1
A.F.R.
Neutral Citation No. 2024:AHC:185932DB
Court No. 29
Case : WRIT C No. 35981 of 2024
Petitioner : Zuber Qureshi
Respondent : State Of Up And 3 Others
Counsel for Petitioner : Amit Singh,Syed Shhail Husain
Counsel for Respondent : C.S.C.,Surnedra Prasad Shukla
Hon'ble Vivek Kumar Birla,J.
Hon'ble Dr. Yogendra Kumar Srivastava,J.
(Per : Dr. Yogendra Kumar Srivastava, J.)
1. Heard Sri Amit Singh, learned counsel for the petitioner, Sri
Mohan Srivastava, learned Standing Counsel appearing for the
Staterespondents and Sri Surendra Prasad Shukla, learned
counsel appearing for the respondent No. 4, the Executive
Officer (Apar Mukhya Adhikari), Zila Panchayat, Lalitpur,
District Lalitpur.
2. The instant petition has been filed with a prayer to quash the
Recovery Citation dated 05.09.2024, whereby recovery of a sum
of Rs.2,00,000/ including certain other sums has been issued
against the petitioner by the respondent No. 3, the Nayab
Tehsildar, Tehsil sadar, Jhansi, District Jhansi, so far as it
relates to recovery of arrears of licence fees of Zila Panchayat,
Lalitpur. Further, the petitioner, by way of the present petition
has sought for a direction to respondent authorities restraining
them from taking any coercive action against the petitioner in
pursuance of the aforesaid recovery citation.
3. The facts as pleaded in the writ petition are that the
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petitioner participated in an auction proceeding of the Zila
Panchayat, Lalitpur for settling of right to remove and dispose
off the bones and hides of the dead animals within the limit of
Block Birdha, District Lalitpur in Zila Panchayat, Lalitpur for
the year 202324, in pursuance of Etender/auction
advertisement dated 02.03.2023.
4. In the auction proceeding, the tender of the petitioner having
been found to be the highest his bid was accepted and the work
order was issued in his favour on 05.04.2023. The petitioner
thereafter deposited the licence fee.
5. It is sought to be asserted that the work of the petitioner as
per the terms of the construct, was obstructed by certain private
persons and in spite of complaints to the respondent authorities
there was inaction on their part. Resultantly the petitioner was
unable to carry on the work of collection of bones and hides of
the dead animals and as consequence suffered huge losses.
6. A recovery certificate dated 12.08.2024 issued by the
respondent No. 4, in respect of an amount stated to be due
under the contract, was forwarded to the respondent No. 2, the
District Magistrate, Jhansi for recovery of an amount of
Rs.2,00,000/ and consequent to the same Recovery Citation
dated 05.09.2024 has been issued.
7. A representation dated 09.09.2024 is stated to have been
submitted by the petitioner before the respondent No. 4, the
Executive Officer, Zila Panchayat, Lalitpur, District Lalitpur and
also the Additional District Magistrate (Finance & Revenue)
Jhansi on 09.09.2024 seeking withdrawal of the recovery
3
certificate by pointing out that the amount due towards balance
of Licence Fee could not be recovered as arrears of land
revenue.
8. Aggrieved by the recovery proceeding and inaction on the
part of the respondent authorities in according consideration to
the representation thereagainst, the present petition has been
filed.
9. The writ petition raises a pure legal question, and therefore,
with the consent of parties the same is being disposed of at the
stage of admission itself without calling for affidavits.
10. The principal ground which has been urged in support of
the petition is that the authorities of the Zila Panchayat have no
legal right to issue a recovery certificate in respect of any arrears
of Licence Fee, and that the State authorities also do not have
any jurisdiction in law to issue a recovery citation for the
purpose. It is submitted that the only method for recovery of any
such amount is to approach the court of competent jurisdiction
under Section 158(1) of the U.P. Kshettra Panchayat and Zila
Panchayat Adhiniyam, 1961 ( the Adhiniyam 1961).
11. Counsel for the State respondents and the counsel for the
respondentZila Panchayat have not been able to point out
anything to the contrary which may indicate that recovery of a
contractual amount in regard to Licence Fee stated to be due
under the provisions of the Adhiniyam 1961, can be recovered
as arrears of land revenue.
12. We have perused the record of the case and considered the
submissions made by the counsel for the parties.
