Page 1 1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NOs.4593-4594 OF 2014

ARISING OUT OF

SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NOs. 28021-28022 OF 2010

JAIPUR SHAHAR HINDU VIKAS SAMITI … APPELLANT

VERSUS

STATE OF RAJASTHAN & ORS. … RESPONDENTS

JUDGMENT

N.V. RAMANA, J.

Leave granted.

2.The present Civil Appeals arise out of the common order dated

4

th

May, 2010 passed by the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan

at Jaipur Bench, Jaipur. The facts as culled out from the impugned

order dated 4

th

May, 2010 are – The appellant herein filed a Public

Interest Litigation i.e. D.B. (Civil) Writ Petition No. 2321/2006 alleging

misappropriation of property of Galta Peeth/Thikana (3

rd

respondent

herein); whether Mahanth appointed vide order dated 09.06.1943

Page 2 2

was to administer the properties during his life time or there was a

right of succession. D.B. (Civil) Writ Petition No. 5111 of 2004 was

also filed by one Mahanth Ram Saran Das as a Public Interest

Litigation, whereas D.B. (Civil) Writ Petition No. 6607 of 2004 was

filed by Mahant Shri Ramodaracharya challenging the notifications

dated 17.09.2004 whereby Chapter 10 of the Rajasthan Public Trust

Act, 1959 was made applicable to the Trust and notification dated

18.09.2004 whereby a Committee under Section 53 of the Act was

appointed in respect of the Trust. D.B. (Civil) Writ Petition No. 5650

of 2007 was filed by the Mandir Thikana Shri Galtaji. Though D.B.

(Civil) W.P. No. 6607 of 2004 and D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 5650 of 2007

were filed before the learned single Judge, as all the issues revolve

around Galta Peeth and properties of Thikana Galta, the writ petitions

before the learned single Judge were called and a common order

was passed by the High Court.

3.For better appreciation of facts, the relief sought in D.B. (Civil)

W.P. No. 2321 of 2006, which is a Public Interest Litigation, the order

which is impugned in the Civil Appeal @ SLP(C) No. 28021 of 2010

is extracted below:

(i)by an appropriate writ, order or direction in the nature

whereof, this Hon’ble Court may be pleased to declare

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that the Galta Peeth / Thikana, its temples and

properties are public properties and not private or

individual properties and it may be dealt with in the

manner public properties are dealt with; and

(ii)by an appropriate writ, order or direction in the nature

whereof, the Hon’ble Court may be pleased to restrain

respondent No. 4 Shri Avadhesh Kumar or any of the

other legal representative of late Shri Ramodaracharya

as well as respondent No. 5 Shri Raghavacharya in any

manner using, managing or interfering in the temples

and properties of the Galta Peeth/Thikana and its

accompanying temples;

(iii)by an appropriate writ, order or direction in the nature

whereof, the State Government should be directed to

take over control and management of the temples and

properties of the Galta Peeth/Thikana and appoint a

Board to manage the properties and temples of the

Galta Peeth in line with the Vaishno Devi Shrine or

Tirupati Balaji Temple or in any other manner which this

Hon’ble Court may deem fit and proper; and

(iv)by further appropriate writ, order or direction in the

nature whereof, the Hon’ble Court may be pleased to

direct the State Government to submit a list of the

properties of the Galta Peeth to the Hon’ble Court as

well as the list of properties which had been sold by the

former Mahant Shri Ramodaracharya or his family

members including Shri Avadhesh Kumar and others.

4.The High Court, after taking into consideration the material

placed before it, disposed of all the four writ petitions by a common

order.

5.The High Court has framed two issues in the Public Interest

Litigation. It summarized the first issue as to whether the properties

Page 4 4

of Galta Peeth have to be treated as public properties or private

properties and whether the Mahant has right to alienate them?

The second issue is whether there is any right of succession to

the Galta Peeth and its properties as per order dated 09-06-1943

appointing Mahant; and whether the Mahant was to administer the

properties during his life time?

6.The High Court considered the provisions of Section 24 of the

Rajasthan Public Trust Act, 1959 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the

Act’) and also the objections filed by the petitioner in W.P. (Civil)

No. 5111 of 2004 which was filed by one Mahant Ram Saran Das.

The Advocate General brought to the notice of the High Court that

the issue of succession of Mahant and also the issue of properties

of Galta Peeth/Thikana are pending before the Assistant

Commissioner, Devasthan Department, in Complaint Nos. 1 of

2004, 1 of 2006 and 1 of 2007. Respondent No. 4 in that writ

petition consented for the disposal and adjudication of these issues

by the Assistant Commissioner. Accordingly, the High Court,

passed common order in the writ petitions in the following terms:

“We have considered rival submissions made by the

learned counsel for the parties and perused the record.

Page 5 5

The issues raised in two Public Interest Litigations have

been narrated while dealing with the arguments of learned

counsel for the petitioners. The first issue is regarding nature

of appointment of Mahant in the year 1943. As to whether the

post of Mahant will go in succession to the legal heirs in view

of the fact that late Mahant Ramodaracharya is no more. The

other issue is that as to whether the property of Galta

Peeth/Thikana is public property or property belonging to

individual.

