1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2793 OF 2010

CLP INDIA PVT. LTD. ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

GUJARAT URJA VIKAS NIGAM LTD. & ANR. ...RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 2969 OF 2010

JUDGMENT

S. RAVINDRA BHAT, J.

1. The present judgment will dispose of two appeals preferred under Section 125

of the Electricity Act, 2003. One appeal (CA 2969/2010) has been preferred by the

Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. (hereafter,"Gujarat Urja"or "GUVN”)；the second

(CA 2793/2010) has been preferred by CLP (India) Pvt. Ltd. (formerly, Gujarat

Torrent Energy Corporation Ltd; later, Gujarat Paguthan Energy Corporation Ltd, a

generating company, hereafter collectively "CLP”). Both appeals challenge a

common order of the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity（“APTEL” hereafter).

2. The erstwhile Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) (now “Gujarat Urja”) entered

into a power purchase agreement (“PPA”）with CLP on 03.02.1994. In terms of the

PPA, Gujarat Urja was under an obligation to purchase - and CLP was under

corresponding obligation to supply - 635 MW of electricity; the tenure of the

agreement was 20 years. In terms of Section 43(A) of the Electricity Supply Act,

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1948, (hereafter"the Act"), a generating company may enter into a contract for the

sale of electricity with the Electricity Board and the tariff for the sale of electricity

shall be determined by the authority through the notification issued by the Central

Government. Prior the PPA in this case, the Central Government had issued a

notification under Section 43A, on 30.03.1992, specifying the controlling norms,

terms and conditions for determination of tariff for sale of electricity by the

generating company to the Electricity Boards. One of those conditions was the

provision for incentive to units using naphtha. On 17.01.1994, an amendment to the

notification dated 30.03.1992 was made providing for Note (1) stating that the

incentive for generation above the target availability of 68.49% for fixed cost

recovery was to be capped.

3. After the signing of the PPA between the parties, an amendment notification

dated 06.11.1995 was issued by the Central Government amending the notification

(dated 30.03.1992). By this, the Central Government provided that there would no

longer be any deemed Generation Incentive payable to any generating company on

available declaration of Naphtha as fuel. Based on this notification, the Electricity

Board sought to enforce the said notification claiming that this generating company

is not entitled to get the incentive for deemed generation. The Electricity Board also

sent a letter dated 18.04.1996 informing the CLP, that it proposed to amend the

Clause 7.5.2.1 of the PPA to the effect that no deemed generation shall be

admissible beyond the level of generation in respect of Naphtha. CLP did not agree

to the proposal and by its reply dated 24.04.1996 stated that the notification of

06.11.1995 was inapplicable. Gujarat Urja did not agree to CLP's position and

reiterated its earlier position about the change in the incentive terms. A meeting was

held in respect of various issues on 06.10.1997 during which several issues were

discussed and decisions taken, between the parties. However, the minutes of

meeting did not record any decision on the issue of incentive restricted in terms of

the notification dated 06.11.1995. There was some more correspondence and

meetings, which however, did not lead to any result in regard to both parties

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accepting that the incentive was payable in terms of the notification of

November,1995. Ultimately, with effect from December 1997, CLP started billing

Gujarat Urja for the power supplied, including the incentive (ignoring the amending

notification); Gujarat Urja continued to pay deemed generation incentive from June,

1998 to 2000.

4. The Union Ministry of Power issued a notification (dated 09.06.1998) which

clarified profits on operating norms; several components such as station heat rate,

auxiliary consumption and secondary fuel consumption were eliminated and income

tax on incentives was no longer permitted (as a pass through in tariff). It was stated

that this was prospective in operation and would apply to power purchase

agreements which were not executed and delivered by the parties by 09.06.1998.

For a long time, incentive continued to be paid, ignoring the notification of

06.11.1995 by Gujarat Urja, to CLP. On 05.12.2003, CLP and Gujarat Urja entered

into a supplementary agreement, amending the PPA, to incorporate concessions

offered by CLP to reduce tariff. Pursuant to execution of the supplementary

agreement dated 05.12.2003, Gujarat Urja issued a letter to CLP stating that all the

outstanding issues stood fully and finally resolved. Gujarat Urja continued to pay

deemed generation incentive from 05.12.2003 to 23.02.2005. In February, 2005, a

high-level committee was constituted to examine the issue of recovery of excess

payouts made on the basis of deemed generation incentive. The receipt of the report,

of that committee, led Gujarat Urja to file an application for recovery of the

amounts from CLP (Petition No.874/2006 under Section 86(1)(f) of the Act, before

the Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission ("GERC"), claiming for recovery of

deemed generation incentive paid to CLP during the period from 1997-98 to 2005-

06.