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13. The provisions relating to recovery of taxes and certain
other claims under the Adhiniyam 1961, are contained in
Sections 147, 148, 158, 159, 160 and 161. For the sake of
convenience these provisions are reproduced hereinbelow:
“147. Mode of recovery of taxes and other dues.—Unless
otherwise provided by this Act, taxes and other dues, referred to
in Section 148 may be recovered by the Zila Panchayat by
distraint, and sale of a defaulter's movable property in the
manner hereinafter provided.
148. Presentation of bill.—(1) As soon as a person becomes
liable for the payment of:
(a) any sum on account of a tax imposed by the Zila
Panchayat; or
(b) any other sum declared by or under this Act or by any
rule or byelaw made under the Northern India Ferries
Act, 1878, (Act XVII of 1878), to be recoverable in the
manner provided by this Chapter.
The Zila Panchayat shall, with all convenient speed, cause a bill
to be presented to the person so liable.
(2) Unless otherwise provide by rule, a person shall be deemed
to become liable for the payment of every tax and licence fee
upon the commencement of the period in respect of which such
tax or fee is payable.
158. Alternative power of bringing suit or recovering as
arrears of land revenue.—(1) Instead of proceeding by distress
and sale or in case of failure to realize thereby the whole or any
part of the demand, the Zila Panchayat may sue the person
liable to pay the same in any Court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) In the case of an arrear of tax on Circumstances and
Property a Zila Panchayat may in addition to the power to take
recourse to the provisions of Section 148 or subsection (1) of
this Section, but subject to and in accordance with rules made
in this behalf recover them as arrears of the land revenue.
159. Recovery of rent on land.—Where any sum is due on
account of rent from a person to a Zila Panchayat in respect of
the land vested in or entrusted to the management of the Zila
Panchayat, the Zila Panchayat subject to and accordance with
rules made in this behalf may recover any such arrear as arrear
of land revenue.
160. Recovery of rent for other immovable property.—Any
arrears due on account of rent from a person to the Zila
Panchayat in respect of immovable property, other than land
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vested in or entrusted to the management of the Zila Panchayat,
shall be recovered in the manner provided in Section 148.
161. Recovery of dues of Kshettra Panchayats.—Any sum due
to a Kshettra Panchayat under this Act or under any rule or bye
law made thereunder and declared by this Act or such rule or
byelaw to be recoverable in the manner provided by this
Chapter shall, mutatis mutandis, be recovered as provided in
this chapter.”
14. The question as to whether any contractual amount due
against a Contractor could be recovered as arrears of land
revenue by the Zila Panchayat was considered in the case of
Subhash Chand Vs. Collector, Etawah and Others
1
, wherein
upon examining the provisions contained under Sections 159
and 161 of the Adhiniyam 1961, it was held that any such
contractual amount could not be recovered as arrears of land
revenue. The relevant observations made in this regard in the
aforesaid judgment, are as follows:
“22. In our view the Theka money due is on account of
Tehbazari fee payable to the Zila Parishad. The Zila Parishad in
order to managing itself realisation of the Tehbazari fee has
given it on Theka of the petitioner. It has passed its headache or
burden to the Thekedar. The loss and profits are his
responsibility. The Theka money flows from Tehbazari fee
therefore how could it be taken away from the scope and ambit
of the Act. In our view it has a direct nexus with the Tehbazari
fee. We have to consider the substance and not the form while
interpreting the document.
23. The Legislature has used the phraseology "any sum due" in
Section 161 of U. P. Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats
Adhiniyam, 1961. Similarly, the Legislature has used the
phraseology "any sum due" in Section 159 also of the said Act.
Thus, a combined reading of both these statutory provisions, i.e.
Sections 159 and 161 of the said Act makes it crystal clear that
the phraseology "any sum due" has been used by the Legislature
in such a comprehensive sense that it covers in its widest
amplitude any sum due under the Act or under any rule/bye
law framed thereunder and therefore, any such sum would be
recoverable as arrears of land revenue, i.e. in the manner as
provided under Chapter VIII of the said Act. Accordingly we are
1 1999 (1) AWC 582
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of the considered view that the term 'any sum due' in the facts
and circumstances of present case, would include the Theka
money, i.e. the amount due from the Thekedar towards the
Tehbazari fee or licence fee. This is the harmonious
construction of the two provisions. The Legislature has used the
term 'mutatis mutandis' in Section 161 of the Act which means
in the given context that the provisions of Chapter VIII would
apply to deal the recovery of taxes and certain other claims. The
Legislature has purposely used the terms 'certain other claims'
which includes any sum due. The mode of recovery provided by
the Legislature is to recover as arrears of land revenue is a
speedy and expeditious mode of recovery and we cannot
question the wisdom of the Legislature in providing such a
speedy and effective mode of recovery.