According to us, both the issues are pending

consideration before the Assistant Commissioner, Devasthan

Department as it has been admitted by the learned counsel for

the respondent No. 6 (Avdesh Kumar), who is presently

holding the post of Mahant. In view of aforesaid, Public

Interest Litigations can be disposed of as one and the same

issue cannot be decided in Public Interest Litigation, when

statutory enquiry under Section 24 of the Act of 1959 is

pending for consideration before the Assistant Commissioner,

Devasthan Department. In view of aforesaid, we are of the

opinion that the issues raised before us would be decided by

the Assistant Commissioner, Devasthan Department after

hearing all the parties and in this regard, the petitioners in the

writ petition No. 2321/2006 would be at liberty to participate in

the hearing by making a proper application and would further

be at liberty to substantiate their grounds by submitting

necessary documents.

… … …

Learned counsel Shri S.R. Bajwa appearing for

Respondent No. 6 in Writ Petition No. 5111 of 2014 further

submits that they have no objection if the issue of succession

of Mahant so as the issue as to whether the property of Galta

Peeth/Thikana is individual property or public property is

decided by the Assistant Commissioner and further if the

petitioner in the Writ Petition No. 2312/2006 makes an

application and participate in the hearing, they have no

objection.

… … …

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We expect from the Assistant Commissioner, Devasthan

Department that he will look into the matter entirely and

thereupon record his finding by a speaking order while

deciding both the issues. It goes without saying that whatever

is the outcome of the order passed by the Assistant

Commissioner, Devasthan Department, the consequences will

follow.

With the aforesaid observation, both the writ petitions by

way of Public Interest Litigation are disposed of.”

7.The High Court has dismissed D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 5650 of

2007 filed by Mandir Thikana Shri Galtaji, as withdrawn basing on the

submission of the learned counsel that in the light of the order passed

in Public Interest Litigations, petitioner may be permitted to withdraw

the writ petition with a liberty to take pleas before the Assistant

Commissioner, Devasthanam Department.

8.D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 6607 of 2004 was dismissed as withdrawn

basing on the submission made by the counsel for the petitioner that

the term of the Committee concerned was only five years and which

has came to an end in the year 2009, and hence the writ petition may

be rendered infructuous and the petitioners be given liberty to raise

other issues about the notification which was issued under Chapter

10, if need so arises.

The High Court observed that – “It is agreed by all the parties

that till the matter is decided by the Assistant Commissioner,

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Devasthan Department, they will maintain status quo in respect of the

office of Mahant as well as regarding property of Galta

Peeth/Thikana.”

9.Aggrieved by the order passed in D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 2321 of

2006, Civil Appeal @ SLP(C) No. 28021 of 2010 was filed and

whereas against the order passed in D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. of 6607 of

2004 which was filed by the father of the 4

th

respondent herein,

wherein the appellant herein was not a party, has sought leave of the

Court and preferred Civil Appeal @ SLP(C) No. 28022 of 2010 on the

ground that the High Court without going into the merits, rendered the

matter infructuous and which resulted in miscarriage of justice and

irreparable injury to the public interest. Accordingly, these two

appeals are placed before us, which arise out of a common order of

the High Court.

10.We have heard the counsels at length. It is mainly contended

by the learned counsel appearing for the appellant that the writ

petitions were disposed of by the High Court without considering any

of their contentions and particularly the reliefs sought in writ petitions,

namely (i) a declaration to the effect that Galta Peeth/Thikana, its

temples and properties are public properties; (ii) a restraint order

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against legal representatives of deceased Ramodaracharya,

including Respondent No. 4 (the present Mahant) from interfering

with the management of the Galta Peeth; (iii) a direction to the State

Government to take over the management of the Galta Peeth; and

(iv) call for a list of its properties and the properties sold by the

deceased Ramodaracharya and his family members.

11.He further contended that even though, the above reliefs were

prayed for, but the High Court, without considering the public interest

involved, in a casual manner, has disposed of the writ petition. The

High Court has failed to take into consideration the material aspect in

D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 6607 of 2004 filed by the father of Respondent

No. 4 and without going into the merits, simply rendered the matter

infructuous. The reason given by the High Court for its disposal is that

the term of five years of the Committee of Management appointed by

the Government has come to an end and hence the matter has

become infructuous and no cause survives. In fact, by an interim

order of the Court, the Committee was prevented from discharging its

duties and it did not function for a period of five years. In view of

Section 53 of the Act, the Managing Committee shall function till such

time permanent arrangement is made for the management of the

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Trust in question or in the alternative, the State Government may be

directed to appoint another Managing Committee comprising

independent persons.

12.Another contention advanced by the counsel was that the

reliefs sought in the writ petition cannot be considered by the

Assistant Commissioner in view of the fact that the Assistant

Commissioner does not have such jurisdiction to decide the issues

raised.

13.To substantiate his contention, the learned counsel submitted

that as per the provisions of the Act, it is the Court within the meaning

of sub-section (6) of Section 2 of the Act, which has to appoint the

members of the Trust. But, the 4

th

respondent, himself, nominated

the members of the Trust and usurped the office of the Trust without

any authority of law. Under Section 41 of the Public Trust Act, he has

to apply to the concerned Court and under Section 43 it is the power

of the Court to appoint the trustees with regard to the custom or

usage and, as per the provisions of Section 53(1) of the Act a

committee of management has to be appointed in place of the

Respondent No.4 by the State to protect the properties of the Galta

Peeth and the Respondent No.4 cannot appoint his own trustees and

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the State Government has to appoint the working trustee in

accordance with the Act.