5. CLP resisted Gujarat Urja's application, contending that principles of estoppel

precluded recovery; that in any event, parties had not agreed to change the terms of

the PPA and that the previous correspondence evidenced that the matter had been

closed, which meant that Gujarat Urja could not claim recovery of any so-called

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excess amounts. The GERC, by its order held that Note 2 (introduced by the

notification of 06.11.1995) was applicable to the project and thus deemed

generation incentive is not payable to CLP. However, it permitted recovery of only

for a period of three years prior to the date of filing of the petition: the recovery for

the period prior to 14.09.2002 were held to be time-barred.

6. The second appeal, i.e. CA 2793/2010 by CLP Limited, questions the

impugned order of the APTEL which had upheld the rejection of its claim for

interest on deemed loan component.

7. The facts as far as this appeal is concerned are that a supplementary

agreement was executed between the parties on 05.12.2003. In terms of Article 4.6

of the Supplementary Agreement, original clause 7.5.14(a) of the PPA dated

03.02.1994 was substituted

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. CLP stated that the amount, i.e. ₹ 53.90 crores was in

fact due as a loan. If it was deemed as a loan, then interest was payable on the basis

of normative repayment of principal amount during the period of the loan, i.e. the

loan would not remain as a constant. In this regard, CLP had relied upon Clause 1.5

of the notification dated 30.03.1992

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. The PPA dated 03.02.1994 by Schedule VII

Clause 7.5.10 defined "Interest on Loan Capital" in the following terms:

＂7.5.10: Interest on Loan Capital-shall mean the sum of all payment of

interest along with bank charges and all associated financing costs paid

to the bank annually on the outstanding loans paid by GTEC, converted,

as of the first day of the fortnight for the applicable fixed charge, into the

currencies in which it is payable employing exchange rates at bank's

1 The substituted term, i.e. the new clause 7.5.14(a) reads as follows:

＂The parties have agreed to recognize an amount of Rs.53.90 crores as"Own

Capital"deployed to meet with the Capital Cost and allowance of Payment of cost in the

form of "Cost of Own Capital"@ the rate of 14% per annum effective from 1.7.2003 and up

to 31.12.2009. No payment of any nature will accrue after the said date on the said

amount."

2 Clause 1.5 reads as follows:

＂1.5…………….(a) Interest on loan capital shall be computed on the outstanding loans,

including the schedule of repayment, as per the financial package approved by the

Authority….."

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selling rate prevailing on that day obtained from the source mutually

agreed."

8. The CERC Tariff Regulations, 2001 which provided for "Interest on loan

capital”［clause 2.7(a)] and CERC Tariff Regulations,2004 were relied upon.

They are set out below:

＂2.7(a)Interest on loan capital

Interest on loan capital shall be computed on the outstanding loans,

duly taking into account the schedule of repayment as per the financial

package approved by the Authority or an appropriate independent

agency, as the case may be."

9. CERC Tariff Regulations, 2004 inter alia provides as under:

“20.Debt-Equity Ratio:(1) In case of alia generating stations, declared

under commercial operation on or after 1.4.2004,debt-equity ratio as on

the date of commercial operation shall be 70:30 for determination of tariff.

Where equity employed is more than 30%,the amount of equity for

determination of tariff shall be limited to 30% and the balance amount

shall be considered as the normative loan.

Provided that in case of a generating station where actual equity employed

is less than 30%, the actual debt and equity shall be considered for

determination of tariff.

(2) The debt and equity amount arrived at in accordance with clause (1)

shall be used for calculating interest on loan, return on equity, Advance

against Depreciation and Foreign Exchange Rate Variation."

10. Gujarat Urja resisted this claim. After adjudication, the GERC rejected the

CLP's argument on a plain reading of the clause, saying that for the first time in the

supplementary agreement, which stated that the agreement too recognized ₹ 53.9

crores as own Capital for which the cost of Own Capital @ 14% was to be a pass

through. The effective date for such recognition was from 01.07.2003 to 31.03.2009

and no amounts were due and payable as interest after that date. It was specifically

stated that this condition constituted the complete bargain to the extent it provided

for treatment of cost of Own Capital @ 14% per annum for a defined period. The

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agreement had to be and was given prospective operation. This excluded any

liability on part of Gujarat Urja for the past period, i.e. December 1997. It was also

held that the claim made in 2010 was substantially barred to the extent it sought for

any amount of interest beyond a period of three years.

