2024 INSC 410 1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2646 OF 2009

BAR OF INDIAN LAWYERS THROUGH

ITS PRESIDENT JASBIR SINGH MALIK …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

D. K. GANDHI PS NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND ANR. …RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

C.A. NO. 2647 OF 2009

DELHI HIGH COURT BAR ASSOCIATION

THROUGH ITS PRESIDENT …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

D. K. GANDHI PS NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND ANR. …RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

C.A. NO. 2648 OF 2009

BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA THROUGH

BY ITS SECRETARY MR. S. RADHAKRISHNAN …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

D. K. GANDHI PS NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND ANR. …RESPONDENT(S)

2

WITH

C.A. NO. 2649 OF 2009

M. MATHIAS …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

D. K. GANDHI PS NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES …RESPONDENT(S)

J U D G M E N T

BELA M. TRIVEDI, J.

1. An important question of law pertaining to the Legal Profession as a

whole that has fallen for consideration before this Court is – whether a

complaint alleging “deficiency in service” against Advocates practising

Legal Profession, would be maintainable under the Consumer

Protection Act, 1986 as re-enacted in 2019? In other words, whether a

“Service” hired or availed of an Advocate would fall within the definition

of “Service” contained in the C.P. Act, 1986/2019, so as to bring him

within the purview of the said Act?

2. The present set of Appeals emanate from the impugned order dated

06.08.2007 passed by the National Consumer Disputes Redressal

Commission (NCDRC), New Delhi in Revision Petition No.1392/2006,

3

in which the NCDRC has held inter alia that if there was any deficiency

in service rendered by the Advocates/Lawyers, a complaint under the

Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (for short “CP Act, 1986”) would be

maintainable.

FACTUAL MATRIX

3. The short facts in C.A. No.2649/2009, arising out of the impugned order

passed by the NCDRC are that: -

(i) The appellant is an Advocate by profession. The respondent Mr.

D.K. Gandhi had hired the services of the appellant as an

advocate for filing a Complaint in the Court of Metropolitan

Magistrate, Tis Hazari Court, Delhi, against one Kamal Sharma

under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, as the

cheque for Rs.20,000/- issued by the said Kamal Sharma in favour

of the respondent D.K. Gandhi was dishonoured.

(ii) During the course of the said complaint case, the accused Mr.

Sharma agreed to pay the sum of Rs.20,000/- for the dishonoured

cheque besides Rs.5,000/- as the expenses incurred by the

complainant. It was alleged by the respondent (complainant) that

though the appellant had received from the accused Mr. Sharma

the DD/pay order for Rs.20,000/- and the crossed cheque of

4

Rs.5,000/- on behalf of the respondent, the appellant did not

deliver the same to the respondent and instead demanded

Rs.5,000/- in cash from the respondent. The appellant also filed a

suit for recovery of Rs.5,000/- in the court of Small Causes, Delhi

raising a plea that the sum was due to him as his fees.

Subsequently, the appellant gave the DD/pay order for

Rs.20,000/- and cheque for Rs.5,000/- to the respondent,

however, the payment of cheque for Rs.5,000/- was stopped by

the accused Mr. Sharma at the instance of the appellant. The

respondent therefore filed a complaint before the District

Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum, Delhi seeking

compensation of Rs. 15,000/- in addition to the amount of cheque

of Rs.5,000/-, as also Rs.10,000/- for the mental agony and

harassment along with the cost. The appellant resisted the said

complaint by filing a reply on 03.03.1998 raising a preliminary

objection to the effect that the District Consumer Forum had no

jurisdiction to adjudicate the dispute raised in the complaint as the

Advocates were not covered under the provisions contained in the

CP Act.

5

(iii) The District Forum, however, rejected the said preliminary

objection, holding that it had the jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the

dispute between the parties and further decided the complaint in

favour of the respondent. The appellant being aggrieved by the

said order had filed an appeal before the State Commission, which

by the order dated 10.03.2006 allowed the same holding that the

services of lawyers/advocates did not fall within the ambit of

“service” defined under section 2(1)(o) of the CP Act, 1986. The

NCDRC, however in the Revision Application preferred by the

respondent passed the impugned order as stated hereinabove.

(iv) Being aggrieved by the said impugned order passed by the

NCDRC, the present set of appeals has been filed by the Bar of

Indian Lawyers, Delhi High Court Bar Association, Bar Council of

India, and by the appellant M. Mathias.

SUBMISSIONS

4. Since the issues involved in this batch of Appeals pertain to the

Advocates practising in the various courts/tribunals and other legal

forums of the country, a wide range of arguments were advanced before

us. Having regard to the significance and sensitivity of the issues

6

involved, we had appointed the learned Senior Advocate, Mr. V. Giri as

an Amicus Curiae to assist the Court.

5. The broad submissions made by the learned Senior Counsels Mr.

Narender Hooda, Mr. Guru Krishna Kumar, Mr. Manoj Swarup, Mr.

Manan Mishra, Mr. Jaideep Gupta, Mr. Shekhar Naphade, Mr. Vikas

Singh and learned counsel, Mr. D.K. Sharma may be summarized as

under: -

(i) The Advocates Act, 1961 is a law dealing exclusively with the legal

profession which provides a robust mechanism laying down

professional standards for compliance and for determining

professional misconduct.

(ii) The legal profession is a noble profession and not a business or

trade. It is an extension of system of justice, and the success of

judicial process depends on the independence of the Bar. Hence,

its autonomy is needed to preserve the democracy and to keep

judiciary strong.

(iii) A unique feature which distinguishes an Advocate from other

professional is that an Advocate has a duty to the court and his

peers, in addition to his duty to the client. He is not mere a

mouthpiece but he has to exercise his own judgment for upholding

7

the interest of his client by all fair, legal and reasonable means,

and by being respectful to the court.

(iv) The Bar Council of India and State Bar Councils are invested with

the disciplinary powers. An error of judgment or mere negligence

may not be a professional misconduct. In any case, the

professional misconduct which subsumes cases of negligence,

which is covered by the special law i.e., Advocates Act, 1961.

(v) The Advocates Act being special law would prevail over the CP

Act so far as the conduct of Advocates are concerned.

(vi) The law of negligence recognizes that a professional would be

held liable in a civil action for negligence and includes

professionals of varied fields who possess special skill in that

profession generally.

(vii) The legal professionals in United Kingdom can be sued for

negligence by a way of regular civil action, however they would

not be liable under the law dealing with consumer rights for

trade/commercial activities.

(viii) Allowing consumer protection law to apply to the Advocates would

open floodgates of unnecessary litigations and it would not be in

the larger public interest to do so. It would also lead to multiple

8

proceedings before multiple forums, reagitation of issues decided

by a judicial body including the Supreme Court with potentially

conflicting decisions.

(ix) The summary nature of proceeding under the consumer

protection law with its accent on inexpensive and speedy remedy

(though enacted with laudable objects for protection of consumers

against trade and commercial activities), can become an easy tool

for disgruntled litigants to knock at the doors of the consumer

forums against the advocates. It would lead to

speculative/vexatious claims, rather than seeking relief in respect

of bona fide grievances against professional misconduct.

(x) The legal profession is recognized as sui generis and stands out

among other profession due to its distinctive nature, where the

lawyers often find themselves operating in an environment where

control is elusive. Unlike many other professions where

practitioners may have a higher degree of control over their

surroundings, the lawyers frequently navigate through complex

legal landscapes shaped by diverse factors.

(xi) One of the primary distinctions of legal profession is the inherent

complexity of legal issues. Lawyers must grapple with intricate

9

statutes, case laws and regulatory frameworks, which often lack

definitive answers. Legal disputes frequently involve multiple

parties with conflicting interests, further complicating the matters.

