2023INSC830 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).10069 OF 2016

KERALA STATE CO -OPERATIVE AGRICULTURAL

AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK LTD.

KSCARDB …APPELLANT(S)

VS.

THE ASSESSING OFFICER, TRIVANDRUM

AND ORS. ...RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO(S). 5005-5007 OF 2019

CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).______ OF 2023

(@SLP(C) NO(S). 2737 OF 2016)

CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).______ OF 2023

(@SLP(C) NO(S). 5400 OF 2016)

CIVIL APPEAL NO(S).______ OF 2023

(@SLP(C) NO(S). 26756 OF 2016)

CIVIL APPEAL NO(S). 3881-3882 OF 2019

J U D G M E N T

NAGARATHNA, J.

Leave granted in those Special Leave Petitions where it has not yet

been granted.

2. These appeals arise out of analogous proceedings against the

appellant/assessee, and, inter alia, impugn the judgement dated

2

26.11.2015 passed by the Kerala High Court ; the order dated

08.08.2016 passed by the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals),

Trivandrum and the order dated 07.02.2019 passed by the Income Tax

Appellate Tribunal (‘ITAT’).

3. The issue involved in th ese cases is, whether, the

appellant/assessee, a co-operative society, is entitled to claim deduction

of the whole of its profits and gains of business attributable to the

business of banking or providing credit facilities to its members who are

all co-operative societies under Section 80P of the Income Tax Act, 1961

(hereinafter referred to as “the Act”, for the sake of brevity).

Since the question of law involved in these proceedings are

common, the facts only in SLP(C) No(s). 2737 of 2016 impugning the

judgement of the High Court of Kerala dated 26.11.2015 are narrated.

4. The facts, in a nutshell, are that the appellant/assessee is a State-

level Agricultural and Rural Development Bank governed by as a co-

operative society under the Kerala Co-operative Societies Act, 1969

(hereinafter referred to as the “State Act, 1969” for the sake of brevity)

and is engaged in providing credit facilities to its members who are co-

operative societies only. Initially in the year 1951, the

appellant/assessee got registered under Section 10 of the Travancore-

Cochin Co-operative Societies Act, 1951 (for short, “State Act, 1951”).

On 04.10.1956, the appellant received a Registration Certificate bearing

No. 4017 from the Registrar of Co-operative Societies, Trivandrum,

3

recognizing it as a co-operative Central Land Mortgage Bank

incorporated on the basis of limited liability under Section 10 of the

State Act, 1951 (X of 1952). The office of the Registrar of Co-operative

Societies, Trivandrum further addressed a communication dated

17.11.1961 bearing No. 36444/61.PR2 including the rules relating to

Retirement Benefit Fund and Staff Benefit Fund for Kerala Co-operative

Central Mortgage Bank Ltd.

5. The Kerala Co-operative Societies Act, 1969 was enacted in order

to, inter alia, provide for the orderly development of the co-operative

sector in the State and to unify the law relating to co-operative societies

in the State. Vide Section 110 of the State Act, 1969, the State Act, 1951

(X of 1952) was repealed. Therefore, the appellant/assessee came to be

registered and regulated under the State Act, 1969. The

appellant/assessee being the Kerala State Co-operative Agricultural and

Rural Development Bank Ltd., Thiruvananthapuram, is also included in

Schedule I of the State Act, 1969 as regards the application of the

Section 80(3A) thereof that postulates that when direct recruitments ‘is

resorted to’ the same ‘shall be made from a select list of candidates

furnished by the Kerala Public Service Commission.’

6. The State Act, 1969 defines “co-operative society with limited

liability” in Section 2(g) as a society in which the liability of its members

for the debts of the society in the event of its being wound up is limited

by its bye-laws (i) to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares

4

respectively held by them; or (ii) to such amount as they may,

respectively, undertake to contribute to the assets of the society.

7. It would also be apposite to take note of the Kerala State Co-

Operative Agricultural Development Banks Act, 1984 (for short, “State

Act, 1984”). This Act was passed ‘to facilitate the more efficient working

of Co-operative “Agricultural and Rural Development Banks” in the

State of Kerala.’

8. Section 2(a) of the State Act, 1984 defines “Agricultural and Rural

Development Bank” to mean “the Kerala Co -operative Central Land

Mortgage Bank Limited, registered under Section 10 of the State Act,

1951 (X of 1952), and provides that the same shall be known as the

“Kerala State Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank

Limited” which is the name of the appellant herein. Section 2(d) thereof

defines “co-operative society” to mean a co-operative society registered

or deemed to be registered under the State Act, 1969 (21 of 1969). It is

apposite to note that Section 2(iA) of the said Act defines “Rural

Development” to mean any activity intended to promote the development

in rural area and includes the following developmental activities :

i) Development of handicrafts and other crafts; ii) Small Industries; iii)

Cottage and Village Industries; iv) Industries in tiny and decentralized

section; and v) Rural housing needs of the rural-population.

5

9. Having considered the evolution of the statutory framework that

governs the appellant/assessee, it would be appropriate to briefly state

relevant facts giving rise to these appeals.

9.1. On 27.10.2007 the appellant/assessee filed its Return of Income

for the Assessment Year 2007-08 of Rs. 27,18,052 claiming deduction

under Section 80P (2)(a)(i) of the Act. Upon scrutiny, on 22.12.2009 an

Assessment Order under Section 143(3) of the Act, was passed by the

Assessing Officer for the Assessment Year 2007-08, disallowing the

deduction of Rs. 36,39,87,058 under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) holding that

the appellant/assessee is neither a primary agricultural credit society

nor a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank.

The Assessing Officer held the appellant/assessee is a “co-operative

bank” and thus, was hit by the provisions of Section 80(P)(4) and was

not entitled to the benefit of Section 80(P)(2) of the Act. The Assessing

Officer observed that with effect from 01.04.2007, Section 80P was

amended by the insertion of sub-section (4) as per which the provisions

of Section 80P shall not apply to any co-operative bank other than a

primary agricultural credit society or a primary co-operative agricultural

and rural development bank. The Assessing Officer declared the

appellant/assessee to be neither a primary agricultural credit society

nor a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank,

thus, the appellant/assessee’s claim was hit by Section 80P (4) of the

Act. The total income was assessed at Rs. 36,69,47,233.

6

9.2. Aggrieved by the Assessment Order dated 27.12.2009, the

appellant/assessee filed an appeal before the Commissioner of Income

Tax (Appeals) (“CIT(A)”). The CIT(A) vide Order dated 30.07.2010

confirmed the disallowance made by the Assessing Officer. The CIT (A)

was of the view that the appellant/assessee is actively playing the role

of a development bank in the State and is no longer a land mortgage

bank but is a development bank. The appellant/assessee may have

earlier been a land mortgage bank but by virtue of a shift in its activities

has become a development bank and is now governed by the State Act,

1984 and thus, it is in the business of banking as it satisfies all the tests

that are required to qualify as a “co-operative bank”. CIT (A) further

observed that with the insertion of Section 80P (4), co-operative banks

are placed at par with other commercial banks and the

appellant/assessee who is in the business of banking through its

primary co-operative banks is definitely a co-operative bank within the

meaning of Section 80P (4). Consequently, the appeal was dismissed.

9.3. Being aggrieved by the Order passed by CIT(A), the

appellant/assessee filed further appeal before the Income Tax Appellate

Tribunal (“ITAT”). The ITAT vide Order dated 23.02.2011 partly allowed

the appeal and held that the appellant/assessee is a co-operative bank

and is not a primary agricultural credit society or a primary co-operative

agricultural and rural development bank and is consequently hit by the

provision of Section 80P (4), thus, the deduction claimed was rightly

7

denied. However, the ITAT also clarified to the extent that the

appellant/assessee is acting as a State Land Development Bank which

falls within the purview of the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development Act, 1981 (“NABARD Act, 1981”, for short) and is exigible

for financial assistance from NABARD . Therefore, the

appellant/assessee’s claim merits acceptance and it would be entitled

to deduction under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) on the income relatable to its

lending activities as such a bank.

9.4. Aggrieved by the Order passed by the ITAT in only partly allowing

its appeal, the appellant/assessee preferred an appeal being ITA No. 103

of 2011 against the ITAT’s Order dated 23.02.2011. The issue raised by

the appellant/assessee was with respect to the ITAT’s finding that the

appellant/assessee was neither a primary agricultural credit society nor

a primary co-operative agricultural and rural development bank, hence,

not entitled for exemption of its income under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) of the

Act.

9.5. On 26.11.2015, the Kerala High Court dismissed the Assessee’s

Appeal, ITA No. 103 of 2011, holding that the ITAT’s findings do not

warrant any interference as the case did not involve any substantial

question of law. Against the Judgment dated 26.11.2015, the

appellant/assessee preferred a Special Leave Petition (C) bearing No.

2737 of 2016. This Court vide Order dated 01.02.2016, issued notice

8

and granted stay of recovery of demand made by the Income Tax

Authorities from the appellant/assessee for the AY 2007-08.