11. The CLP claimed on another issue, i.e. interest on ₹ 14.48 crores @ 16% per

annum from July 2000 to 30.06.2003 was payable. In terms of the supplementary

agreement, the condition specifically stated that GPEC (i.e. CLC) had further

deployed a sum of ₹ 14,48,40,831/- from its internal accrual to complete shortfall

and disbursal of loan by the lenders, which agreed to allow payment on this amount

@ 16% per annum from July 2000 to 30.06.2012. Gujarat Urja stated that this

interest was payable on reducing balance terms, not as bullet payment of interest.

12. The CERC ruled that it was quite clear that the parties had agreed to allow

interest at the said rate, @ 16% on the said sum, i.e. ₹ 14.48 crores. Therefore,

Gujarat Urja could not argue that interest was payable on the reducing balance

method and that the payment of interest on a bullet repayment method was not

permissible. The Commission, i.e. GERC noted that the statutory notification, i.e.

clause 1.5 of the notification dated 30.03.1992 did not prohibit calculation of

interest on bullet repayment as regards clause 7.5.10 in Schedule VII of the PPA

dated 03.02.1994, the subject matter or its content was deemed loan. On this second

aspect, therefore, the terms of the contract contained in the supplementary

agreement directing 16% per annum interest on ₹ 14.48 crores is bullet repayment,

was upheld.

13. The CLP Limited was aggrieved by that portion of GERC's order which

rejected its claim on the deemed loan component prior to the period 2003. It

appealed to the APTEL (Appeal No.44/2009). The APTEL concurred with the

decision of the GERC and held that clause 7.5.14(a) of the supplementary

agreement did not oblige Gujarat Urja to refund interest paid upon the deemed loan

component upon the equity portion treated as deemed loan, i.e. ₹ 53.9 crores for any

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period prior to 01.07.2003. Therefore, CLP's appeal was rejected. It, therefore, has

appealed to this Court on the said findings.

Analysis and Findings

14. Section 43A of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 (hereafter "the Supply

Act") reads as follows:

＂43A. Terms, conditions and tariff for sale of electricity by Generating

Company.-

（1) A Generating Company may enter into a contract for the sale of

electricity generated by it-

（a) with the Board constituted for the State or any of the States in which

a generating station owned or operated by the company is located;

（b) with the Board constituted for any other State in which it is carrying

on its activities in pursuance of sub-section(3) of section 15A; and

(c) with any other person with consent of the competent government or

governments.

(2) The tariff for the sale of electricity by a Generating Company to the

Board shall be determined in accordance with the norms regarding

operation and the Plant Load Factor as may be laid down by the

Authority and in accordance with the rates of depreciation and

reasonable return and such other factors as may be determined, from

time to time, by the Central Government, by notification in the Official

Gazette:

Provided that the terms, conditions and tariff for such sale shall, in

respect of a Generating Company, wholly or partly owned by the Central

Government, be such as may be determined by the Central Government

and in respect of a Generating Company wholly or partly owned by one

or more State Governments be such as may be determined, from time to

time, by the government or governments concerned."

15. At the outset, it is noticeable that on the issue, whether amounts paid to

CLP, for the period 1998 to 2005 onwards, were in excess of what was actually

payable by Gujarat Urja, the findings of GERC and the APTEL are concurrent. This

court does not discern any unreasonableness or facial omission of material factors,

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to warrant appellate review. Nevertheless, the court would proceed to deal with the

submissions made on this aspect. Gujarat Urja contends that the concurrent

findings, to the extent they limit the refund to a period up-to 2002 are erroneous,

because in effect CLP has been unjustly enriched. Learned senior counsel for

Gujarat Urja, Mr. C.A. Sundaram, argued that once the GERC found, on a plain

reading and interpretation of the tariff order of 1992 – as amended by the

notification dated 06.11.1995, that incentive could not be paid in the same manner

as was contemplated by the parties, when they entered into the PPA (on

03.02.1994), as a matter of law, the amounts paid were excess; consequently, both

in law as well as in equity, CLP was under an obligation to refund the entire excess,

from the time it was not entitled to those amounts.

16. On the question of limitation, learned senior counsel argued that the APTEL

erred in law, in not following the decisions of this court in Hari Shankar Singhania

v. Gaur Hari Singhania

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and Sri Ram Mills Ltd.v. Utility Premises Ltd.