Unlike some other professions where problems may have more

straightforward solutions, the lawyers often face ambiguity and

uncertainty in their work, making control over outcomes elusive.

(xii) The adversarial dynamics have an element of unpredictability, as

outcomes depend not only on the lawyer’s skill and knowledge but

also on the strategies employed by opposing counsel and the

decisions of judges.

(xiii) Lawyers are bound by ethical and professional obligations that

constrain their autonomy and control over their work. Adherence

to the codes of conduct, client confidentiality, and obligations to

the court limit the freedom of lawyers to act solely in their own

interest or according to their preferences.

(xiv) Unlike any other profession, where professionals are in control of

their surrounding fully, legal profession is the sole profession,

where advocates have no control over their environment. The

environment they work in is controlled by the presiding Judge.

10

(xv) The Bar Council of India Rules prescribe at least four sets of duty

that a lawyer has to oblige, viz., Duty to the Court, Duty to the

Client, Duty to Opponent and Duty to Colleagues, in no particular

order. These duties are sometimes conflicting in nature, however

whenever a conflict arises, the duty to court is considered to be

paramount.

(xvi) Unlike the medical profession, where scientific standards exist to

decide the standard of care, there is no universal standard of care

or objective test that exists or can be prescribed as the threshold

in the case of legal profession to adjudicate upon the question of

abdication of duty to care.

(xvii) Distinguishing the decision of this Court in Indian Medical

Association vs. V.P. Shantha & Others

1

, it was sought to be

submitted that there is a fundamental difference between the

practice of law and the practice of medicine, as also the difference

in the nature of professional-client relationship. The complexity of

legal issues, and the diversity of legal contexts also would take the

legal services rendered by the Advocates outside the purview of

the services defined under the CP Act.

1

(1995) 6 SCC 651

11

6. The learned Senior Advocate Mr. V. Giri - Amicus Curiae, submitted that

the Advocates can be broadly classified into two categories based on

the terms of their engagement and the nature of work being done by

them for their clients – (1) Advocates engaged by clients to conduct their

cases and then represent them before any court, tribunal or other forum,

on the strength of a vakalatnama and (2) Advocates engaged by clients

to provide their professional expertise for providing legal opinions,

issuing legal notices, drafting agreements, etc. He submitted that the

first category of advocates would not come within the purview of a

service provider under the CP Act, as in that case the advocate acts as

a representative or agent of the client. He further submitted that it is

open to a party to plead and appear in person in the court, however

when he executes a vakalatnama, he chooses to engage an Advocate

as his agent, and the acts and statements of the advocate, in the course

of his duties in the matter, are like the acts and statements of the

principal i.e., the client himself. Such relationship cannot be equated to

that of a “service provider” and a “consumer” as contemplated in the CP

Act. However, the Amicus Curiae Mr. Giri fairly submitted that in the

second category of Advocates i.e., the Advocates who are engaged by

the clients outside the precincts of the court and outside the litigation

12

process i.e., who are not engaged on the strength of a vakalatnama but

engaged to provide legal services outside the court process, would

come within the purview of a service provider, and any deficiency or

shortcoming in the professional services rendered by such Advocates,

completely outside the confines of the litigation process, would be

covered under the CP Act.

ANALYSIS

7. Though the question posed before us is, whether a complaint alleging

“deficiency in service” against Advocates practising Legal Profession,

would be maintainable under the Consumer Protection Act, having

regard to the entire spectrum and scheme of the said Act, following

further questions stem from the said question, which deserve

consideration.

(i) Whether the Legislature ever intended to include the Professions

or services rendered by the Professionals within the purview of the

CP Act 1986 as re-enacted in 2019?

(ii) Whether the Legal Profession is sui generis?

(iii) Whether a Service hired or availed of an Advocate could be said

to be the service under “a contract of personal service” so as to

13

exclude it from the definition of “Service” contained in Section 2

(42) of the CP Act 2019?

8. For adverting to the first question, whether the Legislature ever intended

to include the Professions or the services rendered by the Professionals

within the purview of the CP Act 1986 as re-enacted in 2019, it would be

germane to ascertain the legislative intention and to look back to the

history, object and purpose of enacting the CP Act 1986. A three-Judge

Bench in case of State of Karnataka vs. Vishwabharathi House

Building Coop. Society and Others

2

, while dealing with the issue

raised about the constitutional validity of the CP Act 1986, had

elaborately considered the history, objects and purpose of enacting the

said Act.

“5. Before adverting to the question as regard the competence

of Parliament to enact the said Act, we may notice the history

of legislation leading to enactment of the said Act.

6. The Secretary General, United Nations submitted draft

guidelines for consumer protection to the Economic and Social

Council (UNESCO) in 1983. The General Assembly of the

United Nations upon extensive discussions and negotiations

among governments on this scope and content thereof

adopted the guidelines which inter alia provide for the

following:

“Taking into account the interests and needs of consumers in

all countries, particularly those in developing countries,

recognizing that consumers often face imbalances in

economic terms, educational level, and bargaining power, and

bearing in mind that consumer should have the right of access

2

(2003) 2 SCC 412

14

to non-hazardous products, as well as the importance of

promoting just, equitable and sustainable economic and social

development, these guidelines for consumer protection have

the following objectives:

(a) To assist countries in achieving or maintaining adequate

protection for their population as consumers.

(b) To facilitate production and distribution patterns responsive

to the needs and desires of consumers.

(c) To encourage high levels of ethical conduct for those

engaged in the production and distribution of goods and

services to consumers.

(d) To assist countries in curbing abusive business practices

by all enterprises at the national and international levels which

adversely affect consumers.

(e) To facilitate the development of independent consumer

groups.

(f) To further international cooperation in the field of consumer

protection.

(g) To encourage the development of market conditions which

provide consumers with greater choice at lower prices.”

7. The framework for the Consumer Act was provided by a

resolution dated 9-4-1985 of the General Assembly of the

United Nations Organisation. This is known as “Consumer

Protection Resolution No. 39/248”. India is a signatory to the

said Resolution.

8. The said Act was enacted having regard to the

aforementioned Resolution.

9. It seeks to provide for better protection of the interests of

consumers and for the said purpose, to make provision for the

establishment of Consumer Councils and other authorities for

the settlement of consumer disputes and for matters

connected therewith, as would appear from the Statement of

Objects and Reasons of the Act.

10. It further seeks inter alia to promote and protect the rights

of consumers such as—

“(a) The right to be protected against marketing of goods which

are hazardous to life and property;

(b) the right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency,

purity, standard and price of goods to protect the consumer

against unfair trade practices;

(c) the right to be assured, wherever possible, access to

variety of goods at competitive prices;

(d) the right to be heard and to be assured that consumers'

interests will receive due consideration at appropriate forums;

15

(e) the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practice or

unscrupulous exploitation of consumers; and

(f) right to consumer education.””

9. The scope and object of the said legislation had also come up for

consideration before this Court in Common Cause, A Registered

Society vs. Union of India and Others

3

in which it was observed: -

“2. The object of the legislation, as the Preamble of the Act

proclaims, is “for better protection of the interests of

consumers”. During the last few years preceding the

enactment there was in this country a marked awareness

among the consumers of goods that they were not getting their

money's worth and were being exploited by both traders and

manufacturers of consumer goods. The need for consumer

redressal fora was, therefore, increasingly felt.

Understandably, therefore, legislation was introduced and

enacted with considerable enthusiasm and fanfare as a path-

breaking benevolent legislation intended to protect the

consumer from exploitation by unscrupulous manufacturers

and traders of consumer goods. A three-tier fora comprising

the District Forum, the State Commission and the National

Commission came to be envisaged under the Act for redressal

of grievances of consumers….”

