2025 INSC 70 Page 1 of 17

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 13422 OF 2024

[Arising out of SLP(C) NO. 18592 OF 2017]

Dr. SHARMAD … APPELLANT

VERSUS

STATE OF KERALA AND OTHERS …RESPONDENTS

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 13423 OF 2024

[Arising out of SLP(C) NO. 24851 OF 2019]

Dr. SHEELA T.A. AND OTHERS … APPELLANT S

VERSUS

STATE OF KERALA AND OTHERS …RESPONDENTS

J U D G M E N T

DIPANKAR DATTA, J.

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 13422 of 2024

1. This appeal, by special leave, carried by the appellant

1

to this Court

takes exception to the judgment and order dated 20

th

January, 2017

of a Division Bench of the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam

2

allowing

1

Dr. Sharmad

2

High Court

Page 2 of 17

a writ petition

3

presented by the third respondent

4

. The High Court set

aside the judgment and order dated 15

th

March, 2013 of the Kerala

Administrative Tribunal at Thiruvananthapuram

5

, which dismissed the

original application

6

of Dr. Jyothish filed under Section 19 of the

Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 in limine.

2. A short question arises for decision in the appeal. It is, whether the

High Court was justified in interfering with the order granting

promotion to Dr. Sharmad to the post of Assistant Professor ,

Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Education Service, Health and

Family Welfare Department, Kerala

7

on 06

th

February, 2013.

3. For the purpose of a decision on this appeal, it would be appropriate

to note the respective profile of Dr. Sharmad and Dr. Jyothish. The

same is indicated in a tabular form hereunder:

Dr. Sharmad Dr. Jyothish

Appointed as Lecturer (with

MBBS) on 22.10.1999.

Appointed as Lecturer, with M. Ch

degree, on 09.03.2005.

Promoted as Assistant Professor

on 11.01.2007.

Promoted as Assistant Professor

on 22.07.2008.

Acquired M. Ch degree on

31.07.2008.

-------

Completed 5 years on the post of

Assistant Professor , after

acquisition of M. Ch degree, on

30.07.2013.

Completed 5 years on the post of

Assistant Professor on

21.07.2013.

Promoted as Associate Professor

on 06.02.2013.

Promoted as Associate Professor

in May, 2023.

Promoted as Professor on

09.05.2023.

Promoted as Professor on

11.11.2024.

To retire on 31.05.2029. To retire on 30.04.2031.

3

OP (KAT) No.1360 of 2013

4

Dr. Jyothish

5

Tribunal

6

OA 476 of 2013

7

the said post

Page 3 of 17

4. It is not in dispute that the vacancy on the said post of Associate

Professor, which is the bone of contention in this appeal, arose on 13

th

November, 2012. For recruitment in the Medical Education Service

under the Health and Family Welfare Department, Govt. of Kerala,

rules under the proviso to clause (2) of Article 309 of the Constitution

of India have not been framed. However, recruitment from time to time

has been made in terms of Government Orde rs issued by the relevant

department. At the time of occurrence of the vacancy on the said post

of Assistant Professor, Government Order

8

dated 07

th

April, 2008 was

in force. It was issued in “supersession of all existing rules and orders

in force regarding qualification and method of appointment of the

faculties under Medical Education Services”. The said G.O. provided

qualifications for appointment in Branch – I i.e. Administrative Cadre

and Branch – II i.e. Teaching Cadre. The discipline of neurosurgery was

included under Head ‘C’ of Branch - II i.e. medical (super specialties).

The categories of faculties covered by the said G.O. were (i) Professor,

(ii) Associate Professor, and (iii) Assistant Professor.

5. Insofar as Branch – I i.e. Administrative Cadre is concerned, the same

bore two posts i.e. Director of Medical Education and Joint Director of

Medical Education/Principals of Medical Colleges. Under the column

experience, we find the requirement for appointment on the posts of

Director of Medical Education and Joint Director of Medical

Education/Principals to be common. The same reads as under:

8

G.O.

Page 4 of 17

“Minimum 10 years of Physical Teaching Experience in

Government Medical Colleges (under Medical Education

Department in Kerala) after acquiring postgraduate degree”.

