genuineness of the activities
of the registered Trust or society are beyond its object. However, in present
case, this situation does not exist as Commissioner of Income Tax has not
doubted the genuineness of activities or they being against objects of
respondent-Trust.
9. Findings of fact recorded by learned Tribunal indicate that
since genuineness of the educational activities was never doubted by the
Commissioner of Income Tax while passing the order of cancellation,
therefore, learned Tribunal held order of cancellation passed by
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -5-
Commissioner of Income Tax not justified, merely because the activities
were generating surpluses. Dismissal is appeal is sought.
10. The appeal was admitted on 14.02.2012 for consideration of
following questions of law:-
“(A) Whether an education institution would cease to exist
society for educational purposes and not for purposes
of profit merely because it has generated surplus
income over a period of 4/5 years after meeting its
expenditure?
(B) Whether the amount spent on acquiring/constructing
capital assets wholly and exclusively becomes part of
the total income or it becomes entitled to exemption
under s. 10(23C)(vi) of the Act?
(C) Whether an institution registered as a society under
the Societies Registration Act, 1860, lose its character
as an educational institution eligible to apply for
exemption under section 10(23C)(vi) of the Act?”
11. Section 12AA of 1961 Act is reproduced for ready
reference:-
“12AA. (1) The Principal Commissioner or Commissioner,
on receipt of an application for registration of a trust or
institution made under clause (a) or clause (aa) or clause
(ab) of sub-section (1)] of section 12A, shall—
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -6-
(a) call for such documents or information from the
trust or institution as he thinks necessary in
order to satisfy himself about,—
(i) the genuineness of activities of the trust or
institution; and
(ii) the compliance of such requirements of any
other law for the time being in force by the trust
or institution as are material for the purpose of
achieving its objects,
and may also make such inquiries as he may deem
necessary in this behalf; and
(b) after satisfying himself about the objects of the
trust or institution and the genuineness of its
activities as required under sub-clause (i) of
clause (a) and compliance of the requirements
under sub-clause (ii) of the said clause, he—
(i) shall pass an order in writing registering the
trust or institution;
(ii) shall, if he is not so satisfied, pass an order in
writing refusing to register the trust or
institution,
and a copy of such order shall be sent to the
applicant:
Provided that no order under sub-clause (ii) shall be passed
unless the applicant has been given a reasonable
opportunity of being heard.
(1A) All applications, pending before the Principal Chief
Commissioner or Chief Commissioner on which no order
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -7-
has been passed under clause (b) of sub-section (1) before
the 1st day of June, 1999, shall stand transferred on that day
to the Principal Commissioner or Commissioner and the
Principal Commissioner or Commissioner may proceed with
such applications under that sub-section from the stage at
which they were on that day.
(2) Every order granting or refusing registration under
clause (b) of sub-section (1) shall be passed before the
expiry of six months from the end of the month in which the
application was received under clause (a) or clause (aa) or
clause (ab) of sub-section (1) of section 12A.
(3) Where a trust or an institution has been granted
registration under clause (b) of sub-section (1) or has
obtained registration at any time under section 12A [as it
stood before its amendment by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 1996
(33 of 1996)] and subsequently the Principal Commissioner
or Commissioner is satisfied that the activities of such trust
or institution are not genuine or are not being carried out in
accordance with the objects of the trust or institution, as the
case may be, he shall pass an order in writing cancelling the
registration of such trust or institution:
Provided that no order under this sub-section shall be
passed unless such trust or institution has been given a
reasonable opportunity of being heard.
(4) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (3),
where a trust or an institution has been granted registration
under clause (b) of sub-section (1) or has obtained
registration at any time under section 12A [as it stood before
its amendment by the Finance (No. 2) Act, 1996 (33 of 1996)
and subsequently it is noticed that—
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -8-
(a) the activities of the trust or the institution are being
carried out in a manner that the provisions of sections 11
and 12 do not apply to exclude either whole or any part of
the income of such trust or institution due to operation of
sub-section (1) of section 13; or
(b) the trust or institution has not complied with the
requirement of any other law, as referred to in sub-clause
(ii) of clause (a) of sub-section (1), and the order, direction
or decree, by whatever name called, holding that such non-
compliance has occurred, has either not been disputed or
has attained finality, then, the Principal Commissioner or
the Commissioner may, by an order in writing, cancel the
registration of such trust or institution:
Provided that the registration shall not be cancelled under
this sub-section, if the trust or institution proves that there
was a reasonable cause for the activities to be carried out in
the said manner.
(5) Nothing contained in this section shall apply on or after
the 1st day of April, 2021.”
12. From plain reading of Section 12AA(3) of 1961 Act, it is
apparent that registration can be cancelled when the Commissioner of
Income Tax is satisfied that activities of Trust or Institution are not
genuine and are not being carried out in accordance with objects of Trust
or Institution as the case may be. The bare reading of Section 12AA(3) of
1961 Act, therefore, makes it mandatory for Commissioner of Income Tax
to conclude that the trust/institution is not carrying out its activities in line
with objects of the trust.