10. In Lucknow Development Authority vs. M.K. Gupta

4

, it was observed

in paragraph 2 as under: -

“2. ……To begin with the preamble of the Act, which can

afford useful assistance to ascertain the legislative intention, it

was enacted, ‘to provide for the protection of the interest of

consumers. Use of the word ‘protection’ furnishes key to the

minds of makers of the Act. Various definitions and provisions

which elaborately attempt to achieve this objective have to be

construed in this light without departing from the settled view

that a preamble cannot control otherwise plain meaning of a

3

(1997) 10 SCC 729

4

(1994) 1 SCC 243

16

provision. In fact the law meets long felt necessity of protecting

the common man from such wrongs for which the remedy

under ordinary law for various reasons has become illusory.

Various legislations and regulations permitting the State to

intervene and protect interest of the consumers have become

a haven for unscrupulous ones as the enforcement machinery

either does not move or it moves ineffectively, inefficiently and

for reasons which are not necessary to be stated. The

importance of the Act lies in promoting welfare of the society

by enabling the consumer to participate directly in the market

economy. It attempts to remove the helplessness of a

consumer which he faces against powerful business,

described as, ‘a network of rackets’ or a society in which,

‘producers have secured power’ to ‘rob the rest’ and the might

of public bodies which are degenerating into storehouses of

inaction where papers do not move from one desk to another

as a matter of duty and responsibility but for extraneous

consideration leaving the common man helpless, bewildered

and shocked.…..”

11. Yet in Laxmi Engineering Works vs. P.S.G. Industrial Institute

5

, it

was held in paragraph 10 as under: -

“10. A review of the provisions of the Act discloses that the

quasi-judicial bodies/authorities/agencies created by the Act

known as District Forums, State Commissions and the

National Commission are not courts though invested with

some of the powers of a civil court. They are quasi-judicial

tribunals brought into existence to render inexpensive and

speedy remedies to consumers. It is equally clear that these

forums/commissions were not supposed to supplant but

supplement the existing judicial system. The idea was to

provide an additional forum providing inexpensive and speedy

resolution of disputes arising between

consumers and suppliers of goods and services. The forum so

created is uninhibited by the requirement of court fee or the

formal procedures of a court. Any consumer can go and file a

complaint. Complaint need not necessarily be filed by the

complainant himself; any recognized consumers' association

can espouse his cause. Where a large number of consumers

have a similar complaint, one or more can file a complaint on

behalf of all. Even the Central Government and State

5

(1995) 3 SCC 583

17

Governments can act on his/their behalf. The idea was to help

the consumers get justice and fair treatment in the matter of

goods and services purchased and availed by them in a

market dominated by large trading and manufacturing bodies.

Indeed, the entire Act revolves round the consumer and is

designed to protect his interest. The Act provides for

“business-to-consumer” disputes and not for “business-to-

business” disputes. This scheme of the Act, in our opinion, is

relevant to and helps in interpreting the words that fall for

consideration in this appeal.”

12. Thus, considering the intention of the Legislature, the objects and

reasons of the Act of 1986 it was repeatedly held that the said Act was

enacted to provide for the better protection of the interests of the

consumers against their exploitation by the traders and manufacturers

of the consumer goods, and to help consumers in getting justice and fair

treatment in the matter of goods and services purchased and availed by

them in a market dominated by large trading and manufacturing bodies.

13. After several years of passing of the CP Act 1986, still many

shortcomings in the said Act were noticed while administering various

provisions of the said Act. Hence, the CP Act 1986 was repealed and

the CP Act, 2019 came to be re-enacted. The statement of objects and

reasons for re-enacting the said Act of 2019 reads as under:-

“1. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (68 of 1986) was

enacted to provide for better protection of the interests of

consumers and for the purpose of making provision for

establishment of consumer protection councils and other

authorities for the settlement of consumer disputes, etc.

Although, the working of the consumer dispute redressal

18

agencies has served the purpose to a considerable extent

under the said Act, the disposal of cases has not been fast due

to various constraints. Several shortcomings have been

noticed while administering the various provisions of the said

Act.

2. Consumer markets for goods and services have undergone

drastic transformation since the enactment of the Consumer

Protection Act in 1986. The modern market place contains a

plethora of products and services. The emergence of global

supply chains, rise in international trade and the rapid

development of e-commerce have led to new delivery systems

for goods and services and have provided new options and

opportunities for consumers. Equally, this has rendered the

consumer vulnerable to new forms of unfair trade and

unethical business practices. Misleading advertisements, tele-

marketing, multi-level marketing, direct selling and e-

commerce pose new challenges to consumer protection and

will require appropriate and swift executive interventions to

prevent consumer detriment. Therefore, it has become

inevitable to amend the Act to address the myriad and

constantly emerging vulnerabilities of the consumers. In view

of this, it is proposed to repeal and re-enact the Act.”

14. It is trite to say that a reference to statement of objects and reasons is

permissible for understanding the background, the antecedent state of

affairs, the surrounding circumstances in relation to the statute, and the

evil which the statute had sought to remedy.

*

As discernible from the

statement of objects and reasons for re-enacting the CP Act, 2019, there

were certain shortcomings found in the CP Act 1986 while administering

the said Act, and at the same time, due to the emergence of global

*

State of West Bengal vs. Subodh Gopal Bose & Others; AIR 1954 SC 92.

19

supply chains, rise in international trade and rapid development of e-

commerce leading to new systems for goods and services, new options

and opportunities had become available to the consumers. However,

new forms of unfair trade and unethical business practices also came to

be developed, which made the consumers more vulnerable. Misleading

advertisements, telemarketing, multi-level marketing, e-commerce

posed new challenges, which necessitated the Legislature to re-enact

the Act.

15. There was not a whisper in the statement of objects and reasons either

of the CP Act, 1986 or 2019 to include the Professions or the Services

provided by the Professionals like Advocates, Doctors etc. within the

purview of the Act. It is very well accepted proposition of the fact that

Professionals could not be called Businessmen or Traders, nor Clients

or Patients be called Consumers. It is also required to be borne in mind

that the terms ‘business’ or ‘trade’ having a commercial aspect involved,

could not be used interchangeably with the term ‘Profession’ which

normally would involve some branch of learning or science. Profession

as such would require knowledge of an advanced type in a given field

of learning or science, or learning gained by a prolonged course of

specialized study. As per Black’s Law Dictionary, 11

th

Edition,

20

“Profession” means “a vocation requiring advanced education and

training; especially one of the three traditional Professions- Law,

Medicine and the Ministry.” “Professional” means “someone who

belongs to a learned profession or whose occupation requires a high

level of training and proficiency.”

16. According to Rupert M. Jackson and John L. Powell,

*

the Occupations

which are regarded as Professions have four characteristics, viz.,

(i) the nature of the work which is skilled and specialized and a

substantial part is mental rather than manual;

(ii) commitment to moral principles which go beyond the general duty of

honesty and a wider duty to community which may transcend the duty

to a particular client or patient;

(iii)professional association which regulates admission and seeks to

uphold the standards of the profession through professional codes on

matters of conduct and ethics; and

(iv) high status in the community.

17. As observed in Indian Medical Association (supra) :-

“22. In the matter of professional liability professions differ

from other occupations for the reason that professions operate

*

“Jackson and Powell on Professional Liability” 2

nd

supplement to the 7

th

edition

21

in spheres where success cannot be achieved in every case

and very often success or failure depends upon factors

beyond the professional man's control. In devising a rational

approach to professional liability which must provide proper

protection to the consumer while allowing for the factors

mentioned above, the approach of the courts is to require that

professional men should possess a certain minimum degree

of competence and that they should exercise reasonable care

in the discharge of their duties. In general, a professional man

owes to his client a duty in tort as well as in contract to exercise

reasonable care in giving advice or performing services.”

