363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain
treaties, agreements, etc.—
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution
but subject to the provisions of article 143, neither the Supreme Court nor any
other court shall have jurisdiction in any dispute arising out of any provision of
a treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, sanad or other similar instrument
which was entered into or executed before the commencement of this
Constitution by any Ruler of an Indian State and to which the Government of
the Dominion of India or any of its predecessor Governments was a party and
which has or has been continued in operation after such commencement, or in
any dispute in respect of any right accruing under or any liability or obligation
arising out of any of the provisions of this Constitution relating to any such
treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, sanad or other similar instrument.
(2) In this article—
(a) “Indian State” means any territory recognised before the
commencement of this Constitution by His Majesty or the Government
of the Dominion of India as being such a State; and
(b) “Ruler” includes the Prince, Chief or other person recognised
before such commencement by His Majesty or the Government of the
Dominion of India as the Ruler of any Indian State.
1
[363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and
privy purses to be abolished.—Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution
or in any law for the time being in force—
(a) the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any time before
the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment)
Act, 1971, was recognised by the President as the Ruler of an Indian
State or any person who, at any time before such commencement, was
recognised by the President as the successor of such ruler shall, on and
from such commencement, cease to be recognised as such Ruler or the
successor of such Ruler;
______________________________________________
1. Art. 363A ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 3
(w.e.f. 28-12-1971).
222 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)
(b) on and from the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-
sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, privy purse is abolished and all rights,
liabilities and obligations in respect of privy purse are extinguished and
accordingly the Ruler or, as the case may be, the successor of such
Ruler, referred to in clause
(a) or any other person shall not be paid any
sum as privy purse.]
364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.—
(1)
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by public
notification direct that as from such date as may be specified in the
notification—
(a) any law made by Parliament or by the Legislature of a State
shall not apply to any major port or aerodrome or shall apply thereto
subject to such exceptions or modifications as may be specified in the
notification; or
(b) any existing law shall cease to have effect in any major port or
aerodrome except as respects things done or omitted to be done before
the said date, or shall in its application to such port or aerodrome have
effect subject to such exceptions or modifications as may be specified in
the notification.
(2) In this article—
(a) “major port” means a port declared to be a major port by or
under any law made by Parliament or any existing law and includes all
areas for the time being included within the limits of such port;
(b) “aerodrome” means aerodrome as defined for the purposes of
the enactments relating to airways, aircraft and air navigation.
365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions
given by the Union.—Where any State has failed to comply with, or to give
effect to, any directions given in the exercise of the executive power of the Union
under any of the provisions of this Constitution, it shall be lawful for the
President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State
cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
366. Definitions.—In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise
requires, the following expressions have the meanings hereby respectively
assigned to them, that is to say—
(1) “agricultural income” means agricultural income as defined
for the purposes of the enactments relating to Indian income-tax;
223 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)
(2) “an Anglo-Indian” means a person whose father or any of
whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European
descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was
born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not
established there for temporary purposes only;
(3) “article” means an article of this Constitution;
(4) “borrow” includes the raising of money by the grant of
annuities, and “loan” shall be construed accordingly;
1
[(4A)* * * *]
(5) “clause” means a clause of the article in which the expression
occurs;
(6) “corporation tax” means any tax on income, so far as that tax
is payable by companies and is a tax in the case of which the following
conditions are fulfilled:—
(a) that it is not chargeable in respect of agricultural
income;
(b) that no deduction in respect of the tax paid by
companies is, by any enactments which may apply to the tax,
authorised to be made from dividends payable by the companies
to individuals;
(c) that no provision exists for taking the tax so paid into
account in computing for the purposes of Indian income-tax the
total income of individuals receiving such dividends, or in
computing the Indian income-tax payable by, or refundable to,
such individuals;
(7) “corresponding Province”, “corresponding Indian State” or
“corresponding State” means in cases of doubt such Province, Indian
State or State as may be determined by the President to be the
corresponding Province, the corresponding Indian State or the
corresponding State, as the case may be, for the particular purpose in
question;
______________________________________________
1. Cl. (4A) was ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 54
(w.e.f. 1-2-1977) and subsequently omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment)
Act, 1977, s. 11 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
224 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)
(8) “debt” includes any liability in respect of any obligation to
repay capital sums by way of annuities and any liability under any
guarantee, and “debt charges” shall be construed accordingly;
(9) “estate duty” means a duty to be assessed on or by reference to
the principal value, ascertained in accordance with such rules as may be
prescribed by or under laws made by Parliament or the Legislature of a
