Page 1 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.529 OF 2010

Dayal Singh & Ors. … Appellants

Versus

State of Uttaranchal … Respondent

J U D G M E N T

Swatanter Kumar, J .

1.Settled canons of criminal jurisprudence when applied in their

correct perspective, give rise to the following questions for

consideration of the Court in the present appeal:

a) Where acts of omission and commission, deliberate or

otherwise, are committed by the investigating agency or other

significant witnesses instrumental in proving the offence,

what approach, in appreciation of evidence, should be

adopted?

Page 2 b) Depending upon the answer to the above, what directions

should be issued by the courts of competent jurisdiction?

c) Whenever there is some conflict in the eye-witness version of

events and the medical evidence, what effect will it have on

the case of the prosecution and what would be the manner in

which the Court should appreciate such evidence?

2.The facts giving rise to the questions in the present appeal are

that the fields of Gurumukh Singh and Dayal Singh were adjoining

in the village Salwati within the limits of Police Station Sittarganj,

district Udham Singh Nagar. These fields were separated by a

mend (boundary mound). On 8

th

December, 1985, Gurumukh

Singh, the complainant, who was examined as PW2, along with his

father Pyara Singh, had gone to their fields. At about 12 noon,

Smt. Balwant Kaur, PW4, wife of Pyara Singh came to the fields to

give meals to Pyara Singh and their son Gurumukh Singh. At

about 12.45 p.m, the accused persons, namely, Dayal Singh, Budh

Singh & Resham Singh (both sons of Dayal Singh) and Pahalwan

Singh came to the fields wielding lathis and started hurling abuses.

They asked Pyara Singh and Gurumukh Singh as to why they were

44

Page 3 placing earth on their mend, upon which they answered that mend

was a joint property belonging to both the parties. Without any

provocation, all the accused persons started attacking Pyara Singh

with lathis. Gurumukh Singh, PW2, at that time, was at a little

distance from his father and Smt. Balwant Kaur, PW4, was nearby.

On seeing the occurrence, they raised an alarm and went to rescue

Pyara Singh. The accused, however, inflicted lathi injuries on both

PW2 and PW4. In the meanwhile, Satnam Singh, who was

ploughing his fields, which were quite close to the fields of the

parties and Uttam Singh (PW5) who was coming to his village from

another village, saw the occurrence. These two persons even

challenged the accused persons upon which the accused persons

ran away from the place of occurrence. Pyara Singh, who had been

attacked by all the accused persons with lathis fell down and

succumbed to his injuries on the spot. Few villagers also came to

the spot. According to the prosecution, pagri (Ex.1) of one of the

accused, Budh Singh, had fallen on the spot which was

subsequently taken into custody by the Police. Gurumukh Singh,

PW2, left the dead body of his deceased father in the custody of the

villagers and went to the police station where he got the report,

44

Page 4 Exhibit Ka-3, scribed by Kashmir Singh in relation to the

occurrence. The report was lodged at about 2.15 p.m. on 8

th

December, 1985 by PW2 in presence of SI Kartar Singh, PW6. FIR

(Exhibit Ka-4A) was registered and the investigating machinery was

put into motion. The two injured witnesses, namely, PW2 and PW4

were examined by Dr. P.C. Pande, PW1, the medical officer at the

Public Health Centre, Sittarganj on the date of occurrence. At 4.00

p.m., the doctor examined PW2 and noticed the following injuries

on the person of the injured witness vide Injury Report, Ex. Ka-1.

PW-2

“1.Lacerated wound of 5 cm X 1 cm and 1 cm

in depth. Margins were lacerated. Red

fresh blood was present over wound.

Wound was caused by hard and blunt

object. Wound was at the junction of left

parietal and occipital bone 7 cm from upper

part of left ear caused by blunt object.

Advised X-ray. Skull A.P. and lateral and

the injury was kept under observation.

2.Contusion of 6 cm X 2.5 cm on left side of

body 3 cm above the left ilic crest. Simple

in nature caused by hard and blunt object.”

According to the Doctor, the injuries were caused by hard and

blunt object and they were fresh in duration.

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Page 5 On 8.12.1985 at 7.30 p.m. Dr. P.C. Pande (PW1) examined the

injuries of Smt. Balwant Kaur PW4 and found the following injuries

on her person vide injury report Ex.Ka.2:

PW-4

1.Contusion 6 cm X 3 cm on left shoulder

caused by hard and blunt object.

2.Contusion of 5 cm X 2 cm on lateral side of

middle of left upper arm. Bluish red in

colour caused by hard and blunt object.

3.Contusion of 4 cm X 2 cm on left parietal

bone 6 cm from left ear caused by hard and

blunt object.

According to Dr. Pande, these injuries were caused by hard

and blunt object and the duration was within 12 hours and the

nature of the injuries was simple. According to Dr. Pande the

injuries of both these injured persons could have been received on

8.12.1985 at 12.45 p.m. by lathi.”

3.As noted above, according to Dr. Pande, the injuries were

caused by a hard and blunt object and duration was within 12

hours. Thereafter, SI Kartar Singh, PW6, proceeded to the place of

occurrence in village Salwati. He found the dead body of Pyara

Singh lying in the fields. In the presence of panchas, including

44

Page 6 Balwant Singh, PW8, he noticed that there were three injuries on

the person of the deceased, Pyara Singh and prepared Inquest

Report vide Ex. Ka-6 recording his opinion that the deceased died

on account of the injuries found on his body. After preparing the

site plan, Ext. Ka-10, he also wrote a letter to the Superintendent,

Civil Hospital, Haldwani for post mortem, being Exhibit Ka-9. The

dead body was taken to the said hospital by Constable Chandrapal

Singh, PW7. Dr. C.N. Tewari, PW3, medical officer in the Civil

Hospital, Haldwani, performed the post mortem upon the body of

the deceased and did not find any ante-mortem or post-mortem

injuries on the dead body. On internal examination, he did not find

any injuries and could not ascertain the cause of death. Further,

he preserved the viscera and gave the post-mortem report, Exhibit

Ka-4. After noticing that there was no injury or abnormality found

upon external and internal examination of the dead body, the

doctor in his report recorded as under:

“Viscera in sealed jars handed over to the

accompanying Constables.

Jar No.1 sample preservative saline water.

Jar No.2 Pieces of stomach

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Page 7 Jar No.3 Pieces of liver, spleen and kidney.

