REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO …. OF 2023

(@ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (C) NO. 28241 OF 2019)

KANIMOZHI KARUNANIDHI .....APPELLANT

VERSUS

A. SANTHANA KUMAR & ORS. .....RESPONDENTS

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO …. OF 2023

(@ SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (C) NO. 28242 OF 2019)

KANIMOZHI KARUNANIDHI .....APPELLANT

VERSUS

A. SANTHANA KUMAR & ORS. .....RESPONDENTS

J U D G M E N T

BELA M. TRIVEDI, J.

1.Leave granted.

2.The appellant in both the appeals (hereinafter referred to as the

returned candidate) has challenged the legality of the impugned

common order dated 19.11.2019 passed by the High Court of

Judicature at Madras in Original Application Nos. 929/2019 and

1

930/2019 filed by the appellant in Election Petition No. 3/2019,

whereby the High Court has dismissed both the said applications.

Factual matrix:

3.The factual matrix giving rise to the present appeals are that on

19.03.2019, the nominations were invited pursuant to the notification

issued by the Chief Election Commissioner for the elections to the

17

th

Lok Sabha, scheduled to be held on 18.04.2019. The appellant

filed her nomination from No. 36-Thoothukudy Lok Sabha

Constituency, along with the affidavit in Form No. 26 as per Rule 4A

of the Conduct of Election Rules 1961 (hereinafter referred to as the

said Rules). The scrutiny of nomination papers was held by the

Returning Officer on 27.03.2019. The elections were held on

18.04.2019 as scheduled, and the appellant was declared elected

from the said No. 36 Thoothukudy Lok Sabha Constituency with a

margin of 3,47,209 votes on 23.05.2019.

4.The Election petitioner/respondent no. 1 herein claiming to be a voter,

has filed the Election Petition being no. 3/2019 before the High Court

under Section 80, 80A, 100(1)(d)(iv) of the Representation of the

People’s Act, 1951 (hereinafter referred to as the RP Act) seeking

declaration that the election of the returned candidate, i.e., the

2

appellant herein, from No. 36, Thoothukudy Lok Sabha Constituency,

in the Lok Sabha election conducted pursuant to the notification of

the Chief Election Commissioner dated 19.03.2019 was void and

liable to be set aside, on the ground that the information sought by

the Election Commission of India in regard to the payment of income

tax of her spouse was not provided by her in the affidavit – Form

no.26 submitted along with the nomination papers, and thus had

intentionally suppressed and not disclosed the same to the electors.

5.The precise allegations made in para 5 to 9 of the Election petition

read as under:

“5. The petitioner humbly submits that upon perusal of the

nomination paper submitted by the 2nd respondent, the

returned candidate herein, under Rule 4 of the conduct of

election rules 1961, after the dissemination of the same to the

public under the Representation of the People Act, it is

noticed manifestly that she had failed to furnish the details of

the payment of the income tax of her spouse mention in the

Tamil language as "THUNAIVAR" namely Aravindan, Citizen

of Singapore, in the column requiring to provide the PAN

number, the last financial year of filing the Income Tax Return

and the total income shown in the income tax return for the

past five financial years, for each year in Rupees, in the

affidavit FORM 26, under Part A, No. 4 S. No. 2, by

mentioning in Tamil language "PORUTHATHU" which

information is to be mandatory furnished by the returned

candidate in adherence to the information sought by the

Election Commission of India in exercise of the statutory

powers, conferred under Article 324 of the Constitution of

India and suppression of the same by the returned candidate

in non-compliance with the provisions of the constitution of

India, the result of the election is materially affected.

6. The petitioner humbly submits that in S.No. 3 of Part-B in

the affidavit Form 26 the 2nd respondent had provided the

information in regard to the constituency Number, name and

State as No. 36, Thoothukudi, Tamilnadu, but whereas in Part

3

A No. 2, she mentioned that her electoral constituency is No.

19 CHEPAUK, Tamil Nadu, exposes the improper submission

of nomination form.

7. The petitioner humbly submits that having aggrieved

against the unconstitutional act of the 2nd respondent the

returned candidate, inasmuch as of which the electors of the

constituency are unable to have information regarding the

income of the spouse of the returned candidate disclosed in

the income tax return, consequently as the result is materially

affected he is before this Hon'ble Court praying to declare the

election of the returned candidate, the 2nd respondent herein,

from No. 36, Thoothukudi Constituency as void and set aside

the same.

8. The petitioner respectfully submits that the nomination

paper, the affidavit FORM 26 is without particulars of the

payment of amount of income tax of her spouse (Thunaivar)

namely Mr. Arvindan, Citizen of Singapore though the

information in regard to the payment of the amount of income

tax is sought by the election commission of India in exercise

of their statutory powers under Article 324 of the Constitution

of India in view of providing information to the public under

the Representation of People Act. Besides, it is pertinent to

state here that the income from the foreign countries is

subject to income tax under the Singapore Income Tax Act

and each income tax payer is provided the Income Tax

Reference Number by the authority.

9. The petitioner humbly submits that the suppression of

information by the returned candidate the 2nd respondent

herein in regard to the payment of income tax of her spouse

herein in regard to the payment of income tax of her spouse

(Thunaivar) debar the electors of the constituency to get

complete information of the payment of income tax to the

income tax authority in Singapore and lead to filing false

affidavit in on adherence of the rules.”

6. In the said Election petition, the appellant/returned candidate had

filed OA No. 929/2019 praying to strike off paragraphs 5 to 17 of the

Election petition and had filed OA No. 930/2019 praying to reject the

Election petition in limine on the ground inter alia that the averments

and allegations contained in the Election petition were wholly vague

and bereft of material facts, and therefore did not meet with the

4

requirements of Section 81, 83, 86 and 100 of the said Act. It was

also averred that the paragraph nos. 5 to 17 of the Election petition

were bereft of material facts and did not disclose any cause of action.

The High Court vide the impugned common order dismissed both the

Original Applications filed by the appellant/returned candidate.