18. In view of the above, a “Profession” would require advanced education

and training in some branch of learning or science. The nature of work

is also skilled and specialised one, substantial part of which would be

mental rather than manual. Therefore, having regard to the nature of

work of a professional, which requires high level of education, training

and proficiency and which involves skilled and specialized kind of

mental work, operating in the specialized spheres, where achieving

success would depend upon many other factors beyond a man’s control,

a Professional cannot be treated equally or at par with a Businessman

or a Trader or a Service provider of products or goods as contemplated

in the CP Act. Similarly, the services rendered by a Businessman or a

Trader to the consumers with regard to his goods or products cannot be

equated with the Services provided by a Professional to his clients with

regard to his specialized branch of profession. The legislative draftsmen

are presumed to know the law and there is no good reason to assume

22

that the legislature intended to include the Professions or the

Professionals or the services provided by the professionals within the

ambit of the CP Act. Any interpretation of the Preamble or the scheme

of the Act for construing ‘Profession’ as ‘Business’ or ‘Trade’; or

‘Professional’ as ‘service provider’ would be extending the scope of the

Act which was not intended, rather would have a counter productive

effect. We are therefore of the considered opinion that the very purpose

and object of the CP Act 1986 as re-enacted in 2019 was to provide

protection to the consumers from the unfair trade practices and

unethical business practices only. There is nothing on record to suggest

that the Legislature ever intended to include the Professions or the

Professionals within the purview of the Act.

19. One should also not lose sight of the fact that the other object of the Act

was to provide to the consumers timely and effective administration and

settlement of their disputes. If the services provided by all the

Professionals are also brought within the purview of the Act, there would

be flood-gate of litigations in the commissions/forums established under

the Act, particularly because the remedy provided under the Act is

inexpensive and summary in nature. Consequently, the very object of

providing timely and effective settlement of consumers’ disputes arising

23

out of the unfair trade and unethical business practices would be

frustrated.

20. We may clarify at this juncture that we do not propose to say that the

professionals could not be sued or held liable for their alleged

misconduct or tortious or criminal acts. In the process of overall

depletion and erosion of ethical values and degradation of the

professional ethics, the instances of professional misconduct are also

on the rise. Undoubtedly, no professional either legal, medical or any

other professional enjoys any immunity from being sued or from being

held liable for his professional or otherwise misconduct or other

misdeeds causing legal, monetary or other injuries to his clients or the

persons hiring or availing his services. The fact that professionals are

governed by their respective Councils like Bar Councils or Medical

Councils also would not absolve them from their civil or criminal liability

arising out of their professional misconduct or negligence. Nonetheless,

as discussed hereinabove, we are of the opinion that neither the

Professions nor the Professionals were ever intended to be brought

within the purview of the CP Act either of 1986 or 2019.

21. Of course, we are conscious of the decision in Indian Medical

Association vs. V.P. Shantha & Others (supra), in which a three-Judge

24

Bench of this Court has held inter alia that the wide amplitude of the

definition of ‘service’ in the main part of Section 2(1)(o) would cover the

services rendered by Medical Practitioners within the said Section

2(1)(o). However, in our humble opinion, the said decision deserves to

be revisited having regard to the history, object, purpose and the

scheme of the CP Act and in view of the opinion expressed by us

hereinabove to the effect that neither the “Profession” could be treated

as “business” or “trade” nor the services provided by the “Professionals”

could be treated at par with the services provided by the Businessmen

or the Traders, so as to bring them within the purview of the CP Act .

22. At this juncture, we may rely upon Order VI Rule 2 of the Supreme Court

Rules which reads as under: -

“ORDER VI, Rule 2.-

Where in the course of the hearing of any cause, appeal or

other proceeding, the Bench considers that the matter should

be dealt with by a larger Bench, it shall refer the matter to the

Chief Justice, who shall thereupon constitute such a Bench for

the hearing of it.”

23. The said Rule has been interpreted in Triveniben vs. State of Gujarat

6

,

in which it has been observed that: -

“35. This is undoubtedly a salutary rule, but it appears to have

only a limited operation. It apparently governs the procedure

of a smaller Bench when it disagrees with the decision of a

6

(1989) 1 SCC 678

25

larger Bench. If the Bench in the course of hearing of any

matter considers that the matter should be dealt with by a

larger Bench, it shall refer the matter to the Chief Justice. The

Chief Justice shall then constitute a larger Bench for disposal

of the matter. This exercise seems to be unnecessary when a

larger Bench considers that a decision of a smaller Bench is

incorrect unless a constitutional question arises”.

24. In view of the above, we are of the opinion that the decision of the three-

judge bench, in case of Indian Medical Association vs. V.P Shantha

(supra) deserves to be revisited and considered by a larger bench. We,

therefore refer the matter to Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India for His

Lordship’s consideration.

25. This takes us to the next question. Even if, it is held that the CP Act

applies to the “Professions” and the “Professionals,” the next question

that falls for our consideration is whether the Legal Profession is sui

generis or is different from the other Profession, particularly from the

Medical Profession because the NCDRC in the impugned order has

relied upon the decision in case of Indian Medical Association vs. V.P

Shantha (supra) for bringing the Advocates within the purview of the CP

Act.

26. As observed in Byram Pestonji Gariwala vs. Union Bank of India

and Others

7

, the Indian legal system is the product of history. It is rooted

7

(1992) 1 SCC 31

26

in our soil; nurtured and nourished by our culture, languages and

traditions; fostered and sharpened by our genius and quest for social

justice; reinforced by history and heritage. After the attainment of

independence and the adoption of the Constitution of India, judicial

administration and the constitution of the law courts remained

fundamentally unchanged. The concept, structure and organisation of

courts, the substantive and procedural laws, the adversarial system of

trial and other proceedings and the function of judges and lawyers

remained basically unaltered and rooted in the common law traditions

in contradistinction to those prevailing in the civil law or other systems

of law. Resultantly, the role, status and capacity of an advocate to

represent his client has also remained by and large unaltered.

27. This Court in R. Muthukrishnan vs. Registrar General, High Court of

Judicature at Madras

8

, delineating the unique nature of the legal

profession and of the services rendered by the lawyers, observed thus:

“16. The legal profession cannot be equated with any other

traditional professions. It is not commercial in nature and is a

noble one considering the nature of duties to be performed

and its impact on the society. The independence of the Bar

and autonomy of the Bar Council has been ensured statutorily

in order to preserve the very democracy itself and to ensure

that judiciary remains strong. Where the Bar has not

performed the duty independently and has become a

sycophant that ultimately results in the denigrating of the

8

(2019) 16 SCC 407

27

judicial system and judiciary itself. There cannot be existence

of a strong judicial system without an independent Bar.

17. It cannot be gainsaid that lawyers have contributed in the

struggle for independence of the nation. They have helped in

the framing of the Constitution of India and have helped the

courts in evolving jurisprudence by doing hard labour and

research work. The nobility of the legal system is to be

ensured at all costs so that the Constitution remains vibrant

and to expand its interpretation so as to meet new challenges.

18. It is basically the lawyers who bring the cause to the Court

are supposed to protect the rights of individuals of equality and

freedom as constitutionally envisaged and to ensure the

country is governed by the rule of law. Considering the

significance of the Bar in maintaining the rule of law, right to

be treated equally and enforcement of various other

fundamental rights, and to ensure that various institutions

work within their parameters, its independence becomes

imperative and cannot be compromised. The lawyers are

supposed to be fearless and independent in the protection of

rights of litigants. What lawyers are supposed to protect, is the

legal system and procedure of law of deciding the cases.