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in

considering that the issue was not time-barred. Counsel submitted that the question

was engaging the attention of the parties and CLP was aware of the fact that the

Central Electricity Authority and the Central Government had taken decisions on

this aspect. Moreover, as a matter of law, by reason of the amendment, to the

notification (dated 06.11.1995), CLP could not have legitimately claimed more

tariff based on the incentive policy that was no longer applicable. Therefore, the

amounts paid to the extent they were not in conformity with the said amendment,

had to be refunded in entirety.

17. On behalf of CLP it was urged, by Mr. Sajan Poovayya, learned senior

counsel, that both the authorities below erred in their interpretation of the terms of

the PPA, the notification of 30.03.1992 and the amendment of 06.11.1995. It was

argued that CLP's generation station is gas-based and not a Naphtha based station.

The notification dated 06.11.1995 applied only to 100% Naphtha based stations and

3 (2006) 4 SCC 658

4 (2007) 4 SCC 599

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not to gas based stations like that of CLP, where Naphtha was used as a secondary

fuel when the Gas was not available. The expression "Naphtha based station" used

in the notification is a term of art; it refers merely to the physical characteristic of

the plant and not to the nature of fuel to be used. It was further contended that the

amending notification of 06.11.1995 itself makes a distinction between gas based

stations and naphtha based stations. CLP's plant, in terms of PPA is a gas based, not

Naphtha based. Therefore, the notification dated 06.11.1995 would not apply to its

plant. Also, urged counsel, since the PPA was entered into on 03.02.1994, the

amendment notification dated 06.11.1995 would not apply to the pre-existing PPA,

since it has a prospective effect. It was lastly submitted that Clause 6.5 of the PPA

dated 03.02.1994 regarding change of law is clarificatory in nature. It deals only

with the earlier part to protect the interest of the GPEC for change in law. "The

change in law" referred to in Clause 6.5 covers amendment to notification dated

30.03.1992. Therefore, the financial difficulties resulting from the amendment

notification dated 06.11.1995 are to be compensated in favour of the CLP.

18. It was argued that Note(2) of the amended notification dated 06.11.1995

unambiguously states that it applies only to Naphtha based stations for whom

generation incentive was inapplicable. Therefore, the gas based units like CLP were

clearly not covered by Note(2) since they used naphtha only as an alternative fuel or

substitute fuel. Therefore, the findings given by the GERC and APTEL to the effect

that Naphtha based station include those that are capable of firing Naphtha also as a

fuel, and not mean those which are capable of firing only Naphtha, is wrong.

19. The submissions of parties are with respect to two notifications dated

30.03.1992 and 06.11.1995. These Notifications were under Section 43(A) of the

Supply Act. Concededly, these notifications are statutory and are binding on the

parties. Any PPA between a generating company and the purchaser of electricity is

subject to such statutory notifications; parties by agreement cannot override

statutory provisions, or such notifications, as far as they relate to matters of tariff.

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20. Therefore, the rights and obligations of the parties under the PPA have to be

read subject to the statutory provisions. The provisions of the PPA, if they are

contrary to the statutory provisions, cannot be given effect to. In terms of the PPA

of 03.02.1994, "fuel" is defined as follows:

＂Fuel natural gas and/or any liquid fuel selected by Gujarat Torrant

Electricity Company (GTEC) (now CLP) for use in power station for

generating electricity"

‘fuel management' is defined as follows:

＂Fuel Management:-The power station of the GTEC is designed to use

natural gas and liquid fuel as fuel. GTEC shall decide selection and use

and proportion gas and other fuel in best economic way depending on the

situation from time to time."

21. The kind of alternative fuel and its long-term purchase contract could be

jointly decided by CLP and Gujarat Urja. The cost of the alternate fuel when used

by CLP shall be taken into account for calculation of variable charges as defined in

Schedule VII (of the PPA). Clause 7.1 and Clause 7.4 of Schedule VII to the PPA

are relevant.