(emphasis supplied)

6. For recruitment and appointment on the posts of Professor, Associate

Professor and Assistant Professor, the educational qualifications appear

to be the same. An aspirant must have the degree of M. Ch in

Neurosurgery or DNB (Neurosurgery). The experience criteria required

for the said three posts, however, vary . The same are set out

hereunder:

Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor

One year Physical

Teaching experience

as Associate

Professor.

Five years Physical

Teaching experience

as Assistant

Professor.

Three years Physical

Teaching experience

as Senior Lecturer/

Lecturer.

7. If the experience criteria required for appointment on the posts under

Branch - I i.e. – Administrative Cadre are juxtaposed with the

experience criteria required for appointment on the teaching posts of

Professor/Associate Professor/Assistant Professor, what stands out is

that in case of posts in the teaching cadre, the words “after acquiring

postgraduate degree” are conspicuous by its absence under the

column ‘experience’.

8. Dr. Jyothish claimed before the High Court that notwithstanding

absence of such words under the column experience for Branch - II

i.e. Teaching Cadre, the said requirement has to be read into it.

Reference was made by him to Rules 10 and 28, Part II of the Kerala

Page 5 of 17

State and Subordinate Services Rules, 1958

9

to contend that Dr.

Sharmad did not possess the requisite experience to satisfy the

mandatory eligibility qualifications and was illegally appointed on

promotion to the said post of Associate Professor by the official

respondents. On the contrary, Dr. Sharmad claimed, in light of the

criteria for experience for appointment in Branch - I i.e. Administrative

Cadre, that it is not the requirement of G.O. dated 07

th

April, 2008 that

an aspirant ought to have 5 (five) years physical teaching experience

as an Assistant Professor (regular) after acquiring postgraduate

degree. In such view of the matter, the official respondents did not

commit any illegality in promoting Dr. Sharmad as an Associate

Professor even before efflux of 5 (five) years since acquisition of the

degree of M. Ch.

9. The official respondents sought to defend the promotion of Dr.

Sharmad to the said post of Associate Professor by referring to G.O.

dated 14

th

December, 2009 issued by the Health and Family Welfare

Department on the subject of pay and allowance s, inter alia, of the

members of the Kerala Medical Education Service. According to them,

G.O. dated 14

th

December, 2009 abrogated G.O dated 07

th

April, 2008

and in terms of the former, Dr. Sharmad did satisfy the eligibility

criteria for promotion to the said post of Associate Professor. While

providing for revised scale of pay for Associate Professors, G.O. dated

14

th

December, 2009 laid down as follows:

9

KS and SSR

Page 6 of 17

1.5 Revised scale of Associate Professors

a) Medical & Dental

i) ***

ii) Incumbent Assistant Professors with five years (for

teachers with Super specialty degree in the concerned

discipline this will be two years after acquiring Superspeciality

degree) teaching experience as Assistant Professor in the

current pay scale of Rs. 12000-18300 including Time Bound

Higher Grade service and a total service of 8 years after

acquiring Post Graduate Degree (5 years for Superspeciality

degree holders) in all grades put together will be promoted

and placed in the pay band of Rs.37,400 -67,000 with

Academic Grade Pay of Rs.9,000 and shall be redesignated as

Associate Professors; however they will have to publish two

Research papers within a period of two years promotion in

Peer Indexed/National Journals as per MCI/DCI regulations;

however for teachers of Dental Colleges, as per the Dental

Council of India regulations, only Post PG teaching experience

will be reckoned as eligible service for placement as Associate

Professor.

iii) Incumbent Assistant Professors who have not completed

5 years teaching service (or having less than 2 years service

for superspeciality degree holders) in the cadre of Assistant

Professor (including TBCP/CAP grade) as on 01.01.2006 will

be placed in the appropriate stage in the pay band of

Rs.15,600-39,100 and Academic Grade Pay of Rs.8,000/-, till

they complete the required period of 5/2 years respectively.