Submissions:

10. The submissions of learned senior counsel for the appellant and

learned ASG for the respondent are as under:

10.1. Learned senior advocate, Sri Krishnan Venugopal, at the outset,

submitted that the appellant is aggrieved by the impugned orders

declining to extend the benefit of deduction under Section 80P of the

Act. He submitted that sub-section (4) of Section 80P is in the nature of

an exception which was added subsequently to Section 80P and the said

sub-section excludes a ‘co-operative bank’ from the benevolent

provision. However, the appellant is not a co-operative bank within the

meaning of the said sub-section. On the other hand, the appellant is a

‘co-operative society’ engaged in providing credit facilities to its

members who are not individuals but are other co-operative societies

and the appellant is an apex co-operative society.

10.2. Highlighting the genesis of the appellant, it was submitted that

the appellant was first registered as a co-operative society under the

State Act, 1951 and was recognised as a co-operative central land

mortgage bank and when the State Act, 1969 was enacted, it was

recognised as a co-operative society under the said enactment. The

State Act, 1951 was repealed by Section 110 of the State Act, 1969.

9

Section 2(g) of the State Act, 1969 defines a co-operative society with

limited liability. That on the enactment of the State Act, 1984, Section

2(a) thereof defines “agricultural and rural development bank” to mean

the Kerala Co-operative Central Land Mortgage Bank Limited, registered

under Section 10 of the State Act, 1951 which is known as “Kerala State

Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank L imited”.

Therefore, the appellant is not a co-operative bank within the meaning

of Section 80P of the Act.

10.3. Referring to Explanation (a) to sub-section (4) of Section 80P of

the Act which states that a co-operative bank shall have the same

meaning assigned to it in Part V of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949

(hereinafter referred to as “BR Act, 1949”, for the sake of convenience),

Part V of the BR Act, 1949 which applies to co-operative banks was

adverted to. That Section 56 in Part V of the said Act begins with a non-

obstante clause and it states that notwithstanding anything contained

in any other law for the time being in force, the provisions of the BR Act,

1949 shall apply to, or in relation to, co-operative societies as they apply

to, or in relation to banking companies subject to the following

modifications, namely, (a) throughout the said Act, unless the context

otherwise requires references to a ‘banking company’ shall be construed

as reference to a ‘co-operative bank’. Further, a co-operative bank is

defined to mean a state co-operative bank, a central co-operative bank

10

and a primary co-operative bank; that these expressions have the

meaning respectively assigned to them in the NABARD Act, 1981.

10.4. It was contended that the appellant bank is not a banking

company within the meaning of Section 5(c) of the BR Act, 1949 which

defines a “banking company” to be any company which transacts the

business of banking in India and Section 5(b) defines “banking” to mean

the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits of

money from the public, repayable o n demand or otherwise, and

withdrawal by cheque, draft, order or otherwise. That the appellant is a

co-operative society and not a co-operative bank. That initially the

appellant was registered as land mortgage bank under the provision of

the State Act, 1951. That if an entity is engaged in banking business

then it would be construed as referring to a co-operative bank in which

case, under Section 22 of the BR Act, 1949, it is necessary for a

company to hold a licence issued by the Reserve Bank if it has to carry

on banking business in India and such licence is issued subject to such

conditions as the Reserve Bank may think fit to impose. That in the

instant case, the appellant is not a licenced company under the

provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (“RBI Act”, for short)

as the appellant does not transact ‘banking business’ and therefore,

does not require any licence under the RBI Act. Reliance was placed on

Section 3 of the BR Act, 1949 as it stood earlier which stated that the

said Act would not apply, inter alia, to (a) a primary agricultural credit

11

society; (b) a co-operative land mortgage bank; and (c) any other co-

operative society, except in the manner and to the extent specified in

Part V. It was submitted that the appellant is a co-operative credit

society engaged in providing credit facilities to its members and its

members are other co-operative societies which are in the nature of

primary societies. The appellant is not carrying on the business of

banking within the meaning of Section 80P(2)(a)(i) of the Act. That only

a co-operative society which is engaged in the business of banking and

is a co-operative bank within the meaning of Part V of the BR Act, 1949

would come within the scope of the exclusion under sub-section (4) of

Section 80P of the Act.

10.5. In this context, our attention was drawn to Section 56(o) of the BR

Act, 1949 which states that under Section 22, no co-operative society

shall carry out banking business in India unless it is a co-operative

bank and holds a licence issued in that behalf by the Reserve Bank.

That in the instant case, the appellant does not hold any licence as per

Section 22 of the BR Act, 1949 and in fact such a licence is not required

for the appellant to conduct its business as the appellant is not

conducting banking business within the meaning of BR Act, 1949.

Therefore, the appellant bank does not come under the provisions of

Chapter V of the BR Act, 1949. It was submitted that the Reserve Bank

of India reports and the RTI replies categorically indicate that the

12

appellant is not included under the scope of the provisions of the RBI

Act.

10.6. In this regard, learned senior counsel, Sri Krishnan Venugopal,

took us through various documents appended to the paper book in

order to buttress his submission that appellant is not a co-operative

bank within the meaning of Chapter V of the BR Act, 1949.

10.7. It was next contended that the judgment of this Court in Mavilayi

Service Co-operative Bank Limited vs. Commissioner of Income

Tax, Calicut, (2021) 7 SCC 90 (“ Mavilayi Service Co-operative

Bank”) squarely applies to the case of the appellant inasmuch as, in

the said judgment, the touchstone, on the basis of which an entity could

be considered to be a co-operative bank or not within the meaning of

provision of BR Act, 1949, has been elucidated. Learned senior counsel

urged that impugned orders may be set aside by applying the ratio of

the judgment in Mavilayi Service Co-operative Bank. That such an

approach has been adopted by the Assessing Officer as per the remand

report.

10.8. Per contra, learned ASG, N. Venkataraman, appearing for the

respondents, at the outset, vehemently contended that the appellant is

“a co-operative bank” and not simply a land mortgage bank. That

Section 80P(2)(a)(i) of the Act applies to a co-operative society engaged

in carrying on business of banking or providing credit facilities to its

13

members. That the appellant herein is engaged in the business of

banking and is a co-operative bank within the meaning of Part V of the

BR Act, 1949 and the argument of the appellant that it is not a co-

operative bank, is incorrect. According to learned ASG, the status of the

appellant is in dispute, as, according to the respondent, the appellant

is a co-operative bank while the appellant has contended that it is not

doing banking business and therefore is not a co-operative bank but is

a co-operative credit society. Distinguishing the judgment of this Court

in Mavilayi Service Co-operative Bank, it was submitted that the

status of the appellant therein was not in dispute as it was registered

as a primary agriculture society together with one multi-state co-

operative society and therefore such a society did not require Reserve

Bank of India licence but the appellant is not a primary agriculture

credit society but a co-operative bank which is excluded from the benefit

of deduction in respect of its income under the provisions of the Act. It

was therefore submitted that the judgment of this Court in Mavilayi

Service Co-operative Bank does not apply to the appellant herein. In

this regard, learned ASG submitted that any central or state co-

operative bank is a co-operative bank within the meaning of Section 56

of BR Act, 1949 as it is engaged in banking business. That the appellant

is a state co-operative bank. Therefore, sub-section (4) of Section 80P

excludes the benefit of deduction in respect of income to such an entity.

It was submitted that impugned orders are just and proper and do not

14

call for any interference in these appeals which lack merit and therefore

the same may be dismissed.

10.9. By way of reply, learned senior counsel for the appellants

reiterated that the appellant is not engaged in banking business at all

and it receives funds from National Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development and in turn lends money to its member societies and in

that sense is an apex bank. Reliance was placed on Section 2(d) of

NABARD Act, 1981 to contend that a central co-operative bank is a

principal co-operative society in a district in a state, the primary object

of which is the financing of other co-operative societies in that district.

The appellant is definitely not a central co-operative bank. That the

appellant is also not a state co-operative bank whose primary object is

the financing of other co-operative societies within the state as per

Section 2(u) of the NABARD Act, 1981. That the Kerala State Co-

operative Bank is an apex bank coming within the meaning of clause

(u) of Section 2 of NABARD Act, 1981 but not the appellant herein. It

was submitted that the appellant is a scheduled bank functioning

within the State of Kerala as per the Second Schedule of the RBI Act

read with Section 2(e) and Section 42 of the said Act. Section 2(e) defines

a scheduled bank in the Second Schedule of RBI Act. The appellant is

bound by the mandate of Section 42 in terms of cash reserves to be kept

with the bank.

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10.10. That on a reading of Section 42(1)(d) it becomes clear that a

scheduled bank is distinct from a state co-operative bank as well as a

co-operative bank inasmuch as the aggregate of the liabilities of a

scheduled bank which is not a state co-operative bank shall be reduced

by the aggregate of the liabilities of such co-operative bank and other

bank or institutions to a scheduled bank. Thus, a bank can be a

scheduled bank which is not a state co-operative bank or a co-operative

bank within the meaning of sub-section (4) of the Section 80P of the

Act. The appellant herein is a scheduled bank which is not a state co-

operative bank or a co-operative bank within the meaning of the BR Act,

1949.