...
25. We have considered the aforementioned judgments referred
by the learned counsel for the petitioner first in Surendra
Kumar Rai (supra)the question of Section 161 was never
discussed in this case. Similarly in Raj Bahadur Singh (supra)it
deals with U. P. Town Area Act. Bhagwati Prasad (supra)it
also deals with U. P. Town Area Act (Sections 20 and 21}
Angad Pandey (supra)it also deals with U. P. Town Area
Committee and money dues which cannot be recovered as
arrears of land revenue and it was held that any amount due to
the Thekedar in view of the contractual term cannot be
recovered as arrears of tax. Similarly in Umesh Chandra
(supra)it was observed that amount of Rs. 5,500 can be
recovered under Section 158 of the Act as it is due to a
Contractor and cannot be recovered under U. P. Moneys
Recoveries of Dues Act as it is not tax or rent.
26. In other words the consistent view was that it is a
contractual amount between the Contractor and Zila Panchayat
and has no link with the fee. On the aforesaid facts we do not
accept the rationale as Section 161 did not fall for consideration
in those judgments.
27. We are of the considered view that the plea raised by the
petitioner that the money due cannot be recovered as arrears of
land revenue and should not be ordinarily entertained in writ
proceedings. We refuse to exercise, in the facts and
circumstances, our discretion under Article 226 of the
Constitution of India.”
15. A similar view was taken in a subsequent decision in Titu
Singh Mathura Vs. District Magistrate/Collector, Mathura
and Others
2
, in the context of a question relating to recovery
2 2003 (5) AWC 3479
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sought to be made as a result of default in payment of 'Theka
money' between the parties. Referring to the provisions of the
Municipalities Act and Town Areas Act, it was held that only
taxes imposed under the Municipalities Act and Town Areas Act
can be recovered as arrears of land revenue and any amount in
respect of payment of 'Theka money' could not be recovered as
arrears of land revenue. The observations made in the aforesaid
decision are being extracted below:
“6. From perusal of the aforesaid provisions of the
Municipalities Act and Town Area Act, it is clear that the
contention of the learned Counsel for the petitioner is well
founded. Under Section 173A of the Municipalities Act, it is
provided that any sum due on account of tax, other than octroi
or toll or any similar tax payable upon immediate demand,
from a person to a board, the board may, recover as arrears of
land revenue. In the instance case the amount in question
became due from the petitioner as a result of default in
payment of Theka money between the parties. Similarly Section
21 of the Town Areas Act provides that arrears of any tax
imposed under this Act may be recovered and no other amount.
Therefore, the provisions of Section 173A of the Municipalities
Act, and Section 21 of the Town Areas Act are not attracted.
The amount in question is not a tax imposed under the
aforesaid two Act and as such the amount due from the
petitioner could not be recovered as arrears of land revenue.
Besides the aforesaid decisions, there are two recent decisions
also in Bisheshwar Singh @ Kalloo v. District
Magistrate/Collector, Shahjahanpur and Ors. 2001 (4) AWC
2556 All. and Rakesh Shukla v. District Magistrate/Sub
Divisional Magistrate, Phoolpur, Allahabad and Anr. 2002 (3)
AWC 2397 All. In these decisions also, the Division Bench found
that the Theka money could not be recovered as arrears of land
revenue. However, the Bench did not interfere on the ground
that the equity was not in favour of the petitioner.
7. Therefore, in view of the decisions of the Division Benches,
clearly holding that only taxes imposed under the
Municipalities Act, and Town Area Act can be recovered as
arrears of land revenue, we are of the opinion that the amount
in question cannot be recovered as arrears of land revenue and
the recovery certificate as well as the citation are liable to be
quashed.”