Thereafter on completion of 5 years service as Assistant

Professor, including Time Bound Cadre Promotion grade in

pre-revised scale (2 years for superspeciality degree holders)

and a total service of 8 years after acquiring Post graduate

Degree (5 years for superspeciality degree holders) in all

grades put together, they will be promoted and placed in the

appropriate stage in the Pay band of Rs.37,400-67,000 with

Academic Grade pay of Rs.9,000/ - and redesignated as

Associate Professor, subject to fulfilling academic

performance requirements to be specified. However they will

have to publish two Research papers within a period of two

years in Peer Indexed/National Journals as per MOI

regulations; provided that for Dental College teachers, only

post PG teaching experience will be reckoned as per Dental

Council of India norms for promotion.”

10. Though the claim of Dr. Jyothish failed before the Tribunal, as noticed

above, he succeeded before the High Court which went on to hold that

Page 7 of 17

reliance placed by the official respondents on G .O. dated 14

th

December, 2009 was absolutely misplaced. The High Court further held

that Dr. Sharmad lacked 5 years physical teaching experience as

Assistant Professor after acquiring the degree of M. Ch. and, therefore,

ought not to have been promoted ahead of others who did satisfy the

eligibility criteria. Arguments of Dr. Jyotish relying on Rules 10 and 28

of the KS and SSR were accepted. Accordingly, the High Court set aside

the appointment on promotion of Dr. Shar mad to the said post of

Associate Professor and directed the official respondents to convene a

review Departmental Promotion Committee meeting for the purpose of

drawing an appropriate select list to fill up the said post of Associate

Professor. It was also observed that while preparing the select list, the

relevant recruitment rules in force, namely, G.O. dated 07

th

April, 2008

and the relevant provision of Rule 28 of Part II, KS and SSR shall be

looked into while excluding G.O. dated 14

th

December, 2009 from

consideration.

11. We have heard Mr. Giri and Mr. Chitambaresh, learned senior counsel

representing Dr. Sharmad and Dr. Jyotish, respectively. We have also

heard Mr. C.K. Sasi, learned counsel for the official respondents.

12. The eligibility criteria for appointment on posts borne in Branch – I i.e.

Administrative Cadre and in Branch – II i.e. Teaching Cadre, in the

absence of recruitment rules framed under Article 309 of the

Constitution, are provided by G.O. dated 07

th

April, 2008 which is the

executive order governing recruitment. That is a position, which is

Page 8 of 17

accepted even by Dr. Jyotish. According to him, Dr. Sharmad does not

qualify in terms thereof.

13. Law is settled that in the absence of rules, recourse to recruitment

based on executive orders could be taken. Even without examining

whether G.O. dated 14

th

December, 2009 had any application to the

promotional appointment in question, it would be just and proper to

focus on the requirements of G.O. dated 07

th

April, 2008.

14. The contents under the column ‘experience’ in G.O. dated 07

th

April,

2008, extracted supra, have been read. A plain and literal reading does

not lead to the conclusion that 5 years’ experience of physical teaching

as an Assistant Professor after acquiring M. Ch. degree is one of the

requisite qualifications.

15. Strong reliance has been placed by Mr. Chitambaresh on Rule 10(ab)

of Part – II, KS and SSR. A perusal of certain provisions of the KS and

SSR would be of profit:

2 (15) "Service" means a group of persons classified by the

State Government as a State or a Subordinate Service as the

case may be.

2 (16) "Special Rules" shall mean the rules in Part III

applicable to each service or class of service.

10. Qualifications - (a)(i) The educational or other

qualifications, if any, required for a post shall be as specified in

the Special Rules applicable to the service in which that post is

included or as specified in the executive orders of Government

in cases where Special Rules have not been issued for the

post/service.

(ii) Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules or in the

Special Rules, the qualifications recognised by executive orders

or standing orders of Government as equivalent to a

qualification specified for a post, in the Special Rules or found

acceptable by the Commission as per rule 13(b)(i) of the said

rules in cases where acceptance of equivalent qualifications is

Page 9 of 17

provided for in the rules and such of those qualifications which

pre-suppose the acquisition of the lower qualification

prescribed for the post, shall also be sufficient for the post.