State relating to the duty, of all property passing upon death or deemed,
under the provisions of the said laws, so to pass;
(10) “existing law” means any law, Ordinance, order, bye-law,
rule or regulation passed or made before the commencement of this
Constitution by any Legislature, authority or person having power to
make such a law, Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule or regulation;
(11) “Federal Court” means the Federal Court constituted under
the Government of India Act, 1935;
(12) “goods” includes all materials, commodities, and articles;
1
[(12A) “goods and services tax” means any tax on supply of
goods, or services or both except taxes on the supply of the alcoholic
liquor for human consumption];
(13) “guarantee” includes any obligation undertaken before the
commencement of this Constitution to make payments in the event of the
profits of an undertaking falling short of a specified amount;
(14) “High Court” means any Court which is deemed for the
purposes of this Constitution to be a High Court for any State and
includes—
(a) any Court in the territory of India constituted or
reconstituted under this Constitution as a High Court; and
(b) any other Court in the territory of India which may be
declared by Parliament by law to be a High Court for all or any of
the purposes of this Constitution;
(15) “Indian State” means any territory which the Government of
the Dominion of India recognised as such a State;
______________________________________________
1. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 14
(i)
(w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
225 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)
(16) “Part” means a Part of this Constitution;
(17) “pension” means a pension, whether contributory or not, of
any kind whatsoever payable to or in respect of any person, and includes
retired pay so payable; a gratuity so payable and any sum or sums so
payable by way of the return, with or without interest thereon or any
other addition thereto, of subscriptions to a provident fund;
(18) “Proclamation of Emergency” means a Proclamation issued
under clause
(1) of article 352;
(19) “public notification” means a notification in the Gazette of
India, or, as the case may be, the Official Gazette of a State;
(20) “railway” does not include—
(a) a tramway wholly within a municipal area; or
(b) any other line of communication wholly situate in one State
and declared by Parliament by law not to be a railway;
1
[
(21)* * * *]
2
[
(22) “Ruler” means the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any
time before the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-sixth
Amendment) Act, 1971, was recognised by the President as the Ruler of
an Indian State or any person who, at any time before such
commencement, was recognised by the President as the successor of
such Ruler;]
(23) “Schedule” means a Schedule to this Constitution;
(24) “Scheduled Castes” means such castes, races or tribes or
parts of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under
article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purposes of this Constitution;
(25) “Scheduled Tribes” means such tribes or tribal communities
or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are
deemed under article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this
Constitution;
______________________________________________
1. Cl.
(21) omitted by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
(w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Subs. by the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 4 (w.e.f. 28-12-1971).
226 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)
(26) “securities” includes stock;
1
***
2
[(26A) “Services” means anything other than goods;
(26B) “State” with reference to articles 246A, 268, 269, 269A and
article 279A includes a Union territory with Legislature];
3
[(26C) "socially and educationally backward classes" means such
backward classes as are so deemed under article 342A for the purposes
of the Central Government or the State or Union territory, as the case
may be];
(27) “sub-clause” means a sub-clause of the clause in which the
expression occurs;
(28) “taxation” includes the imposition of any tax or impost,
whether general or local or special, and “tax” shall be construed
accordingly;
(29) “tax on income” includes a tax in the nature of an excess
profits tax;
4
[(29A) “tax on the sale or purchase of goods” includes—
(a) a tax on the transfer, otherwise than in pursuance of a
contract, of property in any goods for cash, deferred payment or
other valuable consideration;
(b) a tax on the transfer of property in goods (whether as
goods or in some other form) involved in the execution of a
works contract;
(c) a tax on the delivery of goods on hire-purchase or any
system of payment by instalments;
(d) a tax on the transfer of the right to use any goods for
any purpose (whether or not for a specified period) for cash,
deferred payment or other valuable consideration;
______________________________________________
1. Cl. (26A) was ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 54
(w.e.f. 1-2-1977), and subsequently omitted by the Constitution (Forty-third
Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 11 (w.e.f. 13-4-1978).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 14(ii)
(w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
3. Cl. (26C) was ins. by the Constitution (One Hundred and second Amendment) Act,
2018, s. 5 (w.e.f. 14-8-2018), and subsequently subs. by the Constitution (One
Hundred and Fifth Amendment) Act, 2021, s. 4 (w.e.f. 15-9-2021).
4. Cl. (29A) ins. by the Constitution (Forty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1982, s. 4
(w.e.f. 2-2-1983).
227 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XIX.—MISCELLANEOUS)
(e) a tax on the supply of goods by any unincorporated
association or body of persons to a member thereof for cash,
deferred payment or other valuable consideration;
(f) a tax on the supply, by way of or as part of any service
or in any other manner whatsoever, of goods, being food or any
other article for human consumption or any drink (whether or not
intoxicating), where such supply or service, is for cash, deferred
payment or other valuable consideration,
and such transfer, delivery or supply of any goods shall be deemed to be
a sale of those goods by the person making the transfer, delivery or
supply and a purchase of those goods by the person to whom such
transfer, delivery or supply is made;]
1
[
(30) "Union territory" means any Union territory specified in the
First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the
territory of India but not specified in that Schedule.]
