service law, disciplinary action, Kerala
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Thomas Daniel Vs. State of Kerala and Ors.

  Supreme Court Of India Civil Appeal /7115/2010
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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 7115 OF 2010

THOMAS DANIEL … APPELLANT(S) 

VERSUS

STATE OF KERALA & ORS.         … RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

S. ABDUL NAZEER, J.

(1)This appeal raises an issue as to whether increments granted

to the appellant, while he was in service, can be recovered from him

almost 10 years after his retirement on the ground that the said

increments were granted on account of an error? 

(2)The brief facts of the case, in nutshell, are as under:

In the year 1966, the appellant herein joined services as a

High   School   Assistant/Teacher   at   Craven   High   School,   Kollam

which   is   an   aided   school.   During   his   tenure,   he   availed   leave

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without   allowance   starting   from   20.10.1972   to   31.03.1973   and

again from 02.07.1973 to 28.03.1974, for pursuing post­graduation

i.e.,   M.Sc.   (Chemistry)   Course.   Thereafter   on   1.06.1989,   the

appellant was promoted as Headmaster of the school and he was

granted   senior   grade   promotion   and   his   pay   scale   was   revised

accordingly. 

(3)In the year 1997, a notice dated 09.10.1997 accompanied with

an audit report of the respondent no.5­ Account General of Kerala

was   served   on   the   appellant   by   the   respondent   no.4­   District

Educational Officer, Kollam with an objection that the period of

leave obtained by the appellant for undergoing higher education

should   not   be   included   while   determining   his   total   qualifying

service. Therefore, the pay and subsequent increments granted to

the   appellant   should   be   recovered   from   him.   Meanwhile,   the

appellant had retired from service on 31.03.1999 and since then he

was   neither   paid   pensionary   benefits   nor   death­cum­retirement

gratuity (D.C.R.G.). The appellant filed various representations but

he received no response.

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(4)Ultimately   on   25.05.2000,   the   appellant   challenged   the

proposal to initiate recovery proceedings against him by way of

filing a complaint before the Public Redressal Complaint Cell, Chief

Minister of Kerala, for recovering the increments granted to the

appellant during the year 1989 and 1991. The respondent herein­

State   of   Kerala   rejected   the   said   complaint   by   order   dated

26.06.2000 stating that post­graduation degree­M.Sc. (Chemistry)

was not useful as per the Rule 91A Part I of the Kerala Service

Rules in any manner to the public service, therefore, leave without

allowance cannot be counted for service benefits. In the meantime,

on an application filed by the appellant under Rule 116, Part III of

the   Kerala   Service   Rules,   the   respondent   no.3­Deputy   Director

Education, Kollam on 6.10.2000 sanctioned the release of 90% of

the D.C.R.G. amount after withholding 10% of the said amount and

subsequently   on   15.01.2001   the   amount   was   released   to   the

appellant.

(5)Being aggrieved, the appellant filed a writ petition before the

High Court. During the pendency of the writ petition, the remaining

amount of D.C.R.G was also released to the appellant. However, the

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respondent­ State of Kerala in their counter affidavit took a stand

that the period during which the appellant was on leave without

allowance for undertaking post­graduation cannot be counted for

the purpose of grant of increments and, therefore, the demand for

recovery made by them was justified. The learned Single Judge vide

order dated 05.01.2006 upheld the reasoning given by the State of

Kerala and dismissed the writ petition holding that the mistake

committed by the department concerned while granting the service

benefits can be rectified subsequently by way of proposed recovery

to be effected from appellant’s D.C.R.G. amount. Thereagainst, the

appellant filed a writ appeal before the High Court. The Division

Bench of the High Court vide impugned order dated 02.03.2009

dismissed the appeal, affirming the order of the learned Single

Judge.

(6)Learned counsel for the appellant would contend that the

excess payment made to the appellant was not on account of any

misrepresentation or fraud on his part.  The excess payment was

made due to a mistake in interpreting the Kerala Service Rules.  It

is further submitted that the appellant has retired on 31.03.1999.

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The appellant had to undergo a bypass surgery and he is in huge

debts.  After repeated request, D.C.R.G. benefit was released in his

favour.  He prays for setting aside the impugned judgment and also

the   order   dated   26.06.2000   passed   by   the   Public   Redressal

Complaint Cell, Chief Minister of Kerala.

(7)On   the   other   hand,   learned   counsel   appearing   for   the

respondents­State of Kerala has supported the impugned judgment

of the High Court. 

(8)We have carefully considered the submission made at the Bar

by learned counsel for the parties and perused the materials placed

on the record.

(9)This Court in a catena of decisions has consistently held that

if   the   excess   amount   was   not   paid   on   account   of   any

misrepresentation   or   fraud   of   the   employee   or   if   such   excess

payment was made by the employer by applying a wrong principle

for calculating the pay/allowance or on the basis of a particular

interpretation   of   rule/order   which   is   subsequently   found   to   be

erroneous, such excess payment of emoluments or allowances are

not recoverable.   This relief against the recovery is granted not

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because of any right of the employees but in equity, exercising

judicial   discretion   to   provide   relief   to   the   employees   from   the

hardship that will be caused if the recovery is ordered.  This Court

has   further   held   that   if   in   a   given   case,   it   is   proved   that   an

employee had knowledge that the payment received was in excess of

what was due or wrongly paid, or in cases where error is detected or

corrected within a short time of wrong payment, the matter being in

the realm of judicial discretion, the courts may on the facts and

circumstances of any particular case order for recovery of amount

paid in excess.