Death occurred about one day back.

Cause of death could not be ascertained.

Hence, viscera preserved.”

4.It appears from the record that the deceased’s viscera, which

allegedly was handed over by doctor to the police, was either never

sent to the Forensic Science Laboratory (for short, the ‘FSL’) for

chemical examination, or if sent, the report thereof was neither

called for nor proved before the Court. In fact, this has been left to

the imagination of the Court.

5.The accused persons, at about 5.45 p.m. on the same day,

lodged a written report at the same Police Station, which was

received by Head Constable Inder Singh, who prepared the check

report Exhibit C-1 and made appropriate entry. The case was

registered under Section 307 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC)

against PW2, Gurumukh Singh. Dayal Singh was arrested in

furtherance of the FIR, Exhibit Ka-4A. He was also sent for medical

examination and was examined by Dr. K.P.S. Chauhan, CW2. After

examining the said accused at about 7.45 p.m., the doctor found

two injuries on his person and prepared the report (Exhibit C-4).

44

Page 8 According to Dr. Chauhan, the injuries on the person of the

accused could have been received by a firearm object and injuries

were fresh within six hours.

6.The investigating officer completed the investigation and filed

charge sheet (Exhibit Ka-11) against the accused persons on 15

th

January, 1986. It may be noticed that in furtherance to Exhibit C-

2, neither any case was registered nor any charge-sheet was

presented before the Court of competent jurisdiction. The accused

also took no steps to prove that report in Court. They also did not

file any private complaint.

7.Considering the ocular and other evidence produced by the

prosecution, the learned Trial Court vide its judgment of conviction

and order of sentence, both dated 29

th

June, 1990, found the

accused persons guilty of offences under Section 302 read with

Section 34 IPC as well as under Section 323 read with Section 34

IPC. The Trial Court, while dealing with the arguments of the

accused for application of Section 34, as well as the submission

that the witnesses had not attributed specific role to the respective

accused persons, held as under:

44

Page 9 “The attack was premeditated and the

accused had come fully prepared to do the

overt act. The injury was caused on the

head of the deceased which is a vital part of

the body at which it was aimed by employing

lathi, it was clear that the accused persons

had intended to cause death by giving blow

on vital part of the body of the deceased.

After receiving the injuries, the deceased fell

down and even thereafter he was attacked by

the accused persons and he died on the spot

immediately. This all goes to show that the

accused persons who all were armed with

lathis and had attacked in furtherance of

their common intention by surrounding Sri

Pyara Singh. At that juncture when the

occurrence took place suddenly and the

witnesses were at some distance it was quite

natural for the witnesses not to have noted

as to whose lathi blow caused the injuries on

Sri Pyara Singh and also on the injured

persons. It was thus quite natural in such

circumstances for the witnesses not to have

noted the minute details of the incident. The

Hon’ble Supreme Court has held in 1971

Cri.L.J. 1135 Har Prasad vs. State of

Madhya Pradesh that in view of the large

number of accused involved in the

occurrence it is quite natural for the

prosecution witnesses to get a bit confused.

In fact, no cross-examination was made on

this respect of the case which has been

discussed by me above. The fact that the

accused persons had gone to the place of

occurrence fully armed with lathis and

immediately on the basis of ‘mend’ started

attacking the deceased Sri Pyara Singh

indicates that they had gone there with

premeditation and prior concert. All the four

44

Page 10 accused were physically present at the time

of the commission of offence. The criminal

act was done by the accused persons and

they all had shared the common intention by

engaging in that criminal enterprise for

which they had come fully prepared. The

prosecution has succeeded in showing the

existence of common purpose or design. All

the accused persons were confederates in

the commission of the offence and they had

participated in that common intention. Each

of the accused person is liable for the fact

done in pursuance of that common purpose

of design. The acts done by the accused

persons are similar as they all had come

prepared armed with lathis and lathi blows

were struck on the deceased Sri Pyara Singh

by the accused persons in furtherance of

their common intention. Each of them is

liable for the blows struck with lathi on the

deceased and also on the injured persons. It

is proved beyond all reasonable doubt that

lathi blow was struck on the head of Sri

Pyara Singh which was a vital part and he

died on the spot due to injuries. Whoever

may have struck that lathi blow, each of the

accused person is liable for the lathi blows

struck on the vital part of the deceased.

Since the ladhi blow was struck on the head

of the deceased which is a vital part, the

offence amounts to murder (See 1972 SCC

(Cri) 438 Gudar Dusadh Vs. State of Bihar).

The death of Sri Pyara Singh was caused in

the occurrence and it is proved to the hilt

and beyond all reasonable doubt that he

died on the spot on account of lathi blows

inflicted on him. It is nobody’s case that he

died natural death. The accused persons

have committed offence punishable under

44

Page 11 Section 302/34 I.P.C. for committed offence

punishable under Section 323/34 I.P.C. for

causing voluntary hurt to Sri Gurumukh

Singh and Smt. Balwant Kaur.”

8.The above judgment of the Trial Court was assailed by the

accused persons in appeal before the High Court. The High Court,

vide its judgment dated 17

th

March, 2008, dismissed the appeal and

affirmed the judgment of conviction and order of sentence passed

by learned Trial Court giving rise to the present appeal.

9.From the narration of the above facts, brought on record by

the prosecution and proved in accordance with law, it is clear that

there are three eye-witnesses to the occurrence. Out of them, two

are injured witnesses, namely PW2 and PW4. PW2 is the son of the

deceased and PW4 is the wife. Presence of these two witnesses at

the place of occurrence is normal and natural. According to PW4,

she had gone to the place of occurrence to give food to her husband

and son around 12 noon, which is the normal hour for lunch in the

villages. The son of the deceased had come to the field with his

father to work. They were putting earth on the mend which was

objected to by the accused persons who had come there with lathis

44

Page 12 and with a premeditated mind of causing harm to the deceased.