16. The aforesaid view was reiterated in the case of Iliyas Vs.
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State of U.P. and Others
3
, and it was observed that only taxes
which are due to the municipalities, can be recovered as arrears
of land revenue, and no other sum could be recovered in the
said manner. It was stated thus:
“4. In view of the aforesaid provisions the learned counsel for
the petitioner submits that it is clear that only taxes, which are
due to the municipalities can be recovered as arrears of land
revenue and no other sum can be recovered as arrears of land
revenue.
5. The petitioner has placed reliance upon a Division Bench
judgment of this Court reported in 2006(3) UPLBEC, 2643
Mohammad Umar Vs. Collector/District Magistrate, Moradabad
and others and reliance has been placed upon paras 10, 12 to
14 and paras 15 and 17 of the said judgment and has submitted
that the Division Bench of this Court has held that amount due
towards the contract for realization of Tehbazari cannot be
recovered as arrears of land revenue and there is no provision
under the Municipalities Act or U.P. Town Area Act authorizing
the respondents to realize theka money as arrears of land
revenue, as such, the said amount cannot be recovered in the
said manner and has held that in view of the aforesaid fact, the
respondents have no authority to recover the amount due to the
petitioner as arrears of land revenue.
6. We have considered the submission made on behalf of the
petitioner and the respondents. We are in full agreement with
the judgment relied upon by the counsel for the petitioner. As
there is no factual dispute in the present writ petition, the only
question was to be decided whether the amount due against the
petitioner can be recovered as arrears of land revenue or not. As
in view of the Division Bench judgment of this Court, which is
fully applicable to the present case, the Tehbazari amount due
against the petitioner cannot be recovered as arrears of land
revenue, as such, without inviting the counter affidavit, with
the consent of the parties, the writ petition is being disposed of.
7. In view of the aforesaid fact, the recovery certificate dated
10.5.2004 (Annexure 5 to the writ petition issued by the
respondents is hereby quashed. The writ petition is allowed. It
is, however, open to the respondents to recover the amount
from the petitioner in accordance with law.”
17. The issue with regard to recovery of unpaid amount of
auction sale held by the Zila Panchayat came up for
3 2007 (2) ADJ 143 (DB)
9
consideration in the case of Mohd. Umar Vs. Collector/D.M.
Moradabad and Others
4
, and this Court again took a view that
any amount relating to a contract could not be recovered as
arrears of land revenue. It was observed as follows:
“65. The first question which poses consideration is whether in
the absence of execution of agreement an enforceable contract
between the parties came into existence. The petitioners
participated in the public auction for the collection of Tehbazari
dues and were highest bidders. In a public auction the bidders
offer their bids and the moment of fall of hammer on highest
bid, that highest bid is taken to be accepted. In a public auction
the fall of hammer concludes the contract. The auction
proceedings, the list of bidders is the only evidence of the
contract indicating that out of various offers the highest bid was
accepted. Section 97 of the U.P. Municipalities Act relates to the
execution of the contracts and provides that every contract
made by or on behalf of a Municipality whereof the value or the
amount exceeding to Rs.250/ shall be in writing provided that
unless the contract has been duly executed in writing, no work
including collection of materials in connection with the said
contract shall be commenced or undertaken. Every such
contract shall be signed by the President or the Vice President
or by Executive Officer or Secretary or by any person or persons
empowered under sub section (2) of subsection (3) of previous
section to sanction the contract if further and in the like manner
empowered in this behalf by the Municipality. The auctions of
Tehbazari contract were held in which the petitioners offered
highest bids and made part payment of auction money. The
petitioners having accepted the conditions of auction sale and
having made payment in part performance of the contract a
binding contract came into existence between the petitioners
and the respondents. In a public auction on the acceptance of
the highest bid of the tenderer a concluded contract between
the parties enforceable at law came into existence. The highest
bids of the petitioners at various auctions were in the nature of
an offer which were accepted by the petitioners who were
highest bidders and the petitioners deposited the amount in
part a performance of the conditions of auction sales, therefore,
a valid and legally enforceable contract came into being.
Reliance in this regard may be placed on the decision in B.C.
Mohendra Versus Municipal Board, Saharanpur AIR 1970 SC
729. Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act provides that all
agreements are contracts if they are made by free consent of the
parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and
with a lawful object and are not expressly declared to be void.