Submissions by the Learned Counsels for the Parties:

7.The learned Senior Advocate Mr. P. Wilson for the appellant made the

following submissions:

(i)Section 83(1)(a) the said Act makes it mandatory for all

election petitions to contain a concise statement of

material facts on which petitioner relies, however in the

present case the respondent-election petitioner has failed

to plead the material facts and therefore the Election

petition is liable to be dismissed in limine.

(ii)Placing reliance on the decision of this Court in case of

Ram Sukh vs. Dinesh Aggarwal

1

, and in case of Hari

Shanker Jain vs. Sonia Gandhi

2

, he submitted that the

material facts would include positive statement of facts as

also positive averment of a negative fact, if necessary,

1 2009 (10) SCC 541

2 2001 (8) SCC 233

5

and that in absence thereof, the Election petition is liable

to be dismissed on that ground alone.

(iii)Relying upon Samant N. Balkrishna & Anr. vs. George

Fernandez & Ors.

3

, he submitted that failure to plead

even a single material fact leads to an incomplete cause

of action and the statement of claim becomes bad.

(iv)In the instant case, though the respondent-election

petitioner has alleged that the appellant has suppressed

facts in the Form No. 26 Affidavit, he has failed to state as

to which facts were suppressed, and how there was non-

compliance of the provisions of the Constitution or of the

Act or the rules made thereunder, which had materially

affected the result of the election.

(v)The entire Election petition filed by the respondent is

based on vague and bald assumptions, presumptions and

conjectures without stating the material facts more

particularly the material facts in support of the ground

contained in Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the said Act.

(vi)Lastly, he submitted that though the candidates are

required to disclose their status of Income tax, of the

3 1969 (3) SCC 238

6

assets and liabilities as well as their spouses’ assets and

liabilities, if the columns in this regard are not applicable

in the fact situation, it could not amount to suppression of

facts.

8.The learned Advocate Mr. Mukesh S. for respondent no. 1 made the

following submissions:

(i)The appellant has violated the law laid down by this Court

in Union of India vs. Association for Democratic

Reforms & Anr.

4

, wherein the Court had directed the

Election Commission to get the details of assets and

liabilities of the candidates and their family members,

without differentiating the status of citizenship.

(ii)The appellant, in response to the query regarding income

tax dues of her spouse, had mentioned “NO”. The

appellant had failed to disclose the status of filing of

income tax return of her spouse in foreign country, as

required to be disclosed in the Form No. 26. The

appellant had simply stated in the said Form that her

spouse was a foreign citizen without disclosing the status

4 2002 (5) SCC 294

7

of filing of income tax return and the income tax reference

number provided in Singapore.

(iii)The appellant was bound to disclose the details of status

of filing of income tax return by her spouse in the foreign

country and non-disclosure of the same tantamounted to

the suppression of facts and non-compliance of the

statutory rules framed under the said Act.

(iv)By not disclosing the financial status of her family, the

appellant had deprived the opportunity to the voters to

decide about the casting of votes.

(v)Lack of transparency and non-disclosure of facts in the

Form No. 26 had materially affected the result of the

election.

Relevant Provisions of the Constitution of India and of the

R.P. Act, 1951:

9. In order to appreciate the rival contentions raised by the learned

counsel for the parties, it would be beneficial to refer to some of the

relevant provisions contained in the Constitution of India as also the

R.P. Act, 1951.

8

10.Part -XV of the Constitution of India deals with the Elections. The

superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the

electoral rolls for, and the conduct of all elections to the Parliament

and to the legislature of every State and of elections to the offices of

President and Vice-President held under the Constitution have been

vested in the Election Commission under Article 324 of the

Constitution of India. Article 325 provides that there shall be one

general electoral roll for every territorial constituency and that no

person shall be ineligible for inclusion in such rolls on the grounds

only of religion, race, caste, sex or any of them. Article 326 provides

that elections to the House of people and to the legislative

assemblies of States shall be on the basis of adult franchise. Article

327 enables Parliament to make laws with respect to all matters

relating to elections to either House of Parliament or to the Houses of

the legislature of a State. Article 328 enables the legislature of a

State, if Parliament has not made such legislation, to make laws with

respect to all matters relating to elections to the Houses of legislature

of the State. Article 329 bars interference by courts in electoral

matters and clause (b) in particular provides that no election to the

either House of Parliament or to the House or either House of the

9

legislature of a State shall be called in question except by an election

petition presented to such authority and in such manner as may be

provided for by or under any law made by the appropriate legislature.

11.So far as the R.P Act, 1951, is concerned, its object as is reflected in

its short title is to provide for the conduct of elections of the Houses of

Parliament and to the House or Houses of the legislature of each

State, the qualifications and the disqualifications for membership of

those Houses, the corrupt practices and other offences at or in

connection with such elections and the decision of doubts and

disputes arising out of or in connection with such elections. Part-VI of

the R.P. Act, 1951 deals with the disputes regarding Elections, and

Chapter II thereof deals with the presentation of the Election petitions

to the High Court. Section 80 thereof states that no election shall be

called in question except by an election petition presented in

accordance with the provisions of Part-VI.

12. Section 80A confers jurisdiction on the High Court to try election

petitions. Section 81 deals with the presentation of petitions which

reads as under:

“Section 81. Presentation of Petitions- (1) An election

petition calling in question any election may be presented

on one or more of the grounds specified in [sub-section

(1)] of Section 100 and Section 101 to the High Court by

any candidate at such election or any elector [within forty-

10

five days from, but not earlier than the date of election of

the returned candidate or if there are more than one

returned candidate at the election and dates of their

election are different, the later of those two dates].

Explanation. —In this sub-section, “elector” means a

person who was entitled to vote at the election to which the

election petition relates, whether he has voted at such

election or not.

(2) [***]

[(3) Every election petition shall be accompanied by as

many copies thereof as there are respondents mentioned

in the petition and every such copy shall be attested by the

petitioner under his own signature to be a true copy of the

petition.]