Upon enquiry, the deceased informed the accused persons that the

mend was a joint property of the parties. Without provocation, the

accused persons thereupon started hurling abuses upon Pyara

Singh and his son, and assaulted the deceased with lathis. PW2

and PW4 intervened to protect their father and husband

respectively, but to no consequence and in the process, they

suffered injuries. In the meanwhile, when the accused persons

were challenged by PW5 and Satnam Singh, who were close to the

place of occurrence, they ran away. The presence of PW2, PW4 and

PW5 cannot be doubted. The statement made by them in the Court

is natural, reliable and does not suffer from any serious

contradictions. Once the presence of eye-witnesses cannot be

doubted and it has been established that their statement is reliable,

there is no reason for the Court to not rely upon the statement of

such eye witnesses in accepting the case of the prosecution. The

accused persons had come with pre-meditated mind, together with

common intention, to assault the deceased and all of them kept on

assaulting the deceased till the time he fell on the ground and

became breathless.

44

Page 13 10.This Court has repeatedly held that an eye-witness version

cannot be discarded by the Court merely on the ground that such

eye-witness happened to be a relation or friend of the deceased.

The concept of interested witness essentially must carry with it the

element of unfairness and undue intention to falsely implicate the

accused. It is only when these elements are present, and statement

of the witness is unworthy of credence that the Court would

examine the possibility of discarding such statements. But where

the presence of the eye-witnesses is proved to be natural and their

statements are nothing but truthful disclosure of actual facts

leading to the occurrence and the occurrence itself, it will not be

permissible for the Court to discard the statements of such related

or friendly witness. The Court in the case of Dharnidhar v. State of

Uttar Pradesh [(2010) 7 SCC 759] took the following view :

“12. There is no hard-and-fast rule that family

members can never be true witnesses to the

occurrence and that they will always depose

falsely before the court. It will always depend

upon the facts and circumstances of a given

case. In Jayabalan v. UT of Pondicherry (2010)

1 SCC 199, this Court had occasion to

consider whether the evidence of interested

witnesses can be relied upon. The Court took

the view that a pedantic approach cannot be

44

Page 14 applied while dealing with the evidence of an

interested witness. Such evidence cannot be

ignored or thrown out solely because it comes

from a person closely related to the victim. The

Court held as under: (SCC p. 213, paras 23-

24)

“23. We are of the considered view that in

cases where the court is called upon to

deal with the evidence of the interested

witnesses, the approach of the court,

while appreciating the evidence of such

witnesses must not be pedantic. The

court must be cautious in appreciating

and accepting the evidence given by the

interested witnesses but the court must

not be suspicious of such evidence. The

primary endeavour of the court must be

to look for consistency. The evidence of a

witness cannot be ignored or thrown out

solely because it comes from the mouth

of a person who is closely related to the

victim.

24. From a perusal of the record, we find

that the evidence of PWs 1 to 4 is clear

and categorical in reference to the

frequent quarrels between the deceased

and the appellant. They have clearly and

consistently supported the prosecution

version with regard to the beating and the

ill-treatment meted out to the deceased

by the appellant on several occasions

which compelled the deceased to leave

the appellant's house and take shelter in

her parental house with an intention to

live there permanently. PWs 1 to 4 have

unequivocally stated that the deceased

feared threat to her life from the

44

Page 15 appellant. The aforesaid version narrated

by the prosecution witnesses viz. PWs 1

to 4 also finds corroboration from the

facts stated in the complaint.”

13. Similar view was taken by this Court in

Ram Bharosey v. State of U.P. AIR 1954 SC

704, where the Court stated the dictum of law

that a close relative of the deceased does not,

per se, become an interested witness. An

interested witness is one who is interested in

securing the conviction of a person out of

vengeance or enmity or due to disputes and

deposes before the court only with that

intention and not to further the cause of

justice. The law relating to appreciation of

evidence of an interested witness is well

settled, according to which, the version of an

interested witness cannot be thrown

overboard, but has to be examined carefully

before accepting the same.”

11.Similar view was taken by this Court in the cases of Mano Dutt

& Anr. v. State of UP [(2012 (3) SCALE 219] and Satbir Singh & Ors.

v. State of Uttar Pradesh [(2009) 13 SCC 790].

12.With some vehemence, it has then been contended on behalf

of the appellant that the post mortem report and the statement of

PW3, Dr. C.N Tewari, specifically state that no external or internal

injuries were found on the body of the deceased. In other words, no

injury was either inflicted by the accused or suffered by the

44

Page 16 deceased. In face of this expert medical evidence, the statement of

the eye-witnesses cannot be believed. The expert evidence should

be given precedence and the accused persons are entitled to

acquittal. This argument is liable to be rejected at the very outset

despite the fact that it sounds attractive at first blush. No doubt

the post mortem report (Exhibit Ka-4) and the statement of PW3 Dr.

C.N. Tewari, does show/reflect that he had not noticed any injuries

upon the person of the deceased externally or even after opening

him up internally. But the fact of the matter is that Pyara Singh

died. How he suffered death is explained by three witnesses, PW2,

PW4 and PW5, respectively. Besides this, the statement of the

investigating officer, PW6, also clearly shows that the body of the

deceased contained three apparent injuries. He recorded in his

investigative proceedings that the accused had died of these injuries

and was found lying dead at the place of occurrence. It is not only

the statement of PW-6, but also the Panchas in whose presence the

body was recovered, who have endorsed this fact. The course of

events as recorded in the investigation points more towards the

correctness of the case of the prosecution than otherwise.

Strangely, Dayal Singh and other accused persons not only took the

44

Page 17 stand of complete denial in their statement under Section 313 of

the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) but even went to the

extent of stating that they had no knowledge (pata nahin) when they

were asked whether Pyara Singh had died as a result of injuries.

13.We have already discussed above that the presence of PW2,

PW4 and PW5 at the place of occurrence was in the normal course

of business and cannot be doubted. Their statements are reliable,

cogent and consistent with the story of the prosecution. Merely

because PW3 and PW6 have failed to perform their duties in

accordance with the requirements of law, and there has been some

defect in the investigation, it will not be to the benefit of the

accused persons to the extent that they would be entitled to an

order of acquittal on this ground. Reference in this regard can

usefully be made to the case of C. Muniappan v. State of Tamil Nadu

{AIR 2010 SC 3718 : (2010) 9 SCC 567}.

14.Now, we will deal with the question of defective or improper

investigation resulting from the acts of omission and/or

commission, deliberate or otherwise, of the Investigating Officer or

other material witnesses, who are obliged to perform certain duties

44

Page 18 in discharge of their functions and then to examine its effects. In

order to examine this aspect in conformity with the rule of law and

keeping in mind the basic principles of criminal jurisprudence, and

the questions framed by us at the very outset of this judgment, the

following points need consideration:

(i)Whether there have been acts of omission and

commission which have resulted in improper or

defective investigation.