4 2006 (9) ADJ 66 (All) (DB)
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In all these cases the petitioners participated in an auction sale
and being highest bidder made part payment under the terms
and conditions of auction sales and carried out the work of
collection of Tehbazari dues. The petitioners cannot wriggle out
of the contract on the ground of nonexecution of agreements.
A concluded contract at auction sales came into being between
the parties on the fall of hammer and acceptance of higher bid.
....
69. The decisions in the cases of Mahesh Chand (supra) and
Surendra Kumar Rai (supra) have been distinguished and held
to be per incuriam in the case of Subhash Chand Versus
Collector Etawah and others 1999 (1) AWC 582 as the
provisions of section 161 of the Adhiniyam 1961 did not fall for
consideration in those judgments. Section 161 of the Adhiniyam
1961 provides that any sum due to Kshetra Panchayat under
this Act or under any rule or under any byelaw made therein
and declared by this Act or such rule or byelaw to be recovered
in the manner provided by this Chapter shall mutatis mutandis
be recoverable as provided in this Chapter. Section 161 deals
with the recovery of dues of Kshettra Panchayat which is a
distinct and separate body from a Zila Panchayat. The
provisions exclusively relating to Kshettra Panchayat are not
applicable to Zila Panchayats. Moreover, for the applicability of
the provisions of section 161 any sum must be due to a Kshettra
Panchayat and it must have been declared to be recoverable in
the manner provided in Chapter VIII. In these writ petitions the
Theka money is not due to Kshettra Panchayat under this Act or
under any rule or any byelaws made thereunder. The auction
money is due to Zila Panchayats which are distinct and separate
body. The amount being due to Zila Panchayats, the facts of the
case of Subhash Chandra (supra) are distinguishable. In view of
these facts, the unpaid amount of auction sale held by the Zila
Panchayat cannot be recovered as arrears of land revenue.”
18. The aforesaid question again came up for consideration in
the case of Sanjay Kumar Gupta Vs. State of U.P. and Others
5
,
in the context of realization of Entry Fee/Parking Fee from
vehicles which were entering the territory of the Nagar Palika
Parishad, and after examining the provisions under Section
173(A) of the U.P. Municipalities Act, 1916, it was held that the
Municipal Board can only recover a sum due on account of tax,
as arrears of land revenue, and that it has no power to recover
5 2013 (5) ADJ 506 (DB)
11
octroi or toll in the said manner. The observations made in the
aforesaid judgment are being reproduced hereinbelow:
“9. Admittedly, the contract between the petitioner and Nagar
Palika Parishad, Mawana was for realisation of entry
fees/parking fees from the vehicles which enter the territory of
Nagar Palika Parishad, Mawana, Meerut. It is thus in the nature
of 'toll' and not 'tax'. Under Section 173(A) of the Municipalities
Act, 1916, the Municipal Board can only recover a sum due on
account of tax as arrears of land revenue. The section itself
carves out an exception, by laying down that the Board will
have no power to recover arrears of octroi or toll as arrears of
land revenue. Interpreting the aforesaid provision of law, a
Division Bench of this Court in Titu Singh v. District
Magistrate/Collector, Mathura, 2003 (5) AWC 3479, has held
that the arrears of theka money (parking fees) cannot be
realised as arrears of land revenue. The said decision has been
followed in Iliyas v. State of U.P. and others.
10. We are in respectful agreement with the view taken in the
aforesaid decisions. Accordingly, it is held that the impugned
citation for recovery of balance theka money, as arrears of land
revenue is without jurisdiction.
11. Before parting, it may be stated that the contention of the
respondents that since it is public money and therefore, the
petitioner may be directed to pay the said amount, does not
desist us from granting aforesaid relief to the petitioner as even
in case it is public money, it has to be recovered only in
accordance with the procedure prescribed by law.”
19. The aforesaid view has again been reiterated in the decision
rendered in the case of Paras Nath Singh Vs. State of U.P. and
4 Others
6
, wherein the recovery certificate issued in respect of
amount due towards 'Parivahan Shulk' was held to be not
recoverable as arrears of land revenue.
20. The legal position, as discussed hereinabove, indicates that
the law in regard to contractual amount being not recoverable
as arrears of land revenue is fairly well settled.
21. The provisions of Sections 158, 159, 160 of the Adhiniyam
6 2020 (3) ADJ 390
12
1961 would go to show that it is only in respect of the arrears of
tax on circumstances and property, and any sum due on account
of rent in respect of land vested in or entrusted to the
management of the Zila Panchayat, that the amount can be
recovered as arrears of land revenue.
