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First Global Stockbroking Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. Vs. Anil Rishiraj & Anr.

  Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appeal /2151/2011
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Case Background

The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (FERA), was replaced by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA). In 2002, the first respondent, an Enforcement Officer, filed a complaint against the ...

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION 

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 2151 OF 2011

First Global Stockbroking 

Pvt. Ltd. & Ors.                … Appellants

versus

Anil Rishiraj & Anr.            … Respondents

J U D G M E N T

ABHAY S. OKA, J.

FACTUAL ASPECTS

1.The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (for short,

‘FEMA’) was brought into force with effect from 1

st

 June 2000.

By virtue of sub­section (1) of Section 49 of FEMA, the Foreign

Exchange   Regulation   Act,   1973   (for   short,   ‘FERA’)   stood

repealed.  On 11

th

 February 2002, the first respondent, who

was an Enforcement Officer appointed under clause (e) of

Section 3   of   FERA,   filed   a  complaint  in  the  Court  of   the

learned Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Esplanade, Mumbai,

against the appellants for various offences punishable under

FERA   and   Section   120­B   of   the   Indian   Penal   Code.

Cognizance   was   taken   by   the   learned   Additional   Chief

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 1 of 17

Metropolitan Magistrate, 3

rd

  Court, Esplanade, Mumbai, on

the said complaint on 11

th

 February 2002 by passing an order

of issue of process.  

2.The   appellants   made   separate   applications   for

discharge,   but   the   learned   Additional   Chief   Metropolitan

Magistrate rejected the applications.   A revision application

preferred against the order of rejection, was also dismissed.

Being   aggrieved   by   the   said   order,   an   application   under

Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for

short, ‘Cr.PC’) was filed by the appellants which has been

dismissed   by   the   impugned   judgment   dated   3

rd

  February

2010   by   the   learned   Single   Judge   of   the   High   Court   of

Bombay.

SUBMISSIONS

3.Mr.   Siddhartha   Dave,   the   learned   senior   counsel

appearing   for   the   appellants   has   taken   us   through   the

relevant provisions of the FERA and the FEMA.  As the High

Court has not dealt with the merits of the complaint, even the

learned   senior  counsel  has   not  made   submissions   on  the

merits of the complaint.  He submitted that under clause (ii)

of sub­section (2) of Section 61 of FERA, cognizance of the

offence punishable under Sections 56 and 57 could be taken

by a Court only on a complaint in writing made by an officer

specified under sub­clauses (a) to (c) of clause (ii) of sub­

section (2) of Section 61 of FERA.  He submitted that under

sub­clause (b) of clause (ii) of sub­section (2) of Section 61,

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 2 of 17

only an officer authorised in writing on this behalf by the

Director   of   Enforcement   or   the   Central   Government   was

empowered to file a complaint.   The learned senior counsel

pointed   out   that   Section   3   of   FERA   provided   for   the

appointment   of   different   classes/categories   of   officers   of

Enforcement.  He submitted that the appointment of officers

made under Section 3 of FERA has not been saved by Section

49, which is a saving and repealing provision under FEMA.

He submitted that the first respondent­Enforcement Officer

was appointed under clause (e) of Section 3 of FERA and

thus, with effect from 1

st

  June 2000, the said officer is not

empowered   to   exercise   powers   of   an   Enforcement   Officer

under FERA as the said powers have not been saved.   The

learned   senior   counsel   submitted   that   assuming   that

cognizance is taken within the sunset period provided under

sub­section (3) of Section 49 of FEMA, in view of clause (ii) of

sub­section (2) of Section 61 of FERA, only an authorised

officer could have filed the complaint and in the facts of the

case, the Enforcement Officer who may have been authorised

earlier, cannot perform duties of his office as from 1

st

  June

2000, he ceased to be an Enforcement Officer.   He would,

therefore,   submit   that   the   Court   was   powerless   to   take

cognizance of the complaint which was filed by an officer who

was not authorised.

4.Ms. Aishwarya Bhati, the learned Additional Solicitor

General appearing for the respondents, submitted that sub­

section (4) of Section 49 of FEMA is a complete answer to the

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 3 of 17

submissions made by the learned senior counsel appearing

for   the   appellants.     She   submitted   that   the   Enforcement

Officer appointed under FERA continued to have the authority

or competence to file a complaint for the offences punishable

under FERA before the expiry of the sunset period provided in

sub­section (3) of Section 49 of FEMA.