(ii)Whether such default and/or acts of omission

and commission have adversely affected the case

of the prosecution.

(iii)Whether such default and acts were deliberate,

unintentional or resulted from unavoidable

circumstances of a given case.

(iv)If the dereliction of duty and omission to perform

was deliberate, then is it obligatory upon the

court to pass appropriate directions including

directions in regard to taking of penal or other

civil action against such officer/witness.

15.In order to answer these determinative parameters, the Courts

would have to examine the prosecution evidence in its entirety,

especially when a specific reference to the defective or irresponsible

44

Page 19 investigation is noticed in light of the facts and circumstances of a

given case.

16.The Investigating Officer, as well as the doctor who are dealing

with the investigation of a criminal case, are obliged to act in

accordance with the police manual and the known canons of

medical practice, respectively. They are both obliged to be diligent,

truthful and fair in their approach and investigation. A default or

breach of duty, intentionally or otherwise, can sometimes prove

fatal to the case of the prosecution. An Investigating Officer is

completely responsible and answerable for the manner and

methodology adopted in completing his investigation. Where the

default and omission is so flagrant that it speaks volumes of a

deliberate act or such irresponsible attitude of investigation, no

court can afford to overlook it, whether it did or did not cause

prejudice to the case of the prosecution. It is possible that despite

such default/omission, the prosecution may still prove its case

beyond reasonable doubt and the court can so return its finding.

But, at the same time, the default and omission would have a

reasonable chance of defeating the case of the prosecution in some

44

Page 20 events and the guilty could go scot-free. We may illustrate such

kind of investigation with an example where a huge recovery of

opium or poppy husk is made from a vehicle and the Investigating

Officer does not even investigate or make an attempt to find out as

to who is the registered owner of the vehicle and whether such

owner was involved in the commission of the crime or not. Instead,

he merely apprehends a cleaner and projects him as the principal

offender without even reference to the registered owner.

Apparently, it would prima facie be difficult to believe that a cleaner

of a truck would have the capacity to buy and be the owner, in

possession of such a huge quantity, i.e., hundreds of bags, of poppy

husk. The investigation projects the poor cleaner as the principal

offender in the case without even reference to the registered owner.

17.Even the present case is a glaring example of irresponsible

investigation. It, in fact, smacks of intentional mischief to misdirect

the investigation as well as to withhold material evidence from the

Court. It cannot be considered a case of bona fide or unintentional

omission or commission. It is not a case of faulty investigation

simplicitor but is an investigation coloured with motivation or an

44

Page 21 attempt to ensure that the suspect can go scot free. This can safely

be gathered from the following:

a)The entire investigation, including the statement of the

investigating officer, does not show as to what happened to the

viscera which was, as per the statement of PW3, handed over

to the Constable, PW7, who, in turn, stated that the viscera

had been deposited in the Police Station Malkhana. In the

entire statement of the Investigating Officer, there is no

reference to viscera, its collection from the hospital, its deposit

in the Malkhana and whether it was sent to the FSL at all or

not. If sent, what was the result and, if not, why?

b)Conduct of the Investigating Officer is more than doubtful in

the present case. In his statement, he had stated that he

noticed three injuries on the body of the deceased. He also

admitted that in the post mortem report, no internal or

external injuries were shown on the body of the deceased.

According to him, he had asked PW3 in that regard but the

reply of the doctor was received late and the explanation

rendered was satisfactory. Firstly, this reply or explanation

44

Page 22 does not find place on record. There is no document to that

effect and secondly, even in his oral evidence, he does not say

as to what the explanation was.

c)In his statement, PW3, Dr. C.N. Tewari, stated that he did not

find any external or internal injuries even after performing the

post mortem on the body of the deceased. This remark on the

post mortem report apparently is falsified both by the eye-

witnesses as well as the Investigating Officer. It will be beyond

apprehension as to how a healthy person could die, if there

were no injuries on his body and when, admittedly, it was not

a case of cardiac arrest or death by poison etc., more so, when

he was alleged to have been assaulted with dandas (lathi) by

four persons simultaneously. In any case, the doctor gave no

cause for death of the deceased and prepared a post mortem

report which ex facie was incorrect and tantamount to

abrogation of duty. The Trial Court while giving the judgment

of conviction, noticed that medico-legal post mortem

examination is a very important part of the prosecution

evidence and, therefore, it is necessary that it be conducted by

44

Page 23 a doctor fully competent and experienced. The Court also

commented adversely upon the professional capabilities

and/or misconduct of Dr. C.N. Tewari, as follows:

“Whatever may have been the reasons but it

is quite evident that Dr. C.N. Tewari failed in

his professional duty and he did not perform

post mortem examination properly after

considering the inquest report and the police

papers sent to him. If his finding deferred

from the finding of the Panchas he should

have informed his superior officers in that

regard so that another opinion could have

been obtained before the disposal of the dead

body. The evidence leaves no room for doubt

that Sri Pyara Singh was attacked with lathis

as alleged by the prosecution and he

received three injuries already referred to

above which were mentioned in the inquest

report (Ex.Ka-6)….

The case of the prosecution cannot be

thrown on account of the gross negligence

and apathy of the Medical Officer Dr. C.N.

Tewari who had performed autopsy on the

dead body of Sri Pyara Singh. Since the

Medical Officer Dr. C.N. Tewari had

conducted in a manner not befitting the

medical profession and prepared post

mortem report against facts for reasons best

known to him and was negligent in his duty

in ascertaining the injuries on the body of

the deceased, hence it is just and proper

that the Director General, Medical health

U.P. be informed in this regard for taking

44

Page 24 necessary action and for eradicating such

practices in future .”

(Emphasis supplied)

18.From the record, it is evident that the learned counsel

appearing for the State was also not aware if any action had been

taken against Dr. C.N. Tewari. On the contrary, Mr. Ratnakar

Dash, learned senior counsel appearing for Dr. C.N. Tewari,

informed us that no action was called for against Dr. C.N. Tewari as

he had authored the post mortem report and given his evidence

truthfully and without any dereliction of duty. He also informed us

that since Dr. C.N. Tewari is now retired and is not well, this Court

need not pass any further directions.