13. Section 82 mandates as to who shall be the parties to the Election

petition. Section 83 pertains to the contents of the petition, which

reads as under:-

83. Contents of petition- (1) An election petition—

(a) shall contain a concise statement of the material facts

on which the petitioner relies;

(b) shall set forth full particulars of any corrupt practice that

the petitioner alleges, including as full a statement as

possible of the names of the parties alleged to have

committed such corrupt practice and the date and place of

the commission of each such practice; and

(c) shall be signed by the petitioner and verified in the

manner laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5

of 1908) for the verification of pleadings:

[Provided that where the petitioner alleges any corrupt

practice, the petition shall also be accompanied by an

affidavit in the prescribed form in support of the allegation

of such corrupt practice and the particulars thereof.]

(2) Any schedule or annexure to the petition shall also be

signed by the petitioner and verified in the same manner

as the petition.]

11

14.As per Section 86, the High Court is empowered to dismiss an

election petition which does not comply with the provisions of Section

81 or Section 82 or Section 117. Section 87 deals with the procedure

to be followed by the High Court which reads as under:

“87. Procedure before the High Court.—

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any rules

made thereunder, every election petition shall be tried by

the High Court, as nearly as may be, in accordance with

the procedure applicable under the Code of Civil

Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) to the trial of suits:

Provided that the High Court shall have the discretion to

refuse, for reasons to be recorded in writing, to examine

any witness or witnesses if it is of the opinion that the

evidence of such witness or witnesses is not material for

the decision of the petition or that the party tendering such

witness or witnesses is doing so on frivolous grounds or

with a view to delay the proceedings.

(2) The provisions of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of

1872), shall subject to the provisions of this Act, be

deemed to apply in all respects to the trial of an election

petition.”

15. The grounds on which the High Court could declare the election of the

returned candidate to be void are enumerated in Section 100 which

reads as under:-

100. Grounds for declaring election to be void. - (1)

Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) if the High

Court is of opinion-

(a) ---

(b) ---

(c) ---

(d)that the result of the election, in so far as it concerns a

returned candidate, has been materially affected-

12

(i) ---

(ii) ---

(iii) ---

(iv) by any non-compliance with the provisions of the

Constitution or of this Act or of any rules or orders made

under this Act, the High Court shall declare the election of

the returned candidate to be void.”

16. In the instant case, the respondent-election petitioner has challenged

the election of the appellant on the ground that the result of the

election, insofar as it concerned the appellant, was materially affected

by non-compliance with Article 324 of the Constitution and by non-

compliance with Rule-4A of the said Rules read with Section 33 of the

Act. It may be noted that Section 33 of the Act pertains to the

presentation of nomination paper and the requirements for a valid

nomination. Section 36 pertains to the scrutiny of nominations by the

Returning Officer. Sub-section(2) thereof empowers the Returning

Officer, either on the objections made to any nomination or on his

own motion, to reject any nomination on the grounds mentioned

therein. One of the grounds to reject the nomination is, when there

has been failure to comply with any of the provisions of Section 33.

Sub-section(4) of Section 36 states that the Returning Officer shall

not reject any nomination paper on the ground of any defect which is

not of a substantial character.

13

17. Part-II of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 deals with the General

Provisions. Rule-4 and Rule-4A which pertain to the submission of

nomination paper and the Form of affidavit to be filed at the time of

delivering nomination paper read as under:-

“4. Nomination paper- Every nomination paper presented

under sub-section (i) of section 33 shall be completed in

such one of the Forms 2A to 2E as may be appropriate:

Provided that a failure to complete or defect in completing,

the declaration as to symbols in a nomination paper in

Form 2A or Form 2B shall not be deemed to be a defect of

a substantial character within the meaning of sub-section

(4) of section 36.

4A. Form of affidavit to be filed at the time of delivering

nomination paper- The candidate or his proposer, as the

case may be, shall, at the time of delivering to the

returning officer the nomination paper under sub-section

(1) of section 33 of the Act, also deliver to him an affidavit

sworn by the candidate before a Magistrate of the first

class or a Notary in Form 26.”

Legal position:

18. The scheme of the Constitutional and statutory provisions contained

in the R.P. Act in relation to the nature of the right to elect, the right to

be elected and the right to dispute an election have been explained

and interpreted by various Constitutional Benches since 1952. To cite

a few are N.P. Ponnuswami vs. Returning Officer, Namakkal

Constituency & Ors.

5

, in Jagan Nath vs. Jaswant Singh & Ors.

6

, in

5 1952 (1) SCC 94

6 AIR 1954 SC 210

14

Bhikji Keshao Joshi & Anr. vs. Brijlal Nandlal Biyani & Ors.

7

, in

Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram Kumar vs. Roop Singh Rathore &

Ors.

8

etc.

19.What has been gleaned from the said authorities may be summed up

by stating that a right to elect, though fundamental it is to democracy,

is neither a fundamental right nor a common law right. It is purely a

statutory right. Similarly, right to be elected and the right to dispute an

election are also statutory rights. Since they are statutory creations,

they are subject to statutory limitations. An Election petition is not an

action at common law, nor in equity. It is a special jurisdiction to be

exercised in accordance with the statute creating it. The concept

familiar to common law and equity must remain strangers to election

law unless statutorily embodied. Thus, the entire election process

commencing from the issuance from the notification calling upon a

constituency to elect a member or members right upto the final

resolution of the dispute, concerning the election is regulated by the

Representation of People Act 1951. The said R.P. Act therefore has

been held to be a complete and self-contained code within which

must be found any rights claimed in relation to an election dispute.

7 AIR 1955 SC 610

8 AIR 1964 SC 1545

15

20.In a very interesting and important decision in case of Union of India

v/s Association for Democratic Reforms and Another

9

, a three-

judge Bench of this Court raising a question - in a nation wedded to

republican and democratic form of government, whether before

casting votes, the voters have a right to know relevant particulars of

their candidates contesting election to the Parliament or to the

legislature of States, deliberated on the powers of the Election

Commission under Article 324 of the Constitution, and observed as

under:-

“46. To sum up the legal and constitutional position which

emerges from the aforesaid discussion, it can be stated

that:

1. The jurisdiction of the Election Commission is wide

enough to include all powers necessary for smooth

conduct of elections and the word “elections” is used in a

wide sense to include the entire process of election which

consists of several stages and embraces many steps.