CONSIDERATION OF SUBMISSIONS

5.As   can   be   seen   from   the   statement   of   objects   and

reasons   of   FEMA,   the   legislature   noticed   that   after   1993,

there were significant developments, such as a substantial

increase in foreign exchange reserves of our country, growth

in   foreign   trade,   rationalisation   of   tariffs,   liberalisation   of

Indian   investment   abroad,   increased   access   to   external

commercial borrowings by Indian corporates and participation

of foreign investors in the stock market.  Keeping in view the

entirely changed environment, by repealing FERA, FEMA was

brought on the Statute book with the objective of facilitating

external   trade   and   payments   and   promoting   the   orderly

development and maintenance of the foreign exchange market

in India.   A perusal of the provisions of FEMA shows that

there is a difference between its scheme and the scheme of

FERA.     There   are   elaborate   provisions   for   penalty   under

Chapter IV of FEMA, and the penal provision is confined to

sub­section (1C) of Section 13 of FEMA.  Whereas Section 56

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 4 of 17

and Section 57 of FERA were more stringent in the sense that

they covered a very large category of violations.

6.The   procedure   for   taking   cognisance   of   the   offences

punishable under Sections 56 and 57 was provided in Section

61 of FERA.  Section 61 reads thus:

“61. Cognizance of offences.– 

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in

section   29   of   the   Code   of   Criminal

Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), it shall be

lawful   for   any   metropolitan   magistrate

and for any magistrate of the first class to

pass   a   sentence   of   imprisonment   for   a

term   exceeding   three   years   or   of   fine

exceeding   five   thousand   rupees   on   any

person convicted of an offence punishable

under section 56.] 

(2) No court shall take cognizance– 

(i)   of   any   offence   punishable   under

sub­section   (2)   of   section   44   or

subsection (1) of section 58,­ 

(a)   where   the   offence   is   alleged   to

have been committed by an officer of

Enforcement not lower in rank than

an Assistant Director of Enforcement,

except with the previous sanction of

the Central Government; 

(b)   where   the   offence   is   alleged   to

have been committed by an officer of

Enforcement lower in rank than an

Assistant   Director   of   Enforcement,

except with the previous sanction of

the Director of Enforcement; or 

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 5 of 17

(ii) of any offence punishable under

section 56 or section 57, except upon

complaint in writing made by­ 

(a) the Director of Enforcement; or 

(b) any officer authorised in writing

in   this   behalf   by   the   Director   of

Enforcement   or   the   Central

Government; or 

(c) any officer of the Reserve Bank

authorised by the Reserve Bank by

a general or special order: 

Provided that where any such offence

is   the   contravention   of   any   of   the

provisions   of   this   Act   or   of   any   rule,

direction or order made thereunder which

prohibits   the   doing   of   an   act   without

permission, no such complaint shall be

made unless the person accused of the

offence has been given an opportunity of

showing that he had such permission.”

             (emphasis added)

7.A criminal Court was empowered to take cognisance of

the offences punishable under Sections 56 and 57 of FERA

only on a complaint in writing made by  an officer of the

categories covered by sub­clauses (a) to (c) of clause (ii) of

sub­section (2) of Section 61.  The Enforcement Officers were

appointed   under   clause   (e)   of   Section   3   of   FERA.     By   a

notification dated 24

th

  September 1993, issued under sub­

clause (b) of clause (ii) of sub­section (2) of Section 61 of

FERA, various officers, including all the enforcement officers,

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 6 of 17

were authorised to file a complaint in respect of the offences

punishable under Sections 56 and 57 of FERA.

8.Now, we turn to Section 49 of FEMA under the heading

“Repeal   and   Saving”.     As   noted   earlier,   sub­section  (1)   of

Section 49 repealed the provisions of FERA.  Sub­sections (3)

to (5) deal with ‘savings’, which read thus:

“49. Repeal and saving.– 

(1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

(2) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 

(3)   Notwithstanding   anything

contained  in any  other law  for the

time   being   in   force,   no   court   shall

take cognizance of an offence under

the repealed Act and no adjudicating

officer   shall   take   notice   of   any

contravention   under   section   51   of

the repealed Act after the expiry of a

period of two years from the date of

the commencement of this Act.

(4) Subject to the provisions of sub­

section   (3)   all   offences   committed

under the repealed Act shall continue

to be governed by the provisions of

the repealed Act as if that Act had

not been repealed.

