REPORTABL E

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

I.A. Nos.12-13 of 2011

IN

SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (C) NO. 19628-19629 OF 2009

Deepak Kumar etc. ...Petitioners

Versus

State of Haryana and Others etc. ...Respondents

WITH

SLP(C) Nos. 729-731/2011, 21833/2009, 12498-

499/2010, SLP(C) CC... 16157/2011 & CC 18235/2011

O R D E R

K. S. Radhakrishnan, J.

I.A. Nos. 12-13 of 2011 are allowed. SLP (C) Nos.12498-

12499 of 2010 be detagged and be listed after two weeks.

The Department of Mines and Geology, Government of

Haryana issued an auction notice dated 3.6.2011 proposing

to auction the extraction of minor mineral boulder, gravel

and sand quarries of an area not exceeding 4.5 hectares in

each case in the District of Panchkula, auction notices dated

8.8.2011 in the District of Panchkula, Ambala and Yamuna

Nagar exceeding 5 hectares and above, quarrying minor

mineral, road metal and masonary stone mines in the

District of Bhiwani, stone, sand mines in the District of

Mohindergarh, slate stone mines in the District of Rewari,

and also in the Districts of Kurukshetra, Karnal, Faridabad

and Palwal, with certain restrictions for quarrying in the river

beds of Yamuna, Tangri, Markanda, Ghaggar, Krishnavati

River basin, Dohan River basin etc. The validity of those

auction notices is under challenge before us, apart from the

complaint of illegal mining going on in the State of Rajasthan

and Uttar Pradesh.

2.When the matter came up for hearing on 25.11.2011,

we passed an order directing the CEC to make a local

inspection with intimation to MoEF, State of U.P., Rajasthan

and Haryana with regard to the alleged illegal mining going

on in the States of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and also with

regard to the areas identified for mining in the State of

Haryana and submit a report. We also directed the CEC to

examine whether there has been an attempt to flout EIA

Notification dated 14.9.2006 by breaking the homogeneous

area into pieces of less than 5 hectares. CEC was also

2

directed to examine whether the activities going on in that

area have any adverse environmental impact.

3.CEC, in response to our order, submitted a detailed

report on 4.1.2012. However, the report is silent with regard

to the disturbing trend of serious illegal and unrestricted

upstream, in-stream and flood plain sand mining activities

and the prevailing degree of degradation of the sites and the

environment, especially on the river beds mentioned earlier.

Report of CEC however states that the auction notice also

refer to mining leases of less than 5 hectares and hence no

environmental clearance need be obtained as per the MoEF

notification dated 14.9.2006. No light is also thrown on the

question whether there has been, in fact, an attempt to flout

the notification dated 14.9.2006 by breaking the

homogeneous area into pieces of less than 5 hectares and the

possible environmental or ecological impact on quarrying of

minor minerals.

4.Mr. Patwalia, learned senior counsel appearing for the

petitioners, submitted that CEC report is silent about those

aspects and also whether 1 km. distance has been

3

maintained between the mining blocks of less than 5

hectares. Learned counsel also submitted that mining areas

earmarked are at the foothills of fragile Himalayan ranges

known as Shivalik hills, which are spread over the Districts

of Panchkula, Ambala and Yamuna Nagar and the illegal and

excessive mining has caused serious environmental

degradation and ecological impact, and no Environmental

Impact Assessment has ever taken place in areas earmarked

for mining especially on the river beds.

5. Shri Gopal Subramaniam, learned senior counsel

appearing for the State of Haryana, submitted that the State

has taken adequate and effective precautions to maintain 1

km. separation between mining blocks of less than 5

hectares each and that the auction notice dated 3.6.2011

itself has imposed strict restrictions on quarrying in the river

beds so also the auction notice dated 8.8.2011. Further, it

was pointed out that the notification dated 14.9.2006 would

not apply for quarrying minor minerals from areas of less

than 5 hectares and therefore, no environmental impact

assessment needs to be undertaken either at the instance of

the State Government or the Project Proponent.