19.We are not impressed with this contention at all. We have

already noticed that PW3, Dr. C.N. Tewari, certainly did not act with

the requisite professionalism. He even failed to truthfully record

the post mortem report, Exhibit Ka-4. At the cost of repetition, we

may notice that his report is contradictory to the evidence of the

three eye-witnesses who stood the test of cross-examination and

gave the eye-version of the occurrence. It is also in conflict with the

statement of PW6 as well as the inquest report (Exhibit Ka-6)

44

Page 25 prepared by him where he had noticed that there were three

injuries on the body of the deceased. It is clear that the post

mortem report is silent and PW3 did not even notice the cause of

death. If he was not able to record a finding with regard to the

cause of death, he was expected to record some reason in support

thereof, particularly when it is conceded before us by the learned

counsel for the parties, including the counsel for Dr. C.N. Tewari

that it was not a case of death by administering poison.

20.Similarly, the Investigating Officer has also failed in

performing his duty in accordance with law. Firstly, for not

recording the reasons given by Dr. C.N. Tewari for non-mentioning

of injuries on the post mortem report, Exhibit Ka-4, which had

appeared satisfactory to him. Secondly, for not sending to the FSL

the viscera and other samples collected from the body of the

deceased by Dr. C.N. Tewari, who allegedly handed over the same to

the police, and their disappearance. There is clear callousness and

irresponsibility on their part and deliberate attempt to misdirect the

investigation to favour the accused.

44

Page 26 21.This results in shifting of avoidable burden and exercise of

higher degree of caution and care on the courts. Dereliction of duty

or carelessness is an abuse of discretion under a definite law and

misconduct is a violation of indefinite law. Misconduct is a

forbidden act whereas dereliction of duty is the forbidden quality of

an act and is necessarily indefinite. One is a transgression of some

established and definite rule of action, with least element of

discretion, while the other is primarily an abuse of discretion. This

Court in the case of State of Punjab & Ors. v. Ram Singh Ex.

Constable [(1992) 4 SCC 54] stated that the ambit of these

expressions had to be construed with reference to the subject

matter and the context where the term occurs, regard being given to

the scope of the statute and the public purpose it seeks to serve.

The police service is a disciplined service and it requires

maintenance of strict discipline. The consequences of these

defaults should normally be attributable to negligence. Police

officers and doctors, by their profession, are required to maintain

duty decorum of high standards. The standards of investigation

and the prestige of the profession are dependent upon the action of

such specialized persons. The police manual and even the

44

Page 27 provisions of the CrPC require the investigation to be conducted in

a particular manner and method which, in our opinion, stands

clearly violated in the present case. Dr. C.N. Tewari, not only

breached the requirement of adherence to professional standards

but also became instrumental in preparing a document which, ex

facie, was incorrect and stood falsified by the unimpeachable

evidence of eye witnesses placed by the prosecution on record.

Also, in the same case, the Court, while referring to the decision in

Ram Bihari Yadav and Others v. State of Bihar & Ors. [(1995) 6 SCC

31] noticed that if primacy is given to such designed or negligent

investigation, to the omission or lapses by perfunctory investigation

or omissions, the faith and confidence of the people would be

shaken not only in the law enforcement agency but also in the

administration of justice.

22.Now, we may advert to the duty of the Court in such cases. In

the case of Sathi Prasad v. The State of U.P. [(1972) 3 SCC 613], this

Court stated that it is well settled that if the police records become

suspect and investigation perfunctory, it becomes the duty of the

Court to see if the evidence given in Court should be relied upon

44

Page 28 and such lapses ignored. Noticing the possibility of investigation

being designedly defective, this Court in the case of Dhanaj Singh @

Shera & Ors. v. State of Punjab [(2004) 3 SCC 654], held, “in the

case of a defective investigation the Court has to be circumspect in

evaluating the evidence. But it would not be right in acquitting an

accused person solely on account of the defect; to do so would

tantamount to playing into the hands of the investigating officer if

the investigation is designedly defective.”

23.Dealing with the cases of omission and commission, the Court

in the case of Paras Yadav v. State of Bihar [AIR 1999 SC 644],

enunciated the principle, in conformity with the previous

judgments, that if the lapse or omission is committed by the

investigating agency, negligently or otherwise, the prosecution

evidence is required to be examined de hors such omissions to find

out whether the said evidence is reliable or not. The contaminated

conduct of officials should not stand in the way of evaluating the

evidence by the courts, otherwise the designed mischief would be

perpetuated and justice would be denied to the complainant party.

In the case of Zahira Habibullah Sheikh & Anr. Vs. State of Gujarat

44

Page 29 & Ors. [(2006) 3 SCC 374], the Court noticed the importance of the

role of witnesses in a criminal trial. The importance and primacy of

the quality of trial process can be observed from the words of

Bentham, who states that witnesses are the eyes and ears of justice.

The Court issued a caution that in such situations, there is a

greater responsibility of the court on the one hand and on the other

the courts must seriously deal with persons who are involved in

creating designed investigation. The Court held that legislative

measures to emphasize prohibition against tampering with witness,

victim or informant have become the imminent and inevitable need

of the day. Conducts which illegitimately affect the presentation of

evidence in proceedings before the Courts have to be seriously and

sternly dealt with. There should not be any undue anxiety to only

protect the interest of the accused. That would be unfair, as noted

above, to the needs of the society. On the contrary, efforts should

be to ensure fair trial where the accused and the prosecution both

get a fair deal. Public interest in proper administration of justice

must be given as much importance if not more, as the interest of

the individual accused. The courts have a vital role to play .

(Emphasis supplied)

44

Page 30 24.With the passage of time, the law also developed and the

dictum of the Court emphasized that in a criminal case, the fate of

proceedings cannot always be left entirely in the hands of the

parties. Crime is a public wrong, in breach and violation of public

rights and duties, which affects the community as a whole and is

harmful to the society in general.