(5) Notwithstanding such repeal,– 

(a)   anything   done   or   any   action

taken   or   purported   to   have   been

done or taken including any rule,

notification,   inspection,   order   or

notice   made   or   issued   or   any

appointment,   confirmation   or

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 7 of 17

declaration   made   or   any   license,

permission,   authorization   or

exemption   granted   or   any

document  or  instrument   executed

or any direction given under the Act

hereby repealed shall, in so far as it

is   not   inconsistent   with   the

provisions of this Act, be deemed to

have been done or taken under the

corresponding   provisions   of   this

Act;

(b)   any   appeal   preferred   to   the

Appellate Board under sub­section

(2) of section 52 of the repealed Act

but   not   disposed   of   before   the

commencement   of   this   Act   shall

stand   transferred   to   and   shall

disposed   of   by   the   Appellate

Tribunal   constituted   under   this

Act;

(c) every appeal from any decision

or   order   of   the   Appellate   Board

under   sub­section   (3)   or   sub­

section   (4)   of   section   52   of   the

repealed Act shall, if not filed before

the commencement of this Act, be

filled before the High Court within a

period   of   sixty   days   of   such

commencement:

Provided that the High Court may

entertain such appeal after the expiry of

the   said   period   of   sixty   days   if   it   is

satisfied   that   the   appellant   was

prevented by sufficient cause from filing

the appeal with the said period.”          

 (emphasis added)

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 8 of 17

9.From   the   impugned   judgment,   it   appears   that   the

submissions were made on behalf of the appellants that the

word   “and”   in   sub­section   (3)   must   be   read   as   “or”,   and

therefore, there is a bar on taking cognizance of the offence

under FERA after the repeal of FERA.   The High Court has

elaborately and eruditely dealt with this argument.  However,

that need not detain us as the submissions made before this

Court proceed on the footing that there is a sunset period

available of two years as provided in sub­section (3) of Section

49 of FEMA for filing complaints alleging the commission of

offences punishable under Sections 56 and 57 of FERA and

for taking cognizance thereof.

10.In the facts of the case, the cognizance was taken by the

learned   Magistrate   within   the   sunset   period   of   two   years

provided under sub­section (3) of Section 49 of FEMA.  

11.We   have   perused   the   complaint   filed   by   the   first

respondent.     The   complaint   has   been   filed   by   the   first

respondent, who was, at the relevant time, an Enforcement

Officer appointed under clause (e) of Section 3 of FERA.  As

noted earlier, the power under sub­clause (b) of clause (ii) of

sub­section (2) of Section 61 was exercised by the Central

Government and all the Enforcement Officers were authorised

to file complaints regarding the offences punishable under

Sections 56 and 57 of FERA.  Thus, there is no difficulty in

holding that the first respondent–Enforcement Officer, was

authorised to file a complaint as provided in clause (ii) of sub­

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 9 of 17

section (2) of Section 61 of FERA.  What is material here is

sub­section (4) of Section 49 of FEMA, which provides that

subject   to   the   provisions   of   sub­section   (3),   all   offences

committed   under   the   repealed   Act   shall   continue   to   be

governed by the provisions of the repealed Act as if that Act

had not been repealed.   Sub­section (3) of Section 49 saves

the prosecution for the offences punishable under Sections 56

and 57, which have been committed prior to the repeal of

FERA,   provided   the   competent   Court   takes   its   cognizance

within two years from the date of coming into force of FEMA.

In view of sub­section (4) of Section 49, for the purposes of

the prosecution of offences punishable under Sections 56 and

57 of FERA, by a legal fiction, the provisions of the repealed

Act will continue to apply.  However, the same will continue to

apply only for the purposes of prosecution of the offences

which are saved by sub­section (3) of Section 49 of FEMA.

That is how the complaint filed by the Enforcement Officer,

duly authorised under clause (ii) of sub­section (2) of Section

61 of FEMA, will continue to be valid, inasmuch as by virtue

of the legal fiction incorporated in sub­section (4) of Section

49,   the   prosecution   will   continue   to   be   governed   by   the

provisions of FERA as if the same had not been repealed.

Therefore, during the sunset period, the authorisation of the

Enforcement Officers to file the complaints continues to be

valid for the limited purposes of sub­section (3) of Section 49

of FEMA.