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Under the former, Gujarat Urja had to purchase power from CLP on

the basis of the notification of 30.03.1992 of the Central Government. It further

provided that the tariff for the first 6000 Kwh/kw (i.e 68.5% PLF – i.e. plant load

factor) of net availability in any year was to be the sum of (a) the fixed charge and

5 For convenience,they are set out as follows:

＂7.1 Tariff GEB shall purchase power from GTEC, generally on the basis of GOI

notification No.SO 251(E) dtd. 30-3-1992. The Tariff for the first 6,000 kWH/KW (i.e. 68.5 PLF)

of Net Availability in any year during the terms of this Agreement shall be the sum of（a)the Fixed

Charge and (b) the Variable Charge. For all the energy of actual and deemed generation in

excess of 68.4 % PLF in any Year ,the Tariff payable by GEB shall be the sum of (a) the Incentive

described below and (b) the Variable Charge. Any tax or impost on or pertaining to sale of energy

or capacity shall be payable by GEB over and above the Tariff.

… …… …… …...

7.4 Incentive The incentive referred to in 7.1 above with respect to any fortnight shall be

in the form of additional return on equity at the rate of 0.575% for every 1% increase in the

generation above the normative level of 6000 hours per kWH/KW(i.e 68.5% PLF) in accordance

with the amendment dated 17.1.94 to the said notification No.SO 251(E)."

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(b) the variable charge (i.e those terms defined by clauses 7.2 and 7.3). For all

excess energy of actual and deemed generation in excess of 68.5%, the tariff

payable was to be the sum of (a) incentive and (b) variable charge. Clause 7.4

provided for incentive, which was to be @ 0.575% for every 1% increase in the

generation above the normative level of 6000 hours per kWH/KW (i.e 68.5% PLF)

in accordance with the notification S.O. 251(E), dated 30.03.1992 (as amended on

17.01.1994).

22. The argument of CLP that its unit was essentially gas-based and that the

definition of naphtha-based unit meant only that unit which depended entirely on

naphtha as a fuel, or that which used naphtha at least to the extent of 50%, in our

opinion is not correct.

23. The judgment of this court in India Thermal Power Ltd. vs. State of M.P. &

Ors.

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is an authority for the proposition that parties can agree to terms as they deem

appropriate, for generation and sale of electricity under Section 43A except that the

tariff is to be in accordance with the provision contained in Section 43A. The

decision in Binani Zinc Ltd. v. Kerala State Electricity Board

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; Tata Power

6 (2000) 3 SCC 379, where it was held pertinently that:

＂Section 43 empowers Electricity Board to enter into arrangement for purchase of

electricity on such terms as may be agreed. Section 43-A(1) provides that a generating company

may enter into a contract for the sale of electricity generated by it with Electricity Board. As

regards the determination of tariff for the sale of electricity by a generating company to the

Board, Section 43(1)(2) provides that the tariff shall be determined in accordance with the norms

regarding operation and plant load factor as may be laid down by the authority and in

accordance with the rates of depreciation and reasonable return and such other factors as may be

determined from time to time by the Central Government by a notification in the official gazette.

These provision clearly indicate that the agreement can be on such terms as may be agreed by the

parties except that the tariff is to be determined in accordance with the provision contained in

Section 43-A(2)and notifications issued thereunder. Merely because a contract is entered into in

exercise of an enacting power conferred by a statute that by itself cannot render the contract a

statutory contract. If entering into a contract containing prescribed terms and conditions is a must

under the statute than that contract becomes a statutory contract. If a contract incorporate certain

terms and conditions in it which are statutory then the said contract to that extent is statutory. A

contract may contain certain other terms and conditions which may not be of a statutory

character and which have been incorporated therein as a result of a mutual agreement between

the parties. Therefore, the PPAs can be regarded as statutory only to the extent that they contain

provisions regarding determination of tariff and other statutory requirements of Section 43A(2)."

7 (2009) 11 SCC 244

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Company Ltd. vs. Adani Electricity Mumbai Ltd. and Ors.

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too have taken a similar

approach.

24. Clause 6.5 of the PPA of 03.02.1994 dealt with a situation concerning

change of law. It also stated that any amendment in the Central Government's

notification dated 30.03.1992 would be taken into account for tariff calculation.

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The relevant part of the notification of 30.03.1992 which dealt with charges

recoverable by the generating company was clause 1.6.

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That condition was

amended by the notification dated 06.11.1995 which clearly stated, by Note(2) that:

＂Note:2-For Naptha based thermal plants, the extent of backing down, as

ordered by Regional Electricity Boards, beyond plant Load Factor of

6000 kwh/kw/year, shall not be reckoned as generation achieved for

incentive purpose."