10.11. Reliance was placed on Apex Co-operative Bank of Urban

Bank of Maharashtra and Goa Ltd. vs. Maharashtra State Co-

operative Bank Ltd., (2003) 11 SCC 66 (“Apex Co-operative Bank

of Urban Bank of Maharashtra and Goa Ltd.”) with particular

reference to paragraphs 11 to 13 and 18 and the case of A.P. Varghese

vs. The Kerala State Co-operative Bank Ltd. reported in AIR 2008

Ker 91 (“A.P. Varghese”) wherein the definition of co-operative bank

as per section 56(cci) of the BR Act, 1949 was considered with particular

reference to paragraphs 7 and 8, to contend that the Kerala State Co-

operative Bank is a state co-operative bank as defined under the

provisions of the NABARD Act, 1981 and the district co-operative banks

are central co-operative banks as defined in that Act. Hence, they are

16

co-operative banks falling within the notification dated 28.01.2003

issued under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets

and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (for short, “SARFAESI

Act, 2002”). It was contended that the Kerala State Co-operative Bank

is a state co-operative bank which is an apex bank. That a state co-

operative bank, central co-operative bank in the co-operative sector is

engaged in the business of banking but the appellant herein is not

engaged in the business of banking within the meaning of BR Act, 1949

and is thus entitled to the benefit of deduction even as per sub-section

(4) of Section 80P of the Act as it is not a co-operative bank.

10.12. In this regard, our attention was drawn to the provisions of

State Act, 1969, namely, Section 2(rb) which defines a “state co-

operative bank”; Section 2(ia) which defines a “district co-operative

bank”; Section 2(ra) which defines a state co-operative agricultural and

rural development bank and Section 2(oc) which defines a primary co-

operative agricultural and rural development bank.

10.13. It was further submitted that the appellant herein is Kerala

State Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank which is

as defined in Section 2(ra) of the State Act, 1969 and which is an apex

bank having only primary co -operative agricultural and rural

development banks as its members as defined under Se ction 2(oc) of

the State Act, 1969 and functioning in accordance with the State Act,

1984. That Section 2(a) of the State Act, 1984, defines agricultural and

17

rural development bank to mean the Kerala Co-operative Central Land

Mortgage Bank Limited, registered under Section 10 of the State Act,

1951 which is known as “Kerala State Co-operative Agricultural and

Rural Development Bank Limited”. This bank is different from “Kerala

State Co-operative Bank” which is a state co-operative bank defined

under the NABARD Act, 1981. Therefore, the benefit of Section 80P of

the Act was sought by the appellant.

Points for Consideration:

11. Having heard learned senior counsel for the petitioner and learned

ASG for the respondent, the following points would arise for our

consideration:

i) Whether the appellant is a “co-operative bank” within the meaning

of sub-section (4) of Section 80P of the Act?

ii) Whether the ratio of the judgment in Mavilayi Service Co-

operative Bank and the tests laid down therein apply to the case

of the appellant herein?

iii) What order?

The aforesaid points are inter-connected and shall be considered

together.

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Legal Framework:

12. At the outset, it would be necessary to garner together the several

relevant provisions applicable in the present case.

i) The Income Tax Act, 1961 (‘the Act’, for short):

Section 80P of the Act reads as under:

“80P. Deduction in respect of income of co-operative

societies.-

(1) Where, in the case of an assessee being a co-operative

society, the gross total income includes any income

referred to in sub-section (2), there shall be deducted,

in accordance with and subject to the provisions of

this section, the sums specified in sub-section (2), in

computing the total income of the assessee.

(2) The sums referred to in sub-section (1) shall be the

following, namely :—

(a) in the case of a co-operative society engaged in—

(i) carrying on the business of banking or

providing credit facilities to its members, or

(ii) a cottage industry, or

(iii) the marketing of the agricultural produce of

its members, or

(iv) the purchase of agricultural implements,

seeds, livestock or other articles intended for

agriculture for the purpose of supplying

them to its members, or

(v) the processing, without the aid of power, of

the agricultural produce of its members, or

(vi) the collective disposal of the labour of its

members, or

(vii) fishing or allied activities, that is to say, the

catching, curing, processing, preserving,

storing or marketing of fish or the purchase

of materials and equipment In connection

19

therewith for the purpose of supplying them

to its members,

the whole of the amount of profits and gains of

business attributable to any one or more of such

activities ;

Provided that in the case of a co-operative society

falling under sub-clause (vi), or sub-clause (vii), the

rules and bye-laws of the society restrict the voting

rights to the following classes of its members,

namely:-

(1) the individuals who contribute their labour or, as

the case may be, carry on the fishing or allied

activities;

(2) the co-operative credit societies which provide

financial assistance to the society;

(3) the State Government’

(b) in the case of co-operative society, being a

primary society engaged in supplying milk,

oilseeds, fruits or vegetables raised or grown by

its members to –

(i) a federal co-operative society, being a society

engaged in the business of supplying of milk,

oilseeds, fruits or vegetables, as the case may

be; or

(ii) the Government or a local authority; or

(iii) a Government company as defined in section

617 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956),

or a corporation established by or under a

Central, State or Provincial Act (being a

company or corporation engaged in

supplying milk, oilseeds, fruits or vegetables,

as the case may be, to the public),

the whole of the amount of profits and gains of such

business;

(c) in the case of a co-operative society engaged in

activities other than those specified in clause (a)

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or clause(b) (either independently of, or in

addition to, all or any of the activities so

specified), so much of its profits and gains

attributable to such activities as does not

exceed,-

(i) where such co-operative society is a

consumers’ co-operative society, one

hundred thousand rupees.

(ii) in any other case, fifty thousand rupees.

Explanation. – In this clause, “consumers’ co -

operative society” means a society for the benefit of the

consumers;

(d) in respect of any income by way of interest or

dividends derived by the co-operative society from

its investments with any other co -operative

society, the whole of such income;

(e) in respect of any income derived by the co -

operative society from the letting of go downs or

warehouses for storage, processing or facilitating

the marketing of commodities, the whole of such

income;

(f) in the case of a co-operative society, not being a

housing society or an urban consumers' society,

or a society carrying on transport business or a

society engaged in the performance of any

manufacturing operations with the aid of power,

where the gross total income does not exceed

twenty thousand rupees, the amount of any

income by way of interest on securities or any

income from house property chargeable under

section 22.

Explanation.— For the purposes of this section, an

“urban consumers' co-operative society” means a

society for the benefit of the consumers within the

limits of a municipal corporation, municipality,

municipal committee, notified area committee, town

area, or cantonment.

(3) In a case where the assessee is entitled also to the

deduction under section 80HH or section 80HHA

or

21

section 80HHB

or section 80HHC,

or section

80HHD

or section 80- 1

or section 80-IA or section

80J,

or section 80JJ,

the deduction under sub-

section (1) of this section, in relation to the sums

specified in clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c) of sub-

section (2), shall be allowed with reference to the

income, if any, as referred to in those clauses included

in the gross total income as reduced by the deductions

under

section 80HH, section 80HHA,

section

80HHB,

section 80HHC,

section 80HHD,

section 80-

1,

section 80-IA, section 80J and 80JJ.

[(4) The provisions of this section shall not apply in relation

to any co-operative bank other than a primary

agricultural credit society or a primary co-operative

agricultural and rural development bank.

Explanation.- For the purposes of this sub-section,-

(a) “co-operative bank” and “primary agricultural credit

society” shall have the meanings respectively assigned

to them in Part V of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949

(10 of 1949);

(b) “primary co-operative agricultural and rural

development bank” means a society having its area of

operation confined to a taluk and the principal object

of which is to provide for long -term credit for

agricultural and rural development activities.

ii) The Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (BR ACT, 1949):

The relevant provisions of the BR Act, 1949 are extracted as under.

Section 3 of the said Act as it stood at the relevant point of time reads

as follows:

3. Act to apply to certain co-operative societies in

certain cases.—Nothing in this Act shall apply to—

(a) a primary agricultural credit society; or

(b) a co-operative land mortgage bank; and

(c) any other co-operative society, except in the

manner and to the extent specified in Part V.

22

X X X

5. Interpretation.— In this Act, unless there is anything

repugnant in the subject or context,

X X X

(b) “banking” means the accepting, for the purpose of

lending or investment, of deposits of money from the

public, repayable on demand or otherwise, and withdrawal

by cheque, draft, order or otherwise;

(c) “banking company” means any company which

transacts the business of banking in India.

Explanation.—Any company which is engaged in the

manufacture of goods or carries on any trade and which

accepts deposits of money from the public merely for the

purpose of financing its business as such manufacturer or

trader shall not be deemed to transact the business of

banking within the meaning of this clause;

X X X

22. Licensing of banking companies .—(1) Save as

hereinafter provided, no company shall carry on banking

business in India unless it holds a licence issued in that

behalf by the Reserve Bank and any such licence may be

issued subject to such conditions as the Reserve Bank may

think fit to impose.

(2) Every banking company in existence on the

commencement of this Act, before the expiry of six months

from such commencement, and every other company

before commencing banking business in India, shall apply

in writing to the Reserve Bank for a licence under this

section:

Provided that in the case of a banking company in

existence on the commencement of this Act, nothing in

sub-section (1) shall be deemed to prohibit the company

from carrying on banking business until it is granted a

licence in pursuance of this section or is by notice in

writing informed by the Reserve Bank that a licence cannot

be granted to it:

23

Provided further that the Reserve Bank shall not give a

notice as aforesaid to a banking company in existence on

the commencement of this Act before the expiry of the

three years referred to in sub-section (1) of section 11 or of

such further period as the Reserve Bank may under that

sub-section think fit to allow.