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -9-
13. In present case, the Commissioner of Income Tax, while
cancelling the registration under Section 12AA of 1961 Act vide order
dated 16.03.2010 (Annexure A-2), had recorded that (1) respondent-Trust
is generating surplus since 2002-2003 to 2007-2008 and (2) that the Trust
has not waived fee of large number of students as only fee of 56 students
was waived off out of 2901 students, which is 2% of total students
showing absence of any subsidy for the poor and needy.
14. On the other hand, case of respondent-Trust by way of reply
to show cause notice was that surplus so generated by it was being
ploughed back into educational infrastructure of the trust and therefore, it
was being used for educational purposes as per objects of respondent-
Trust. The Commissioner of Income Tax has no power to dictate the trust
in what manner it should use its funds. The activity of trust has to be in
line with the objects of society. There can be thousands of way in which
object of society can be achieved. One way is to grant waiver of fee to
students, another way to provide free books and uniform to the students
and yet another way can be by way of strengthening school infrastructure
by investing in laboratories, library or other infrastructure for providing
quality education. All the purposes would be in line with object of the
trust/society if are being conducted as such. Therefore, merely because
trust/society, has used its surplus money for strengthening educational
infrastructure and has not used the surplus money to waive off fee of
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -10-
students, it cannot be held that trust/society was not working in pursuance
of its activities.
15. In fact, in present case, Commissioner of Income Tax has
failed to find any deviation on the part of respondent-society from the
objects for which it was registered. There is no finding that trust/society
has generated surplus by indulging in any activity which is not as per its
object. The manner in which surplus money has been used cannot be
dictated by Commissioner of Income Tax but can only be adjudged in
accordance with objects of the society. However, there is no such finding
by Commissioner of Income Tax as to attract provisions of Section
12AA(3) of 1961 Act. Therefore, in present case, the sole ground on
which certificate under Section 12AA of 1961 Act was cancelled by
Commissioner of Income Tax is generation of surplus money.
16. The question whether mere generation of surplus money
would amount to violation of objects attracting cancellation of registration
is no more res integra. Hon’ble Supreme Court in M/s. New Noble
Educational Society Vs. The Chief Commissioner of Income Tax 1
and Anr (supra) while concluding in paragraph 76 under Clause (b) had
held:-
“b. Where the objective of the institution appears to be
profit-oriented, such institutions would not be entitled to
approval under Section 10(23C) of the IT Act. At the same
time, where surplus accrues in a given year or set of years
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -11-
per se, it is not a bar, provided such surplus is generated in
the course of providing education or educational activities.”
17. Therefore, mere generation of surplus money, if the same is
in course of providing education or education activities or for object for
which registration under Section 12AA of 1961 Act has been accorded, in
that case, surplus money by itself cannot be a ground to cancel
registration. In present case, there is total absence of finding by
Commissioner of Income Tax that respondent-Trust had generated surplus
money by indulging in activities other than objects for which it was
registered or that surplus amount was used for activities other than its
objects.
18. In fact, impugned order of learned Tribunal goes to show that
learned Tribunal had rightly concluded that no basis for which registration
can be cancelled under Section 12AA(3) of 1961 Act has been given by
Commissioner of Income Tax and mere generation of surplus money
cannot lead to the conclusion that Trust had not earned the same by
running activities as per its object. Learned Tribunal has rightly held that
this needs to be proved with material on record. In Pinegrove
International Charitable Trust Vs. Union of India and Ors. (supra)
case also, it was held that generation of surplus by itself is not a ground
for cancellation of registration, therefore, the learned Tribunal had applied
the same. In M/s. New Noble Educational Society Vs. The Chief
Commissioner of Income Tax I and Anr. (supra), it is held that surplus
amount by itself would not result in a conclusion that
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -12-
society/trust/institution had deviated from its objects. Hon’ble Supreme
Court in Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Queens’ Educational
Society and Anr. (supra) [wherein judgment of this Court in Pinegrove
International Charitable Trust Vs. Union of India and Ors. (supra)
was approved], considered provisions of Section 10(23C) and not Section
12AA of 1961 Act. In M/s. New Noble Educational Society Vs. The
Chief Commissioner of Income Tax I and Anr (supra) also provisions
of Section 10(23C) were in question.
19. It was held by Hon’ble Supreme Court in M/s. New Noble
Educational Society Vs. The Chief Commissioner of Income Tax I and
Anr (supra) as under:-
“76. The conclusions of this court are summarized as
follows:
a. It is held that the requirement of the charitable
institution, society or trust etc., to ‘solely’
engage itself in education or educational
activities, and not engage in any activity of
profit, means that such institutions cannot have
objects which are unrelated to education. In
other words, all objects of the society, trust etc.,
must relate to imparting education or be in
relation to educational activities.
b. Where the objective of the institution appears to
be profit-oriented, such institutions would not be
entitled to approval under Section 10(23C) of
the IT Act. At the same time, where surplus
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -13-
accrues in a given year or set of years per se, it
is not a bar, provided such surplus is generated
in the course of providing education or
educational activities.
c. The seventh proviso to Section 10(23C), as well
as Section 11(4A) refer to profits which may be
‘incidentally’ generated or earned by the
charitable institution. In the present case, the
same is applicable only to those institutions
which impart education or are engaged in
activities connected to education.