25.Reiterating the above principle, this Court in the case of

National Human Rights Commission v. State of Gujarat [(2009) 6

SCC 767], held as under:

“The concept of fair trial entails familiar

triangulation of interests of the accused, the

victim and the society and it is the

community that acts through the State and

prosecuting agencies. Interest of society is

not to be treated completely with disdain and

as persona non grata. The courts have

always been considered to have an overriding

duty to maintain public confidence in the

administration of justice—often referred to

as the duty to vindicate and uphold the

‘majesty of the law’. Due administration of

justice has always been viewed as a

continuous process, not confined to

determination of the particular case,

protecting its ability to function as a court of

law in the future as in the case before it. If a

criminal court is to be an effective

instrument in dispensing justice, the

44

Page 31 Presiding Judge must cease to be a spectator

and a mere recording machine by becoming

a participant in the trial evincing

intelligence, active interest and elicit all

relevant materials necessary for reaching the

correct conclusion, to find out the truth, and

administer justice with fairness and

impartiality both to the parties and to the

community it serves. The courts

administering criminal justice cannot turn a

blind eye to vexatious or oppressive conduct

that has occurred in relation to proceedings,

even if a fair trial is still possible, except at

the risk of undermining the fair name and

standing of the judges as impartial and

independent adjudicators.”

26.In the case of State of Karnataka v. K. Yarappa Reddy [2000

SCC (Crl.) 61], this Court occasioned to consider the similar

question of defective investigation as to whether any manipulation

in the station house diary by the Investigating Officer could be put

against the prosecution case. This Court, in Paragraph 19, held as

follows:

“19. But can the above finding (that the

station house diary is not genuine) have

any inevitable bearing on the other

evidence in this case? If the other

evidence, on scrutiny, is found credible

and acceptable, should the Court be

influenced by the machinations

demonstrated by the Investigating

44

Page 32 Officer in conducting investigation or in

preparing the records so

unscrupulously? It can be a guiding

principle that as investigation is not the

solitary area for judicial scrutiny in a

criminal trial, the conclusion of the

Court in the case cannot be allowed to

depend solely on the probity of

investigation. It is well-nigh settled that

even if the investigation is illegal or

even suspicious the rest of the evidence

must be scrutinised independently of

the impact of it. Otherwise the criminal

trial will plummet to the level of the

investigating officers ruling the roost.

The court must have predominance and

pre-eminence in criminal trials over the

action taken by the investigation

officers. Criminal Justice should not be

made a casualty for the wrongs

committed by the investigating officers

in the case. In other words, if the court

is convinced that the testimony of a

witness to the occurrence is true the

court is free to act on it albeit the

investigating officer's suspicious role in

the case.”

27.In Ram Bali v. State of Uttar Pradesh [(2004) 10 SCC 598], the

judgment in Karnel Singh v. State of M.P. [(1995) 5 SCC 518] was

reiterated and this Court had observed that ‘in case of defective

investigation the court has to be circumspect while evaluating the

evidence. But it would not be right in acquitting an accused person

44

Page 33 solely on account of the defect; to do so would tantamount to

playing into the hands of the investigation officer if the investigation

is designedly defective’.

28.Where our criminal justice system provides safeguards of fair

trial and innocent till proven guilty to an accused, there it also

contemplates that a criminal trial is meant for doing justice to all,

the accused, the society and a fair chance to prove to the

prosecution. Then alone can law and order be maintained. The

Courts do not merely discharge the function to ensure that no

innocent man is punished, but also that a guilty man does not

escape. Both are public duties of the judge. During the course of

the trial, the learned Presiding Judge is expected to work objectively

and in a correct perspective. Where the prosecution attempts to

misdirect the trial on the basis of a perfunctory or designedly

defective investigation, there the Court is to be deeply cautious and

ensure that despite such an attempt, the determinative process is

not sub-served. For truly attaining this object of a ‘fair trial’, the

Court should leave no stone unturned to do justice and protect the

interest of the society as well.

44

Page 34 29.This brings us to an ancillary issue as to how the Court would

appreciate the evidence in such cases. The possibility of some

variations in the exhibits, medical and ocular evidence cannot be

ruled out. But it is not that every minor variation or inconsistency

would tilt the balance of justice in favour the accused. Of course,

where contradictions and variations are of a serious nature, which

apparently or impliedly are destructive of the substantive case

sought to be proved by the prosecution, they may provide an

advantage to the accused. The Courts, normally, look at expert

evidence with a greater sense of acceptability, but it is equally true

that the courts are not absolutely guided by the report of the

experts, especially if such reports are perfunctory, unsustainable

and are the result of a deliberate attempt to misdirect the

prosecution. In Kamaljit Singh v. State of Punjab [2004 Cri.LJ 28],

the Court, while dealing with discrepancies between ocular and

medical evidence, held, “It is trite law that minor variations between

medical evidence and ocular evidence do not take away the primacy

of the latter. Unless medical evidence in its term goes so far as to

completely rule out all possibilities whatsoever of injuries taking

44

Page 35 place in the manner stated by the eyewitnesses, the testimony of

the eyewitnesses cannot be thrown out.”

30.Where the eye witness account is found credible and

trustworthy, medical opinion pointing to alternative possibilities

may not be accepted as conclusive. The expert witness is expected

to put before the Court all materials inclusive of the data which

induced him to come to the conclusion and enlighten the court on

the technical aspect of the case by examining the terms of science,

so that the court, although not an expert, may form its own

judgment on those materials after giving due regard to the expert’s

opinion, because once the expert opinion is accepted, it is not the

opinion of the medical officer but that of the Court. {Plz. See Madan

Gopal Kakad v. Naval Dubey & Anr. [(1992) 2 SCR 921 : (1992) 3

SCC 204]}.

31.Profitably, reference to the value of an expert in the eye of law

can be assimilated as follows:

“The essential principle governing expert

evidence is that the expert is not only to

provide reasons to support his opinion but the

result should be directly demonstrable. The

court is not to surrender its own judgment to

44

Page 36 that of the expert or delegate its authority to a

third party, but should assess his evidence like

any other evidence. If the report of an expert

is slipshod, inadequate or cryptic and the

information of similarities or dissimilarities is

not available in his report and his evidence in

the case, then his opinion is of no use. It is

required of an expert whether a government

expert or private, if he expects, his opinion to

be accepted to put before the court the

material which induces him to come to his

conclusion so that the court though not an

expert, may form its own judgment on that

material. If the expert in his evidence as a

witness does not place the whole lot of

similarities or dissimilarities, etc., which

influence his mind to lead him to a particular

conclusion which he states in the court then

he fails in his duty to take the court into

confidence. The court is not to believe the ipse

dixit of an expert. Indeed the value of the

expert evidence consists mainly on the ability

of the witness by reason of his special training

and experience to point out the court such

important facts as it otherwise might fail to

observe and in so doing the court is enabled to

exercise its own view or judgment respecting

the cogency of reasons and the consequent

value of the conclusions formed thereon. The

opinion is required to be presented in a

convenient manner and the reasons for a

conclusion based on certain visible evidence,

properly placed before the Court. In other

words the value of expert evidence depends

largely on the cogency of reasons on which it is

based.”