(3) Before granting any licence under this section, the

Reserve Bank may require to be satisfied by an inspection

of the books of the company or otherwise that the

following conditions are fulfilled, namely:—

(a) that the company is or will be in a position to pay its

present or future depositors in full as their claims accrue;

(b) that the affairs of the company are not being, or are not

likely to be, conducted in a manner deterimental to the

interests of its present or future depositors;

(c) that the general character of the proposed management

of the company will not be prejudicial to the public interest

or the interest of its depositors;

(d) that the company has adequate capital structure and

earning prospects;

(e) that the public interest will be served by the grant of a

licence to the company to carry on banking business in

India;

(f) that having regard to the banking facilities available in

the proposed principal area of operations of the company,

the potential scope for expansion of banks already in

existence in the area and other relevant factors the grant

of the licence would not be prejudicial to the operation and

consolidation of the banking system consistent with

monetary stability and economic growth;

(g) any other condition, the fulfilment of which would, in

the opinion of the Reserve Bank, be necessary to ensure

that the carrying on of banking business in India by the

company will not be prejudicial to the public interest or

the interests of the depositors.

(3A) Before granting any licence under this section to a

company incorporated outside India, the Reserve Bank

may require to be satisfied by an inspection of the books

24

of the company or otherwise that the conditions specified

in sub-section (3) are fulfilled and that the carrying on of

banking business by such company in India will be in the

public interest and that the Government or law of the

country in which it is incorporated does not discriminate

in any way against banking companies registered in India

and that the company complies with all the provisions of

this Act applicable to banking companies incorporated

outside India.

(4) The Reserve Bank may cancel a licence granted to a

banking company under this section —

(i) if the company ceases to carry on banking business in

India; or

(ii) if the company at any time fails to comply with any of

the conditions imposed upon it under sub-section (1); or

(iii) if at any time, any of the conditions referred to in sub-

section (3) and sub-section (3A) is not fulfilled:

Provided that before cancelling a licence under clause (ii)

or clause (iii) of this sub-section on the ground that the

banking company has failed to comply with or has failed

to fulfil any of the conditions referred to therein, the

Reserve Bank, unless it is of opinion that the delay will be

prejudicial to the interests of the company’s depositors or

the public, shall grant to the company on such terms as it

may specify, an opportunity of taking the necessary steps

for complying with or fulfilling such condition.

(5) Any banking company aggrieved by the decision of the

Reserve Bank cancelling a licence under this section may,

within thirty days from the date on which such decision is

communicated to it, appeal to the Central Government.

(6) The decision of the Central Government where an

appeal has been preferred to it under sub-section (5) or of

the Reserve Bank where no such appeal has been preferred

shall be final.

X X X

56. Act to apply to co-operative societies subject to

modifications.—The provisions of this Act, as in force for

25

the time being, shall apply to, or in relation to, co-operative

societies as they apply to, or in relation to, banking

companies subject to the following modifications,

namely:—

(a) throughout this Act, unless the context otherwise

requires,—

(i) references to a “banking company” or “the

company” or “such company” shall be construed

as references to a co-operative bank,

(ii) references to “commencement of this Act” shall

be construed as references to commencement of

the Banking Laws (Application to Co-operative

Societies) Act, 1965 (23 of 1965);

(b) in section 2, the words and figures “the Companies

Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), and” shall be omitted;

(c) in section 5—

(i) after clause (cc), the following clauses shall be

inserted namely:—

(cci) “co-operative bank” means a state co-operative

bank, a central co-operative bank and a primary

co-operative bank;

(ccii) “co-operative credit society” means a co -

operative society, the primary object of which is

to provide financial accommodation to its

members and includes a co -operative land

mortgage bank;

(cciia) “co-operative society” means a society

registered or deemed to have been registered

under any Central Act for the time being in force

relating to the multi-State co-operative societies,

or any other Central or State law relating to co-

operative societies for the time being in force;

(cciii) “director”, in relation to a co-operative society,

includes a member of any committee or body for

the time being vested with the management of the

affairs of that society;

26

(cciiia) “multi-State co-operative bank” means a multi-

State co-operative society which is a primary co-

operative bank;

(cciiib) “multi-State co-operative society” means a

multi-State co-operative society registered as

such under any Central Act for the time being in

force relating to the multi-State co-operative

societies but does not include a national co-

operative society and a federal co-operative;

(cciv) “primary agricultural credit society” means a co-

operative society,—

(1) the primary object or principal business of

which is to provide financial accommodation

to its members for agricultural purposes or

for purposes connected with agricultural

activities (including the marketing of crops);

and

(2) the bye-laws of which do not permit admission

of any other co-operative society as a

member:

Provided that this sub-clause shall not apply to the

admission of a co-operative bank as a member by

reason of such co-operative bank subscribing to the

share capital of such co-operative society out of funds

provided by the State Government for the purpose;

(ccv) “primary co-operative bank” means a co -

operative society, other than a primary

agricultural credit society,—

(1) the primary object or principal business of

which is the transaction of banking

business;

(2) the paid-up share capital and reserves of

which are not less than one lakh of rupees;

and

(3) the bye-laws of which do not permit admission

of any other co-operative society as a

27

member:

Provided that this sub-clause shall not apply to the

admission of a co-operative bank as a member by

reason of such co-operative bank subscribing to the

share capital of such co-operative society out of funds

provided by the State Government for the purpose;

(ccvi)“primary credit society” means a co-operative

society, other than a primary agricultural credit

society,—

(1) the primary object or principal business of

which is the transaction of banking

business;

(2) the paid-up share capital and reserves of

which are less than one lakh of rupees; and

(3) the bye-laws of which do not permit

admission of any other co-operative society

as a member:

Provided that this sub-clause shall not apply to the

admission of a co-operative bank as a member by

reason of such co-operative bank subscribing to the

share capital of such co-operative society out of funds

provided by the State Government for the purpose.

Explanation.—If any dispute arises as to the primary

object or principal business of any co-operative society

referred to in clauses (cciv), (ccv) and (ccvi), a

determination thereof by the Reserve Bank shall be

final;

(ccvii) “central co-operative bank”, “primary rural

credit society” and “state co-operative bank” shall

have the meanings respectively assigned to them

in the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development Act, 1981 (61 of 1981);”

X X X

(o) in section 22,—

(i) for sub-sections (1) and (2) the following sub-

sections shall be substituted, namely:—

28

“(1) Save as hereinafter provided, no co-operative

society shall carry on banking business in India

unless—

(a) [***]

(b) it is a co-operative bank and holds a licence

issued in that behalf by the Reserve Bank,

subject to such conditions, if any, as the Reserve

Bank may deem fit to impose:

Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall

apply to a co-operative society, not being a

primary credit society or a co-operative bank

carrying on banking business at the

commencement of the Banking Laws

(Application to Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965

(23 of 1965), for a period of one year from such

commencement.

Provided further that nothing in this sub-section

shall apply to a primary credit society carrying

on banking business on or before the

commencement of the Banking Laws

(Amendment) Act, 2012, for a period of one year

or for such further period not exceeding three

years, as the Reserve Bank may, after recording

the reasons in writing for so doing, extend.

(2) Every co-operative society carrying on business

as a co-operative bank at the commencement of

the Banking Laws (Application to Co-operative

Societies) Act, 1965 (23 of 1965) shall before the

expiry of three months from the commencement,

every co-operative bank which comes into

existence as a result of the division of any other

co-operative society carrying on business as a

co-operative bank, or the amalgamation of two

or more co-operative societies carrying on

banking business shall, before the expiry of

three months from its so coming into existence,

every primary credit society which had become

a primary co-operative bank on or before the

commencement of the Banking Laws

(Amendment) Act, 2012, shall before the expiry

of three months from the date on which it had

become a primary co-operative bank and every

co-operative shall before commencing banking

29

business in India, apply in writing to the Reserve

Bank for a licence under this section:

Provided that nothing in clause (b) of sub-section

(1) shall be deemed to prohibit—

(i) a co-operative society carrying on business

as a co -operative bank at the

commencement of the Banking Law

(Application to Co-operative Societies) Act,

1965 (23 of 1965); or

(ii) a co-operative bank which has come into

existence as a result of the division of any

other co-operative society carrying on

business as a co-operative bank, or the

amalgamation of two or more co-operative

societies carrying on banking business at

the commencement of the Banking Laws

(Application to Co-operative Societies) Act,

1965 (23 of 1965) or at any time thereafter;

or

(iii) [***]

from carrying on banking business until it is

granted a licence in pursuance of this section or

is, by a notice in writing notified by the Reserve

Bank that the licence cannot be granted to it.];

(ii) sub-section (3A) shall be omitted;

(iii) in sub-section (4) in clause (iii) the words,

brackets, figures and letter “and sub-section

(3A)” shall be omitted;

iii) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act,

1981 (‘NABARD Act, 1981’, for short):

The relevant provisions of NABARD Act, 1981 are extracted as

under for immediate reference:

2. Definitions.- In this Act, unless the context otherwise

requires, -

30

X X X

(d) “central co-operative bank” means the principal co-

operative society in a district in a State, the primary

object of which is the financing of other co-operative

societies in that district:

Provided that in addition to such principal society in

a district, or where there is no such principal society

in a district, the State Government may declare any

one or more cooperative societies carrying on the

business of financing other co-operative societies in

that district to be also or to be a central co-operative

bank or central co-operative banks within the

meaning of this definition;

X X X

(u) “State co-operative bank” means the principal co-

operative society in a State, the primary object of

which is the financing of other co-operative societies

in the State:

Provided that in addition to such principal society in

a State, or where there is no such principal society in

a State, the State Government may declare any one or

more cooperative societies carrying on business in

that State to be also or to be a State cooperative bank

or State co-operative banks within the meaning of this

definition;

(v) “State land development bank” means the co-operative

society which is the principal land development bank

(by whatever name called) in a State and which has as

its primary object the providing of long-term finance

for agricultural development:

Provided that, in addition to such principal land

development bank in a State, or where there is no

such bank in a State, the State Government may

declare any cooperative society carrying on business

in that State and authorised by the bye-laws of such

cooperative society to provide long-term finance for

agricultural development to be also or to be a State

land development bank within the meaning of this

definition;

(w) words and expressions used herein and not defined

but defined in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, (2

of 1934), shall have the meanings respectively

31

assigned to them in that Act;

(x) words and expressions used herein and not defined

either in this Act or in the Reserve Bank of India Act,

1934 (2 of 1934), but defined in the Banking

Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949), shall have the

meanings respectively assigned to them in the

Banking Regulation Act, 1949.”

iv) The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (RBI Act):

The relevant provisions of the RBI Act are extracted as under for

immediate reference:

“2.Definitions.- In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant

in the subject or context,-

X X X

(e) “scheduled bank” means a bank included in the Second

Schedule;”

v) The Kerala Co-Operative Societies Act, 1969 (State Act, 1969):

The relevant provisions of the State Act, 1969 are extracted as

under for immediate reference:

“2. Definitions.- In this Act, unless the context otherwise

requires—

X X X

(g) “co-operative society with limited liability” means a

society in which the liability of its members for the debts

of the society in the event of its being wound up is limited

by its bye-laws-

(i) to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively

held by them; or

(ii) to such amount as they may, respectively,

undertake to contribute to the assets of the society;

X X X

(ia) District Co-operative Bank” means a Central

Society having jurisdiction over one revenue district and

32

having as its members Primary Agricultural Credit

Societies, Urban Co-operative Banks and the principal

object of which is to raise funds to be lent to its members,

including nominal or associate members, which existed

under this Act, immediately before the commencement of

the Kerala Co-operative Societies (Amendment) Act, 2019

and which has ceased to exist after the commencement of

the said Amendment Act.”

X X X

(oc) “Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural

Development Bank” means a society having its area of

operation confined to a taluk and the principal object of

which is to provide for long term credit for agricultural and

rural development activities:

Provided that no Primary Co-operative Agricultural and

Rural Development Bank shall be registered without the

bifurcation of assets and liabilities of the existing societies

having the area of operation in more than one taluk and

the societies shall restrict their operation in the area of the

respective society on such bifurcation;

X X X

(ra) “State Co-operative Agricultural and Rural

Development Bank” means an apex society having only

Primary Co- operative Agricultural and Rural Development

Banks as its members and functioning in accordance with

the provisions contained in the Kerala State Co-operative

Agricultural and Rural Development Banks Act, 1984 (20

of 1984)”

(rb) a State Co-operative Bank means an apex society

having only district co-operative banks as its members.

X X X

“110. Repeal and savings.- The Madras Co-operative

Societies Act, 1932 (VI of 1932), as in force in the Malabar

district referred to in sub-section (2) of section 5 of the

States Re- organisation Act, 1956 (Central Act 37 of 1956)

and the Travancore-Cochin Co-operative Societies Act,

1951 (X of 1952), are hereby repealed.

(2)Notwithstanding the repeal of the Madras Co-operative

Societies Act, 1932 and the Travancore -Cochin Co-

operative Societies Act, 1951 and without prejudice to the

33

provisions of sections 4 and 23 of the Interpretation and

General Clauses Act, 1125 (VII of 1125),—

(i) all appointments, rules and orders made, notifications

and notices issued, and suits and other proceedings

instituted ,under any of the Acts hereby repealed shall, so

far as may be, be deemed to have been respectively made,

issued and instituted under this Act;

(ii) any society existing in the State on the date of the

commencement of this Act which has been registered or

deemed to be registered under any of the aforesaid

repealed Acts shall be deemed to be registered under this

Act, and the bye-laws of such society shall, so far as they

are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act,

continue in force until altered or rescinded.”

vi) The Kerala State Co-Operative Agricultural Development

Banks Act, 1984 (State Act, 1984):

The relevant provisions of the State Act, 1984 are extracted as

under for immediate reference:

“(2) Definitions.- In this Act, unless the context otherwise

requires,-

(a) “Agricultural and Rural Development Bank” means

the Kerala Co-operative Central Land Mortgage

Bank Limited, registered under section 10 of the

Travancore-Cochin Co-operative Societies Act, 1951

(X of 1952), which shall hereafter be known as the

“Kerala State Co-operative Agricultural and Rural

Development Bank Limited”;

X X X

(ka) “Kerala State Co-operative Bank” means an

apex society having Primary Agricultural Credit

Societies and Urban Co-operative Banks as its

members including nominal or associate members

of the District Co-operative Banks who shall

continue as nominal or associate members of the

Kerala State Co-operative Bank;

X X X

34

(iA) “Rural Development” means any activity

intended to promote the development in rural area

and intends the following developmental activities-

(1) Development of handicrafts and other crafts;

(2) Small Industries;

(3) Cottage and Village industries;

(4) Industries in tiny and decentralized section;

(5) Rural housing needs of the rural-population.

Judicial Precedent:

13. The relevant judgments of this Court as well as the Kerala High

Court, having a bearing on the issues raised in these appeals could be

adverted to at this stage:

a) In Thalappalam Service Coop. Bank Ltd. vs. State of Kerala,

(2013) 16 SCC 82, this Court has referred to Entry 32 of List II of

Seventh schedule of the Constitution in paragraph 26 which reads as

under:

26. The cooperative society is a State subject under

Schedule VII List II Entry 32 to the Constitution of

India. Most of the States in India enacted their own

Cooperative Societies Act with a view to provide for the

orderly development of the cooperative sector in the

State to achieve the objects of equity, social justice

and economic development, as envisaged in the

directive principles of State policy, enunciated in the

Constitution of India. For cooperative societies

working in more than one State, the M ulti-State

Cooperative Societies Act, 1984 was enacted by

Parliament under Schedule VII List I Entry 44 of the

Constitution. The cooperative society is essentially an

association of persons who have come together for a

common purpose of economic developmen t or for

mutual help.

(Emphasis by us)

35

Entry 32 of List II of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution reads as

under:

“32. Incorporation, regulation and winding up of

corporations, other than those specified in List I, and

universities; unincorporated trading, literary,

scientific, religious and other societies and

associations; co-operative societies.”

b) This Court in Union of India vs. Rajendra N. Shah, 2021 SCC

OnLine SC 474 while considering the vires of the constitution (Ninety

Seventh Amendment) Act, 2011 has reiterated the aforesaid position of

law.

c) In Apex Co-operative Bank of Urban Bank of Maharashtra and

Goa Ltd., this Court on considering Section 56 of the BR Act, 1949 along

with Section 22 thereof, observed that the Reserve Bank of India has the

right to issue licences to companies to carry out banking business and

no company can carry on a banking business unless it holds a licence

issued by the Reserve Bank of India. After the amendment to Section 22

of the said Act, certain types of co-operative societies, as were brought

within the purview of the BR Act, 1949, could be issued a licence by the

Reserve Bank of India. Under Section 22, the term “co-operative society”

would include all types of co-operative societies. This Court observed

that in other words, no co-operative society can carry on banking

business unless it falls within the permitted categories set out in Section

22. The term “co-operative bank” has been defined under Section 5(cci)

36

as a state co-operative bank, a central co-operative bank and a primary

co-operative bank. Thus, the term “co-operative bank” does not include

all co-operative societies. It only includes the abovementioned three

types of societies which function as banks. By virtue of Section 5(ccvii),

the term state co-operative bank is to be understood as defined in

NABARD Act, 1981. Thus, unless a co-operative society is a state co-

operative bank or a central co-operative bank or a primary co-operative

bank as defined under NABARD Act, 1981, no licence can be issued by

Reserve Bank of India.

It was further explained by this Court that under Section 22(1), a

primary credit society can carry on banking business. However, if a co-

operative society is not a primary credit society, then, to carry on

banking business, it must be a co-operative bank and hold a licence

issued by Reserve Bank of India. Therefore, a co-operative society other

than a primary credit society, has to apply to Reserve Bank of India for

licence before it can commence banking business. However, this does

not mean that Reserve Bank of India can give to any or all co-operative

societies, a banking licence. Reserve Bank of India can give a licence as

provided in Section 22(1) only to a co-operative bank, which is defined

under Section 56 of the said Act.