22. The impugned Recovery Citation dated 05.09.2024, is
essentially a writ of demand in R.C. Form36 issued as per Rule
141 of the U.P. Revenue Code Rules, 2016
7
, consequent to the
Recovery Certificate dated 12.08.2024 sent by the concerned
authority of the Zila Panchayat.
23. The aforesaid recovery certificate which has been forwarded
to the Collector, Jhansi is for recovery of 'Licence Fee' as arrears
of land revenue, and is stated to have been issued by referring to
the powers under Section 159 of the Adhiniyam 1961.
24. As we have noted above, Section 159 of the Adhiniyam
1961, relates to recovery of rent on land, and as per its terms
where any sum is due on account of a rent from a person to a
Zila Panchayat in respect of land vested or entrusted to the
management of the Zila Panchayat, the same may be recovered
as arrears of land revenue. The dues against the petitioner are
stated to be in respect of 'Licence Fee', and the same are not on
account of a rent due to the Zila Panchayat. In view thereof the
invocation of Section 159 for the purpose of issuance of
recovery certificate to the Collector for recovering the amount as
arrears of land revenue, cannot be legally supported.
25. The amount in respect of which recovery is sought to be
7the Rules 2016
13
made as arrears of land revenue, in the present case, is neither a
tax under Section 158(2) nor rent on land under Section 159. In
the said circumstances, the Adhiniyam 1961 does not authorize
the recovery of any such amount as arrears of land revenue in
the manner prescribed under Section 148 to 156.
26. The assessment and collection of land revenue, in the State
of Uttar Pradesh is presently governed as per the terms of the
U.P. Revenue Code, 2006
8
, which is in force with effect from
11.02.2016. Chapter XII of the Revenue Code, relates to
collection of land revenue and the procedure for recovery of
land revenue or any other sum recoverable as arrears of land
revenue has been prescribed under the provisions contained in
the said Chapter.
27. The recovery of land revenue or any other sum recoverable
as arrears of land revenue is thus statutorily prescribed. Any
dues that fall under the head of either 'land revenue' or 'any
other sum recoverable as arrears of land revenue', may be
recovered as per relevant statutory provisions under the
Revenue Code, by issuing a writ of demand under Section 169
read with Rule 141 of the Rules 2016, and by following the
procedure prescribed under the Code.
28. The recovery of land revenue is to be made by the
concerned revenue authority as per the provisions of the
Revenue Code. The revenue authorities have also been
empowered to recover any other sum that may be recoverable as
arrears of land revenue under the provisions of any other
statute. It would therefore follow that unless the recovery is
8the Revenue Code
14
sought to be made in terms of the powers conferred under some
statutory provision, the revenue authorities would have no
powers to proceed to recover any dues as arrears of land
revenue by invoking the procedure prescribed under the
Revenue Code and the rules made thereunder.
29. The mode of recovery permissible in respect of dues to the
Zila Panchayat is to be in the manner as prescribed under the
Adhiniyam 1961, and only in a case where the dues have been
specified to be recoverable as arrears of land revenue the
provision for recovery for the purpose under the Revenue Code,
can be invoked. The dues in respect of 'Licence Fee' cannot be
described as rent due from a person to the Zila Panchayat and
accordingly the same would not be statutorily recoverable under
Section 159 of the Adhiniyam 1961.
30. The recovery certificate which has been forwarded by the
concerned authority of the Zila Panchayat to the Collector seeks
to draw power from Section 159, which is not applicable to
recovery of dues in respect of 'Licence Fee'. The proceedings
initiated for recovery of the dues as arrears of land revenue, in
terms of the procedure prescribed under the Revenue Code,
therefore cannot be held to be legally sustainable.
31. The Recovery Citation dated 05.09.2024, is therefore held to
be legally unsustainable and is quashed.
32. The writ petition therefore succeeds and stands allowed.
33. It would however be open to the respondentZila Panchayat
to initiate appropriate proceedings for recovery of dues, which
are being claimed against the petitioner, by approaching the
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court of competent jurisdiction, as provided under Section
158(1), or taking recourse to any other legal remedy, which it
may deem appropriate.
Order Date : 27.11.2024
Arun K. Singh
Legal Notes
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