14.During the pendency of the reconstitution of the Committee of

Management under Section 53 of the Act, a direction to the State

Government was sought to appoint a Managing Committee of

independent persons to protect the interests of the trust. He

contended that the order of the High Court disposing of the writ

petition was unmindful and has resulted in serious miscarriage of

justice and irreparable injury to public interest. Under Section 53 of

the Act, the Government is bound to appoint another Committee or

re-appoint the erstwhile members of the Committee. The High Court

has created a vacuum not contemplated by the Act, which is against

public interest.

15.In support of his contentions, learned senior counsel for the

appellant has relied upon the decisions of this Court in Seth Badri

Prasad Vs. Seth Nagarmal & Ors. (1959) Supp. 1 SCR 769; Shehla

Burney (Dr.) Vs. Syed Ali Moosa Raza & Ors. (2011) 6 SCC 529;

Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra Vs. State of U.P. (1989)

Supp 1 SCC 504; Padma Vs. Hiralal Motilal Desarda & Ors. (2002)

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7 SCC 564 and Bangalore Medical Trust Vs. B.S. Muddappa &

Ors. (1991) 4 SCC 54.

16.In addition to the oral submissions, learned senior counsel for

the appellant has also placed before us detailed written submissions

and chronology of events from 15

th

century onwards about the

formation of the trust to till date and had taken us through various

provisions of the Act and also placed the pedigree of the Mahants

starting from the founder Mahant and submitted that submission

based on statutory provision can be raised at any stage.

17.Respondent No. 4 filed an interlocutory application raising

preliminary objections about the maintainability of these appeals and

narrated the earlier litigation. While the D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 2321 of

2006 was pending, the High Court, by an interim order dated 4

th

May,

2007, restrained the Respondent No. 4 herein to deal with the

properties of the Galta Peeth as a working trustee. Aggrieved

thereby, Respondent No. 4 filed a Special Leave Petition before this

Court. Consequently it became Civil Appeal No. 3746 of 2009.

18.During the pendency of Civil Appeal No. 3746 of 2009, the Writ

Petitions before the High Court were disposed of on 4-5-2010 holding

that since the issues raised are already pending consideration before

Page 12 12

the Assistant Commissioner, Devasthan Department the parties may

raise their grievances before him. Accordingly, Civil Appeal No. 3746

of 2009 filed against interim order of the High Court, was also

dismissed by this Court on 08.07.2013 as having become infructuous.

19.It is contended by the learned counsel for the Respondent

No. 4 that the appellant has misused the pendency of Civil Appeal

No. 3746 of 2009. Taking advantage of the pendency of Civil Appeal

No. 3746 of 2009, the appellant has filed the present appeals. The

appellant moved an application before this Court for dismissal of Civil

Appeal No. 3746 of 2009 as it has become infructuous in view of the

impugned order of the High Court. But, deliberately and intentionally

the appellant did not move any application for formal dismissal in the

present appeals, though they too have become infructuous.

20.Relying upon the order of the Division Bench of the High Court,

it is contended that after the disposal of the writ petition, as per the

directions of the High Court, the appellant herein has impleaded

himself and filed objections before the Assistant Commissioner in the

statutory appeal. Taking into consideration the provisions of

Sections 21, 38 and 41 of the Act, the Assistant Commissioner

rejected the same by three separate speaking orders dated

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28

th

March, 2013. Against those orders, the appellant has already

filed appeals before the Commissioner, which are pending for

consideration. Hence these Civil Appeals are not maintainable.

21.Apart from preliminary objections, learned counsel appearing

for the respondents addressed on the main issues also and relied

upon different provisions of the Act. The counsel brought to our notice

that in fact as early as on 19-5-1928 itself a list of properties of Galta

Peeth was drawn up, including some of the private properties of the

Mahant i.e. residential house etc. Thereafter, a series of legal

proceedings have taken place between the Government, private

parties and the Galta Peeth and their rights are crystallized in the

respective litigations. According to him, the appellants have again

raked up the issue in the guise of Public Interest Litigation, which was

already subject matter of dispute in the earlier round of litigation.

22.It is also stated by the counsel that after the Act has come into

force, the Mahant submitted a list of properties on 25-10-1962 to the

Jagir Commissioner wrongly showing some of his personal properties

as trust properties and this list of properties was the same as

submitted in 1928. It is also prayed before us that on 31

st

December,

1962 the Mahant made an application for registration of the Mandir

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Thikana Shri Galtaji as public trust under the Act and made it clear

that the mode of succession to the office of Trustee will be by way of

‘custom and usage’. The said trust was registered by the Assistant

Commissioner on 26

th

April, 1963. It is also contended that in the list

of trust properties which were also submitted along with the

application, and which list became final, the property in question has

not been shown as trust property and the said list has never been

questioned.

23.Relying upon several documents as well as counter affidavit

and provisions of the Act, it is contended that in view of the fact that

the issues are pending before the competent authority, subsequent

orders passed by the Assistant Commissioner against which appeals

are pending before the Commissioner, there is no need for this Court

to entertain these appeals and they have to be dismissed as the

appellant cannot litigate simultaneously before the appellate authority

and this Court. It is also contended that there is no allegation against

Avadesh Kumar (Respondent No.4) who is the present Mahant and in

view of the pendency of the appeals before the Commissioner, the

appellant cannot come before this Court and misuse the forum in the

guise of Public Interest Litigation.