4

6.Shri Mohan Jain, learned Additional Solicitor General,

appearing for the MoEF submitted that the grant or allotment

of mining licence/lease of smaller plots of less than five

hectares should not be encouraged from the environmental

point of view and that the applicability of EIA notification of

2006, has to be seen in its letter and spirit so as to ensure

environmental safeguards in place and implemented for

sustainable mining. Learned counsel also assured, if

environmental clearance is sought for covering a mining area

of less than five hectares, the same shall be immediately

attended to and necessary clearance would be granted in

accordance with law.

7.We have no materials before us to come to the

conclusion that the removal of minor mineral boulder, gravel,

sand quarries etc. covered by the auction notices dated

3.6.2011 and 8.8.2011, in the places notified therein and

also in the river beds of Yamuna, Ghaggar, Tangri,

Markanda, Krishnavati river basin, Dohan river basin etc.

would not cause environmental degradation or threat to the

biodiversity, destroy riverine vegetation, cause erosion,

5

pollute water sources etc. Sand mining on either side of the

rivers, upstream and in-stream, is one of the causes for

environmental degradation and also a threat to the

biodiversity. Over the years, India’s rivers and Riparian

ecology have been badly affected by the alarming rate of

unrestricted sand mining which damage the ecosystem of

rivers and the safety of bridges, weakening of river beds,

destruction of natural habitats of organisms living on the

river beds, affects fish breeding and migration, spells disaster

for the conservation of many bird species, increases saline

water in the rivers etc. Extraction of alluvial material from

within or near a streambed has a direct impact on the

stream’s physical habitat characteristics. These

characteristics include bed elevation, substrate composition

and stability, in-stream roughness elements, depth, velocity,

turbidity, sediment transport, stream discharge and

temperature. Altering these habitat characteristics can have

deleterious impacts on both in-stream biota and the

associated riparian habitat. The demand for sand continues

to increase day by day as building and construction of new

infrastructures and expansion of existing ones is continuous

6

thereby placing immense pressure on the supply of the sand

resource and hence mining activities are going on legally and

illegally without any restrictions. Lack of proper planning

and sand management cause disturbance of marine

ecosystem and also upset the ability of natural marine

processes to replenish the sand.

8.We are expressing our deep concern since we are faced

with a situation where the auction notices dated 3.6.2011

and 8.8.2011 have permitted quarrying mining and removal

of sand from in-stream and upstream of several rivers, which

may have serious environmental impact on ephemeral,

seasonal and perennial rivers and river beds and sand

extraction may have an adverse effect on bio-diversity as

well. Further it may also lead to bed degradation and

sedimentation having a negative effect on the aquatic life.

Rivers mentioned in the auction notices are on the foothills of

the fragile Shivalik hills. Shivalik hills are the source of

rivers like Ghaggar, Tangri, Markanda etc. River Ghaggar is

a seasonal river which rises up in the outer Himalayas

between Yamuna and Satluj and enters Haryana near

Pinjore, District Panchkula, which passes through Ambala

7

and Hissar and reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan. River

Markanda is also a seasonal river like Ghaggar, which also

originates from the lower Shivalik hills and enters Haryana

near Ambala. During monsoon, this stream swells up into a

raging torrent, notorious for its devastating power, as also,

river Yamuna.

9.We find that it is without conducting any study on the

possible environmental impact on/in the river beds and else-

where the auction notices have been issued. We are of the

considered view that when we are faced with a situation

where extraction of alluvial material within or near a river

bed has an impact on the rivers physical habitat

characteristics, like river stability, flood risk, environmental

degradation, loss of habitat, decline in biodiversity, it is not

an answer to say that the extraction is in blocks of less than

5 hectares, separated by 1 kilometre, because their collective

impact may be significant, hence the necessity of a proper

environmental assessment plan. Possibly this may be the

reason that in the affidavit filed by the MoEF on 23.11.2011

along with the annexure-2 report, the following stand has

been taken:

8

“The Ministry is of the opinion that where

the mining area is homogenous, physically

proximate end on identifiable piece of land of 5

ha or more, it should not be broken into smaller

sizes to circumvent the EIA Notification, 2006 as

the EIA Notification, 2006 is not applicable to the

mining projects having lease area of less than 5

ha. The Report of Committee on Minor Minerals,

under the Chairmanship of the Secretary (E&F)

with representatives of various state

Governments as members including the State of

Haryana and Rajasthan recommended a

minimum lease size of 5 ha for minor minerals

for undertaking scientific mining for the purpose

of integrating and addressing environmental

concerns. Only in cases of isolated discontinued

mineral deposits in less than 5 ha, such mining

leases may be considered keeping in view the

mineral conservation.”