2. The limitation on plenary character of power is when

Parliament or State Legislature has made a valid law

relating to or in connection with elections, the Commission

is required to act in conformity with the said provisions. In

case where law is silent, Article 324 is a reservoir of power

to act for the avowed purpose of having free and fair

election. The Constitution has taken care of leaving scope

for exercise of residuary power by the Commission in its

own right as a creature of the Constitution in the infinite

variety of situations that may emerge from time to time in a

large democracy, as every contingency could not be

foreseen or anticipated by the enacted laws or the rules.

By issuing necessary directions, the Commission can fill

the vacuum till there is legislation on the subject.

In Kanhiya Lal Omar case [(1985) 4 SCC 628] the Court

construed the expression “superintendence, direction and

control” in Article 324(1) and held that a direction may

9 (2002) 5 SCC 294

16

mean an order issued to a particular individual or a precept

which many may have to follow and it may be a specific or

a general order and such phrase should be construed

liberally empowering the Election Commission to issue

such orders.

3. ….

4. To maintain the purity of elections and in particular to

bring transparency in the process of election, the

Commission can ask the candidates about the expenditure

incurred by the political parties and this transparency in the

process of election would include transparency of a

candidate who seeks election or re-election. In a

democracy, the electoral process has a strategic role. The

little man of this country would have basic elementary right

to know full particulars of a candidate who is to represent

him in Parliament where laws to bind his liberty and

property may be enacted.”

21.It is also pertinent to note that the insertion of Rule-4A and Form-26

appended to the said Rules is also culmination of the said

observations made this Court in the aforesaid case, which require the

candidate to disclose the information and particulars in the form of

affidavit to be submitted along with the nomination paper.

22.The respondent-Election petitioner in this case has challenged

election of the appellant-returned candidate under Section 100(1)(d)

(iv) on the ground of non-compliance of the said Rule-4A and the

Form-26. However, the appellant had filed the applications seeking

dismissal of the Election petition in limine, for the non-compliance of

the provisions of Section 83(1)(a) of the said Act, read with Order VII,

Rule 11 of CPC.

17

23. The law so far developed and settled by this Court with regard to the

non-compliance of the requirement of Section 83(1)(a) of the EP Act,

namely - “an Election petition must contain a concise statement of

material facts on which the petitioner relies”, is that such non-

compliance of Section 83(1)(a) read with Order VII, Rule 11, CPC,

may entail dismissal of the Election Petition right at the threshold.

“Material facts” are facts which if established would give the petitioner

the relief asked for. The test required to be answered is whether the

court could have given a direct verdict in favour of the election

petitioner in case the returned candidate had not appeared to oppose

the Election petition on the basis of the facts pleaded in the petition.

They must be such facts as would afford a basis for the allegations

made in the petition and would constitute the cause of action as

understood in the Code of Civil Procedure 1908. Material facts would

include positive statement of facts as also positive statement of a

negative fact.

24.A Three-Judge Bench in Hari Shanker Jain vs. Sonia Gandhi (supra)

had an occasion to deal with Section 83(1)(a) of the RP Act and the

Court dismissed the Election petition holding that the bald and vague

averments made in the election petitions do not satisfy the

18

requirements of pleading “material facts” within the meaning of

Section 83(1)(a) of the RP Act read with the requirements of Order VII

Rule 11 CPC. It was observed in para 23 and 24 as under: -

“23. Section 83(1)(a) of RPA, 1951 mandates that an

election petition shall contain a concise statement of

the material facts on which the petitioner relies. By a series

of decisions of this Court, it is well settled that the material

facts required to be stated are those facts which can be

considered as materials supporting the allegations made.

In other words, they must be such facts as would afford a

basis for the allegations made in the petition and would

constitute the cause of action as understood in the Code of

Civil Procedure, 1908. The expression “cause of action”

has been compendiously defined to mean every fact which

it would be necessary for the plaintiff to prove, if traversed,

in order to support his right to the judgment of court.

Omission of a single material fact leads to an incomplete

cause of action and the statement of claim becomes bad.

The function of the party is to present as full a picture of

the cause of action with such further information in detail

as to make the opposite party understand the case he will

have to meet. (See Samant N. Balkrishna v. George

Fernandez [(1969) 3 SCC 238 : (1969) 3 SCR

603] , Jitendra Bahadur Singh v. Krishna Behari [(1969) 2

SCC 433] .) Merely quoting the words of the section like

chanting of a mantra does not amount to stating material

facts. Material facts would include positive statement of

facts as also positive averment of a negative fact, if

necessary. In V.S. Achuthanandan v. P.J. Francis [(1999) 3

SCC 737] this Court has held, on a conspectus of a series

of decisions of this Court, that material facts are such

preliminary facts which must be proved at the trial by a

party to establish existence of a cause of action. Failure to

plead “material facts” is fatal to the election petition and no

amendment of the pleadings is permissible to introduce

such material facts after the time-limit prescribed for filing

the election petition.

24. It is the duty of the court to examine the petition

irrespective of any written statement or denial and reject

the petition if it does not disclose a cause of action. To

enable a court to reject a plaint on the ground that it does

not disclose a cause of action, it should look at the plaint

and nothing else. Courts have always frowned upon vague

pleadings which leave a wide scope to adduce any

evidence. No amount of evidence can cure basic defect in

the pleadings.”

19

25. In case of Mahadeorao Sukaji Shivankar vs. Ramaratan Bapu &

Ors.

10

, a Three-Judge Bench of this Court again had an occasion to

deal with the issues as to what would constitute “material facts” and

what would be the consequences of not stating the “material facts” in

the Election petition, as contemplated in Section 83(1)(a) of the RP

Act, and the Court observed as under:

“6. Now, it is no doubt true that all material facts have to

be set out in an election petition. If material facts are not

stated in a plaint or a petition, the same is liable to be

dismissed on that ground alone as the case would be

covered by clause (a) of Rule 11 of Order 7 of the Code.