25. There is no dispute that the PPA which the parties entered into specifically

referred to the notification of 30.03.1992 and further went on to state that for the

8 2019(7) SCALE 297

9 The stipulation reads as follows:

＂6.5 Change in Law: In the event that as a result of any laws or regulations of any

Governmental Authority or any national ,regional or municipal authority thereof coming into

effect after the date hereof, and in force at the date hereof being amended, modified or repealed,

the interest of GTEC in the Project and/or GTEC's projected economic return net of tax (or other

imposition) on its investment in the Project is materially reduced prejudiced or otherwise

adversely affected (including without limitation, any restriction on the ability to convert Rupees or

remit funds in foreign currencies outside of India) then the parties hereto shall meet and

endeavour to agree on amendments to this Agreement to the effect that all of the increased cost or

lost return on investment incurred by GTEC that would result from complying with or being

subject to any such change in law shall be passed through to GEB under GTEC Tariff. Any

amendment in Government of India Notification No.S.O.251(E)dated 30.3.92 shall be taken into

account for Tariff calculation."

10 The said condition in the notification is as follows:

＂1.6 Full fixed charges shall be recoverable at generation level of 5500-6000

hours/KW/year: Payment of fixed charges below the level of 5500 KWh/KW/year shall be on pro-

rata basis. There shall not be any payment of fixed charges for generation levels above 6000

hours./KW/year: However generation above 6000 hours./KW/Year shall be at negotiated rates

between the Generating companies and the Board, which shall not include fixed cost element.

While computing the level of generation, the extent of backing down, as ordered by the Regional

Electricity Board shall be reckoned as generation achieved. The payment of fixed charges shall be

on monthly basis, proportionate to the electricity drawn by the respective Boards. Necessary

adjustment based on actual sales and deemed sales shall be made at the end of each year:"

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first Kwh/KW, a plant load factor of 68.5% fixed charges and variable charges were

deployed. For generation achieved over and above this by the concerned unit –

CLP, an incentive @ 5.75% for every 1% increase over and above the fixed and

variable charge payable was agreed to. Significantly, the fixed and variable charges

are in consonance with the statutory notification of 30.03.1992 (which was also later

amended on 17.01.1994). This much is clear from a plain reading of clause 7.1 of

the Schedule VII to the PPA itself. In view of the fact that the notification amended

on 06.11.1995 was a statutory one, there cannot be any doubt that it was binding

upon the parties. Therefore, the earlier notification which left it free to the parties to

negotiate on various aspects, including on the incentive payable, stood amended by

Note 2, which was added to clause 1.6 of the tariff. The effect of this statutory

incorporation by way of amendment was that incentive no longer became payable.

The arguments by the CLP, in the opinion of the Court, that the parties were bound

only by the terms of the agreement and that the amendment notification being

prospective, could not have altered the terms of the tariff, especially the incentive

payable, are insubstantial and have no force. The concurrent findings on this aspect,

therefore, are sound and do not call for interference. Likewise, the change of law

provision (Clause 6.5 of the PPA) clearly contemplated that any amendment to the

prevailing tariff notification (dated 30.03.1992) would bind the parties. Since Note

(2) was an amendment, which dealt with the issue of incentive, it cannot now be

said that it was inapplicable. The findings of the lower authorities, therefore, are

correct; no interference is called for.

26. The next question is whether the GERC and APTEL fell into error in

granting restricted refund calculable for the 3 year period prior to Gujarat Urja's

application. The concurred findings on this aspect, in the opinion of this court, are

reasonable. There is merit in CPL's submission that the earliest point in time, when

the cause of action arose, was in May,1996, when Gujarat Urja rejected its

contention that incentive was payable in terms of the PPA, notwithstanding the

notification of 06.11.1995. Despite this stated position, meetings continued to be

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held and, what is more, incentive amounts, were paid to CLP. No doubt, no

document conclusively stated that CLP's claim was accepted. We do not find any

merit in the submission of Gujarat Urja that the issue was kept alive, due to a series

of communications. In this regard, APTEL's findings about inapplicability of

Section 18 of the Limitation Act, are correct. There was no admission on the part of

CLP, at least of the kind, that extended the time for preferring an application for

recovery of excess payments. It has been consistently ruled by this court that

repeated letters, or exchange of communications, do not extend the period of

limitation, provided by law.