Page 15 15

24.To substantiate his arguments, learned counsel relied on the

Judgments of this Court in Guruvayoor Devaswom Managing

Committee & Anr. Vs. C.K. Rajan & Ors. (2003) 7 SCC 546 and

Church of North India Vs. Lavajibhai Ratanjibhai & Ors. (2005) 10

SCC 760. A counter affidavit has been filed by the Assistant

Commissioner of behalf of the State of Rajasthan stating that the

appellant is trying to confuse the issues and supported the judgment

of the High Court in all respects and further stated that the present

appeals are not maintainable

25.In view of the extensive arguments submitted on behalf of

either side, the following issues fall for consideration before this

Court:

1.Whether the High Court was right in relegating the parties

to the Assistant Commissioner without going into the

merits and legal issues involved in the case?

2.Whether the Assistant Commissioner has got the authority

and jurisdiction under the Act to deal with complicated

issues involved in the matter?

3.Whether the appellant herein is aggrieved by the order

passed in Writ Petition (C) No. 6607 of 2004, wherein the

writ petition was dismissed as infructuous?

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26.Before we deal with the above issues, it is necessary to

examine the relevant provisions of the Rajasthan Public Trust Act,

1959 which came into force w.e.f. 1

st

July, 1962.

Chapter 5 of the Act covers Sections 16 to 29 and it deals with

Registration process of a public trust. As per Section 16, the

Assistant Commissioner shall be in charge of the registration and he

maintains a register. Section 17 explains the procedure for

registration of public trusts which reads thus:

Sec. 17 - Registration of public trust:

1. Within three months from the date of the application of

this section to a public trust or from the date on which a public

trust is created whichever is later, the working trustee thereof

shall apply to a Assistant Commissioner having jurisdiction for

the registration of such public trust.

2. The Assistant Commissioner may, for reasons to be

recorded in writing, extend the period prescribed by Sub-Sec.

(1) for the making of an application for registration by not more

that two years.

3. Each such application shall be accompanied by such

fee if any, not exceeding five rupees, and to be utilised for

such purpose, as may be prescribed.

4. The application shall be in such form as may

be prescribed and shall contain the following particulars,

namely: -

(i)the origin (so far as knows), nature and object of the

public trust and the designation by which the public trust

is or shall be known;

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(ii)the place where the principal office or the principal place

of business of the public trust is situate;

(iii)the name and addresses of the working trustee and the

manager;

(iv)the mode of succession to the office of the trustee;

(v) the list of the movable and immovable trust property

and such description and particulars as may be

sufficient for the identification thereof;

(vi)the approximate value of the movable and immovable

property;

(vii) the gross average annual income derived form

movable and immovable property and from other

source, if any, based on the actual gross annual

income during the three years immediately proceeding

the date on which the application is made or of the

period which has elapsed since the creation of the

trust, whichever period is shorter, and, in the case of a

newly created public trust the estimated gross annual

income from all such sources;

(viii) the amount of the average annual expenditure in

connection with such public trust estimated on the

expenditure incurred within the case of a newly

created public trust, the estimated annual expenditure

in connection with such public trust;

(ix) the address to which and communication to the

working trustee or manager in connection with the

public trust may be sent;

(x)such other particulars as may be prescribed; Provided

that the rules made may provide that in the case of any

or all public trusts it shall not be necessary to give the

particulars of the trust property of such value and kind

as may be specified therein.

5. Every application made under sub-section (1) shall be

signed and verified in accordance with the manner laid down

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in the code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Central Act v if 1908) for

signing and verifying plaints. It shall be accompanied by a

copy of the instrument of trust (if such instrument has been

executed and is in existence) and, where the trust property

includes immovable property entered in a record of rights, a

copy of the relevant entries relating to such property in such

record of rights shall also be enclosed.

6. No Assistant Commissioner shall proceed with any

application for the registration of a public trust in respect of

which an application for registration has been filed previously

before any other Assistant Commissioner, and the Assistant

Commissioner before whom the application was filed first shall

decide which Assistant Commissioner shall have jurisdiction to

register the public trust.

7. An appeal against the order of the Assistant Commissioner

before whom the application was filed first, given under sub-

section (6) may be filed within sixty days before the

Commissioner and, subject to the decision on such appeal,

the orders of the Assistant Commissioner under sub-section

(6) shall be final.

Thus, Section 17 mandates that within three months from the date of

enforcement of this Section to a public trust, the working trustee can

make an application to the Assistant Commissioner, in the prescribed

form for registration. Sub-Section (4) of Section 17 prescribes the

particulars which shall contain in the application so made. Clause (v)

of sub-Section (4) specifies that the application shall contain a list of

movable and immovable trust property. Under sub-Section (7) an

appeal shall lie before the Commissioner against the order of the

Assistant Commissioner within a period of sixty days.