The question, however, is as to whether the petitioner had

set out material facts in the election petition. The

expression “material facts” has neither been defined in the

Act nor in the Code. It may be stated that the material facts

are those facts upon which a party relies for his claim or

defence. In other words, material facts are facts upon

which the plaintiff's cause of action or the defendant's

defence depends. What particulars could be said to be

material facts would depend upon the facts of each case

and no rule of universal application can be laid down. It is,

however, absolutely essential that all basic and primary

facts which must be proved at the trial by the party to

establish existence of cause of action or defence are

material facts and must be stated in the pleading of the

party.

7. But, it is equally well settled that there is distinction

between “material facts” and “particulars”. Material facts

are primary or basic facts which must be pleaded by the

petitioner in support of the case set up by him either to

prove his cause of action or defence. Particulars, on the

other hand, are details in support of material facts pleaded

by the party. They amplify, refine and embellish material

facts by giving finishing touch to the basic contours of a

picture already drawn so as to make it full, more clear and

more informative. Particulars ensure conduct of fair trial

and would not take the opposite party by surprise.”

10 2004 (7) SCC 181

20

26.In Anil Vasudev Salgaonkar vs. Naresh Kushali Shigaonkar

11

, this

Court has discussed number of earlier decisions on the issue as to

when the Election petition could be dismissed summarily if it does not

furnish the cause of action in exercise of powers under the Code of

Civil Procedure read with Section 83 of the R.P. Act.

“50. The position is well settled that an election petition

can be summarily dismissed if it does not furnish the cause

of action in exercise of the power under the Code of Civil

Procedure. Appropriate orders in exercise of powers under

the Code can be passed if the mandatory requirements

enjoined by Section 83 of the Act to incorporate the

material facts in the election petition are not complied with.

51. This Court in Samant N. Balkrishna case [(1969) 3

SCC 238] has expressed itself in no uncertain terms that

the omission of a single material fact would lead to an

incomplete cause of action and that an election petition

without the material facts relating to a corrupt practice is

not an election petition at all. In Udhav Singh v. Madhav

Rao Scindia [(1977) 1 SCC 511] the law has been

enunciated that all the primary facts which must be proved

by a party to establish a cause of action or his defence are

material facts. In the context of a charge of corrupt practice

it would mean that the basic facts which constitute the

ingredients of the particular corrupt practice alleged by the

petitioner must be specified in order to succeed on the

charge. Whether in an election petition a particular fact is

material or not and as such required to be pleaded is

dependent on the nature of the charge levelled and the

circumstances of the case. All the facts which are essential

to clothe the petition with complete cause of action must

be pleaded and failure to plead even a single material fact

would amount to disobedience of the mandate of Section

83(1)(a). An election petition therefore can be and must be

dismissed if it suffers from any such vice. The first ground

of challenge must therefore fail.

52. In V.Narayanaswamy v. C.P. Thirunavukkarasu [(2000)

2 SCC 294] this Court reiterated the legal position that an

election petition is liable to be dismissed if it lacks in

material facts. In L.R. Shivaramagowda v. T.M.

Chandrashekar [(1999) 1 SCC 666] this Court again

11 2009 (9) SCC 310

21

considered the importance of pleadings in an election

petition alleging corrupt practice falling within the scope of

Section 123 of the Act and observed as under: (SCC p.

677, para 11)

“11. This Court has repeatedly stressed the

importance of pleadings in an election petition

and pointed out the difference between

‘material facts’ and ‘material particulars’.

While the failure to plead material facts is fatal

to the election petition and no amendment of

the pleading could be allowed to introduce

such material facts after the time-limit

prescribed for filing the election petition, the

absence of material particulars can be cured

at a later stage by an appropriate

amendment.”

53. In Udhav Singh case [(1977) 1 SCC 511] this Court

observed as under: (SCC pp. 522-23, para 41)

“41. Like the Code of Civil Procedure, this

section also envisages a distinction between

‘material facts’ and ‘material particulars’.

Clause (a) of sub-section (1) corresponds to

Order 6 Rule 2, while clause (b) is analogous

to Order 6 Rules 4 and 6 of the Code. The

distinction between ‘material facts’ and

‘material particulars’ is important because

different consequences may flow from a

deficiency of such facts or particulars in the

pleading. Failure to plead even a

single material fact leads to an incomplete

cause of action and incomplete allegations of

such a charge are liable to be struck off under

Order 6 Rule 16, Code of Civil Procedure. If

the petition is based solely on those

allegations which suffer from lack of material

facts, the petition is liable to be summarily

rejected for want of a cause of action. In the

case of a petition suffering from a deficiency

of material particulars, the court has a

discretion to allow the petitioner to supply the

required particulars even after the expiry of

limitation.”

54. In H.D. Revanna case [(1999) 2 SCC 217] the appeal

was filed by the candidate who had succeeded in the

election and whose application for dismissal of the election

petition in limine was rejected by the High Court. This

Court noticed that it has been laid down by this Court that

22

non-compliance with the provisions of Section 83 may lead

to dismissal of the petition if the matter falls within the

scope of Order 6 Rule 16 and Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code

of Civil Procedure. In Harmohinder Singh

Pradhan v. Ranjeet Singh Talwandi [(2005) 5 SCC 46] this

Court observed thus: (SCC p. 51, para 14)

“14. Necessary averment of facts constituting

an appeal on the ground of ‘his religion’ to

vote or to refrain from voting would be

material facts within the meaning of clause (a)

of sub-section (1) of Section 83 of the Act. If

such material facts are missing, they cannot

be supplied later on, after the expiry of period

of limitation for filing the election petition and

the plea being deficient, can be directed to be

struck down under Order 6 Rule 16 of the

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and if such

plea be the sole ground of filing an election

petition, the petition itself can be rejected as

not disclosing a cause of action under clause

(a) of Rule 11, Order 7 of the Code.”