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27. The third, and last issue, is with respect to payment of interest on deemed

equity. Clause 1.5 of the 30.03.1992 notification provided for interest on loan, as a

component of tariff; it stipulated that interest (on outstanding loan) shall be

computed as per financial package approved by the Authority (CEA). The PPA of

03.02.1994 (Schedule VII) clause 7.5.10 defined interest on loan capital as＂the sum

of all payments of interest along with bank charges and all associated financing

costs paid to the bank annually on the outstanding loans paid by GTEC.…" The

Central Commission's order of 21.02.2000 led to a stipulation in the tariff

regulations of 2001. Eventually, the Tariff Regulations of 2004 was brought into

force; it provided for a debt ratio of 70:30 for determination of tariff. It also

provided that:

＂Where equity employed is more than 30%, the amount of equity for

determination of tariff shall be limited to 30% and the balance amount

shall be considered as the normative loan"

28. The debt-equity ratio in this case, was disturbed; accordingly ₹ 53.9 crores

was treated as “deemed” or normative loan, for which the parties had to agree the

rate of interest payable, in accordance with the tariff notification. It was in the light

11 S.S.Rathore v State of Madhya Pradesh 1989 (4) SCC 582; Union of India v Har Dayal 2010

(1) SCC 394; Schlumberger Asia Services Ltd vs. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. 2013

(7) SCC 562.

15

of these developments that the supplementary agreement was entered into. That

amended the existing PPA, to the following effect

12

:

＂The parties have agreed to recognize an amount of Rs.53.90 crores as

"Own Capital" deployed to meet with the Capital Cost and allowance of

Payment of cost in the form of "Cost of Own Capital"@ the rate of

14%per annum effective from 1.7.2003 and up to 31.12.2009. No

payment of any nature will accrue after the said date on the said

amount."

29. It is thus apparent, that the parties did not harbor any doubt about the period

for which the specified interest was payable on such deemed loan. The rate of

interest was fixed; likewise, the date from which payment obligations were to arise,

too were known. Also, the date upto which the interest on such deemed loan

payments were to be made, was known and fixed. In these circumstances, CLP's

claim that the payment of interest for a prior period was outstanding, and constituted

Gujarat Urja's liability, is insubstantial. In a recent judgment

13

a similar issue had

arisen. The court quoted from the decision in National Thermal Power Corporation

Ltd. v. Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board

14

where another previous decision

was cited with approval on the issue that the express provision for something, in an

agreement, meant that other similar matters stood excluded.

15

12 f.n.1 ibid.

13 Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Ltd.and Ors. vs. Adani Power Ltd. and Ors. 2019 (5)

SCC 325

14 (2011)15 SCC 580

15 The relevant portions of this court's observations, in Uttar Haryana (f.n.13 ibid) are as

under.:

＂25. In this connection, it is material to note that the claim in South Eastern Coalfields

(2003) 8 SCC 6487 was essentially covered Under Section 61 of the Sale of Goods

Act,1930, and the interest by way of damages was payable as per this statutory provision itself.

The liability had been crystallised and the interest had become payable because of the failure to

pay the amount as per the liability. Besides, there was nothing in the agreement between the

parties to the contrary on the issue of grant of interest. In the present matter, we have the second

proviso to Regulation 79(2) of the 1999 Regulations which permitted the generating company to

continue to charge the existing tariff for such period as may be specified in the notification by the

Commission, and the notifications permitted continuation of the existing tariff as on 31-3-2001,

until the final tariff was determined. There was no provision for payment of interest therein. The

very fact that interest came to be provided subsequently by a notification under the Regulations of

16

30. A somewhat analogous issue, i.e. interest on normative deemed loan (i.e.

deemed loan), in the context of changed debt-equity ratios, under tariff regimes was

considered in a decision of this court

16

, where it was held that:

＂20. In the order of the Appellate Tribunal dated 23.11.2007 the

matter came to be dealt with under the heading 'debt equity ratio'.The

Tribunal went on to accept the case of the Appellant in respect of all old

projects of DVC and normative debt equity of 50:50 was assigned,

commissioned prior to 1992. In respect of recent projects such as Mejina,

it was assigned debt equity ratio of 70:30 on capital structure as

specified in the Regulations. This finding has become final. It was

contended on behalf of the Appellant that equity has been the primary

source of capital. Thereafter,in paragraph A-10, it was found by the

Appellate Tribunal that owners take upon themselves business related

risk and are entitled to interest on capital investment,but the return is to

be governed by the scheme of determination of tariff for the supply of

electricity as mandated by the law in place. The Appellate Tribunal

further proceeds to hold that the scheme provides for assured Return on

Equity (ROE) which is at the rate of 14% on the equity employed for the

purpose of supplying electricity. The scheme does not permit return on

investment made on projects other than for supply of electricity to be

recovered from supply of electricity. The Tribunal went on to hold that

the DVC Act does not recognise capital as borrowings and there is no

reference about repayment of such capital to the participating

Governments. The Appellate Tribunal proceeds to hold that the capital

infused by participating Governments is in the nature of equity capital

and for the determination of tariff, the same would be eligible for return

on equity but the Appellate Tribunal does not end there. It clearly

provides that the return on equity is as may be permitted by the tariff

Regulation of 2004. It is thereafter that the Appellate Tribunal in para 15

proceeded to hold that the DVC Act provides for interest on capital

which is contributed by the participating Governments. The accrued

interest due to the Governments apparently has been allowed to be

retained by the Appellant. The same however came to be ploughed back

into the capital with the tacit consent of the participating Governments.

Thereafter, it is stated that this has to be provided to the DVC as per the

provisions of Section 38 of the DVC Act. It is thereafter paragraph A-16

which we have already extracted, the Tribunal proceeded to observe that

2004 is also indicative of a contrary situation in the present matter viz. that interest was not

payable earlier."

16 Damodar Valley Corporation vs. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission & Ors. 2018

(15) SCALE 451.

17

under the DVC Act if there is any deficit in the capital contributed by the

participating Governments,it is to be made good by taking loan on behalf

of the participating Governments. The said debt would attract interest.

The average interest rate of the repayment payable is to be applied on a

50:50 normative debt capital. This means that out of the aggregate equity

including reserves, equity considering the normative debt ratio of 50:50

would be eligible for return on equity as specified in the Regulations and

the excess of equity,if any, over the equity earning ratio of 14% is to be

considered as interest bearing debt. In the example which has been given

it is shown that if the debt equity ratio is 40:60, return on equity at 14%

will be available on 50% equity whereas interest would be available at

10% portion of equity and 40% loan which were reduced by repayments.

21. On the basis of the remand, the Commission has worked out the

debt equity ratio as directed by the Appellate Tribunal. It has further

provided return on equity at the rate of 14% on the equity portion,

namely 50%. In respect of the debt portion, interest has been calculated

no doubt after deducting depreciation, the legality of which is the subject

matter of the other contention which we will deal with separately. It is

quite clear to us that Appellant has already been given return on equity

in terms of the tariff Regulation in respect of capital on the basis of debt

equity ratio which has been fixed by the Appellate Tribunal on a ratio

which has become final between the parties.

22. Though a perusal of para A-9 of order dated 23.11.2007 may

appear to show that equity has been found to be the main source of

capital, a perusal of paragraph A-10,A-16 and more importantly E-13

would show that capital Under Section 38 of the DVC Act has been

understood as the value of the operating assets when they were first put

to commercial use. Capital is also understood not as equity alone but it

has been understood both as loan and equity. The ratio between loan and

equity is also fixed in respect of the old projects at 50:50 and under the

new projects it is at 70:30.It is further clear from paragraph E-13 of the

order of the Appellate Tribunal dated 23.11.2007 that the appellate

Tribunal contemplated that the equity component would remain static

and it would earn the rate of return as provided in the tariff Regulation.

As far as the loan component is concerned, it would get reduced on

account of repayments. Therefore, the recovery as contemplated under

the Regulations was found to be in two forms, namely, either as return on

equity in respect of the equity portion and as interest on the loan

component."

18

31. In the present case, the clear agreement between the parties was that interest

on the sum of ₹ 53.90 crores was payable for the specified period 01.07.2003 to

31.12.2009.Therefore, CLP's claim that any amount was payable, for any period

prior to 01.07.2003, was not tenable. Had CLP wished so, nothing prevented it to

claim for it during negotiations and have it included as a term of the contract. Once

having settled for a specified sum, on an amount (₹ 53.90 crores) that was only

fictionally a loan - and treated as such, for purpose of fixing interest payable,

considering the equity infused, in excess of the tariff regulations, the absence of any

like item, such as interest for prior period, precludes a claim. But it was really part

of the equity component. Therefore, interest was per se not payable, but could be

paid in terms of the tariff notification or the agreement. No claim on any other legal

or equitable considerations could have been made. The findings of the lower

authorities are therefore, sound and reasonable.

32. In view of the foregoing analysis and conclusions, both appeals have to fail.

They are accordingly dismissed, without order on costs.

.............................................J.

[ARUN MISHRA]

.............................................J.

[VINEET SARAN]

.............................................J.

[S. RAVINDRA BHAT]

New Delhi,

May 06, 2020