It was further observed by this Court that when a term is specifically

defined in a statute, then, for purposes of that statute, that term cannot

bear a meaning assigned to it in another statute. One cannot ignore the

specific definition given in the BR Act, 1949 and apply some other

37

definition set out in some other statute. Therefore, a co-operative bank

must have the meaning assigned to it in Section 5(cci) of BR Act, 1949.

Reserve Bank of India cannot go by any other meaning given to the term

“co-operative bank” for purposes of licensing under BR Act, 1949.

Reserve Bank of India has to go by the meaning given to this term in the

said Act only. Therefore, it was concluded that the Reserve Bank of

India, by virtue of its power under Section 22 cannot grant a licence to

any co-operative society unless it is a state co-operative bank or a

central co-operative bank or a primary co-operative bank. For that it

would be necessary that a declaration under the NABARD Act, 1981 be

first obtained.

While considering the definition of co-operative society and state co-

operative bank under Section 2(f) and Section 2(u) respectively of the

NABARD Act, 1981, it was observed that under the NABARD Act, 1981,

co-operative society is a society which is registered or deemed to be

registered under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912 or any other law

relating to co-operative societies for the time being in force in any State.

In the context of the appellant therein, it was observed that the said

entity had not registered under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912. The

question thus was, whether, the appellant therein was a society

registered under any other law relating to co-operative societies for the

time being in force in any State which would include all laws relating to

co-operative societies which are in force in any State. While interpreting

Section 2(f) of the NABARD Act, 1981 which defines co-operative society,

38

this Court held that it is only co-operative societies registered under

local or State laws relating to co-operative societies which would be

covered under the said definition. If it is a state co-operative bank, then

there would be a declaration only by the State Government. If a

declaration is by the State Government, it must be in respect of a society

which is registered in that State and which can be regulated by the

Registrar of Co-operative Societies of that State. It was concluded that

the words “in any State” in Section 2(f) of NABARD Act, 1981 would

mean that the co-operative society must be registered under the law in

force in any State in which it wants to operate. It was also observed that

use of words “Co-operative Societies Act, 1912” in the NABARD Act,

1981 also indicates that the definition is restricted to societies registered

under the law relating to co-operative societies in the State in which they

want to operate. Thus, the term “any other law relating to co-operative

societies for the time being in force in any State” necessarily means only

a State law. Further, under the NABARD Act, 1981, a state co-operative

bank has to be the principal co-operative society in the State, the

primary object of which must be financing other co-operative societies

in that State. The proviso to Section 2(u) of NABARD Act, 1981 enables

the State to declare, in addition to an existing principal society in the

State or where there is no principal society in the State, any one or more

co-operative banks as State co-operative banks. However, this does not

mean that the State Governments can, at their whims and fancies,

declare any co-operative society to be a “State co-operative bank”. Before

39

such a declaration can be made, the State Government must necessarily

be satisfied- (a) that it is a principal co-operative society in the State; (b)

that it is carrying on business in the State; and (c) that the business is

of financing other co-operative societies in that State.

Further, elucidating on the expression “carrying on business in the

State” it was held that the same means carrying on banking business

only. Further, reading of the provisions would make it clear that what is

necessary is that the co-operative society must be carrying on the

business of financing other co-operative societies. The proviso has to be

read in light of the main provision. If read in light of the main provision,

it is clear that even though banking business, as understood in the strict

sense, may not be carried on, yet the business of financing other co-

operative societies in the State must be carried on.

It was ultimately observed that the Reserve Bank of India could not

have granted the licence to the appellants in the said case unless they

were first declared to be a state co-operative bank under the NABARD

Act, 1981. Since, such a declaration was struck down, the Reserve Bank

of India could not have issued licence to carry on banking business.

Therefore, Reserve Bank of India would have to cancel the licence

granted by it to the appellant therein. Hence, a direction was issued to

the Reserve Bank of India to forthwith revoke the banking licence

granted to the appellants therein.

40

d) In A.P. Varghese, while considering Section 56 of the BR Act, 1949

in the context of co-operative bank which has been defined to mean a

state co-operative bank, a central co-operative bank and a primary co-

operative bank which have been assigned the definitions under NABARD

Act, 1981 and while considering the definitions of clause (u) and (d) in

Section 2 of NABARD Act, 1981, it was observed, inter alia, that a state

co-operative bank is one defined in Section 2(rb) of the State Act, 1969

to mean an apex society having only district co-operative banks as its

members. District co-operative bank as defined in clause (ia) of Section

2 of the said Act, is a central society, the principal object of which is to

raise funds to be lent to its members, with jurisdiction over one revenue

district and having as its members any type of primary societies and

federal and central societies having headquarters in such district.

Therefore, Kerala State Co-operative Bank is a “state co-operative

bank” as defined in the NABARD Act, 1981 and the district co-operative

banks are central co-operative banks as defined in that Act. Hence, they

are “co-operative banks” as defined in Section 5 (cci) of BR Act, 1949,

falling within the BR Act, 1949.

It was further observed that co-operative banks are further divided

into apex banks and other banks. The Kerala State Co-operative Bank

is an apex bank and the district co-operative banks are other banks.

The primary object or business of the state co-operative bank, the

district co-operative banks and the urban banks in the co -operative

sector is the transaction of banking business.

41

Further, it was observed that the provisions of the SARFAESI Act

and particularly Section 13 thereof are also applicable to the

institutions, namely, the Kerala State Co-operative Bank Ltd., the

district co-operative banks and the urban co-operative banks.

e) In Citizen Co-operative Society Ltd. vs. Commissioner of Income

Tax, (2017) 9 SCC 364 (“Citizen Co -operative Society Ltd.”),

appellant therein was a co-operative society which was denied benefit

of Section 80P on the ground that it is a co-operative society of the

nature covered by sub-section (4) of Section 80P of the Act and,

therefore, disentitled to get the benefit. The question, therefore, was

whether the appellant therein was barred from getting deduction in view

of sub-section (4) of Section 80P of the Act. The assessee therein was

established in the year 1997, initially, as a mutually aided co-operative

credit society registered under Section 5 of the Andhra Pradesh

Mutually Aided Co-operative Societies Act, 1995. As operations of the

assessee over the years increased manifold and as the society spread

its activities over the States of the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh,

Maharashtra and Karnataka, the assessee was registered under the

Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. Assessing officer held that

the deduction in respect of income of co-operative societies under

Section 80P of the Act was not admissible to the appellant therein as

the said appellant was carrying on banking business for the public at

large and for all practical purposes, it was acting like a co-operative

42

bank governed by the BR Act, 1949 and its operation was not only

confined to its members but outsiders as well. The appellant therein

being aggrieved by the dismissal of its appeal by the High Court which

had affirmed the order of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, had

approached this Court.

On considering the rival submissions, this Court observed that

sub-clause (1) of clause (a) of sub-section (2) of Section 80P recognises

two kinds of co-operative societies, namely, (i) those carrying on the

business of banking and; (ii) those providing credit facilities to its

members. In this regard, reliance was placed on Kerala State Coop.

Mktg. Federation Ltd. vs. CIT, (1998) 5 SCC 48. Also, reference was

made to CIT vs. Punjab State Coop. Bank Ltd., (2008) 300 ITR 24

which is a judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court and it was

observed that Section 80P of the Act is a benevolent provision which is

enacted by Parliament in order to encourage and promote growth of co-

operative sector in the economic life of the country. Therefore, such a

provision has to be read liberally, reasonably and in favour of the

assessee with a view to effectuate the object of the Legislature and not

to defeat it. Therefore, all those co-operative societies which fall within

the purview of the Section 80P of the Act are entitled to deduction in

respect of any income referred to in sub-section (2) thereof. Clause (a)

of sub-section (2) gives exemption of whole of the amount of profits and

gains of business attributable to any one or more of such activities

which are mentioned in sub-section (2). Sub-section (4) of Section 80P

43

inserted by the Finance Act, 2006 is in the nature of a proviso and such

a deduction under the said Section shall not be admissible to a co-

operative bank. Thus, co-operative banks are now specifically excluded

from the ambit of Section 80P of the Act.

The appellant therein was not a co-operative bank and it did not

require a licence of the Reserve Bank of India to conduct its business.

Therefore, it would not come within the mischief of sub-section (4) of

Section 80P of the Act. However, the appellant therein was held to be

not entitled to the benefit under Section 80P of the Act as it was a co-

operative society meant only for its members and providing credit

facilities to its member only. There were resident members or ordinary

members but there were also another category of members called

nominal members who were making deposits with the appellant therein

for the purpose of obtaining loans, etc. and, they were not members in

real sense. Most of the business of the appellant therein was with this

second category of persons i.e. members of the general public who had

been giving deposits which were kept in fixed deposits with a motive to

earn maximum returns. Therefore, this Court held that the depositors

and borrowers being distinct, doctrine of mutuality also did not apply

to the activities of the appellant therein.

f) In Mavilayi Service Co-operative Bank, the appeals before this

Court were filed by the co-operative societies which had been registered

as “primary agricultural credit societies”, together with one “multi-state

44

co-operative society” raising the question as to, whether, deductions

could be claimed under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) of the Act and in particular,

whether the assessees are entitled to such deductions after the

introduction of Section 80P(4) of the Act by Section 19 of the Finance

Act, 2006 with effect from 01.04.2007. It was noted that the appellants

therein were providing credit facilities to their members for agricultural

and allied purposes and had been classified as primary agricultural

credit societies by the Registrar of Co-operative Societies under State

Act, 1969, had claimed a deduction under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) of the Act

which had been granted up to assessment year 2007 -2008. However,

with the introduction of Section 80P(4) of the Act, the Assessing Officer

denied their claims for deduction, relying upon the said provision.