19. Role of the Bar in the legal system is significant. The Bar

is supposed to be the spokesperson for the judiciary as

Judges do not speak. People listen to the great lawyers and

people are inspired by their thoughts. They are remembered

and quoted with reverence. It is the duty of the Bar to protect

honest Judges and not to ruin their reputation and at the same

time to ensure that corrupt Judges are not spared. However,

lawyers cannot go to the streets or go on strike except when

democracy itself is in danger and the entire judicial system is

at stake. In order to improve the system, they have to take

recourse to the legally available methods by lodging complaint

against corrupt Judges to the appropriate administrative

authorities and not to level such allegation in the public.

Corruption is intolerable in the judiciary.

20. The Bar is an integral part of the judicial administration. In

order to ensure that judiciary remains an effective tool, it is

absolutely necessary that the Bar and the Bench maintain

dignity and decorum of each other. The mutual reverence is

absolutely necessary. The Judges are to be respected by the

Bar, they have in turn equally to respect the Bar, observance

of mutual dignity, decorum of both is necessary and above all

they have to maintain self-respect too.

28

21. It is the joint responsibility of the Bar and the Bench to

ensure that equal justice is imparted to all and that nobody is

deprived of justice due to economic reasons or social

backwardness. The judgment rendered by a Judge is based

upon the dint of hard work and quality of the arguments that

are advanced before him by the lawyers. There is no room for

arrogance either for a lawyer or for a Judge.

22. There is a fine balance between the Bar and the Bench

that has to be maintained as the independence of the Judges

and judiciary is supreme. The independence of the Bar is on

equal footing, it cannot be ignored and compromised and if

lawyers have the fear of the judiciary or from elsewhere, that

is not conducive to the effectiveness of the judiciary itself, that

would be self-destructive.”

28. In State of U.P and Others vs. U.P. State Law Officers Association

and Others

9

, it was observed thus: -

“14. Legal profession is essentially a service-oriented

profession. The ancestor of today's lawyer was no more than

a spokesman who rendered his services to the needy

members of the society by articulating their case before the

authorities that be. The services were rendered without regard

to the remuneration received or to be received. With the

growth of litigation, lawyering became a full-time occupation

and most of the lawyers came to depend upon it as the sole

source of livelihood. The nature of the service rendered by the

lawyers was private till the Government and the public bodies

started engaging them to conduct cases on their behalf.”

29. It is thus well recognized in catena of decisions that the legal profession

cannot be equated with any other traditional professions. It is not

commercial in nature but is essentially a service oriented, noble

profession. It cannot be gainsaid that the role of Advocates is

9

(1994) 2 SCC 204

29

indispensable in the Justice Delivery System. An evolution of

jurisprudence to keep our Constitution vibrant is possible only with the

positive contribution of the Advocates. The Advocates are expected to

be fearless and independent for protecting the rights of citizens, for

upholding the Rule of law and also for protecting the Independence of

Judiciary. People repose immense faith in the Judiciary, and the Bar

being an integral part of the Judicial System has been assigned a very

crucial role for preserving the independence of the Judiciary, and in turn

the very democratic set up of the Nation. The Advocates are perceived

to be the intellectuals amongst the elites and social activists amongst

the downtrodden. That is the reason they are expected to act according

to the principles of uberrima fides i.e., the utmost good faith, integrity,

fairness and loyalty while handling the legal proceedings of his client.

Being a responsible officer of the court and an important adjunct of the

administration of justice, an Advocate owes his duty not only to his client

but also to the court as well as to the opposite side.

30. The legal profession is different from the other professions also for the

reason that what the Advocates do, affects not only an individual but the

entire administration of justice, which is the foundation of the civilized

society. It must be remembered that the legal profession is a solemn

30

and serious profession. It has always been held in very high esteem

because of the stellar role played by the stalwarts in the profession to

strengthen the judicial system in the country. Their services in making

the judicial system efficient, effective and credible, and in creating a

strong and impartial Judiciary, which is one of the three pillars of the

Democracy, could not be compared with the services rendered by other

professionals. Therefore, having regard to the role, status and duties of

the Advocates as the professionals, we are of the opinion that the legal

profession is sui generis i.e unique in nature and cannot be compared

with any other profession.

31. The next question that falls for our consideration is whether a service

hired or availed of an Advocate could be said to be the service under a

“contract of personal service?”

32. At the outset, it may be stated that in the Indian Courts, various

sobriquets or epithets like pleaders, advocates, lawyers, vakils,

counsels, attorneys etc. are being used interchangeably to describe the

Legal Practitioners, may be because various Acts like Legal

Practitioners Act, 1879, Bombay Pleaders Act, 1920, Indian Bar

Councils Act, 1926 were in force during pre-independence era.

However, on the Advocates Act, 1961 having come into force, the

31

provisions of the said Acts stood repealed as per Section 50 of the

Advocates Act. The Advocates Act 1961 was enacted to amend and

consolidate the law relating to legal practitioners and to provide for the

constitution of Bar Councils and an All-India Bar.

33. The Advocates Act defines “Advocate” separately from “Legal

Practitioner” -

“2(1)(a) - “advocate” means an advocate entered in any roll

under the provision of this Act;”

Section 2(1)(i) defines “legal practitioner’ as under: -

“2(1)(i) - “Legal Practitioner” means an advocate or vakil of any

High Court, a pleader, mukhtar or revenue agent;”

34. Advocate is included in the definition of “Legal Practitioner” but legal

practitioner is not included in the definition of “Advocate.” Advocate is

one who has been entered in any roll under the provisions of the

Advocates Act. If we glean over the provisions of the Advocates Act,

1961, it appears that the said Act was enacted to amend and consolidate

the law relating to legal practitioners and to provide for the constitution

of Bar Councils and an All-India Bar. As per Section 16 thereof, there

are only two classes of Advocates, namely Senior Advocates and other

Advocates. As per Section 29, there is only one class of persons entitled

to practice the profession of law, namely Advocates, and as per Section

32

30, every advocate whose name is entered in the State roll is entitled as

of right to practice in all Courts including the Supreme Court and before

any Tribunal or any other authority or person before whom such

advocate is by or under any law for the time being in force entitled to

practice. The disciplinary powers for taking action against the Advocates

and impose punishment for their misconduct have been conferred upon

the State Bar Councils and Bar Council of India as the case may be

under the Chapter V of the Advocates Act. The Bar Council of India

Rules framed under the Advocates Act lay down the restrictions on the

Senior Advocates, and also lay down the standards of professional

conduct and etiquette, which include the duties of the advocate to the

Court, to the client, to the opponent and to the colleagues. Thus,

comprehensive provisions are contained in the Advocates Act, 1961 and

the Bar Council of India Rules framed thereunder, to take care of the

professional misconduct of the Advocates, and prescribing the

punishments if they are found guilty of professional or other misconduct

by the Disciplinary Committees of the State Bar Council or the Bar

Council of India as the case may be.

35. In the light of the above provisions of the Advocates Act, let us consider

some of the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 1986/2019. The

33

definition of “Service” contained in Section 2(1)(o) of the CP Act 1986

and in Section 2(42) of the CP Act 2019 is the same which reads as

under: -

“Service means service of any description which is made

available to potential users and includes, but not limited to, the

provision of facilities in connection with banking, financing,

insurance, transport, processing, supply of electrical or other

energy, telecom, boarding or lodging or both, housing

construction, entertainment, amusement or the purveying of

news or other information, but does not include the rendering

of any service free of charge or under a contract of personal

service.”

36. There is slight difference in the definition of ‘Deficiency’ in Section

2(1)(g) of 1986 Act and Section 2(11) of 2019 Act. The same is

reproduced as under: -

Section 2(1)(g) of CP Act, 1986:-

“Section 2(1) (g) -"Deficiency" means any fault imperfection,

shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner

of performance which is required to be maintained by or under

any law for the time being in force or has been undertaken to

be performed by a person in pursuance of a contract or

otherwise in relation to any service.”