Situations referred to earlier prevail not only in the State of

Haryana but also in the neighbouring and other States of the

country as well and those issues had come up for serious

deliberations before the Government of India, on various

occasions.

10.Government of India was receiving various reports

regarding the adverse impacts on riverbeds and groundwater

due to quarrying/mining of minerals. The Mines and

Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act 1957 empowers the

State Governments to make rules in respect of minor

9

minerals. It was noticed that proposals for mining of major

minerals typically undergo environment impact assessment

and environmental clearance procedure, but due attention

has not been given to environmental aspects of mining of

minor minerals. Environmental Impact Assessment

Notification of 1994 did not apply to the mining of minor

minerals, noticing that minor minerals were brought under

the ambit of the Environmental Impact Assessment

Notification of 2006 and as per the said notification mining

of minerals with a lease area of 5 hectares and above require

prior environmental clearance. MoEF’s attention was drawn

to several instances across the country regarding damage to

lakes, riverbeds and groundwater leading to drying up of

water beds and causing water scarcity on account of

quarry/mining leases and mineral concessions granted

under the Mineral Concession Rules framed by the State

Governments under Section 15 of the Mines and Minerals

(Development and Regulation) Act 1957. MoEF noticed that

less attention was given on environmental aspects of mining

of minor minerals since the area was small, but it was

noticed that the collective impact in a particular area over a

10

period of time might be significant. Taking note of those

aspects, MoEF constituted a Core Group under the

Chairmanship of the Secretary (E&F) to look into the

environmental aspects associated with mining of minor

minerals, vide its order dated 24.03.2009. The terms of

reference to the Group were as under:

(i)To consider the environmental aspects of mining

of minor minerals (quarrying as well as river

beds mining) for their integration into the

mining process.

(ii)Specific safeguard measures required to

minimize the likely adverse impacts of mining

on environment with specific reference to impact

on water bodies as well as groundwater so as to

ensure sustainable mining.

(iii)To evolve model guidelines so as to address

mining as well as environmental concerns in a

balanced manner for their adoption and

implementation by all the mineral producing

States.

The Group held its first meeting on 7.7.2009 and discussed

the impact that may be caused by quarrying/mining of minor

minerals on riverbeds and ground waters. It was noticed

that individual mines of minor minerals being small in size

may have insignificant impact, however, their collective

impacts, taking into consideration various mines on a

regional scale, is significantly adverse. It was, therefore, felt

11

necessary to consider various aspects since appropriate

guidelines have to be issued on the basis of the report of the

Committee. The issues which were brought up for

consideration were; (i) the need to re-look the definition of

minor mineral, (ii) minimum size of lease for adopting eco

friendly scientific mining practices, (iii) period of lease, (iv)

cluster of mine approach for addressing and implementing

EMP in case of small mines, (v) depth of mining to minimize

adverse impact on hydrological regime, (vi) requirement of

mine plan for minor minerals, similar to major minerals, and

(vii) reclamation of mined out area, post mine land use,

progressive mine closure plan etc.

11.Comments and inputs from various States and Experts

were also invited so as to prepare a report for consideration

of the MoEF. Based on the discussion held and subsequent

inputs received, a draft report was prepared and circulated to

all members for their further inputs. Report was further

discussed on 29.1.2010 for its finalization. The

observations/comments made during the meeting were

incorporated in the report and it was again circulated to all

members for their consideration. The report so circulated

12

was ultimately finalized. The decision taken by the MoEF

affects generally the mining of minor minerals including the

riverbed mining throughout the country. For an easy

reference, we may extract the issues and recommendations

made by the MoEF, which are as follows:

“4.0 ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Definition of Minor Mineral:

The term minor mineral is defined in

clause (e) of Section 3 of MMDR Act, 1957 as

“minor mineral means building stones, gravel,

ordinary clay, ordinary sand other than sand

used for prescribed purposes and any other

material which the Central Government may,

by Notification in the Gazette of India declare

to be a minor mineral”. The term ‘ordinary

sand’ used in clause (e) of Section 3 of the

MMDR Act, 1957 has been further clarified in

rule 70 of the MCR, 1960 as “sand shall not be

treated as minor mineral when used for any of

the following purposes namely: (i) purposes of

refractory and manufacture of ceramic, (ii)

metallurgical purposes, (iii) optical purposes,

(iv) purposes of stowing in coal mines, (v) for

manufacture of silvicrete cement, (vi)

manufacture of sodium silicate and (vii)

manufacture of pottery and glass.

Additionally, the Central

Government has declared the following

minerals as minor minerals: (i) boulder, (ii)

shingle, (iii) chalcedony pebbles used for ball

mill purposes only, (iv) limeshell, kankar and

limestone used in kilns for manufacture of

lime used as building material, (v) murrum, (vi)

brick-earth, (vii) fuller’s earth, (viii) bentonite,

13

(ix) road metal, (x) reh-matti, (xi) slate and

shale when used for building material, (xii)

marble, (xiii) stone used for making household

utensils, (xiv) quartzite and sandstone when

used for purposes of building or for making

road metal and household utensils, (xv)

saltpeter and (xvi) ordinary earth (used or

filling or levelling purposes in construction or

embankments, roads, railways building).

It may thus be observed that

minerals have been classified into major and

minor minerals based on their end use rather

than level of production, level of

mechanization, export and import etc. There

do exist some minor mineral mines of silica

sand and limestone where the scale of

mechanization and level of production is much

higher than those of industrial mineral mines.

Further, in terms of the economic cost and

revenue, it has been estimated that the total

value of minor minerals constitutes about 10%

of the total value of mineral production

whereas the value of non metallic minerals

comprises only 3%. It is, therefore, evident

that the operation of mines of minor minerals

need to be subject to some regulatory

parameters as that of mines of major minerals.

Further, unlike India there does not

exist any such system based on end usage in

other countries for classifying minerals into

major and minor categories. Thus, there is a

need to re-look at the definition of “minor”

minerals per se.

It is, therefore, recommended

that Ministry of Mines along with Indian

Bureau of Mines, in consultation with the

State Governments may re-examine the

classification of minerals into major and

minor categories so that the regulatory

14

aspects and environment mitigation

measures are appropriately integrated for

ensuring sustainable and scientific mining

with least impacts on environment.

4.2Size of the Mine Lease:

Area for grant of mine lease varies from

State to State. Maximum area which can be

held under one or more mine lease is 2590 ha

or 25.90 sq.miles in Jammu & Kashmir.

Rajasthan prescribed a minimum limit of 1 ha

for a lease. Maximum area prescribed for

permit is 50x50 m. In most of the States area

of permit is not specified in the rules. It has

recently been observed by Punjab and Haryana

High Court in its order dated 15.5.2009 that

State Government are apparently granting

short term permits by dividing the mining area

into small zones in effect avoids environmental

norms.

There is, thus a need to bring uniformity

in the extent of area to be granted for mine

lease so as to ensure that eco friendly scientific

mining practices can be adopted. It is

recommended that the minimum size of

mine lease should be 5 ha. Further,

preparation of comprehensive mine plan for

contiguous stretches of mineral deposits by

the respective State Governments may also

be encouraged. This may suitably be

incorporated in the Mineral Concession

Rules, 1960 by Ministry of Mines.

4.3 Period of Mine Lease:

The period of lease varies from State

to State depending on type of concessions,

minerals and its end use. The minimum lease

period is one year and maximum 30 years.

Minerals like granite where huge investments

15

are required, a period of 20 years is generally

given with the provisions of renewal. Permits

are generally granting for short periods which

vary from one month to a maximum one year.

In States like Haryana, minor mineral leases

are auctioned for a particular time period.