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27.Section 18 describes the procedure of inquiry to be undertaken

by the Assistant Commissioner for registration of the public trust. The

said Section reads thus:

Sec. 18 - Inquiry for Registration:

1. On receipt of an application under Sec. 17 or upon an

application made by any person having interest in a public

trust or on his own motion, the Assistant Commissioner shall

make an inquiry in the prescribed manner for the purpose of

ascertaining:

(i)whether a trust exists and whether such trust is a public

trust:

(ii)whether any property is the property of such trust;

(iii)whether the whole or any substantial portion of the

subject matter of the trust is situate within his

jurisdiction;

(iv)the names and addresses of the working trustee and

the manager of such trust;

(v)the mode of succession to the office of the trustee of

such trust;

(vi)the origin, nature and objects of such trust;

(vii)the amount of gross average annual income and

expenditure of such trust: and

(viii)the correctness or otherwise of any other particulars

furnished under sub-section (4) of Section 17.

2. The Assistant Commissioner shall give in the prescribed

manner public notice of the inquiry proposed to be made

under sub-section (1) and invite all person having interest in

the public trust inquiry to prefer within sixty days objection, if

any, in respect of such trust.

Page 20 20

28.On completion of the inquiry as contemplated under section 18,

the Assistant Commissioner shall record his findings as provided

under Section 19 of the Act. Section 20 of the Act makes the

provision for Appeal and reads thus:

“Any working trustee or person having interest in a public

trust or in any property found to be trust property aggrieved

by a finding of the Assistant Commissioner under Sec. 19

may, within two months from the date of its publication on the

notice board of the Assistant Commissioner, file an appeal

before the Commissioner to have such finding set aside or

modified.”

29.Section 21 of the Act prescribes that the Assistant

Commissioner shall cause entries to be made in the register and

under sub-section (2) the entries so made shall become final and

conclusive. As per Section 22, if anyone is aggrieved by any entry,

he may institute a civil suit. If there is any necessity for changes in

the entries so recorded in the register, the working trustee can make

an application under Section 23(1) to the Assistant Commissioner.

After holding an inquiry under Section 23(2) the Assistant

Commissioner can change the entries. Section 24 enables the

Assistant Commissioner to undertake further inquiry, at any time

after the entries are made under Section 21 or 23. The said Section

reads thus:

Page 21 21

24. Further inquiry by Assistant Commissioner:

If, at any time after the entries or amended entries are made in

the register under Section 21 or section 23, it appears to the

Assistant Commissioner that any particulars relating to any

public trust, which was not the subject matter of the inquiry

under section 18 or sub-section (2) of section 23, as the case

may be, has remained to be inquired into, the Assistant

Commissioner may make further inquiry in the prescribed

manner, record his findings and make or amend entries in the

register in accordance with the decision arrived at, and the

provisions of sections 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 shall, so far as

may be, apply to the inquiry, the recording of findings and the

making or amending of the entries in the register under this

section.

30.It is the duty of the Auditor under Section 34 of the Act, to

prepare balance sheet of the public trust and to report irregularities, if

any, and the Auditor has to forward a copy thereof to the Assistant

Commissioner. It is further the duty of the Auditor to mention in the

report in case of any irregularity, illegality or improper expenditure,

failure or omission to recovery moneys or other property belonging to

the public trust or of loss or waste of money or other property thereof.

31.Chapter 8 of the Act deals with Management of trust property.

Section 38 therein provides for issuing directions by the Assistant

Commissioner on an application filed by any person having interest

in a public trust or otherwise that (a) the original object of the public

trust has failed; (b) the trust property is not being properly managed

or administered; or (c) the direction of the Court is necessary for the

Page 22 22

administration of the public trust, he can direct inquiry after giving

the working trustee an opportunity of being heard.

32.Section 39 provides that where the Assistant Commissioner

rejects an application, fails or refuses to make an application to the

Court, an appeal lies to the Commissioner. On receipt of an

application made under Sections 38 or 39, the Court shall consider

and pass appropriate orders under Section 40 of the Act. Section 41

envisages that if the present working trustee of a public trust, for

any reasons mentioned therein, can make an application to the

Assistant Commissioner having jurisdiction seeking permission to

apply to the Court for appointment of a new working trustee and the

Court under Section 43 of the Act can make inquiry and pass an

order.

33.Section 49 of the Act empowers the Assistant Commissioner to

ask for explanation of the working trustee. If the Assistant

Commissioner, on a perusal of the report of the auditor made under

Section 34, is of the opinion that material defects exist in

administration of the public trust, he may require the working trustee

to submit an explanation thereon within such period as he thinks fit.

Page 23 23

34.Some special provisions are provided to public trusts under

Chapter 10. Section 52 emphasizes how this chapter is applied to a

public trust. It provides that this Chapter applies to every public trust

which has a gross annual income of Rs. 1.00 lakh or more or is

maintained or managed by the State Government. Sub-section (2)

provides that it is the duty of the State Government to publish in the

official gazette a list of the public trusts to which this chapter applies.

The amended sub-section (3) makes it clear that for the purpose of

maintaining public order, the State Government may suspend by

notification in the official gazette, the application of this Chapter to

any public trust or the procedure for constitution of committee of

management under this Chapter for such period as may be specified

in such notification.

35.Section 53 as amended on 9

th

May, 2007 provides that if the

State Government is satisfied with the public interest, it ‘may’, by

notification in the official gazette, vest the management of a public

trust in a committee of management to be constituted by it. Before

the said amendment, the old Act contained the word ‘shall’ in place

of ‘may’. Thus, before the amendment, it was compulsory for the

Page 24 24

Government to constitute a committee which was diluted by

introducing the provision as ‘may’.