The Full Bench of the Kerala High Court ultimately held that if the

assessee-societies ceased to be specific class of society for which

deduction is provided, by reason of sub-section (4) of Section 80P of the

Act the deduction could not be allowed. The Full Bench of the Kerala

High Court accordingly answered the question. Being aggrieved, the

assessees approached this Court. It was argued before this Court by the

assessees that co-operative societies which are registered under the said

Act are entitled to deductions under Section 80P. That the insertion of

sub-section (4) to Section 80P of the Act had not led to any change

insofar as the assessees therein were concerned. That the moment a co-

operative society is registered under the said Act, whatever be its

classification, so long as it provides credit facilities to its members, it is

45

entitled to a deduction contained in Section 80P(2)(a)(i) of the Act. A

distinction was said to be drawn between eligibility for deduction, and

whether the whole of the amounts of profits and gains of business

attributable to any one or more such activities under the sub-section

could be given.

On the other hand, in the said case, it was argued on behalf of the

revenue that a society undeserving of any deduction cannot get a

deduction contrary to what has been sought to be achieved by Section

80P(4) of the Act. That the judgment of this Court in Citizen Co-

operative Society Ltd. was correctly read by the Full Bench of the

Kerala High Court which is to the effect that the Assessing Officer must

assess the real facts of a case in order to conclude as to whether

activities of a primary agricultural credit society were, in fact, being

carried out in the assessment year in question for which such an entity

must adduce facts to show that it is in fact carrying on its business as

a primary agricultural credit society in the assessment year in question.

If it was unable to discharge such burden then such a society cannot

avail of any deduction under Section 80P of the Act. This Court

considered the definition of co-operative society under clause (19) of

Section 2 of the Act in the context of Section 80P of the Act, specially in

light of sub-section (4) thereof as well as Sections 3 and 56 of the BR

Act, 1949 and the provisions of State Act, 1969 as well as the bye-laws

of some of the societies and observed in paragraph 18 as under:

46

“18. It is important to note that though the main

object of the primary agricultural society in question

is to provide financial assistance in the form of loans

to its members for agricultural and related purposes,

yet, some of the objects go well beyond, and include

performing of banking operations “as per rules

prevailing from time to time”, opening of medical

stores, running of showrooms and providing loans to

members for purposes other than agriculture.”

Further, this Court referred to various judgments of this Court

including Citizen Co-operative Society Ltd. as discussed in

paragraphs 24 to 24.5 of the judgment and held that Full Bench of the

Kerala High Court had not properly understood the ratio in Citizen Co-

operative Society Ltd. Also, an analysis of Section 80P was made

particularly of sub-section (4) of the said Section in paragraphs 24 to

24.5 and paragraphs 39 to 43. Paragraphs 24 to 24.5 and paragraphs

39 to 43 are extracted as under:

24. An analysis of this judgment would show that the

question of law that was reflected in para 5 of the

judgment was answered in favour of the assessee. The

following propositions may be culled out from the

judgment in Citizen Coop. Society case:

24.1. That Section 80-P of the IT Act is a benevolent

provision, which was enacted by Parliament in order

to encourage and promote the growth of the co -

operative sector generally in the economic life of the

country and must, therefore, be read liberally and in

favour of the assessee;

24.2. That once the assessee is entitled to avail of

deduction, the entire amount of profits and gains of

business that are attributable to any one or more

activities mentioned in sub-section (2) of Section 80-P

must be given by way of deduction;

24.3. That this Court in Kerala State Coop. Mktg.

Federation Ltd. has construed Section 80-P widely and

47

liberally, holding that if a society were to avail of

several heads of deduction, and if it fell within any one

head of deduction, it would be free from tax

notwithstanding that the conditions of another head

of deduction are not satisfied;

24.4. This is for the reason that when the legislature

wanted to restrict the deduction to a particular type of

cooperative society, such as is evident from Section

80-P(2)(b) qua milk cooperative societies, the

legislature expressly says so — which is not the case

with Section 80-P(2)(a)(i)

24.5. That Section 80-P(4) is in the nature of a proviso

to the main provision contained in Sections 80-P(1)

and (2). This proviso specifically excludes only

cooperative banks, which are cooperative societies

who must possess a licence from RBI to do banking

business. Given the fact that the assessee in that case

was not so licensed, the assessee would not fall within

the mischief of Section 80-P(4).

X X X

39. Coming to the provisions of Section 80-P(4), it is

important to advert to the speech of the Finance

Minister dated 28-2-2006, which reflects the need for

introducing Section 80-P(4). Shri P. Chidambaram

specifically stated:

“166. Cooperative Banks, like any other bank, are

lending institutions and should pay tax on their

profits. Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)

and Primary Cooperative Agricultural and Rural

Development Banks (PCARDB) stand on a special

footing and will continue to be exempt from tax under

Section 80-P of the Income Tax Act. However, I

propose to exclude all other cooperative banks from

the scope of that section.”

40. Likewise, a Circular dated 28 -12-2006,

containing explanatory notes on provisions contained

in the Finance Act, 2006, is also important, and reads

as follows:

“Withdrawal of tax benefits available to certain

cooperative banks

***

48

22.2. The cooperative banks are functioning on a

par with other commercial banks, which do not enjoy

any tax benefit. Therefore Section 80-P has been

amended and a new sub-section (4) has been inserted

to provide that the provisions of the said section shall

not apply in relation to any cooperative bank other

than a primary agricultural credit society or a primary

cooperative agricultural and rural development bank.

The expressions “cooperative bank”, “primary

agricultural credit society” and “primary cooperative

agricultural and rural development bank” have also

been defined to lend clarity to them.”

41. A clarification by the CBDT, in a letter dated 9-5-

2008, is also important, and states as follows:

“Subject.—Clarification regarding admissibility of

deduction under Section 80-P of the Income Tax Act,

1961.

***

2. In this regard, I have been directed to state that

sub-section (4) of Section 80 -P provides that

deduction under the said section shall not be

allowable to any cooperative bank other than a

primary agricultural credit society or a primary

cooperative agricultural and rural development bank.

For the purpose of the said sub-section, cooperative

bank shall have the meaning assigned to it in Part V

of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.

3. In Part V of the Banking Regulation Act,

“Cooperative Bank” means a State Cooperative bank,

a Central Cooperative Bank and a primary cooperative

bank.

4. Thus, if the Delhi Co-op Urban T & C Society Ltd.

does not fall within the meaning of “Cooperative Bank”

as defined in Part V of the Banking Regulation Act,

1949, sub-section (4) of Section 80-P will not apply in

this case.

5. Issued with the approval of Chairman, Central

Board of Direct Taxes.”

42. The above material would clearly indicate that the

limited object of Section 80-P(4) is to exclude

cooperative banks that function on a par with other

commercial banks i.e. which lend money to members

of the public. Thus, if the Banking Regulation Act,

49

1949 is now to be seen, what is clear from Section 3

read with Section 56 is that a primary cooperative

bank cannot be a primary agricultural credit society,

as such cooperative bank must be engaged in the

business of banking as defined by Section 5(b) of the

Banking Regulation Act, 1949, which means the

accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of

deposits of money from the public. Likewise, under

Section 22(1)(b) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949

as applicable to cooperative societies, no cooperative

society shall carry on banking business in India,

unless it is a cooperative bank and holds a licence

issued in that behalf by RBI. As opposed to this, a

primary agricultural credit society is a cooperative

society, the primary object of which is to provide

financial accommodation to its members for

agricultural purposes or for purposes connected with

agricultural activities.

43. As a matter of fact, some primary agricultural

credit societies applied for a banking licence to RBI,

as their bye-laws also contain as one of the objects of

the Society the carrying on of the business of banking.

This was turned down by RBI in a letter dated 25-10-

2013 as follows:

“Application for licence

Please refer to your application dated 10-

4-2013 requesting for a banking licence. On

a scrutiny of the application, we observe

that you are registered as a Primary

Agricultural Credit Society (PACS).

In this connection, we have advised RCS

vide Letter dated UBD (T) No.

401/10.00/16A/2013-14 dated 18 -10-

2013 that in terms of Section 3 of the

Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (AACS),

PACS are not entitled for obtaining a

banking licence. Hence, your society does

not come under the purview of Reserve

Bank of India. RCS will issue the necessary

guidelines in this regard.”