55. In Harkirat Singh v. Amrinder Singh [(2005) 13 SCC

511] this Court again reiterated the distinction between

“material facts” and “material particulars” and observed as

under: (SCC p. 527, paras 51-52)

“51. A distinction between ‘material facts’ and

‘particulars’, however, must not be

overlooked. ‘Material facts’ are primary or

basic facts which must be pleaded by the

plaintiff or by the defendant in support of the

case set up by him either to prove his cause

of action or defence. ‘Particulars’, on the other

hand, are details in support of material facts

pleaded by the party. They amplify, refine and

embellish material facts by giving distinctive

touch to the basic contours of a picture

already drawn so as to make it full, more clear

and more informative. ‘Particulars’ thus

ensure conduct of fair trial and would not take

the opposite party by surprise.

52. All ‘material facts’ must be pleaded by the

party in support of the case set up by him.

Since the object and purpose is to enable the

opposite party to know the case he has to

meet with, in the absence of pleading, a party

cannot be allowed to lead evidence. Failure to

state even a single material fact, hence, will

23

entail dismissal of the suit or petition.

Particulars, on the other hand, are the details

of the case which is in the nature of evidence

a party would be leading at the time of trial.”

56. In Sudarsha Avasthi v. Shiv Pal Singh [(2008) 7 SCC

604] this Court observed as under: (SCC p. 612, para 20)

“20. The election petition is a serious matter and it cannot

be treated lightly or in a fanciful manner nor is it given to a

person who uses this as a handle for vexatious purpose.”

57. It is settled legal position that all “material facts” must

be pleaded by the party in support of the case set up by

him within the period of limitation. Since the object and

purpose is to enable the opposite party to know the case

he has to meet with, in the absence of pleading, a party

cannot be allowed to lead evidence. Failure to state even a

single material fact will entail dismissal of the election

petition. The election petition must contain a concise

statement of “material facts” on which the petitioner relies.

58. There is no definition of “material facts” either in the

Representation of the People Act, 1951 nor in the Code of

Civil Procedure. In a series of judgments, this Court has

laid down that all facts necessary to formulate a complete

cause of action should be termed as “material facts”. All

basic and primary facts which must be proved by a party to

establish the existence of cause of action or defence are

material facts. “Material facts” in other words mean the

entire bundle of facts which would constitute a complete

cause of action. This Court in Harkirat Singh case [(2005)

13 SCC 511] tried to give various meanings of “material

facts”. The relevant para 48 of the said judgment is

reproduced as under: (SCC pp. 526-27)

“48. The expression ‘material facts’ has

neither been defined in the Act nor in the

Code. According to the dictionary meaning,

‘material’ means ‘fundamental’, ‘vital’, ‘basic’,

‘cardinal’, ‘central’, ‘crucial’, ‘decisive’,

‘essential’, ‘pivotal’, ‘indispensable’,

‘elementary’ or ‘primary’. [Burton's Legal

Thesaurus (3rd Edn.), p. 349.] The phrase

‘material facts’, therefore, may be said to be

those facts upon which a party relies for its

claim or defence. In other words, ‘material

facts’ are facts upon which the plaintiff's

cause of action or the defendant's defence

depends. What particulars could be said to be

‘material facts’ would depend upon the facts

24

of each case and no rule of universal

application can be laid down. It is, however,

absolutely essential that all basic and primary

facts which must be proved at the trial by the

party to establish the existence of a cause of

action or defence are material facts and must

be stated in the pleading by the party.”

27.In Ram Sukh vs. Dinesh Aggarwal (supra), this Court again while

examining the maintainability of Election petition filed under Section

100(1)(d)(iv) of the RP Act, elaborately considered the earlier

decisions and observed that it was necessary for the election

petitioner to aver specifically in what manner the result of the election

in so far as it concerned the returned candidate was materially

affected due to omission on the part of the Returning Officer. The

Court in the said case having found that such averments being

missing in the Election petition, upheld the judgment of the High

Court/Election Tribunal rejecting the Election petition at the threshold.

The Court observed in para 14 to 21 as under: -

“14. The requirement in an election petition as to the

statement of material facts and the consequences of lack

of such disclosure with reference to Sections 81, 83 and

86 of the Act came up for consideration before a three-

Judge Bench of this Court in Samant N.

Balkrishna v. George Fernandez [(1969) 3 SCC 238].

Speaking for the three-Judge Bench, M. Hidayatullah, C.J.,

inter alia, laid down that:

(i) Section 83 of the Act is mandatory and requires first a

concise statement of material facts and then the fullest

possible particulars;

25

(ii) omission of even a single material fact leads to an

incomplete cause of action and statement of claim

becomes bad;

(iii) the function of particulars is to present in full a picture

of the cause of action and to make the opposite party

understand the case he will have to meet;

(iv) material facts and particulars are distinct matters—

material facts will mention statements of fact and

particulars will set out the names of persons with date, time

and place; and

(v) in stating the material facts it will not do merely to quote

the words of the section because then the efficacy of the

material facts will be lost.

15. At this juncture, in order to appreciate the real object

and purport of the phrase “material facts”, particularly with

reference to election law, it would be appropriate to notice

the distinction between the phrases “material facts” as

appearing in clause (a) and “particulars” as appearing in

clause (b) of sub-section (1) of Section 83. As stated

above, “material facts” are primary or basic facts which

have to be pleaded by the petitioner to prove his cause of

action and by the defendant to prove his defence.

“Particulars”, on the other hand, are details in support of

the material facts, pleaded by the parties. They amplify,

refine and embellish material facts by giving distinctive

touch to the basic contours of a picture already drawn so

as to make it full, more clear and more informative. Unlike

“material facts” which provide the basic foundation on

which the entire edifice of the election petition is built,

“particulars” are to be stated to ensure that the opposite

party is not taken by surprise.

16. The distinction between “material facts” and

“particulars” and their requirement in an election petition

was succinctly brought out by this Court in Virender Nath

Gautam v. Satpal Singh [(2007) 3 SCC 617] wherein C.K.