36.Sub-section (5) of Section 53 states that the Committee of

Management which is to be appointed by the Government, must

include, the hereditary trustee in case of a public trust whereas in

case of a Math, the head thereof as the Chairman of the Committee

of Management.

37.Whenever the State Government decides to appoint a

Committee of Management under Section 53, a notice shall be

issued under Section 54 to the hereditary trustee or the head of the

Math, as the case may be, about the intention of the Government to

constitute the committee and shall hear their objections, if any.

Under Section 55 of the Act one can be disqualified from being

considered as a member of the Committee of Management.

According to Section 56, the term of office of the committee is five

years.

38.Section 67 of the Act provides that the officers holding enquiries

shall have the power of civil Court. The Section reads thus:

In holding enquiries under the Act, the Commissioner or an

Assistant Commissioner shall have the same powers as are vested

in civil Courts in respect of the following matters under the Code of

Civil Procedure, 1908 (Central Act V of 1908) trying a suit –

Page 25 25

(a)Proof of facts by affidavits;

(b)Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any persons and

examining him on oath;

(c)Compelling the production of documents; and

(d)Issuing of Commissions.

39.From the above, it is evident that all the officers holding enquiry

under the Act i.e. the Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner,

have the power of a civil Court in respect of proof of facts by

affidavits, for summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person

and examining him on oath and further compelling the production of

documents and issue of Commissions.

40.A detailed examination of the Act reveals that it is a

self-contained Act. We have thoroughly examined the Sections and

each and every provision of law that is relevant for the purpose of

the case on hand and find that the Act has provided appropriate

mechanism (a) to deal with the registration of a public trust;

(b) making of entries in the register, their correction and inquiry, if

any; (c) duties of auditor and inspection of balance sheet by any

person interested in such public trust; (d) application by any person

seeking directions from the Assistant Commissioner to appoint a

new working trustee on the ground that the properties of the trust are

not being properly managed or administered; (e) power of the

Page 26 26

Assistant Commissioner to ask for explanation of the working trustee

about the administration of the trust; and (f) in case of

mismanagement, power of the State Government to appoint a new

committee of management etc.

41. Now in the light of the above provisions of the Rajasthan Public

Trust Act, we would like to deal with the submission of the counsel on

either side and the legality or otherwise of the order passed by the

High Court.

It appears from the material placed before us that there is a

long standing dispute with regard to the properties of the Galta

Peeth/Thikana which was established in the 15

th

century by one

Mahant Shri Krishnadas Payohari. Later on 06.07.1943,

Ramodaracharya, the father of respondent No.4 herein was

appointed as Mahanth by the ruler. The Rajasthan Public Trusts Act

1959 has come into force w.e.f. 01.07.1962. The case of the

appellant is that on 25.10.1962, the Mahant submitted a list of

properties to the Jagir Commissioner showing some of the properties

of the Trust as his personal properties. Then the Mahanth has

executed gift deeds in favour of his wife and sons. On 31.12.1962,

Mahant Ramodaracharya made an application for registration of the

Page 27 27

Mandir Thikana Shri Galtaji as a Public Trust under the Act. In the

application, as regards the mode of succession of the Office of the

Trustee, he stated that it would be “by custom and usages”. On

26.04.1963, the Assistant Commissioner passed order registering the

Trust. Later on, a series of litigation went on between the parties with

regard to the properties of the Trust/Math. When the Government

appointed a five-Member Committee for proper management of the

Trust, challenging the same D.B. (Civil) W.P. No.6607 of 2004 was

filed. When the Assistant Commissioner re-opened the issue of

succession, 4

th

respondent herein filed D.B. (Civil) W.P. No.5650 of

2007. Two Public Interest Litigations i.e. D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 5111

of 2004 and D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 2321 of 2006 were filed seeking to

declare (a) the properties are trust properties, (b) the mode of

succession, (c) direct the Government to take over the management

of the trust and (d) to appoint a Board to manage the properties in

line with Vaishno Devi Shrine or Tirupati Balaji Temple.

42. The above narrated facts disclose that either in the Public

Interest Litigation or in the private civil litigation, the entire issues

revolve around the properties of Galta Peeth and the mode of

succession to the Peeth. Already in respect of these issues, by the

Page 28 28

time, these writ petitions were filed, statutory enquiry application

Nos. 1/2004, 1/2006 and 1/2007, under Section 24 of the Act, were

pending before the Assistant Commissioner. Hence, the High Court

felt that those issues can be effectively decided by the Assistant

Commissioner, and accordingly, permitted the appellant to implead

himself in the pending applications before the authority. In view of

the statutory provisions, as narrated and discussed by us supra,

which give extensive powers to the Assistant Commissioner and

Commissioner, in some cases the power of the civil Court to

effectively decide the issues of the Public Trust, by providing effective

mechanism, we are unable to agree with the contentions advanced

by the learned counsel that the Assistant Commissioner has no

jurisdiction to adjudicate the disputes involved, because the Act

clearly demonstrates the power and jurisdiction of the Assistant

Commissioner in deciding the issues pertaining to public trust and

particularly the issues raised before us.

43.Apart from that, the appellant herein has impleaded himself in

the applications pending before the Assistant Commissioner which

were disposed of by him vide orders dated 28.03.2013, and against

those orders of the Assistant Commissioner, it appears that the

Page 29 29

parties have preferred appeals as provided under the Act. The

appellant having availed the alternative remedy available under the

Act, however, approached this Court by way of these Civil Appeals.