Section 2(11) of CP Act, 2019:-

Section 2(11) - "Deficiency " means any fault, imperfection,

shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner

of performance which is required to be maintained by or under

any law for the time being in force or has been undertaken to

be performed by a person in pursuance of a contract or

otherwise in relation to any service and includes-

(i) any act of negligence or omission or commission by such

person which causes loss or injury to the consumer; and

34

(ii) deliberate withholding of relevant information by such

person to the consumer”

37. As can be seen, the definition of ‘service’ is divided into three parts – the

first part is explanatory in nature and defines service to mean service of

any description which is made available to the potential users; the

second part is inclusionary part, which expressly includes the provision

of facilities in connection with the specific services; and the third part is

exclusionary part which excludes rendering of any service free of charge

or under a contract of personal service. Therefore, let us consider

whether the service rendered by the Advocates practising Legal

Profession could be said to be the Service under “a contract of personal

service,” so as to exclude it from the definition of “Service” contemplated

under the Act.

38. The question as to whether a given relationship should be classified as

a contract ‘for services’ as opposed to a contract ‘of service’ [i.e. contract

‘of personal service’] is a vexed question of law and is incapable of being

answered with exactitude without reference to the underlying facts in

any given case. This Court in Dharangadhra Chemical Works Ltd. vs.

State of Saurashtra and Others

10

, recognized this position of law and

10

AIR 1957 SC 264

35

held that “the correct method of approach, therefore, would be to

consider whether having regard to the nature of the work there was due

control and supervision by the employer”. In the words of Fletcher

Moulton, L.J. at P.549 in Simmons v. Heath Laundry Company [(1924)

1 KB 762] which were cited with approval in Dharangadhra Chemcial

Works Ltd. (supra):

“In my opinion it is impossible to lay down any rule of law

distinguishing the one from the other. It is a question of fact to

be decided by all the circumstances of the case. The greater

the amount of direct control exercised over the person

rendering the services by the person contracting for them the

stronger the grounds for holding it to be a contract of service,

and similarly the greater the degree of independence of such

control the greater the probability that the services rendered

are of the nature of professional services and that the contract

is not one of service.”

39. What is sought to be opined in the above cases is that the greater the

amount of direct control exercised over the person rendering the

services by the person contracting for them, the stronger would be the

grounds for holding it to be a “contract of service.” Hence, let us see

whether in case of Advocate-Client relationship, the client exercises

direct control over the Advocate who is rendering his legal professional

services to him. At this stage, it would be beneficial to refer to some of

the important provisions of Code of Civil Procedure, which pertain to the

representation of party-litigant through Advocates. Order III of CPC

36

pertains to the Recognized Agents and Pleaders. As per the definition

of “Pleader” contained in Section 2 (15) CPC, ‘Pleader means any

person entitled to appear and plead for another in Court and includes

an Advocate, a Vakil and an Attorney of a High Court. Rule1 of Order III

states that any appearance, application or act in or in any Court may be

made or done by the party in person, or by his recognized agent or by a

pleader appearing, applying or acting, as the case may be on his behalf.

Rule 4 of the said Order III states that no pleader shall act for any person

in any Court, unless he has been appointed for the purpose by such

person by document in writing signed by such person or by his

recognized agent or by some other person duly authorized by or under

a power of attorney to make such appointment. It further provides that

every such appointment shall be filed in Court and shall for the purposes

of sub-rule (1) be deemed to be in force until determined with the leave

of the Court by writing signed by the client or the pleader as the case

may be and filed in the Court, or until the client or the pleader dies, or

until all proceedings in the suit are ended so far as regards the client.

Such document regarding appointment of a pleader is known in

common parlance as “Vakalatnama”, the proforma of which has been

37

appended in Form No.19 of the ‘Appendix H’ to CPC. The said form is

reproduced here under: -

“No.19

VAKALATNAMA

In the Court ……..Suit/Miscellaneous case/ Civil Appeal/

Execution Case No……….. of 19…./20…,fixed for Plaintiff/

Appellant/ Applicant/ D.H……….. Defendant/ Respondent/

Opposite Party/ J.D. Vakalatnama of Plaintiff/ Appellant

Applicant/ D.H./ Defendant/ Respondent/ Opposite Party/ J.D.

In the case noted above Sri…………, each of Sarvasri………..

Advocate, is hereby appointed as counsel, to appeals, plead

and act on behalf of the undersigned, in any manner, he thinks

it proper, either himself or through any other Advocate, and in

particular to do the following, namely, -

To receive any process of Court (including any notice from any

appellate or revisional Court), to file any applications, petitions

or pleadings, to file, produce or receive back any documents,

to withdraw or compromise the proceedings, to refer to any

matter to arbitration, to deposit or withdraw any moneys, to

execute any decree or order, to certify payment, and receive

any money due under such decree or order.

The undersigned should be bound by all whatsoever may be

done in the aforesaid case (including any appeal or revision

therefrom) for and on behalf of the undersigned by any of the

said counsel.

Signature……… Attesting Witness:

Name in full ………. Name in

full………….

Date …………. Address……………

Date………….

Accepted/ Accepted on the strength of the signature of the

attesting witnesses.”

38

40. A conjoint reading of the provisions contained in Order III CPC and

Chapter IV of Advocates Act pertaining to right to practise, there remains

no shadow of doubt that an advocate whose name has been entered in

the State roll is entitled as of right to practise in all Courts, however he

can act for any person in any Court only when he is appointed by such

person by executing the document called “Vakalatnama.” Such

Advocate has certain authorities by virtue of such “Vakalatnama” but at

the same time has certain duties too, i.e. the duties to the courts, to the

client, to the opponent and to the colleagues as enumerated in the Bar

Council of India Rules. In this regard, this Court in Himalayan

Cooperative Group Housing Society vs. Balwan Singh and Others

11

has made very apt observations, which are reproduced hereunder-

22. Apart from the above, in our view lawyers are perceived to

be their client's agents. The law of agency may not strictly

apply to the client-lawyer's relationship as lawyers or agents,

lawyers have certain authority and certain duties. Because

lawyers are also fiduciaries, their duties will sometimes be

more demanding than those imposed on other agents. The

authority-agency status affords the lawyers to act for the client

on the subject-matter of the retainer. One of the most basic

principles of the lawyer-client relationship is that lawyers owe

fiduciary duties to their clients. As part of those duties, lawyers

assume all the traditional duties that agents owe to their

principals and, thus, have to respect the client's autonomy to

make decisions at a minimum, as to the objectives of the

representation. Thus, according to generally accepted notions

of professional responsibility, lawyers should follow the client's

instructions rather than substitute their judgment for that of the

11

(2015) 7 SCC 373

39

client. The law is now well settled that a lawyer must be

specifically authorised to settle and compromise a claim, that

merely on the basis of his employment he has no implied or

ostensible authority to bind his client to a

compromise/settlement. To put it alternatively that a lawyer by

virtue of retention, has the authority to choose the means for

achieving the client's legal goal, while the client has the right

to decide on what the goal will be. If the decision in question

falls within those that clearly belong to the client, the lawyer's

conduct in failing to consult the client or in making the decision

for the client, is more likely to constitute ineffective assistance

of counsel.