(10)In  Sahib Ram v. State of Haryana and Others

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 this Court

restrained   recovery   of   payment   which   was   given   under   the

upgraded pay scale on account of wrong construction of relevant

order by the authority concerned, without any misrepresentation on

part of the employees.  It was held thus :

“5. Admittedly the appellant does not possess the

required   educational   qualifications.   Under   the

circumstances the appellant would not be entitled

to the relaxation. The Principal erred in granting

him the relaxation. Since the date of relaxation, the

appellant had been paid his salary on the revised

scale.   However,   it   is   not   on   account   of   any

1 1995 Supp (1) SCC 18

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misrepresentation made by the appellant that the

benefit of the higher pay scale was given to him but

by wrong construction made by the Principal for

which the appellant cannot be held to be at fault.

Under the circumstances the amount paid till date

may   not   be   recovered   from   the   appellant.   The

principle of equal pay for equal work would not

apply   to   the   scales   prescribed   by   the   University

Grants Commission. The appeal is allowed partly

without any order as to costs.”

(11)In  Col. B.J. Akkara (Retd.) v. Government of India and

Others

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 this Court considered an identical question as under:

“27. The last question to be considered is whether relief

should be granted against the recovery of the excess

payments   made   on   account   of   the   wrong

interpretation/understanding of the circular dated 7­6­

1999. This Court has consistently granted relief against

recovery   of   excess   wrong   payment   of

emoluments/allowances   from   an   employee,   if   the

following conditions are fulfilled (vide Sahib Ram v. State

of Haryana [1995 Supp (1) SCC 18 : 1995 SCC (L&S)

248], Shyam Babu Verma v. Union of India [(1994) 2 SCC

521 : 1994 SCC (L&S) 683 : (1994) 27 ATC 121] , Union

of India v. M. Bhaskar [(1996) 4 SCC 416 : 1996 SCC

(L&S)   967]   and V.   Gangaram v. Regional   Jt.

Director [(1997) 6 SCC 139 : 1997 SCC (L&S) 1652] ):

(a) The excess payment was not made on account of

any misrepresentation or fraud on the part of the

employee.

(b) Such excess payment was made by the employer

by applying a wrong principle for calculating the

pay/allowance   or   on   the   basis   of   a   particular

2 (2006) 11 SCC 709

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interpretation of rule/order, which is subsequently

found to be erroneous.

28.   Such relief, restraining back recovery of excess

payment, is granted by courts not because of any right

in the employees, but in equity, in exercise of judicial

discretion to relieve the employees from the hardship

that   will   be   caused   if   recovery   is   implemented.   A

government servant, particularly one in the lower rungs

of service would spend whatever emoluments he receives

for the upkeep of his family. If he receives an excess

payment for a long period, he would spend it, genuinely

believing that he is entitled to it. As any subsequent

action to recover the excess payment will cause undue

hardship to him, relief is granted in that behalf. But

where the employee had knowledge that the payment

received was in excess of what was due or wrongly paid,

or where the error is detected or corrected within a short

time   of   wrong   payment,   courts   will   not   grant   relief

against   recovery.   The   matter   being   in   the   realm   of

judicial   discretion,   courts   may   on   the   facts   and

circumstances  of any  particular  case  refuse to grant

such relief against recovery.

29. On the same principle, pensioners can also seek a

direction that wrong payments should not be recovered,

as pensioners are in a more disadvantageous position

when compared to in­service employees. Any attempt to

recover   excess   wrong   payment   would   cause   undue

hardship to them. The petitioners are not guilty of any

misrepresentation   or   fraud   in   regard   to   the   excess

payment. NPA was added to minimum pay, for purposes

of stepping up, due to a wrong understanding by the

implementing departments. We are therefore of the view

that   the   respondents   shall   not   recover   any   excess

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payments made towards pension in pursuance of the

circular dated 7­6­1999 till the issue of the clarificatory

circular dated 11­9­2001. Insofar as any excess payment

made after the circular dated 11­9­2001, obviously the

Union of India will be entitled to recover the excess as

the validity of the said circular has been upheld and as

pensioners have been put on notice in regard to the

wrong calculations earlier made.”