Mining is considered to be capital intensive

industry and considerable time is lost for

developing the mine before it attains the status

of fully developed mine. If the tenure of the

mine lease is short, it would encourage the

lessee to concentrate more on rapid

exploitation of mineral without really

undertaking adequate measures for

reclamation and rehabilitation of mined out

area, posing thereby a serious threat to the

environment and health of the workers and

public at large.

There is thus, a need to bring uniformity

in the period of lease. It is recommended

that a minimum period of mine lease

should be 5 years, so that eco friendly

scientific and sustainable mining practices

are adopted. However, under exceptional

circumstances arising due to judicial

interventions, short term mining leases /

contracts could be granted to the State

Agencies to meet the situation arising there

from.

4.4Cluster of Mine Approach for Small

Sized Mines:

Considering the nature of occurrence of

minor mineral, economic condition of the

lessee and the likely difficulties to be faced by

Regulatory Authorities in monitoring the

environmental impacts and implementation of

necessary mitigation measures, it may be

desirable to adopt cluster approach in case

of smaller mine leases being operated

16

presently. Further, these clusters need be

provided with processing/crusher zones for

forward integration and minimizing

excessive pressure on road infrastructure.

The respective State Governments / Mine

Owners Associations may facilitate

implementation of Environment

Management Plans in such cluster of mines.

4.5Requirement of Mine Plan for Minor

Minerals:

At present, most of the State

Governments have not made it mandatory for

preparation of mining plan in respect of minor

minerals. In some States like Rajasthan, eco

friendly mining plans are prepared, which are

approved by the State Mining Department.

The eco friendly mining plans so prepared,

though conceptually welcome, are observed to

be deficient and need to be made

comprehensive in a manner as is being done

for major minerals. Besides, the aspects of

reclamation and rehabilitation of mined out

areas, progressive mine closure plan, as in

vogue for major minerals could be introduced

for minor minerals as well.

It is recommended that provision for

preparation and approval of mine plan, as

in the case of major minerals may

appropriately be provided in the Rules

governing the mining of minor minerals by

the respective State Governments. These

should specifically include the provision for

reclamation and rehabilitation of mined out

area, progressive mine closure plan and

post mine land use.

17

4.6Creation of Separate Corpus for

Reclamation / Rehabilitation of Mines

of Minor Minerals:

Mining of minor minerals, in our country,

is by and large unorganized sector and is

practiced in haphazard and unscientific

manner. At times, the size of the leasehold is

also too small to address the issue of

reclamation and rehabilitation of mined outs

areas. It may, therefore, be desirable that

before the concept of mine closure plan for

minor minerals is adopted, the existing

abandoned mines may be reclaimed and

rehabilitated with the involvement of the State

Government. There is thus, a need to create

a separate corpus, which may be utilized for

reclamation and rehabilitation of mined out

areas. The respective State Governments

may work out a suitable mechanism for

creation of such corpus on the ‘polluter

pays’ principle. An organizational structure

may also need to be created for undertaking

and monitoring these activities.

4.7Depth of Mining:

Mining of minerals, whether major or

minor have a direct bearing on the

hydrological regime of the area. Besides,

affecting the availability of water as a resource,

it also affects the quality of water through

direct run of going into the surface water

bodies and infiltration / leaching into

groundwater. Further, groundwater

withdrawal, dewatering of water from mine pit

and diversion of surface water may cause

surface and sub surface hydrologic systems to

dry up. An ideal situation would require that

quarrying should be restricted to unsaturated

zone only above the phreatic water table and

should not intersect the groundwater table at

18

any point of time. However, from the point of

view of mineral conservation, it may not be

desirable to impose blanket ban on mining

operation below groundwater table.

It is, therefore, recommended that

detailed hydro-geological report should be

prepared in respect of any mining operation

for minor minerals to be undertaken below

groundwater table. Based on the findings of

the study so undertaken and the comments

/ recommendations of Central Ground

Water Authority / State Ground Water

Board, a decision regarding restriction on

depth of mining for any area should be

taken on case to case basis.