Thakker, J., stated thus: (SCC pp. 631-32, para 50)

“50. There is distinction between facta probanda (the facts

required to be proved i.e. material facts) and facta

probantia (the facts by means of which they are proved i.e.

particulars or evidence). It is settled law that pleadings

must contain only facta probanda and not facta probantia.

The material facts on which the party relies for his claim

are called facta probanda and they must be stated in the

pleadings. But the facts or facts by means of which facta

probanda (material facts) are proved and which are in the

nature of facta probantia (particulars or evidence) need not

be set out in the pleadings. They are not facts in issue, but

only relevant facts required to be proved at the trial in

order to establish the fact in issue.”

26

17. Now, before examining the rival submissions in the

light of the aforestated legal position, it would be expedient

to deal with another submission of the learned counsel for

the appellant that the High Court should not have

exercised its power either under Order 6 Rule 16 or Order

7 Rule 11 of the Code to reject the election petition at the

threshold. The argument is twofold viz.:

(i) that even if the election petition was liable to be

dismissed ultimately, it should have been dismissed only

after affording an opportunity to the election petitioner to

adduce evidence in support of his allegation in the petition,

and

(ii) since Section 83 does not find a place in Section 86 of

the Act, rejection of the petition at the threshold would

amount to reading into sub-section (1) of Section 86 an

additional ground.

In our opinion, both the contentions are misconceived and

untenable.

18. Undoubtedly, by virtue of Section 87 of the Act, the

provisions of the Code apply to the trial of an election

petition and, therefore, in the absence of anything to the

contrary in the Act, the court trying an election petition can

act in exercise of its power under the Code, including

Order 6 Rule 16 and Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code. The

object of both the provisions is to ensure that meaningless

litigation, which is otherwise bound to prove abortive,

should not be permitted to occupy the judicial time of the

courts. If that is so in matters pertaining to ordinary civil

litigation, it must apply with greater vigour in election

matters where the pendency of an election petition is likely

to inhibit the elected representative of the people in the

discharge of his public duties for which the electorate have

reposed confidence in him. The submission, therefore,

must fail.

19. Coming to the second limb of the argument viz.

absence of Section 83 in Section 86 of the Act, which

specifically provides for dismissal of an election petition

which does not comply with certain provisions of the Act, in

our view, the issue is no longer res integra. A similar plea

was negatived by a three-Judge Bench of this Court

in Hardwari Lal v. Kanwal Singh [(1972) 1 SCC 214] ,

wherein speaking for the Bench, A.N. Ray, J. (as His

Lordship then was) said: (SCC p. 221, para 23)

“23. Counsel on behalf of the respondent submitted that an

election petition could not be dismissed by reason of want

of material facts because Section 86 of the Act conferred

power on the High Court to dismiss the election petition

which did not comply with the provisions of Section 81, or

Section 82 or Section 117 of the Act. It was emphasised

that Section 83 did not find place in Section 86. Under

27

Section 87 of the Act every election petition shall be tried

by the High Court as nearly as may be in accordance with

the procedure applicable under the Code of Civil

Procedure, 1908, to the trial of suits. A suit which does not

furnish cause of action can be dismissed.”

20. The issue was again dealt with by this Court in Azhar

Hussain v. Rajiv Gandhi [1986 Supp SCC 315] . Referring

to earlier pronouncements of this Court in Samant N.

Balkrishna [(1969) 3 SCC 238] and Udhav

Singh v. Madhav Rao Scindia [(1977) 1 SCC 511] wherein

it was observed that the omission of a single material fact

would lead to incomplete cause of action and that an

election petition without the material facts is not an election

petition at all, the Bench in Azhar Hussain case [1986

Supp SCC 315] held that all the facts which are essential

to clothe the petition with complete cause of action must

be pleaded and omission of even a single material fact

would amount to disobedience of the mandate of Section

83(1)(a) of the Act and an election petition can be and

must be dismissed if it suffers from any such vice.

21. We may now advert to the facts at hand to examine

whether the election petition suffered from the vice of non-

disclosure of material facts as stipulated in Section 83(1)

(a) of the Act. As already stated the case of the election

petitioner is confined to the alleged violation of Section

100(1)(d)(iv). For the sake of ready reference, the said

provision is extracted below:

“100. Grounds for declaring election to be void.—

(1) Subject to the provisions of sub-section

(2) if the High Court is of opinion—

***

(d) that the result of the election, insofar as it concerns a

returned candidate, has been materially affected—

***

(iv) by any non-compliance with the provisions of the

Constitution or of this Act or of any rules or orders made

under this Act,

the High Court shall declare the election of the returned

candidate to be void.”

It is plain that in order to get an election declared as void

under the said provision, the election petitioner must aver

that on account of non-compliance with the provisions of

the Constitution or of this Act or of any rules or orders

made under the Act, the result of the election, insofar as it

concerned the returned candidate, was materially

affected.”

28

28.The legal position enunciated in afore-stated cases may be summed

up as under:-

i.Section 83(1)(a) of RP Act, 1951 mandates that an

Election petition shall contain a concise statement of

material facts on which the petitioner relies. If material

facts are not stated in an Election petition, the same is

liable to be dismissed on that ground alone, as the

case would be covered by Clause (a) of Rule 11 of

Order 7 of the Code.

ii.The material facts must be such facts as would afford

a basis for the allegations made in the petition and

would constitute the cause of action, that is every fact

which it would be necessary for the plaintiff/petitioner

to prove, if traversed in order to support his right to the

judgement of court. Omission of a single material fact

would lead to an incomplete cause of action and the

statement of plaint would become bad.

iii.Material facts mean the entire bundle of facts which

would constitute a complete cause of action. Material

facts would include positive statement of facts as also

positive averment of a negative fact, if necessary.