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 10 of 17

12.If the  arguments of the appellants are  accepted,  the

officer nominated under sub­clause (b) of clause (ii) of sub­

section (2) of Section 61 of FERA will not be empowered to file

complaints   for   the   offences   punishable   under   FERA   even

within the sunset period of two years.   Such interpretation

will prevent the Court from taking cognizance after the repeal

of FERA on a complaint filed after the repeal of FERA by an

officer authorised under sub­clause (b) of clause (ii) of sub­

section (2) of Section 61 of FERA.  Thus, no complaint can be

filed during the sunset period of two years provided in sub­

section  (3)   of   Section  49   of   FEMA.     A   Statute   cannot   be

interpreted in such a manner that any provision thereof is

rendered   otiose.     Therefore,   we   are   unable   to   accept   the

submissions made by the learned senior counsel appearing

for the appellants.   Any construction which will defeat the

plain intention of the legislature must be rejected.  The Court

must adopt the interpretation which makes the provisions of

a Statute workable.

13.By FERA, the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947

(for   short,   ‘FERA,   1947’)   was   repealed.     The   repealing

provision is provided under sub­section (1) of Section 81 of

FERA.   This Court, in the case of  M/s. P.V. Mohammad

Barmay   Sons   v.   Director   of   Enforcement

1

, interpreted

clause (a) of sub­section (2) of Section 81 of FERA.  Clause (a)

of sub­section (2) of Section 81 of FERA reads thus:

“81.Repeal and saving–

1 1993 Supp (2) SCC 724

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 11 of 17

(1) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 

(2) Notwithstanding such repeal­

(a)   anything   done   or   any   action

taken   or   purported   to   have   been

done or taken (including any rule,

notification,   inspection,   order   or

notice   made   or   issued,   or   any

appointment,   confirmation   or

declaration   made   or   any   licence,

permission,   authorisation   or

exemption granted or any document

or   instrument   executed   or   any

direction   given   or   any   proceedings

taken or any confiscation adjudged

or   any   penalty   or   fine   imposed)

under the Act hereby repealed shall,

in  so   far   as   it  is   not   inconsistent

with the provisions of this Act, be

deemed to have been done or taken

under the corresponding provisions

of this Act;

(b) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..;

(c) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..;

(d) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..:

(3) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..”

The   issue   before   this   Court   was   about   the   power   of   the

authorities under FERA to investigate and enforce liability

and penalty incurred under FERA, 1947, after its repeal.  In

paragraphs 7 to 9 of the aforesaid decision, this Court held

thus:

“7. Shri   Tulsi,   the   learned   Additional

Solicitor General placing reliance on O.