[See: Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation

& Trial (Fourth Edition) by B.R. Sharma]

44

Page 37 32.The purpose of expert testimony is to provide the trier of fact

with useful, relevant information. The overwhelming majority rule

in the United States, is that an expert need not be a member of a

learned profession. Rather, experts in the United States have a

wide range of credentials and testify regarding a tremendous variety

of subjects based on their skills, training, education or experience.

The role of the expert is to apply or supply specialized, valuable

knowledge that lay jurors would not be expected to possess. An

expert may present the information in a manner that would be

unacceptable with an ordinary witness. The common law tried to

strike a balance between the benefits and dangers of expert

testimony by allowing expert testimony to be admitted only if the

testimony were particularly important to aiding the trier of fact.

Even in United States, if the helpfulness of expert testimony is

substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice, confusion

or waste of time, then the testimony should be excluded under the

relevant Rules, and State equally balanced. Expert testimony on

any issue of fact and significance of its application has been

doubted by the scholars in the United States. Even under the law

44

Page 38 prevalent in that country, the opinion of an expert has to be

scientific, specific and experience based. Conflict in expert opinions

is a well prevalent practice there. While referring to such incidence

David H. Kaye and other authors in ‘The New Wigmore A Treatise on

Evidence – Expert Evidence’ (2004 Edition) opined as under :

“The district court opinion reveals that one

pharmacologist asserted “that Danocrine

more probably than not caused plaintiff’s

death from pulmonary hypertension,” but it

describes the reasoning behind this opinion

in the vaguest of terms, referring only to

“extensive education and training in

pharmacology” and an unspecified “scientific

technique” that “relied upon epidemiological,

clinical and animal studies, as well as

plaintiff’s medical records and medical

history…” The nature of these studies and

their relationship to the patient’s records is

left unstated. The district court incanted the

same mantra to justify admitting the

remaining testimony. It asserted that the

other experts “similarly base their testimony

upon a careful review of medical literature

concerning Danocrine and pulmonary

hypertension, and plaintiff’s medical records

and medical history.”

The court of appeals elaborated on the

testimony of two of the experts. The

physician “was confident to a reasonable

medical certainty that the Danocrine caused

Mrs. Zuchowicz’s PPH” because of “the

temporal relationship between the overdose

44

Page 39 and the start of the disease and the

differential etiology method of excluding

other possible causes.” Yet the “differential

etiology” here was barely more than a

differential diagnosis of PPH. The causes of

PPH are generally unknown and it appears

that the only other putative alternative

causes considered were drugs other than

Danocrine. It is not at all clear that such a

“differential etiology” is adequate to support

a conclusion of causation to any kind of a

“medical certainty.” The pharmacologist, not

being a medical doctor, testified “to a

reasonable degree of scientific certainty . . .

[that] the overdose of Danocrine, more likely

than not, caused PPH. . . .” He postulated a

mechanism by which this might have

occurred: “I) a decrease in estrogen; 2)

hyperinsulinemia, in which abnormally high

levels of insulin circulate in the body; and 3)

increase in free testosterone and

progesterone . . . that . . . taken together,

likely caused a dysfunction of the

endothelium leading to PPH.”

In sum, plaintiff’s experts did not know what

else might have caused the hypertension,

and they offered a conjecture as to a causal

chain leading from the drug to the

hypertension. This logic would be more than

enough to justify certain clinical

recommendations—the advice to Mrs.

Zuchowicz to discontinue the medication, for

example. But is it enough to allow an expert

not merely to testify to a reasonable

diagnosis of PPH, or “unexplained pulmonary

hypertension,” as the condition also is

known, but also be able to propound a novel

44

Page 40 explanation that has yet to be verified, even

in an animal model?”

33. The Indian law on Expert Evidence does not proceed on any

significantly different footing. The skill and experience of an expert

is the ethos of his opinion, which itself should be reasoned and

convincing. Not to say that no other view would be possible, but if

the view of the expert has to find due weightage in the mind of the

Court, it has to be well authored and convincing. Dr. C.N. Tewari

was expected to prepare the post mortem report with appropriate

reasoning and not leave everything to the imagination of the Court.

He created a serious doubt as to the very cause of death of the

deceased. His report apparently shows an absence of skill and

experience and was, in fact, a deliberate attempt to disguise the

investigation.

34.We really need not reiterate various judgments which have

taken the view that the purpose of an expert opinion is primarily to

assist the Court in arriving at a final conclusion. Such report is not

binding upon the Court. The Court is expected to analyse the

report, read it in conjunction with the other evidence on record and

44

Page 41 then form its final opinion as to whether such report is worthy of

reliance or not. Just to illustrate this point of view, in a given case,

there may be two diametrically contradictory opinions of

handwriting experts and both the opinions may be well reasoned. In

such case, the Court has to critically examine the basis, reasoning,

approach and experience of the expert to come to a conclusion as to

which of the two reports can be safely relied upon by the Court.

The assistance and value of expert opinion is indisputable, but

there can be reports which are, ex facie, incorrect or deliberately so

distorted as to render the entire prosecution case unbelievable. But

if such eye-witnesses and other prosecution evidence are

trustworthy, have credence and are consistent with the eye version

given by the eye-witnesses, the Court will be well within its

jurisdiction to discard the expert opinion. An expert report, duly

proved, has its evidentiary value but such appreciation has to be

within the limitations prescribed and with careful examination by

the Court. A complete contradiction or inconsistency between the

medical evidence and the ocular evidence on the one hand and the

statement of the prosecution witnesses between themselves on the

44

Page 42 other, may result in seriously denting the case of the prosecution in

its entirety but not otherwise.

35.Reverting to the case in hand, the Trial Court has rightly

ignored the deliberate lapses of the investigating officer as well as

the post mortem report prepared by Dr. C.N. Tewari. The

consistent statement of the eye-witnesses which were fully

supported and corroborated by other witnesses, and the

investigation of the crime, including recovery of lathis, inquest

report, recovery of the pagri of one of the accused from the place of

occurrence, immediate lodging of FIR and the deceased succumbing

to his injuries within a very short time, establish the case of the

prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. These lapses on the part of

PW3 and PW6 are a deliberate attempt on their part to prepare

reports and documents in a designedly defective manner which

would have prejudiced the case of the prosecution and resulted in

the acquittal of the accused, but for the correct approach of the trial

court to do justice and ensure that the guilty did not go scot-free.