4.8Uniform Minor Mineral Concession

Rules:

The economic value of the minor minerals

excavated in the country is estimated to

contribute to about 9% of the total value of the

minerals whereas the non metallic minerals

contribute to about 2.8%. Keeping in view the

large extent of mining of minor minerals and

its significant potential to adversely affect the

environment, it is recommended that Model

Mineral Concession rules may be framed for

minor minerals as well and the minor

minerals may be subjected to a simpler

regulatory regime, which is, however,

similar to major minerals regime.

4.9 River Bed Mining:

4.9.1Environment damage being caused by

unregulated river bed mining of sand, bazari

and boulders is attracting considerable

attention including in the courts. The following

19

recommendations are therefore made for the

river bed mining.

(a)In the case of mining leases for

riverbed sand mining, specific

river stretches should be

identified and mining

permits/lease should be granted

stretch wise, so that the requisite

safeguard measures are duly

implemented and are effectively

monitored by the respective

Regulatory Authorities.

(b)The depth of mining may be

restricted to 3m/water level,

whichever is less.

(c)For carrying out mining in

proximity to any bridge and/or

embankment, appropriate safety

zone should be worked out on

case to case basis, taking into

account the structural

parameters, locational aspects,

flow rate etc. and no mining

should be carried out in the safety

zone so worked out.

5.0 Conclusion:

Mining of minor minerals, though

individually, because of smaller size of mine

leases is perceived to have lesser impact as

compared to mining of major minerals.

20

However, the activity as a whole is seen to have

significant adverse impacts on environment. It

is, therefore, necessary that the mining of minor

minerals is subjected to simpler but strict

regulatory regime and carried out only under an

approved framework of mining plan, which

should provide for reclamation and

rehabilitation of the mined out areas. Further,

while granting mining leases by the respective

State Governments “location of any eco-fragile

zone(s) within the impact zone of the proposed

mining area, the linked Rules/Notifications

governing such zones and the judicial

pronouncements, if any, need be duly noted.

The Union Ministry of Mines along with Indian

Bureau of Mines and respective State

Governments should therefore make necessary

provisions in this regard under the Mines and

Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act,

1957, Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 and

adopt model guidelines to be followed by all

States. “ (emphasis supplied)

The report clearly indicates that operation of mines of minor

minerals needs to be subjected to strict regulatory

parameters as that of mines of major minerals. It was also

felt necessary to have a re-look to the definition of “minor”

minerals per se. The necessity of the preparation of

“comprehensive mines plan” for contiguous stretches of

mineral deposits by the respective State Governments may

also be encouraged and the same be suitably incorporated in

the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 by the Ministry of Mines.

Further, it was also recommended that States, Union

21

Territories would see that mining of minor minerals is

subjected to simpler but strict regulatory regime and carried

out only under an approved framework of mining plan, which

should provide for reclamation and rehabilitation of mined

out areas. Mining Plan should take note of the level of

production, level of mechanisation, type of machinery used in

the mining of minor minerals, quantity of diesel

consumption, number of trees uprooted, export and import of

mining minerals, environmental impact, restoration of flora

and host of other matters referred to in 2010 rules. A proper

framework has also to be evolved on cluster of mining of

minor mineral for which there must be a Regional

Environmental Management Plan. Another important

decision taken was that while granting of mining leases by

the respective State Governments, location of any eco-fragile

zone(s) within the impact zone of the proposed mining area,

the linked Rules/Notifications governing such zones and the

judicial pronouncements, if any, need to be duly noted.

12.The Minister for (E & F) wrote DO letter dated 1

st

June,

2010 to all the Chief Ministers of the States to examine the

report and to issue necessary instructions for incorporating

22

the recommendations made in the report in the Mineral

Concession Rules for mining of minor minerals under Section

15 of Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act,

1957. Following are the key recommendations re-iterated in

the letter:

“(1)Minimum size of mine lease should be 5 ha.

(2)Minimum period of mine lease should be 5 years.

(3)A cluster approach to mines should be taken in

case of smaller mines leases operating currently.

(4)Mine plans should be made mandatory for minor

minerals as well.

(5)A separate corpus should be created for

reclamation and rehabilitation of mined out areas.

(6)Hydro-geological reports should be prepared for

mining proposed below groundwater table.

(7)For river bed mining, leases should be granted

stretch wise, depth may be restricted to 3m/water

level, whichever is less, and safety zones should be

worked out.