Abdul   Aziz v. Addl.   Director   of

Enforcement [AIR 1983 Mad 59:(1982) 2

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 12 of 17

MLJ   359]   and A.K.L.   Labbai   Thambi

Maraicar v. Govt.   of   India,   Enforcement

Directorate [AIR 1983 Mad 102:(1982) 2

MLJ   59]   contended   that   in   view   of

Section 81(2) of the Act read with Section

6 of the General Clauses Act, the power

of   the   respondents   to   investigate   and

enforce the liability or penalty incurred

under the Repealed Act is saved, though

the   Act   7   of   1947   has   been   repealed

under sub­section (2) of Section 81 of the

Act. The contention of the respondent

is that the Repealed Act, after the Act

had come into force in 1973, is a dead

corpse   and   no   life   into   it   could   be

blown with the aid of Section 81(2) of

the Act or Section 6 of the General

Clauses Act. We find no force in the

contention. The effect of the repealed

Act   by   operation   of   clause   (e)   of

Section 6 of the General Clauses Act

read with sub­section (2) of Section 81

is that, though the Act obliterates the

operation of Act 7 of 1947, despite its

repeal, the penalty, liability, forfeiture

or prosecution for acts done while the

repealed Act was in force were kept

alive,   though   no   action   thereunder

was taken when the Repealed Act was

in   force.   The   rights   acquired   or

accrued or the liabilities incurred or

any penalty, forfeiture or punishment

incurred during its operation are kept

alive. Investigations to be made or any

remedy which may have been available

before the repeal be enforced are also

preserved.   Such   rights,   liabilities,

penalty, forfeiture or punishment, due

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 13 of 17

to repeal “shall not lapse”. The saving

clause,   thus,   aimed   to   preserve   the

legal   effect   and   consequences   of

things done though those effects and

consequences projected to post­repeal

period.   The   things   done   adumbrated

in Section 81(2) or Section 6 of the

General   Clauses   Act   or   penalty   or

punishment   incurred   would   envisage

that   the   things   already   done   or

liabilities,   penalty   punishment   or

forfeiture incurred, though happened

before   the   Act   came   into   force,

Section 81(2) of the Act empowers to

effectuate   the   liabilities,   penalties,

etc. as if they have been in existence

and amenable to be pursued under the

Act   or   under   the   Repealed   Act   by

operation   of   Section   6   of   General

Clauses Act.  What is unaffected by the

repeal of the Act 7 of 1947 is a right

accrued,   etc.   There   is   a   distinction

between a legal proceeding for enforcing

a right acquired or accrued or liability,

penalty, forfeiture, punishment incurred

and the legal proceedings for acquisition

of a right, the former is saved whereas

the latter is not.  In spite of repeal the

right to investigation or to take legal

proceedings   remain   unaffected   and

preserved as if the old Act continues

to be operative. What remains to be

done, after the Act came into force, is

the quantification, if necessary, after

due   investigation   and   legal

proceedings and if proved to impose

the penalty, forfeiture or punishment.

The   Court   takes   cognizance   of   the

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 14 of 17

offence   and  not  the   offender   or  the

acts   done.   What   the   Court   is   to

enquire   into   is   whether   the   Act   is

incompatible   with   the   repealed   Act

and   whether   it   manifested   any

contrary   intentions   to   the   Repealed

Act. Unless a different intention has

been   manifested   in   the   Act,   the

Repealed   Act   would   continue   to   be

operative. Even in a case of bare repeal

accompanied by a fresh legislation on the

same subject, the provisions of the new

Act will have to be looked into to find

where and how far the new Act envisages

a   contrary   intention   affecting   the

operation   of   Section   6   of   the   General

Clauses   Act.   Unless   such   contrary

intention   is   manifested,   liabilities,

penalties,   forfeiture   or   punishment

under the Repealed Act will continue to

exist and remain in force by operation of

Section 6 of the General Clauses Act.

8. We have already seen that the Act did

not   evince   any   contrary   intention.   It

merely   reiterated   the   earlier   law

operating in the field. Therefore, clause

(d) of Section 6 of the General Clauses

Act gets attracted to the acts done or

the   penalties   of   forfeiture   or

punishment for any offence which had

already   been   committed   before   the

repeal   of   the   enactment,   though   no

criminal   proceedings   have   been

actually   initiated   under   repealed

enactment before its repeal.

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9. In Tiwari   Kanhaiyalal v. CIT [(1975)   4

SCC 101 : 1975 SCC (Tax) 214:1975 SCC

(Cri)   312]   where   prosecution   was   laid

after the repeal of the Income Tax Act,

1922,   the   contention   raised   was   that

saving clauses in Section 297 of 1961

Income   Tax   Act   did   not   save   the

punishment incurred under the Repealed

Act, therefore, recourse to Section 6 of

General Clauses Act cannot be had, was

negatived by this Court and it held that

the repeal had not affected the liability

incurred under Section 52 of the Income

Tax Act, 1922 and it continued even after

its repeal. The same view was reiterated

in CIT v. M/s Shah Sadiq & Sons [(1987)

3 SCC 516, 524:1987 SCC (Tax) 270].

Accordingly, we hold that despite repeal

of Act 7 of 1947 by operation of Section 6

of   the   General   Clauses   Act   read   with

Section   81(2),   the   penalty   incurred   by

the appellant continued to subsist and

the respondents are entitled to institute

the proceedings, conduct investigation or

enquiry and impose such penalty.”

(emphasis added)

14.Hence, the view taken by us in earlier paragraphs is

fortified by the above decision.   

15.The   appeal   fails,   and   the   same   is,   accordingly,

dismissed.     As   the   complaint   remained   stayed   from   7

th

January 2011, we direct the Trial Court to give necessary out­

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of­turn   priority   to   the   disposal   of   the   complaint   bearing

CC.No.14/CW/2002,   which   is   the   subject   matter   of   this

appeal.

….…………………….J.

(Abhay S. Oka)

…..…………………...J.

  (Sanjay Karol)

New Delhi;

September 21, 2023.

Criminal Appeal No.2151 of 2011 Page 17 of 17

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