In our opinion, the appellant cannot be permitted to avail two

remedies simultaneously, and such conduct of the appellant is abuse

of process of Court. It is no doubt settled law that mere availability of

alternative remedy cannot be a ground to reject the relief in a Public

Interest Litigation, but in the facts and circumstances of the case,

namely the history of the case, right from 15

th

century, the long

standing litigation, the voluminous record, etc. involving disputed

questions of facts and law, we are of the considered opinion that

adjudication of such disputes is not possible in a Public Interest

Litigation, and the remedy is to get such disputes adjudicated by a

fact finding authority as enumerated under the Act, which remedy is

not only alternative, but also effective, because the parties can put a

quietus to the litigation once for all. Hence, in view of our above

discussion, we are of the considered opinion that the High Court, by

the impugned order, was justified in relegating the parties to the

Assistant Commissioner, before whom the applications are pending

adjudication. The appellant having got impleaded himself in the

Page 30 30

applications before the Assistant Commissioner and having invited an

order from the High Court, now cannot be permitted to question the

said order of the High Court. Accordingly, the first and second issues

are answered.

44.Third issue that requires our consideration is whether the

appellant herein is aggrieved by the orders passed in D.B. (Civil)

W.P. No. 6607 of 2004, which was dismissed as infructuous. The

case of the appellant is that the High Court should not have

dismissed the writ petition as withdrawn basing on the submission

that the term of the Committee has expired. It ought to have decided

the issue on merits. By this order, the High Court has created a

vacuum not contemplated by the Act, which is against Public Interest,

in view of the status quo orders passed by the Court, the Committee

could not function its full period. Hence, the Committee has to be

allowed to function till a permanent Committee is appointed by the

Government.

45.We are also not able to appreciate the argument advanced by

the learned counsel for the appellant for reason that D.B. (Civil) W.P.

No. 6607 of 2004 was filed by the father of Respondent No.4 herein

questioning the constitution of the Committee. When the Court

Page 31 31

directed the parties to appear before the Assistant Commissioner for

proper adjudication of the issues as the five-year term of the

Committee expired, the 4

th

respondent sought permission of the Court

and withdrew the writ petition, with a liberty to raise all the issues

before the authority. The appellant herein who was not a party to

D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 6607 of 2004 has not chosen to implead himself

nor objected to the withdrawing of the writ petition when the order

was passed in his presence. He is taking such an objection and such

plea for the first time before this Court. He relied on Shehla Burney

(Dr.) Vs. Syed Ali Moosa Raza & Ors. (2011) 6 SCC 529; that on

technical objection, this Court cannot reject to grant relief to the

appellant in this Public Interest Litigation. There is no dispute with

regard to the legal proposition that technicalities should not come in

the way of the Court in granting relief in a Public Interest Litigation,

but application of a legal proposition depends upon the facts and

circumstances of each case.

Here we deem it appropriate to extract Section 53 which reads

thus:

Sec. 53 - Management of public trusts to which this chapter

applies:

Page 32 32

1. Notwithstanding anything contained in any provision of this

Act or in any law, custom or usage, if the State Government is

satisfied that it is expedient in public interest so to do, it may,

by notification in the official Gazette, vest the management of

a public trust to which this Chapter applies in a committee of

management to be constituted by it in the manner hereinafter

provided from such date as may be appointed by it in this

behalf.

2. On or before the date so fixed under Sub-Sec. (1) in respect

of a public trust, the State Government shall subject to the

provision contained in Sec. 54, constitute by notification in the

official Gazette a Committee of management thereof under

such Committee shall be deemed to be the working trustee of

the said public trust and its endowment.

Provided that upon the combined request of the trustee of and

persons interested in several public trusts representing the

same religion or persuasion, the State Government may

constitute a Committee of management for all of them, if their

endowments are situated in the same city, town or locality.

3. Every Committee of management constituted under sub-

sec. (2) shall be a body corporate having perpetual

succession and a common seal, with power to acquire, hold

and dispose of property subject to such conditions and

restrictions as may be prescribed and may by the name

specified in the notification under sub-section (2) sue and be

sued.

4. A committee of management shall consist of a Chairman

and such even number of members not exceeding ten and not

less than two as the State Government may determine.

5. The Chairman and members of a committee of

management shall be appointed by the State Government

by notification in the official Gazette from amongst –

(a) trustee of public trusts representing the same religion

or persuasion and having the same objects, and

(b) person interested in such public trusts or in the

endowments thereof or belonging to the denomination

Page 33 33

for the purpose of which or for the benefit of whom the

trust was founded, in accordance with the general

wishes of the person so interested so far as such

wishes can be ascertained in the prescribed manner.

Provided that in the case of a public trust having a hereditary

trustee, such trustee, and in the case of a Math, the head

thereof, shall be the Chairman of the committee of

management, if he is willing to serve as such.