***

16. Turning to Rule 10(ab), it appears to have been incorporated in 1993

by an amendment. The text of Rule 10(ab) reads:

“Where the Special Rules or Recruitment Rules for a post in any

service prescribe qualification of experience, it shall, unless

otherwise specified, be one gained by persons on temporary or

regular appointment in capacities other than paid or unpaid

apprentices, trainees and casual labourers in Central or State

Government service or in Public Sector Undertaking or

Registered Private Sector Undertaking, after acquiring the basic

qualification for the post:

Provided that the experience gained as factory workers on daily

wages of a permanent nature may be accepted, if the service

is continuous and not of a casual nature.”

17. ‘Recruitment Rules’ is used in Rule 10(ab) as an alternative to Special

Rules, without the same being defined. To understand what

‘Recruitment Rules’ would mean in the context, one may

simultaneously read Rule 10(a)(i) extracted supra.

18. Thus, without ‘Recruitment Rules’ being defined, it can take colour

from Rule 10(a)(i) and be understood to mean and include executive

orders of the Government in a case where Special Rules are absent.

19. Even if the KS and SSR were applicable, nothing turns on it because

Rule 10(ab) itself consciously uses the expression “unless otherwise

specified”. The Tribunal briefly assigned a reason as to how such

expression was material for dislodging the argument of Dr. Jyotish.

While we concur with the Tribunal, we wish to elaborate a little further

for the sake of clarity.

Page 10 of 17

20. Our reading of Rule 10 of the KS SSR, as originally framed in 1958,

together with the amendments incorporated in it from time to time,

including Rule 10(ab), leads us to the irresistible conclusion that Rule

10 is entirely irrelevant and immaterial for appointment on promotion

in the Administrative and Teaching Cadres of the Medical Education

Services. The recruitment rules with which we are concerned, i.e., G.O.

dated 07

th

April, 2008, was issued at a point of time when Rule 10(ab)

had already found its way in the KS and SSR by an amendment. G.O.

dated 07

th

April, 2008 was issued superseding all existing rules and

orders in force on the method of appointment of the faculties under

medical education service. The executive must, therefore, be deemed

to be aware of what the KS and SSR, which are the general rules,

provided. Notwithstanding the same, G.O. dated 07

th

April, 2008 was

issued governing recruitment in two branches i.e. Administrative and

Teaching Cadres. G.O. dated 07

th

April, 2008 is, thus, a special rule as

distinguished from a general rule like the KS and SSR. Rule 10(ab), on

its own showing, having referred to the expression “unless otherwise

specified”, the same has to be given some meaning or else it would be

rendered redundant. It is well settled that no word, no phrase and no

expression used in a legislation should be excluded as surplusage,

while the courts embark on a course of interpretation. In our reading,

the distinction in the qualifications for posts in Branch-I and Branch-II

in G.O. dated 07

th

April, 2008 would constitute the specification which

is excluded from the purview of Rule 10(ab) and such rule had / has

Page 11 of 17

no application to the promotional appointment in question . The

Tribunal was quite right in its observation.

21. We also propose to assign one other reason, in continuation of the one

discussed above, to support the view of the Tribunal that the original

application of Dr. Jyotish did deserve in limine dismissal.

22. This is a case where the maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius

(meaning whatever has not been included has impliedly been

excluded) would apply. In G.O. dated 07

th

April, 2008, the words “after

acquiring postgraduate degree” are specifically included in the column

for experience qua eligibility criteria for appointment on the posts of

Director of Medical Education and Joint Director of Medical

Education/Principals of Medical Colleges, i.e., posts in Branch – I i.e.

Administrative Cadre. If, indeed, it were the intention of the executive

that aspirants for the said post of Associate Professor, or, for that

matter, for the post of Professor were required to have physical

teaching experience in the feeder posts for specified number of years

“after acquiring postgraduate degree”, it defies reason as to why the

same qualification was not included for appointments on promotion to

posts borne in Branch – II i.e. Teaching Cadre but included for the

posts borne in Branch – I i.e. Administrative Cadre. The submission on

behalf of Dr. Jyotish that posts borne in the Administrative Cadre have

responsibilities different from those borne in the Teaching Cadre,

though attractive at first blush, pales into insignificance primarily for

the reason that insistence of physical teaching experience of a

specified number of years with a particular postgraduate or super

Page 12 of 17

speciality degree would seem to be more required and demanding for

appointment on posts in the Teaching Cadre rather than those in the

Administrative Cadre. We are, thus, minded to hold that the exclusion

of the words “after acquiring postgraduate degree” is deliberate and

conscious and the contentions advanced by Mr. Chitambaresh, to the

contrary, do not commend acceptance.