23. The Bar Council of India Rules, 1975 (for short “the BCI

Rules”), in Part VI Chapter II provide for the “Standards of

Professional Conduct and Etiquette” to be observed by all the

advocates under the Advocates Act, 1961 (for short “the 1961

Act”). In the Preamble to Chapter II, the BCI Rules provide as

follows:

“An advocate shall, at all times, comport

himself in a manner befitting his status as an

officer of the Court, a privileged member of the

community, and a gentleman, bearing in mind

that what may be lawful and moral for a

person who is not a member of the Bar, or for

a member of the Bar in his non-professional

capacity may still be improper for an

advocate. Without prejudice to the generality

of the foregoing obligation, an advocate shall

fearlessly uphold the interests of his client and

in his conduct conform to the rules hereinafter

mentioned both in letter and in spirit. The rules

hereinafter mentioned contain canons of

conduct and etiquette adopted as general

guides; yet the specific mention thereof shall

not be construed as a denial of the existence

of others equally imperative though not

specifically mentioned.”

24. The Preamble makes it imperative that an advocate has to

conduct himself and his duties in an extremely responsible

manner. They must bear in mind that what may be appropriate

and lawful for a person who is not a member of the Bar, or for

a member of the Bar in his non-professional capacity, may be

improper for an advocate in his professional capacity.

40

25. Section II of the said Chapter II provides for duties of an

advocate towards his client. Rules 15 and 19 of the BCI Rules,

have relevance to the subject-matter and therefore, they are

extracted below:

“15. It shall be the duty of an advocate

fearlessly to uphold the interests of his client

by all fair and honourable means without

regard to any unpleasant consequences to

himself or any other. He shall defend a person

accused of a crime regardless of his personal

opinion as to the guilt of the accused, bearing

in mind that his loyalty is to the law which

requires that no man should be convicted

without adequate evidence.

*****

19. An advocate shall not act on the

instructions of any person other than his client

or his authorised agent.”

26. While Rule 15 mandates that the advocate must uphold

the interest of his clients by fair and honourable means without

regard to any unpleasant consequences to himself or any

other. Rule 19 prescribes that an advocate shall only act on

the instructions of his client or his authorised agent”

41. When we examine the relationship between an Advocate and his Client

from this point of view, the following unique attributes become clear:

1) Advocates are generally perceived to be their client’s

agents and owe fiduciary duties to their clients.

2) Advocates are fastened with all the traditional duties

that agents owe to their principals. For example,

Advocates have to respect the client’s autonomy to make

41

decisions at a minimum, as to the objectives of the

representation.

3) Advocates are not entitled to make concessions or give

any undertaking to the Court without express instructions

from the Client.

4) It is the solemn duty of an Advocate not to transgress

the authority conferred on him by his Client.

5) An Advocate is bound to seek appropriate instructions

from the Client or his authorized agent before taking any

action or making any statement or concession which may,

directly or remotely, affect the legal rights of the Client.

6) The Advocate represents the client before the Court

and conducts proceedings on behalf of the client. He is

the only link between the court and the client. Therefore,

his responsibility is onerous. He is expected to follow the

instructions of his client rather than substitute his

judgment.

Thus, a considerable amount of direct control is exercised by the Client

over the manner in which an Advocate renders his services during the

course of his employment. All of these attributes strengthen our opinion

42

that the services hired or availed of an Advocate would be that of a

contract ‘of personal service’ and would therefore stand excluded from

the definition of “service” contained in the section 2(42) of the CP Act,

2019. As a necessary corollary, a complaint alleging “deficiency in

service” against Advocates practising Legal Profession would not be

maintainable under the CP Act, 2019.

42. In that view of the matter, we summarize our conclusions as under-

(i) The very purpose and object of the CP Act 1986 as

re-enacted in 2019 was to provide protection to the

consumers from unfair trade practices and unethical

business practices, and the Legislature never intended

to include either the Professions or the services rendered

by the Professionals within the purview of the said Act of

1986/2019.

(ii) The Legal Profession is sui generis i.e. unique in

nature and cannot be compared with any other

Profession.

(iii) A service hired or availed of an Advocate is a

service under “a contract of personal service,” and

therefore would fall within the exclusionary part of the

43

definition of “Service” contained in Section 2 (42) of the

CP Act 2019.

(iv) A complaint alleging “deficiency in service” against

Advocates practising Legal Profession would not be

maintainable under the CP Act, 2019.

43. The impugned judgment passed by the NCDRC is set aside. The

Appeals stand allowed accordingly.

44. Before parting, we appreciate and place on record the valuable

assistance and services rendered by the learned Senior Advocate Mr.

V. Giri appointed as an Amicus Curiae in these matters.

……………………………J .

[BELA M. TRIVEDI]

NEW DELHI;

MAY 14

th

, 2024.

44

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

C.A. NO. 6959 OF 2011

PANDIT DNYANDEV UBALE …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

DNYANESHWAR RAMHARI PHOPLE …RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

C.A. NO. 8214 OF 2017

A. RAGHAVENDRA …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

M. RAJAMANNAR …RESPONDENT(S)

O R D E R

BELA M. TRIVEDI, J.

1. In view of the judgment passed in Bar of Indian Lawyers through its

President Jasbir Singh Malik Vs. D. K. Gandhi PS National Institute

of Communicable Diseases and Another, dated 14

th

May, 2024 (C.A.

No. 2646/2009 and others), the present two appeals stand disposed of.

……………………………J.

(BELA M. TRIVEDI)

………………………….. J.

(PANKAJ MITHAL)

NEW DELHI;

MAY 14

th

, 2024.

1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2646 OF 2009

BAR OF INDIAN LAWYERS THROUGH

ITS PRESIDENT JASBIR SINGH MALIK …APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

D.K. GANDHI PS NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE S

AND ANR. …RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2647 OF 2009 ,

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2648 OF 2009 ,

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2649 OF 2009 ,

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 6959 OF 2011 and

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 8214 OF 2017

J U D G M E N T

PANKAJ MITHAL, J.

1. The moot question which emanates from the proceedings at

hand, if put in a different way, is whether the legal services of the

lawyer availed of by the client would be covered under the Consumer

Protection Act, 1986 (now Consumer Protection Act, 2019).

2

2. It is well recognized that the profession of law is a noble

profession having an element of duty towards the court . Lawyers

perform multi-faceted duties. They not only have a duty towards the

client or their opponents but they have a paramount duty to assist the

court as well. In a way, they are officers as well as ambassadors of the

court. Thus, in rendering such kind of a duty to enable the courts to

come to a just conclusion, it may be possible that at times, the lawyers

may earn displeasure of the client while assisting the court.

3. The profession of law, as such, is regarded as sui generis i.e.

which is unique. It is distinct from all other professions and is one of

its own kind.

4. It is in the above context that we have to examine if the legislature

in enacting the Consumer Protection Act intended to include the

services rendered by professionals, particularly by lawyers to their

clients, within the ambit of the Consumer Protection Act.

5. The laws intended to protect consumers, as opposed to traders

are comparatively of recent origin.

6. The General Assembly of United Nations upon extensive

discussions with Governments of various nations submitted draft

guidelines for consumer protection to the United Nations Economic

3

and Social Council (UNESCO) in the year 1983 inter alia providing for

the following:

a) To assist countries in achieving or maintaining adequate

protection for their population as consumers;

b) To facilitate production and distribution patterns responsive

to the needs and desires of the consumers;

c) To encourage high levels of ethical conduct for those engaged

in the production and distribution of goods and services to

consumers;

d) To assist countries in curbing abusive business practices by

all enterprises at the national and international levels which

adversely affect consumers;

e) To facilitate the development of independent consumer

groups;

f) To further international cooperation in the field of consumer

protection;

g) To encourage the development of market conditions which

provide consumers with greater choice at lower prices;

7. A bare reading of the above guidelines reveals that the same have

been formulated taking into account the interests and needs of

4

consumers in various countries, particularly developing countries, in

order to level out economic imbalances between consumers and

service providers.