29

iv.In order to get an election declared as void under

Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the RP Act, the Election

petitioner must aver that on account of non-compliance

with the provisions of the Constitution or of the Act or

any rules or orders made under the Act, the result of

the election, in so far as it concerned the returned

candidate, was materially affected.

v.The Election petition is a serious matter and it cannot

be treated lightly or in a fanciful manner nor is it given

to a person who uses it as a handle for vexatious

purpose.

vi.An Election petition can be summarily dismissed on

the omission of a single material fact leading to an

incomplete cause of action, or omission to contain a

concise statement of material facts on which the

petitioner relies for establishing a cause of action, in

exercise of the powers under Clause (a) of Rule 11 of

Order VII CPC read with the mandatory requirements

enjoined by Section 83 of the RP Act.

Conclusion:

30

29.In the light of the afore-stated legal position, let us see whether the

respondent/election petitioner had complied with the requirements of

Section 83(1)(a) of the RP Act, by stating “material facts” in the

Election petition, constituting cause of action and the ground as

contemplated in Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the RP Act, for declaring the

election of the Appellant-returned candidate to be void. The bone of

contention raised by the learned counsel appearing for the

respondent-election petitioner is that the Election Commission of

India had called for the information prescribing the Form 26 in regard

to status of filing of income tax return of candidates and their family

members by exercising powers under Article 324 of the Constitution

of India and in that the petitioner had provided information that her

spouse was working as consultant at foreign country and earning

salary against the column No. 8, Serial No.9(b) and 9A(b),

respectively under Part A of Form 26. Besides, she had mentioned

“No” to the query regarding Income tax dues of her spouse,

(mentioned as “Ethumilai” in Tamil language). She had further stated

that her spouse had bank accounts in Singapore with deposit of

dollars against column No. 7 Serial No.(ii) of column in Part A of Form

26 but had failed to disclose the status of filing income tax return of

31

her spouse in the foreign country. He therefore submitted that these

material facts which have already been stated in the Election petition,

were sufficient to constitute cause of action for filing Election petition

under Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the RP Act.

30.It may be noted the precise allegations made by the respondent-

election petitioner in para 5 to 9 of his Election petition have already

been reproduced hereinbefore, from which it clearly transpires that

the election petitioner i.e., the respondent has made very bald and

vague allegations without stating the material facts as to how there

was non-compliance of any of the provisions of the Constitution of

India or of the RP Act or of the rules made thereunder. If the

averments made in the Election petition are read in juxtaposition to

the information furnished by the appellant-returned candidate in Form

No. 26, it clearly emerges that against the information sought about

the PAN number of the spouse of the appellant, it has been stated

that “No PAN No.”, “Spouse K. Aravindhan Foreign Citizenship”.

Against the information sought with regard to “The financial year for

which the last income tax return has been filed”, the information

supplied by the appellant about her spouse is “Not applicable”. The

appellant has filled in all the columns of Form No. 26 by furnishing the

32

information with regard to her Permanent Account Number and status

of filing of income tax return etc. and of her husband wherever

applicable. If according to the respondent-election petitioner, the

appellant-returned candidate had suppressed the Permanent Account

Number of her spouse and also about the non-payment of income tax

of her spouse in the foreign country, it was obligatory on the part of

the Election petitioner to state in the Election petition as to what was

the Permanent Account Number of the spouse of the returned

candidate in India which was suppressed by her and how the other

details furnished about her husband in the said Form No. 26 were

incomplete or false.

31. Mere bald and vague allegations without any basis would not be

sufficient compliance of the requirement of stating material facts in

the Election Petition. As well settled not only positive statement of

facts, even a positive statement of negative fact is also required to be

stated, as it would be a material fact constituting a cause of action.

The material facts which are primary and basic facts have to be

pleaded by the Election petitioner in support of the case set up by him

to show his cause of action and omission of a single material fact

would lead to an incomplete cause of action, entitling the returned

33

candidate to pray for dismissal of Election petition under Order VII

Rule 11(a) CPC read with Section 83(1)(a) of the RP Act.

32.It is also significant to note that an affidavit in Form 26 along with the

nomination paper, is required to be furnished by the candidate as per

Rule 4A of the said Rules read with Section 33 of the said Act. The

Returning Officer is empowered either on the objections made to any

nomination or on his own motion, to reject any nomination on the

grounds mentioned in Section 36(2), including on the ground that

there has been a failure to comply with any of the provisions of

Section 33 of the Act. However, at the time of scrutiny of the

nomination paper and the affidavit in the Form 26 furnished by the

Appellant-returned candidate, neither any objection was raised, nor

the Returning Officer had found any lapse or non-compliance of

Section 33 or Rule 4A of the Rules. Assuming that the election

petitioner did not have the opportunity to see the Form No. 26 filled in

by the Appellant-returned candidate, when she submitted the same to

the Returning Officer, and assuming that the Returning Officer had

not properly scrutinized the nomination paper of the appellant, and

assuming that the election petitioner had a right to question the same

by filing the Election petition under Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the said

34

Act, then also there are no material facts stated in the petition

constituting cause of action under Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the RP Act.

In absence of material facts constituting cause of action for filing

Election petition under Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the said Act, the

Election petition is required to be dismissed under Order VII Rule

11(a) CPC read with Section 13(1)(a) of the RP Act.

33.As elaborately discussed earlier, Section 83(1)(a) of RP Act

mandates that an Election petition shall contain a concise statement

of material facts on which petitioner relies, and which facts constitute

a cause of action. Such facts would include positive statement of

facts as also positive averment of negative fact. Omission of a

singular fact would lead to incomplete cause of action. So far as the

present petition is concerned, there is no averment made as to how

there was non-compliance with provisions of the Constitution or of RP

Act or of the Rules or Order made thereunder and as to how such

non-compliance had materially affected the result of the election, so

as to attract the ground under Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the RP Act, for

declaring the election to be void. The omission to state such vital and

basic facts has rendered the petition liable to be dismissed under

35

Order VII, Rule 11(a) CPC read with Section 83(i)(a) of the RP Act,

1951.

34.In that view of the matter, Election petition being no. 3/2019 filed by

the respondent-election petitioner deserves to be dismissed, and is

accordingly dismissed.

35.The impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside. The appeals

stand allowed accordingly.

…..................................J.

[AJAY RASTOGI]

…..................................J.

[BELA M. TRIVEDI]

NEW DELHI;

04.05.2023

36