23. Note to Rule 28(b)(1A) of Part – II, KS and SSR also does not come to

the rescue of Dr. Jyotish. The provision therein would apply if on the

relevant date there is no qualified candidate for promotion. That is not

the case here. As on the date of occurrence of vacancy i.e. 13

th

November, 2012, Dr. Sharmad had physical teaching experience of

more than 5 years as Assistant Professor (he having joined on 11

th

January, 2007). He being eligible, in terms of the recruitment rules,

there was no occasion for invoking the said note. The High Court erred

in placing reliance on Rule 28(b)(1A).

24. It is now time to consider the decisions cited by Mr. Chitambaresh.

25. Shesharao Jangluji Bagde v. Bhaiyya s/o Govindrao Karale

10

was relied on for the proposition that experience gained has to be

subsequent to the acquisition of qualification. What this Court in

paragraph 3 held is this:

“3. *** Normally when we talk of an experience, unless the

context otherwise demands, it should be taken as experience

after acquiring the minimum qualifications required and,

therefore, necessarily will have to be posterior to the acquisition

of the qualification. However, in the case of a promotion the

same interpretation may not be just or warranted. It would

10

1991 Supp (1) SCC 367

Page 13 of 17

depend on the relevant provisions as also the particular type of

experience which is required. ***”

(emphasis supplied)

26. It is clear as daylight that what this Court held and what is argued as

a proposition of law are at variance. The particular type of experience

required by G.O. dated 07

th

April, 2008 was possessed by Dr.

Sharmad; hence, this decision does not come to the rescue of Dr.

Jyotish. Furthermore, an examination of the ratio of the decision

favours the case of Dr. Sharmad. Not only does the passage begin with

‘(N)ormally’ leaving room for cases which are other than normal, this

Court also qualified that experience required should be deemed to be

experience gained after acquiring the minimum qualifications, unless

the context otherwise demands. This is crucial. Also, such a general

interpretation may not arise in case of promotional appointments. G.O.

dated 07

th

April, 2008, read as a whole, evinces without any ambiguity

the view of the Government that where the experience had to be

gained posterior to the acquisition of qualification, it had directly stated

so. Thus, in the context of this case, absence of such a stipulation gives

rise to but one conclusion, that the Government did not demand such

post-qualification experience for the posts under consideration here.

Although, normally, experience gained after acquiring a particular

qualification could justifiably be insisted upon by the employer, there

could be exceptions and the present case is one such exception. It is

well settled that the intention of the rule framer has to be assessed on

both parameters i.e. the words used and that of necessary implication.

The requisite of post-qualification experience being present in

Page 14 of 17

Branch – I, and absent from Branch – II, necessarily implies that it

was not a requirement for appointments on promotion to posts borne

in Branch – II.

27. The next decision cited is Arun Kumar Agarwal (Dr.) v. State of

Bihar

11

for the proposition that if a candidate is available with super

speciality, he should be given preference. We need to read paragraph

12 of the decision to understand what precisely was held by this Court.

The relevant sentence reads:

“12. *** Thus the appellant having a degree in superspeciality

and also having research work or working experience has been

rightly given preference in the matter of appointment to the post

of Assistant Professor in Neurosurgery over respondent 5 who

did not have a degree in superspeciality.”

28. Arun Kumar Agarwal (Dr.) (supra) is distinguishable on facts. Since

‘preference’ has been referred to, it goes without saying that the ratio

thereof could apply where other qualifications / things being equal,

preference is given to an aspirant having higher qualification. In the

case before us, although both Dr. Sharmad and Dr. Jyotish were

holders of M. Ch. degrees, as on date of occurrence of the vacancy on

the said post of Associate Professor i.e. 13

th

November, 2012, Dr.