367. Interpretation.—
(1) Unless the context otherwise requires, the
General Clauses Act, 1897, shall, subject to any adaptations and modifications
that may be made therein under article 372, apply for the interpretation of this
Constitution as it applies for the interpretation of an Act of the Legislature of
the Dominion of India.
(2) Any reference in this Constitution to Acts or laws of, or made by,
Parliament, or to Acts or laws of, or made by, the Legislature of a State 2***,
shall be construed as including a reference to an Ordinance made by the
President or, to an Ordinance made by a Governor 3***, as the case may be.
(3) For the purposes of this Constitution “foreign State” means any State
other than India:
Provided that , subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament,
the President may by order4 declare any State not to be a foreign State for such
purposes as may be specified in the order.
5
[
(4) * * * *]
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. for cl.
(30)
(w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words and letters "specified in Part A or Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
3. The words "or Rajpramukh" omitted by s. 29 and Sch., ibid. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
4. See the Constitution (Declaration as to Foreign States) Order, 1950 (C.O. 2).
5. Added by the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019
(C.O. 272) (w.e.f. 5-8-2019), for the text of this C.O., see Appendix II.
PART XX
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
368. 1[Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and
procedure therefor].— 2[
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,
Parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition,
variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the
procedure laid down in this article.]
3
[
(2)] An amendment of this Constitution may be initiated only by the
introduction of a Bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament, and when
the Bill is passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that
House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that
House present and voting, 4[it shall be presented to the President who shall give
his assent to the Bill and thereupon] the Constitution shall stand amended in
accordance with the terms of the Bill:
Provided that if such amendment seeks to make any change in—
(a) article 54, article 55, article 73, 5[ article 162, article 241 or
article 279A]; or
(b) Chapter IV of Part V, Chapter V of Part VI, or Chapter I of Part XI; or
(c) any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule; or
(d) the representation of States in Parliament; or
(e) the provisions of this article,
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 3, for "Procedure
for amendment of the Constitution" (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
2. Ins. by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
3. Art. 368 re-numbered as cl.
(2) thereof by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
4. Subs. by s. 3, ibid., (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
5. Subs. by the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, s. 15, for the
words and figures "article 162 or article 241" (w.e.f. 16-9-2016).
228
229 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XX.—Amendment of the Constitution)
the amendment shall also require to be ratified by the Legislatures of not less
than one-half of the States 1*** by resolutions to that effect passed by those
Legislatures before the Bill making provision for such amendment is presented
to the President for assent.
2
[
(3) Nothing in article 13 shall apply to any amendment made under this
article.]
3
[
(4) No amendment of this Constitution (including the provisions of
Part III) made or purporting to have been made under this article [whether before
or after the commencement of section 55 of the Constitution (Forty-second
Amendment) Act, 1976] shall be called in question in any court on any ground.
(5) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that there shall be no
limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of
addition, variation or repeal the provisions of this Constitution under this article.]
______________________________________________
1. The words and letters "specified in Part A and Part B of the First Schedule" omitted by
the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch. (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. Ins. by the Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 3 (w.e.f. 5-11-1971).
3. Ins. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 55 (w.e.f. 3-1-1977).
This section has been declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd.
and Others Vs. Union of India and Others AIR 1980 SC 1789.
PART XXI
1
[TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND
SPECIAL PROVISIONS]
369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to
certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent
List.—Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament shall, during
a period of five years from the commencement of this Constitution, have power
to make laws with respect to the following matters as if they were enumerated
in the Concurrent List, namely:—
(a) trade and commerce within a State in, and the production, supply
and distribution of, cotton and woollen textiles, raw cotton (including
ginned cotton and unginned cotton or kapas), cotton seed, paper
(including newsprint), food-stuffs (including edible oilseeds and oil),
cattle fodder (including oil-cakes and other concentrates), coal
(including coke and derivatives of coal), iron, steel and mica;
(b) offences against laws with respect to any of the matters mentioned
in clause
(a), jurisdiction and powers of all courts except the Supreme
Court with respect to any of those matters, and fees in respect of any of
those matters but not including fees taken in any court,
but any law made by Parliament, which Parliament would not but for the
provisions of this article have been competent to make, shall, to the extent of the
incompetency, cease to have effect on the expiration of the said period, except as
respects things done or omitted to be done before the expiration thereof.
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, s. 2, for "TEMPORARY
AND TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS" (w.e.f. 1-12-1963).