8. The General Assembly of the United Nations Organization by

Resolution No. 39/248 dated 9.4.1985 provided a framework known

as Consumer Protection Resolution to which our country is also a

signatory.

9. It is on the basis of the above Consumer Protection Resolution of

the UNO that the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 in India was enacted

with the objective to save the consumers from unfair conduct and

practices of traders.

10. In Om Prakash vs. Assistant Engineer, Haryana Agro

Industries Corporation Ltd. and Anr .

1

a three Judge Bench vide

paragraph 7 described the Objects and Reasons for the enactment of

the Consumer Protection Act as under:

“7. From the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the

Act, it appears that the purpose of the Act is to protect

the interest of the consumer and to provide ‘the right,

to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or

unscrupulous exploitation of consumers’…”

1

(1994) 3 SCC 504

5

11. Recently, in Laureate Buildwell (P) Ltd. vs. Charanjeet Singh,

2

a three Judge Bench of this Court, highlighting the objectives of the

Consumer Protection Act held as follows:

“26. If one also considers the broad objective of the

Consumer Protection Act, which is to provide for

better protection of the interests of consumers and for

that purpose, provide for the establishment of

Consumer Councils and other authorities for the

settlement of consumer disputes and for matters

connected therewith, as evident from the Statement

of Objects and Reasons of the Act. The Statement

further seeks inter alia to promote and protect the

rights of consumers such as—

“2. … (a) the right to be protected against marketing

of goods which are hazardous to life and property;

(b) the right to be informed about the quality,

quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of goods

to protect the consumer against unfair trade

practices;

(c) the right to be assured, wherever possible, access

to variety of goods at competitive prices;

(d) the right to be heard and to be assured that

consumers' interests will receive due consideration at

appropriate forums;

(e) the right to seek redressal against unfair trade

practices or unscrupulous exploitation of consumers;

and

(f) right to consumer education.”

2

(2021) 20 SCC 401

6

12. The idea behind the Consumer Protection Act from 1986 till today

has been to help the consumers get justice and fair treatment in

matters of goods and services purchased and availed of by them in a

market dominated by large trading and manufacturing bodies. The

entire Act revolves around the consumer and is designed to protect

their interests.

13. Leaving aside India for the time being, if we consider the

international practice with regard to the inclusion of lawyer-client

relationships within the ambit of consumer protection laws, we would

notice that the practice of common law countries evidences the

exclusion of lawyers from the umbrella of consumer protection laws.

It must be kept in mind that the consumer protection laws of almost

all countries are based upon the same resolution of the UNO which

forms the foundation for framing the Consumer Protection Act in

India.

14. To illustrate, Consumer Protection Act, 1999 enacted by the

Parliament of Malaysia vide Section 2 (2)(e) specifically provides that

the said act shall not apply, inter alia, to services provided by

professionals who are regulated by any law. It may be worth noting

that the services of the professionals such as lawyers in Malaysia are

7

governed by Legal Profession Act, 1976. Therefore, by virtue of the

above Section 2 (2) (e), the services provided by the professionals such

as lawyers stand excluded from the application of the Consumer

Protection Act of Malaysia.

15. This legislative intent of excluding regulated professions from the

ambit of Consumer Protection Law has been continuing for over a

considerable period of time now. Aspects of such exclusion find

mention in the DIRECTIVE 2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN

PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL OF 25 OCTOBER 2011 on

consumer rights where it has been said that provisions of the said

directive should not apply to regulated professions.

16. At the heart of this legislative intent to exempt such ‘regulated

professions’ from the scope of consumer laws lies the fact that such

professions are sui generis and paramount as services of general

interest.

17. The recent DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/958 OF THE EUROPEAN

PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 28 June 2018 bears a

befitting testimony to this continuing intent of lawmakers and the

desire to safeguard regulated professions from any outside

interreference.

8

18. Similarly, Section 188 of the Consumer Protection Act (Québec)

provides that:

“For the purpose of this division, every person offering

or providing any of the services referred to in section

189 [covering contracts of service] is considered to be

a merchant, except: … (i) persons who are members

of a professional order governed by the

Professional Code (chapter C-26).”

(emphasis supplied)

19. In a similar vein, States in the USA also exempt legal

professionals from consumer laws.

20. Illustratively, the Code of Maryland, Title 13, dealing with

minimum standards of consumer protection in Maryland, in Subtitle

1 § 13-104 explicitly states that:

“this title does not apply to: (1) The professional

services of a certified public accountant, architect,

clergyman, professional engineer, lawyer….”

(emphasis supplied)

21. The Code of the District of Columbia, while highlighting the

powers of the consumer protection agency in Title 28 Chapter 39 § 28–

3903 states in clause (c) that:

“(c) The Department may not: … (2) apply the

provisions of section §28 -3905 [Consumer

Protection Complaints] to: … (C) professional

services of clergymen, lawyers, and Christian

9

Science practitioners engaging in their respective

professional endeavors”; (emphasis supplied)

22. The Australian High Court, the highest court of the land in

Australia, in D'Orta-Ekenaike vs. Victoria Legal Aid

3 has

emphatically echoed the need for such exemption and its direct

bearing on the justice delivery system. The reasoning of its majority is

instructive and deserves to be quoted in full:

“84. To remove the advocate's immunity would

make a significant inroad upon what we have earlier

described as a fundamental and pervading tenet of

the judicial system. That inroad should not be

created. There may be those who will seek to

characterize the result at which the Court arrives in

this matter as a case of lawyers looking after their own,

whether because of personal inclination and sympathy,

or for other base motives. But the legal principle which

underpins the Court's conclusion is fundamental. Of

course, there is always a risk that the determination of

a legal controversy is imperfect. And it may be

imperfect because of what a party's advocate does or

does not do. The law aims at providing the best and

safest system of determination that is compatible with

human fallibility. But underpinning the system is the

need for certainty and finality of decision. The

immunity of advocates is a necessary consequence of

that need”. (emphasis supplied)

23. It would be trite to mention here that the legal profession is a

regulated profession in India. The Advocates Act, 1961 regulates the

3

(2005) 223 CLR 1

10

conduct of lawyers in India and is a complete code in itself. Given the

regulation, India also needs to bring the working of its regulated

professions in alignment with international practices.

24. In the era of globalization, though I am conscious that a law has

to be applied in context with the prevailing situation of the country,

nonetheless, to have a uniform application of any law particularly the

one which has been framed on the basis of the common resolution of

the UNO, laws must have a uniform application in all nations. It is,

therefore, essential that the consumer protection laws in all countries

may somewhat have universal application and be confined to

‘consumers’ only i.e. to the persons who buys any goods for

consideration or hires or avails of any service for consideration,

impliedly excluding the professional services especially that of a lawyer

whose profession is sui generis.

25. In doing so, in India also the services of professionals more

particularly that of lawyers have to be excluded from consumer

protection law in accordance with the intention expressed in enacting

the same.

26. With the above additional reasoning supplementing the various

other grounds for excluding the services of the professionals from the

11

Consumer Protection Act, I am in agreement with the opinion

expressed by my esteemed sister and I am of the view that the

legislature in India as in some other countries, had not intended to

include the services rendered by the professionals especially the

lawyers to their client within the purview of Consumer Protection Act,

1986 and re-enacted in 2019.

27. Accordingly, the view taken by the NCDRC to the effect that in

respect of deficiency in service rendered by the lawyers, a complaint in

Consumer Protection Act, 1986 would be maintainable , is incorrect

and stands overruled.

28. The impugned order of the National Consumer Disputes

Redressal Commission dated 06.08.2007 is hereby set aside.

29. The appeals stand disposed of accordingly.

……………………………….. J.

(PANKAJ MITHAL)

NEW DELHI;

MAY 14, 2024.