(8)The present classification of minerals into major

and minor categories should be re-examined by

the Ministry of Mines in consultation with the

States.”

13. The Ministry of Mines, Govt. of India sent a

communication No.296/7/2000/MRC dated 16.05.2011

called “Environmental aspects of quarrying and of minor

minerals – Evolving of Model Guidelines” along with a draft

model guidelines calling for inputs before 30

.

06. 2011. Draft

rules called Minor Minerals Conservation and Development

23

Rules, 2010 were also put on the website. Further, it may be

noted Section 15(1A)(i) of the Act specifies the manner in

which rehabilitation of flora and other vegetation, such as

trees, shrubs and the like destroyed by reasons of any

quarrying or mining operations shall be made in the same

area or in any other area once selected by the State

Government, whether by way of reimbursement of the cost of

rehabilitation or otherwise by the persons holding the

quarrying or mining lease.

14. We are of the view that all State Governments / Union

Territories have to give due weight to the above mentioned

recommendations of the MoEF which are made in

consultation with all the State Governments and Union

Territories. Model Rules of 2010 issued by the Ministry of

Mines are very vital from the environmental, ecological and

bio-diversity point of view and therefore the State

Governments have to frame proper rules in accordance with

the recommendations, under Section 15 of the Mines and

Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.

15. Quarrying of river sand, it is true, is an important

economic activity in the country with river sand forming a

24

crucial raw material for the infrastructural development and

for the construction industry but excessive in-stream sand

and gravel mining causes the degradation of rivers. In-

stream mining lowers the stream bottom of rivers which may

lead to bank erosion. Depletion of sand in the streambed

and along coastal areas causes the deepening of rivers which

may result in destruction of aquatic and riparian habitats as

well. Extraction of alluvial material as already mentioned

from within or near a streambed has a direct impact on the

stream’s physical habitat characteristics.

16. We are of the considered view that it is highly necessary

to have an effective framework of mining plan which will take

care of all environmental issues and also evolve a long term

rational and sustainable use of natural resource base and

also the bio-assessment protocol. Sand mining, it may be

noted, may have an adverse effect on bio-diversity as loss of

habitat caused by sand mining will effect various species,

flora and fauna and it may also destabilize the soil structure

of river banks and often leaves isolated islands. We find

that, taking note of those technical, scientific and

environmental matters, MoEF, Government of India, issued

25

various recommendations in March 2010 followed by the

Model Rules, 2010 framed by the Ministry of Mines which

have to be given effect to, inculcating the spirit of Article 48A,

Article 51A(g) read with Article 21 of the Constitution.

17. The State of Haryana and various other States have not

so far implemented the above recommendations of the MoEF

or the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Mines before

issuing auction notices granting short term permits by way of

auction of minor mineral boulders, gravel, sand etc., in the

river beds and elsewhere of less than 5 hectares. We,

therefore, direct to all the States, Union Territories, MoEF

and the Ministry of Mines to give effect to the

recommendations made by MoEF in its report of March 2010

and the model guidelines framed by the Ministry of Mines,

within a period of six months from today and submit their

compliance reports.

18. Central Government also should take steps to bring

into force the Minor Minerals Conservation and Development

Rules 2010 at the earliest. State Governments and UTs also

should take immediate steps to frame necessary rules under

26

Section 15 of the Mines and Minerals (Development and

Regulation) Act, 1957 taking into consideration the

recommendations of MoEF in its Report of March 2010 and

model guidelines framed by the Ministry of Mines, Govt. of

India. Communicate the copy of this order to the MoEF,

Secretary, Ministry of Mines, New Delhi, Ministry of Water

Resources, Central Government Water Authority, the Chief

Secretaries of the respective States and Union Territories,

who would circulate this order to the concerned

Departments.

19. We, in the meanwhile, order that leases of minor

mineral including their renewal for an area of less than five

hectares be granted by the States/Union Territories only

after getting environmental clearance from the MoEF.

Ordered accordingly.

.......................................J.

(K.S. Radhakrishnan)

.......................................J.

(Chandramauli Kr. Prasad)

New Delhi

27

February 27, 2012

28