230
231 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)
1
[370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu
and Kashmir.—
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
(a) the provisions of article 238 shall not apply in relation to the State
of Jammu and Kashmir;
(b) the power of Parliament to make laws for the said State shall be
limited to—
(i) those matters in the Union List and the Concurrent List
which, in consultation with the Government of the State, are declared
by the President to correspond to matters specified in the Instrument
of Accession governing the accession of the State to the Dominion of
India as the matters with respect to which the Dominion Legislature
may make laws for that State; and
______________________________________________
In exercise of the powers conferred by clause
(3) of article 370 read with clause
(1) of
article 370 of the Constitution of India, the President, on the recommendation of
Parliament, is pleased to declare that, as from the 6 th August, 2019 all clauses of said
article 370 shall cease to be operative except the following which shall read as under,
namely:—
“370. All provisions of this Constitution, as amended from time to time,
without any modifications or exceptions, shall apply to the State of Jammu and
Kashmir notwithstanding anything contrary contained in article 152 or article 308 or
any other article of this Constitution or any other provision of the Constitution of
Jammu and Kashmir or any law, document, judgment, ordinance, order, by-law, rule,
regulation, notification, custom or usage having the force of law in the territory of
India, or any other instrument, treaty or agreement as envisaged under article 363 or
otherwise.”.
(See Appendix III) (C.O. 273).
1. In exercise of the powers conferred by clause
(3) of the Constitution of India, the
President, on the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State of Jammu
and Kashmir, declared that, as from the 17th day of November, 1952, the said art. 370
shall be operative with the modification that for the Explanation in cl.
(1) thereof, the
following Explanation is substituted, namely:—
“Explanation.–For the purposes of this article, the Government of the State means
the person for the time being recognised by the President on the recommendation of
the Legislative Assembly of the State as the *Sadar-I-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir,
acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in
office.”.
(C.O. 44, dated the 15th November, 1952).
*Now “Governor”.
232 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)
(ii) such other matters in the said Lists as, with the concurrence
of the Government of the State, the President may by order specify.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this article, the
Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised
by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the
advice of the Council of Ministers for the time being in office under the
Maharaja’s Proclamation dated the fifth day of March, 1948;
(c) the provisions of article 1 and of this article shall apply in relation
to that State;
(d) such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in
relation to that State subject to such exceptions and modifications as the
President may by order specify:
Provided that no such order which relates to the matters specified in the
Instrument of Accession of the State referred to in paragraph
(i) of
sub-clause
(b) shall be issued except in consultation with the Government of
the State:
Provided further that no such order which relates to matters other than
those referred to in the last preceding proviso shall be issued except with the
concurrence of that Government.
(2) If the concurrence of the Government of the State referred to in
paragraph (ii) of sub-clause
(b) of clause
(1) or in the second proviso to
sub-clause
(d) of that clause be given before the Constituent Assembly for the
purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is convened, it shall be placed
before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this article,
the President may, by public notification, declare that this article shall cease to
be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions and modifications
and from such date as he may specify:
Provided that the recommendation of the 1[clause
(2) of Legislative
Assembly of the State] shall be necessary before the President issues such a
notification.
______________________________________________
See Appendix II.
1. Subs. by C.O. 272, dated the 5-8-2019, s.2. for “Constituent Assembly of the State
referred to in clause
(2)” (w.e.f. 5-8-2019).
233 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)
1
[371. Special provision with respect to the States of 2***
Maharashtra and Gujarat.—3[
(1)* * * * *]
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, the President may by
order made with respect to 4[the State of Maharashtra or Gujarat], provide for
any special responsibility of the Governor for—
(a) the establishment of separate development boards for Vidarbha,
Marathwada, 5[and the rest of Maharashtra or, as the case may be],
Saurashtra, Kutch and the rest of Gujarat with the provision that a report
on the working of each of these boards will be placed each year before
the State Legislative Assembly;
(b) the equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure
over the said areas, subject to the requirements of the State as a whole;
and
(c) an equitable arrangement providing adequate facilities for
technical education and vocational training, and adequate opportunities
for employment in services under the control of the State Government, in
respect of all the said areas, subject to the requirements of the State as a
whole.]
6
[371A. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.—
(1)
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
(a) no Act of Parliament in respect of—
(i) religious or social practices of the Nagas;
(ii) Naga customary law and procedure;
(iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving
decisions according to Naga customary law;
(iv) ownership and transfer of land and its resources,
shall apply to the State of Nagaland unless the Legislative Assembly of
Nagaland by a resolution so decides;
______________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 22, for art. 371
(w.e.f. 1-11-1956).
2. The words "Andhra Pradesh", omitted by the Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment)
Act, 1973, s. 2 (w.e.f. 1-7-1974).
3. Cl.
(1) omitted by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 1-7-1974).
4. Subs. by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 (11 of 1960), s. 85, for "the State of
Bombay" (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
5. Subs. by s. 85, ibid., for "the rest of Maharashtra" (w.e.f. 1-5-1960).
6. Art. 371A ins. by the Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, s. 2
(w.e.f. 1-12-1963).
234 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(Part XXI.—Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)
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