Jyotish did not have the requisite experience of 5 years physical

teaching as an Assistant Professor (he admittedly having been

promoted to such post only on 22

nd

July, 2008). Question of preferring

Dr. Jyotish to Dr. Sharmad did not arise at all since the former was

11

1991 Supp (1) SCC 287

Page 15 of 17

deficient insofar as experience on the post of Assistant Professor is

concerned.

29. The upshot of the aforesaid discussion leaves us with no option but to

hold that the impugned judgment and order of the High Court is

unsustainable. The same is set aside and the judgment and order of

the Tribunal restored, with the result that the original application of

Dr. Jyotish shall stand dismissed.

30. Civil Appeal No. 13422 of 2024 is, thus, allowed. Parties shall,

however, bear their own costs.

31. Pending application, if any, stands disposed of.

Civil Appeal No. 13423 of 2024

32. The High Court, vide the impugned judgment and order dated 4

th

April,

2017, modified the order dated 9

th

January, 2015 of the Tribunal under

challenge before it and disposed of the original petition

12

preferred by

Dr. R. Jayaprakash. This appeal, by special leave, is directed against

the said judgment and order.

33. Promotion from the post of Senior Lecturer to the post of Assistant

Professor in Paediatrics was the subject matter of consideration in the

original application before the Tribunal. Whether three years’ physical

teaching experience gained after acquisition of Post Graduate (PG)

qualification is the prescribed condition that an aspirant was required

12

O.P. (KAT) No.148 of 2015

Page 16 of 17

to fulfil, fell for examination. The Tribunal held that experience gained

only after acquiring PG qualification would count.

34. The operative part of the High Court’s order reads as follows:

“In the said circumstances, the impugned order passed by the

Tribunal in T.A. No.4858/12 to the extent it held that Rule 10(ab)

of the General Rules is applicable in the matter of promotion to

the post of Assistant Professor in the Medical Education

Department is confirmed. However, the consequential direction

issued by the Tribunal to the first respondent to revie w

promotion of the applicant and respondent Nos.4 to 6 and assign

the dates of promotion to the post of Assistant Professor, having

due regard to the date of occurrence of the vacancy and the date

of acquisition of Post Graduate qualification in the feeder

category, stand set aside.”

35. The decisions cited by Mr. Romy Chacko, learned senior counsel for the

impleading applicants have been considered.

36. Indian Airlines Ltd. v. S Gopalakrishnan

13

laid down the law upon

consideration of the general information instructions which clearly

indicated that the experience would be computed after the date of

acquiring necessary qualifications. That is not the case here. The

requirements in Indian Airlines Ltd. (supra) are strikingly dissimilar

to the recruitment rules governing promotional appointments , which

are under consideration. This decision, therefore, is of no assistance

to Mr. Chacko.

37. The decisions of the High Court, viz., Sirajudheen v. Public Service

Commission

14

, Rabi v. State of Kerala

15

and A. Basheer v. Saiful

Islam A.

16

, once again did not have the occasion to consider G.O.

13

2001 (2) SCC 362

14

1999 (1) LLN 408

15

2007 SCC OnLine Ker 418

16

2014 SCC OnLine Ker 18469

Page 17 of 17

dated 07

th

April, 2008 since the recruitment in question in all three

cases were in different departments of the Govt. of Kerala. The said

decisions having been rendered upon examination of rules governing

appointments on the posts of Assistant Motor Vehicle Inspector, Reader

in Political Science and Assistant Professor in the Kerala Dental

Education Service, respectively, which are at variance with G.O. dated

07

th

April, 2008, these three decisions of the High Court also do not

help Mr. Chacko.

38. Having regard to the findings and conclusions that we have recorded

while allowing Civil Appeal No. 13422 of 2024, the judgment and order

under challenge dated 4

th

April, 2017 cannot be sustained in law. The

same is set aside with the result that the original application of Dr. R.

Jayaprakash shall stand dismissed.

39. Thus, Civil Appeal No. 13423 of 2024 too stands allowed.

40. Pending application, if any, stands disposed of.

………………………………………J .

(DIPANKAR DATTA)

………….……………………………J .

(PRASHANT KUMAR MISHRA)

New Delhi.

January 10, 2025.