(12)In  Syed   Abdul   Qadir  and   Others  v.  State  of   Bihar  and

Others

3

 excess payment was sought to be recovered which was

made to the appellants­teachers on account of mistake and wrong

interpretation   of   prevailing   Bihar   Nationalised   Secondary   School

(Service Conditions) Rules, 1983. The appellants therein contended

that even if it were to be held that the appellants were not entitled to

the benefit of additional increment on promotion, the excess amount

should not be recovered from them, it having been paid without any

misrepresentation or fraud on their part. The Court held that the

appellants   cannot   be   held   responsible   in   such   a   situation   and

recovery of the excess payment should not be ordered, especially

when the employee has subsequently retired.  The court observed

that in general parlance, recovery is prohibited by courts where

there   exists   no   misrepresentation   or   fraud   on   the   part   of   the

employee and when the excess payment has been made by applying

a wrong interpretation/ understanding of a Rule or Order.  It was

held thus:

3 (2009) 3 SCC 475

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“59. Undoubtedly, the excess amount that has been paid

to   the   appellant   teachers   was   not   because   of   any

misrepresentation   or   fraud   on   their   part   and   the

appellants also had no knowledge that the amount that

was being paid to them was more than what they were

entitled to. It would not be out of place to mention here

that the Finance Department had, in its counter­affidavit,

admitted that it was a bona fide mistake on their part.

The   excess   payment   made   was   the   result   of   wrong

interpretation of the Rule that was applicable to them, for

which the appellants cannot be held responsible. Rather,

the whole confusion was because of inaction, negligence

and   carelessness   of   the   officials   concerned   of   the

Government   of   Bihar.   Learned   counsel   appearing   on

behalf of the appellant teachers submitted that majority

of the beneficiaries have either retired or are on the verge

of   it.   Keeping   in   view   the   peculiar   facts   and

circumstances of the  case at hand and to avoid any

hardship to the appellant teachers, we are of the view

that no recovery of the amount that has been paid in

excess to the appellant teachers should be made.”

(13)In  State   of   Punjab   and   Others   v.   Rafiq   Masih   (White

Washer) and Others

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 wherein this court examined the validity of an

order passed by the State to recover the monetary gains wrongly

extended to the beneficiary employees in excess of their entitlements

without any fault or misrepresentation at the behest of the recipient.

This   Court   considered   situations   of   hardship   caused   to   an

employee, if recovery is directed to reimburse the employer and

4 (2015) 4 SCC 334

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disallowed   the   same,   exempting   the   beneficiary   employees   from

such recovery.  It was held thus:

“8. As between two parties, if a determination is rendered in

favour of the party, which is the weaker of the two, without

any serious detriment to the other (which is truly a welfare

State), the issue resolved would be in consonance with the

concept of justice, which is assured to the citizens of India,

even in the Preamble of the Constitution of India. The right to

recover   being   pursued   by   the   employer,   will   have   to   be

compared, with the effect of the recovery on the employee

concerned. If the effect of the recovery from the employee

concerned   would   be,   more   unfair,   more   wrongful,   more

improper,   and   more   unwarranted,   than   the   corresponding

right of the employer to recover the amount, then it would be

iniquitous and arbitrary, to effect the recovery. In such a

situation,   the   employee's   right   would   outbalance,   and

therefore eclipse, the right of the employer to recover.

xxx xxx xxx

18. It is not possible to postulate all situations of hardship

which   would   govern   employees   on   the   issue   of   recovery,

where   payments   have   mistakenly   been   made   by   the

employer, in excess of their entitlement. Be that as it may,

based on the decisions referred to hereinabove, we may, as a

ready   reference,   summarise   the   following   few   situations,

wherein recoveries by the employers, would be impermissible

in law:

(i) Recovery from the employees belonging to Class III and

Class IV service (or Group C and Group D service).

(ii) Recovery from the retired employees, or the employees

who   are   due   to   retire   within   one   year,   of   the   order   of

recovery.

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(iii)   Recovery   from   the   employees,   when   the   excess

payment has been made for a period in excess of five years,

before the order of recovery is issued.

(iv) Recovery in cases where an employee has wrongfully

been required to discharge duties of a higher post, and has

been paid accordingly, even though he should have rightfully

been required to work against an inferior post.

(v)   In   any   other   case,   where   the   court   arrives   at   the

conclusion, that recovery if made from the employee, would

be iniquitous or harsh or arbitrary to such an extent, as

would far outweigh the equitable balance of the employer's

right to recover.”

(14)Coming to the facts of the present case, it is not contended

before us that on account of the misrepresentation or fraud played

by the appellant, the excess amounts have been paid.  The appellant

has retired on 31.03.1999.  In fact, the case of the respondents is

that excess payment was made due to a mistake in interpreting

Kerala Service Rules which was subsequently pointed out by the

Accountant General.  

(15)Having regard to the above, we are of the view that an attempt

to recover the said increments after passage of ten years of his

retirement is unjustified.  

(16)In the result, the appeal succeeds and is accordingly allowed.

The Judgment and order of the Division Bench dated 02.03.2009

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and  also of the learned Single Judge of the High Court dated

05.01.2006   impugned   herein,   and   the   order   dated   26.06.2000

passed by the Public Redressal Complaint Cell of the Chief Minister

of Kerala and the recovery Notice dated 09.10.1997 are hereby set

aside.  There shall be no order as to costs.

…….……………………………J.

    (S. ABDUL NAZEER)

…….……………………………J.

    (VIKRAM NATH)

New Delhi;

May 2, 2022.

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