The evidence of the eye-witness which was reliable and worthy of

credence has justifiably been relied upon by the court.

44

Page 43 36.Despite clear observations of the Trial Court, no action has

been taken by the Director General, Medical Health, Uttar Pradesh.

We do not see any justification for these lapses on the part of the

higher authority. Thus, it is a fit case where this Court should

issue notice to show cause why action in accordance with the

provisions of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 be not initiated

against him and he be not directed to conduct an enquiry

personally and pass appropriate orders involving Dr. C.N. Tewari

and if found guilty, to impose punishment upon him including

deduction of pension. Admittedly, this direction was passed when

Dr. C.N. Tewari was in service. His retirement, therefore, will be

inconsequential to the imposing of punishment and the limitation of

period indicated in the service regulations would not apply in face of

the order of this Court.

37.Similarly, the Director General of Police UP/Uttarakhand also

be issued notice to take appropriate action in accordance with the

service rules against PW6, SI Kartar Singh, irrespective of the fact

whether he is in service or has since retired. If retired, then

44

Page 44 authorities should take action for withdrawal or partial deduction in

the pension, and in accordance with law.

38.Lastly, the learned counsel for the appellant had, of course,

with some vehemence, argued that the offence even if committed by

the appellant, would not attract the provisions of Section 302 IPC

and would squarely fall within the ambit of Part II of Section 304

IPC. In other words, he prays for alteration of the offence to an

offence punishable under Part II of Section 304 IPC. We are

concerned with a case where four persons armed with lathis had

gone to the fields of the deceased. They first hurled abuses at him

and without any provocation started assaulting him with the dang

(lathi) that they were carrying. Despite efforts to stop them by the

the wife and son of the deceased, PW4 and PW2, they did not stop

assaulting him and assaulted both these witnesses also.

Thereupon, they kept on assaulting the deceased until he fell down

dead on the ground. Three injuries were noticed by the Police on

the body of the deceased including a protuberant injury on the

head, which the Court is only left to presume has resulted in his

death. In the absence of an authentic and correct post-mortem

44

Page 45 report (Exhibit Ka-4), the truthfulness of the prosecution eye-

witnesses cannot be doubted. In addition thereto, the stand taken

by the accused that they had suffered injuries was a false defence.

Firstly, according to the doctor, CW2, it was injuries of a firearm,

while even according to the defence, the deceased or his son were

not carrying any gun at the time of occurrence. Secondly, they did

not choose to pursue their report with the police at the time of

investigation or even when the trial was on before the Trial Court.

The accused persons had gone together armed with lathis with a

common intention to kill the deceased and they brought their

intention into effect by simultaneously assaulting the deceased.

They had no provocation. Thus, the intention to kill is apparent. It

is not a case which would squarely fall under Part II of Section 304

IPC. Thus, the cumulative effect of appreciation of evidence, as

afore-discussed, is that we find no merit in the present appeal.

39.Having analyzed and discussed in some elaboration various

aspects of this case, we pass the following orders:

A)The appeal is dismissed both on merits and on quantum of

sentence.

44

Page 46 B)The Director Generals, Health Services of UP/Uttarakhand are

hereby issued notice under the provisions of the Contempt of

Courts Act, 1971 as to why appropriate action be not initiated

against them for not complying with the directions contained

in the judgment of the Trial Court dated 29

th

June, 1990.

C)The above-said officials are hereby directed to take disciplinary

action against Dr. C.N. Tewari, PW3, whether he is in service

or has since retired, for deliberate dereliction of duty,

preparing a report which ex facie was incorrect and was in

conflict with the inquest report (Exhibits Ka-6 and Ka-7) and

statement of PW6. The bar on limitation, if any, under the

Rules will not come into play because they were directed by

the order dated 29

th

June, 1990 of the Court to do so. The

action even for stoppage/reduction in pension can

appropriately be taken by the said authorities against Dr. C.N.

Tewari.

D)Director Generals of Police UP/Uttarakhand are hereby

directed to initiate, and expeditiously complete, disciplinary

proceedings against PW6, SI Kartar Singh, whether he is in

44

Page 47 service or has since retired, for the acts of omission and

commission, deliberate dereliction of duty in not mentioning

reasons for non-disclosure of cause of death as explained by

the doctor, not sending the viscera to the FSL and for

conducting the investigation of this case in a most callous and

irresponsible manner. The question of limitation, if any,

under the Rules, would not apply as it is by direction of the

Court that such enquiry shall be conducted.

E)We hold, declare and direct that it shall be appropriate

exercise of jurisdiction as well as ensuring just and fair

investigation and trial that courts return a specific finding in

such cases, upon recording of reasons as to deliberate

dereliction of duty, designedly defective investigation,

intentional acts of omission and commission prejudicial to the

case of the prosecution, in breach of professional standards

and investigative requirements of law, during the course of the

investigation by the investigating agency, expert witnesses and

even the witnesses cited by the prosecution. Further, the

Courts would be fully justified in directing the disciplinary

44

Page 48 authorities to take appropriate disciplinary or other action in

accordance with law, whether such officer, expert or employee

witness, is in service or has since retired.

40.The appeal is accordingly dismissed.

………...….………… ......................J.

(Swatanter Kumar)

………...….………… ......................J.

(Fakkir Mohamed Ibrahim Kalifulla)

New Delhi,

August 3, 2012

44

Page 49 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.529 OF 2010

Dayal Singh & Ors. … Appellants

Versus

State of Uttaranchal …

Respondent

O R D E R

Today, by a separate judgment, we have directed that action

be taken against PW 3 Dr. C.N. Tewari and PW 6 SI Kartar Singh.

The Director General of Police and Director General, Health of State

of Uttar Pradesh and/or Uttarakhand whoever is the appropriate

authority, to take action within three months from today and report

the matter to this Court. List for limited purpose on 15th October,

2012.

………...….………… ......................J.

44

Page 50 (Swatanter Kumar)

………...….………… ......................J.

(Fakkir Mohamed Ibrahim Kalifulla)

New Delhi,

August 3, 2012

44