46.In this case, a Committee was constituted pursuant to

notification dated 18.09.2004, and the term of the Committee expired

on 17.09.2009, and even though four years have passed from the

date of expiry of the term of the Committee, the Government has not

chosen to appoint a fresh Committee. The appointment of the

Committee invoking Section 53, depends upon the satisfaction and

necessity felt by the Government. It is brought to our notice that the

notification was issued by the Government invoking unamended

Section 53 of the Act. The said Section has now been amended on

12.10.2007, where the Government was given discretion to appoint or

not to appoint the Committee. We have gone through the amended

Section 53 of the Act wherein the word ‘may” has been substituted in

the place of ‘shall’. The Assistant Commissioner has already passed

Page 34 34

an order and the same is subject matter of appeal before the

Commissioner. In view of the same, we are not able to

appreciate the contention of the counsel that a permanent Committee

has to be appointed to look after the management of the Galta Peeth,

and such contention, deserves no consideration by this Court, and is

accordingly rejected, and further hold that the order passed by the

High Court in D.B. (Civil) W.P. No. 6607 of 2004 is perfectly valid.

Accordingly, issue No.3 is answered.

Under the circumstances, we cannot give any direction to the

Government to invoke Section 53 for appointment of a Committee of

Management to the trust.

47.The scope of Public Interest Litigation is very limited,

particularly, in the matter of religious institutions. It is always better

not to entertain this type of Public Interest Litigations simply on the

basis of affidavits of the parties. The public trusts and religious

institutions are governed by particular legislation which provide for a

proper mechanism for adjudication of disputes relating to the

properties of the trust and their management thereof. It is not proper

for the Court to entertain such litigation and pass orders. It is also

Page 35 35

needless to mention that the forums cannot be misused by the rival

groups in the guise of public interest litigation.

48.We feel that it is apt to quote the views expressed by this Court

in Guruvayoor Devaswom Managing Committee (supra) wherein

this Court observed :

“It is possible to contend that the Hindus in general and the

devotees visiting the temple in particular are interested in

proper management of the temple at the hands of the

statutory functionaries. That may be so but the Act is a self-

contained Code. Duties and functions are prescribed in the

Act and the rules framed thereunder. Forums have been

created thereunder for ventilation of the grievances of the

affected persons. Ordinarily, therefore, such forums should be

moved at the first instance. The State should be asked to look

into the grievances of the aggrieved devotees, both as parens

patriae as also in discharge of its statutory duties.

… … …

The Court should be circumspect in entertaining such public

interest litigation for another reason. There may be dispute

amongst the devotees as to what practices should be followed

by the temple authorities. There may be dispute as regard the

rites and rituals to be performed in the temple or omission

thereof. Any decision in favour of one sector of the people

may heart the sentiments of the other. The Courts normally,

thus, at the first instance would not enter into such disputed

arena, particularly, when by reason thereof the fundamental

right of a group of devotees under Articles 25 and 26 may be

infringed. Like any other wing of the State, the Courts also

while passing an order should ensure that the fundamental

rights of a group of citizens under Articles 25 and 26 are not

infringed. Such care and caution on the part of the High Court

would be a welcome step.

… … …

Page 36 36

When the administration of the temple is within its control and

it exercises the said power in terms of a Statute, the State, it is

expected, normally would itself probe into the alleged

irregularities. If the State through its machinery as provided for

in one Act can arrive at the requisite finding of fact for the

purpose of remedying the defects, it may not find it necessary

to take recourse to the remedies provided for in another

statute. It is trite that recourse to a provision to another

statute may be resorted to when the State finds that its powers

under the Act governing the field is inadequate. The High

Courts and the Supreme Court would not ordinarily issue a

writ of mandamus directing the State to carry out its statutory

functions in a particular manner. Normally, the Courts would

ask the State to perform its statutory functions, if necessary

within a time frame and undoubtedly as and when an order is

passed by the State in exercise of its power under the Statute,

it will examine the correctness or legality thereof by way of

judicial review”.

49.The concept of Public Interest Litigation is a phenomenon

which is evolved to bring justice to the reach of people who are

handicapped by ignorance, indigence, illiteracy and other down

trodden people. Through the Public Interest Litigation, the cause of

several people who are not able to approach the Court is espoused.

In the guise of Public Interest Litigation, we are coming across

several cases where it is exploited for the benefit of certain

individuals. The Courts have to be very cautious and careful while

entertaining Public Interest Litigation. The Judiciary should deal with

the misuse of Public Interest Litigation with iron hand. If the Public

Interest Litigation is permitted to be misused the very purpose for

Page 37 37

which it is conceived, namely to come to the rescue of the poor and

down trodden will be defeated. The Courts should discourage the

unjustified litigants at the initial stage itself and the person who

misuses the forum should be made accountable for it. In the realm of

Public Interest Litigation, the Courts while protecting the larger public

interest involved, should at the same time have to look at the effective

way in which the relief can be granted to the people, whose rights are

adversely affected or at stake. When their interest can be protected

and the controversy or the dispute can be adjudicated by a

mechanism created under a particular statute, the parties should be

relegated to the appropriate forum, instead of entertaining the writ

petition filed as Public Interest Litigation.

50.In view of the above discussion and the law laid down by this

Court and particularly taking into consideration that the appellant has

already availed statutory remedies and the appeals are still pending

before the Commissioner, we do not find any reason to interfere with

the impugned order.

Page 38 38

51.Accordingly, the appeals fail and are dismissed with no order as

to costs.

………………………………CJI.

(P. SATHASIVAM)

……………………………………………J.

(RANJAN GOGOI)

NEW DELHI, ……………………………………………J.

APRIL 17, 2014 (N.V. RAMANA)