d. The reference to ‘business’ and ‘profits’ in the
seventh proviso to Section 10(23C) and Section
11(4A) merely means that the profits of business
which is ‘incidental’ to educational activity – as
explained in the earlier part of the judgment i.e.,
relating to education such as sale of text books,
providing school bus facilities, hostel facilities,
etc.
e. The reasoning and conclusions in American
Hotel (supra) and Queen’s Education Society
(supra) so far as they pertain to the
interpretation of expression ‘solely’ are hereby
disapproved. The judgments are accordingly
overruled to that extent.
f. While considering applications for approval
under Section 10(23C), the Commissioner or the
concerned authority as the case may be under
the second proviso is not bound to examine only
the objects of the institution. To ascertain the
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -14-
genuineness of the institution and the manner of
its functioning, the Commissioner or other
authority is free to call for the audited accounts
or other such documents for recording
satisfaction where the society, trust or institution
genuinely seeks to achieve the objects which it
professes. The observations made in American
Hotel (supra) suggest that the Commissioner
could not call for the records and that the
examination of such accounts would be at the
stage of assessment. Whilst that reasoning
undoubtedly applies to newly set up charities,
trusts etc. the proviso under Section 10(23C) is
not confined to newly set up trusts – it also
applies to existing ones. The Commissioner or
other authority is not in any manner constrained
from examining accounts and other related
documents to see the pattern of income and
expenditure.
g. It is held that wherever registration of trust or
charities is obligatory under state or local laws,
the concerned trust, society, other institution
etc. seeking approval under Section 10(23C)
should also comply with provisions of such state
laws. This would enable the Commissioner or
concerned authority to ascertain the
genuineness of the trust, society etc. This
reasoning is reinforced by the recent insertion of
another proviso of Section 10(23C) with effect
from 01.04.2021.
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -15-
77. In a knowledge based, information driven society, true
wealth is education- and access to it. Every social
order accommodates, and even cherishes, charitable
endeavour, since it is impelled by the desire to give
back, what one has taken or benefitted from society.
Our Constitution reflects a value which equates
education with charity. That it is to be treated as
neither business, trade, nor commerce, has been
declared by one of the most authoritative
pronouncements of this court in T.M.A Pai Foundation
(supra). The interpretation of education being the
‘sole’ object of every trust or organization which seeks
to propagate it, through the decision, accords with the
constitutional understanding and, what is more,
maintains its pristine and unsullied nature”
20. Learned counsel for appellant had argued that both the
provisions, one under Section 10(23C) of 1961 Act and provisions under
Section 12AA of 1961 Act are different in their scope and applicability. We
are in agreement with contention raised by learned counsel for appellant
that scope of Section 10(23C) of 1961 Act and Section 12AA of 1961 Act in
its applicability, purpose, manner in which donations are exempted,
condition of exemption and registration process altogether are different.
Therefore, interpretation of Section 10(23C) of 1961 Act as made in M/s.
New Noble Educational Society Vs. The Chief Commissioner of Income
Tax 1 and Anr (supra) shall not be applicable per se in facts of present case
which is under Section 12AA of 1961 Act. The provisions of Section
10(23C) of 1961 Act are narrow in nature as it covers university or
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -16-
educational institutions existing solely for the purposes of profit as well as
hospital or other institutions for the reception and treatment of persons
suffering from illness or mental defectiveness or for the reception and
treatment of persons during convalescence or of persons requiring medical
attention or rehabilitation, existing solely for philanthropic purposes and not
for purposes of profit, if the aggregate annual receipts of the person from
such hospital or hospitals or institution or institutions do not exceed five
crore rupees.
21. Whereas provisions of Section 12AA of 1961 Act are wider and
includes all charitable purposes as defined under Section 2(15) of 1961 Act
and is available to trust or institution or society. Therefore, interpretation of
Section 10(23C) of 1961 Act cannot be read in place of provisions of Section
12AA of 1961 Act. The judgment of Hon’ble Supreme Court in M/s. New
Noble Educational Society Vs. The Chief Commissioner of Income Tax 1
and Anr. (supra) is applicable to the facts of the present case to a limited
extent that mere surplus income would not result in conclusion that
institution had not generated the same for the purpose for which it is
registered thus leading to cancellation of its registration.
22. Learned Tribunal has rightly concluded that no violation of
Section 12AA(3) of 1961 Act has been made by the respondent and mere
generation of surplus continuously would not result in assumption that
respondent had earned the same by violating its objects.
ITA No.270 of 2011 (O&M) -17-
23. Questions of law are thus answered in favour of respondent and
against the appellant in view of above discussion. No other argument was
addressed.
24. In view of above discussion, we do not find any merit in present
appeal and the same is accordingly dismissed.
25. Pending application(s), if any, stand disposed of.
(LISA GILL) (PARMOD GOYAL)
JUDGE JUDGE
27.02.2026
Sunil Chander
Whether speaking/reasoned : Yes/No
Whether reportable : Yes/No
Uploaded on : 27.02.2026
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