Consequently, the judgment of the Full Bench of the Kerala High

Court was set aside by observing that Section 80P of the Act, being a

50

benevolent provision enacted by Parliament to encourage and promote

the credit of co-operative sector in general must be read liberally and

reasonably, and if there is any ambiguity, in favour of the assessee. A

deduction that is given without any reference to any restriction or

limitation cannot be restricted or limited by implication, as is sought to

be done by the Revenue in the said case by adding the word “agriculture”

into Section 80P(2)(a)(i) when it is not there. Further, sub-section (4) of

Section 80P had to be read as a proviso, which specifically excludes co-

operative banks which are co-operative societies engaged in banking

business i.e., engaged in lending money to members of the public, which

have a licence in this behalf from Reserve Bank of India. Therefore, the

benefit of deduction was extended to the assessee in the said case

notwithstanding that they may also be giving loans to the members

which are not related to agriculture. Also, in case it was found that there

are instances of loans being given to non-members, profits attributable

to such loans obviously cannot be deducted.

Analysis:

14. We shall now analyse the aforesaid judgments in a common

conspectus.

14.1. In Apex Co-operative Bank of Urban Bank of Maharashtra

and Goa Ltd., it was categorically held that under Section 56 of the BR

Act, 1949 only three co-operative banks have been defined, namely,

state co-operative bank, central co-operative bank and primary co-

51

operative bank which are covered under Section 56 (cci) read with (ccvii)

read with the provisions of the NABARD Act, 1981. Thus, it is only these

three banks which are co-operative banks which require a licence under

the BR Act, 1949 to engage in banking business. If any bank does not

fall within the nomenclature of the aforesaid three banks as defined

under the NABARD Act, 1981, it would not be a co-operative bank within

the meaning of Section 56 of BR Act, 1949 irrespective of whatever

nomenclature it may have or structure it may possess or incorporated

under any Act. It was further stated that if a bank has to be a state co-

operative bank, there has to be a declaration made by the State

Government in terms of Section 2(u) of NABARD Act, 1981. Hence, it is

necessary to go into the question as to, whether, the appellant herein

has been so declared as a state co-operative bank. This question would

need not detain us for long as the Kerala High Court in A.P. Varghese

had categorically stated that the “Kerala State Co-operative Bank” is a

“state co-operative bank” as defined under the NABARD Act, 1981.

Therefore, the appellant bank has not been declared as a state co-

operative bank under the provisions of NABARD Act, 1981. Further, in

the case of Mavilayi Service Co-operative Bank, this Court observed

that a co-operative bank would engage in banking business on obtaining

a licence under Section 22(1b) of the BR Act, 1949. In the instant case,

the appellant herein is not a co-operative bank having regard to the

aforesaid conspectus of the provisions so as to require a licence under

the aforesaid provision for carrying on banking business. In the

52

circumstances, the question could still arise as to whether the appellant

herein is entitled to benefit of deduction under Section 80P of the Act.

14.2. In Mavilayi Service Co-operative Bank, it has been observed

that Section 80P of the Act is a beneficial provision which was enacted

in order to encourage and promote the growth of the co-operative sector

generally in the economic life of the country and therefore, has to be

read liberally in favour of the assessee. That once the assessee is entitled

to avail of deduction, the entire amount of profits and gains of business

that are attributable to any one or more activities mentioned in sub-

section (2) of Section 80P must be given by way of deduction vide Citizen

Co-operative Society. This is because sub-section (4) of Section 80P is

in the nature of a proviso to the main provision contained in sub-

sections (1) and (2) of Section 80P. The proviso excludes co-operative

banks, which are co-operative societies which must possess a licence

from the Reserve Bank of India to do banking business. In other words,

if an entity does not require a licence to do banking business within the

definition of banking under Section5(b) of the BR Act, 1949, then it

would not fall within the scope of sub-section (4) of Section 80P.

14.3. While analysing Section 80P of the Act in depth, the following

points were noted by this Court:

i) Firstly, the marginal note to Section 80P which reads “Deduction

in respect of income of co-operative societies” is significant as it

indicates the general “drift” of the provision.

53

ii) Secondly, for purposes of eligibility for deduction, the assessee

must be a “co-operative society”.

iii) Thirdly, the gross total income must include income that is

referred to in sub-section (2).

iv) Fourthly, sub-clause (2)(a)(i) speaks of a co-operative society

being “engaged in”, inter alia, carrying on the business of banking or

providing credit facilities to its members.

v) Fifthly, the burden is on the assessee to show, by adducing facts,

that it is entitled to claim the deduction under Section 80P.

vi) Sixthly, the expression “providing credit facilities to its members”

does not necessarily mean agricultural credit alone. It was highlighted

that the distinction between eligibility for deduction and attributability

of amount of profits and gains to an activity is a real one. Since profits

and gains from credit facilities given to non-members cannot be said to

be attributable to the activity of providing credit facilities to its members,

such amount cannot be deducted.

vii) Seventhly, under Section 80P(1)(c), the co-operative societies

must be registered either under Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, or a

State Act and may be engaged in activities which may be termed as

residuary activities i.e. activities not covered by sub-clauses (a) and (b),

either independently of or in addition to those activities, then profits and

gains attributable to such activity are also liable to be deducted, but

subject to the cap specified in sub-clause (c).

54

viii) Eighthly, sub-clause (d) states that where interest or dividend

income is derived by a co-operative society from investments with other

co-operative societies, the whole of such income is eligible for deduction,

the object of the provision being furtherance of the co -operative

movement as a whole.

14.4. In paragraph 42 of Mavilayi Service Co-operative Bank, this

Court observed that the object and purpose of sub-section (4) of Section

80P is to exclude only co-operative banks that function on par with other

commercial banks i.e. which lend money to members of the public. That

on a reading of Section 3 read with Section 56 of the BR Act, 1949, the

primary co-operative bank cannot be a primary agricultural credit

society. As such co-operative bank must be engaged in the business of

banking as defined by Section 5(b) of the BR Act, 1949, which means

accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits of money

from the public. Also under Section 22(1)(b) of the BR Act, 1949, no co-

operative society can carry on banking business in India, unless it is a

co-operative bank and holds a licence issued in that behalf by Reserve

Bank of India. It was pointed out that as opposed to the above, a primary

agricultural credit society is a co-operative society, the primary object of

which is to provide financial accommodation to its members for

agricultural purposes or for purposes connected with agricultural

activities.

55

14.5. It was further observed in the said case that some primary

agricultural credit societies had sought for banking licence from Reserve

Bank of India but the same was turned down by observing that such a

society was not carrying on the business of banking and that it did not

come under the purview of Reserve Bank of India requiring a licence for

its business.

14.6. Thereafter in paragraph 48 of the judgment, it was observed that

a deduction that is given without any reference to any restriction or

limitation cannot be restricted or limited by implication. That sub-

section (4) of Section 80P which is in the nature of a proviso specifically

excludes co-operative banks which are co-operative societies engaged in

banking business i.e. engaged in lending money to members of the

public, which have a licence in this behalf from Reserve Bank of India.

15. It is on the aforesaid touchstone that these appeals must now be

further considered from the point of view of the applicable provisions of

law.

15.1. Section 80P speaks about deduction in respect of income of co-

operative societies from the gross total income referred to in sub-section

(2) of the said Section. From the said income, there shall be deducted,

in accordance with the provisions of Section 80P, sums specified in sub-

section (2), in computing the total income of the assessee for the purpose

of payment of income tax. Sub-section (2) of Section 80P enumerates

56

various kinds of co-operative societies. Sub-section (2)(a)(i) states that if

a co-operative society is engaged in carrying on the business of banking

or providing credit facilities to its members, the whole of the amount of

profits and gains of business attributable to any one or more of such

activities shall be deducted. The sub-section makes a clear distinction

between business of banking on the one hand and providing credit

facilities to its members by co-operative society on the other. Thus, the

definition of banking under Section 5(b) of the BR Act must be borne in

mind as opposed to providing credit facilities to its members.

15.2. Section 80P was inserted to the Act with effect from 01.04.1968,

however, sub-section (4) was reinserted with effect from 01.04.2007, in

the present form. Earlier sub-section (4) was omitted with effect from

01.04.1970. Sub-section (4) of Section 80P in the present form is in the

nature of an exception which states that the provisions of Section 80P

shall apply in relation to any co-operative bank other than a primary

agricultural credit society or a primary co-operative agricultural and

rural development bank. The expressions co -operative bank and

primary agricultural credit society as well as primary co-operative

agricultural and rural development bank are defined in the Explanation

as co-operative bank and primary agricultural credit society having the

meanings respectively assigned to them in Part V of the BR Act, 1949.

15.3. The controversy in this case is, whether, the appellant entity is a

co-operative bank and if so, it would be covered within the scope and

57

meaning of sub-section (4) of Section 80P and therefore, would not be

eligible to the benefit of deduction as provided therein.

15.4. Having regard to the Explanation to sub-section (4) of Section 80P,

it is necessary to consider Chapter V of the BR Act, 1949 which states

that the said Act shall apply to co-operative societies subject to

modifications made thereunder. Section 56 begins with a non-obstante

clause and states that notwithstanding anything contained in any other

law for the time being in force, the provisions of the said Act shall apply

to, or in relation to, co-operative societies as they apply to, or in relation

to banking companies subject to the following modifications, namely,

• in clause (a) throughout the said Act, unless the context otherwise

requires,- (i) references to a “banking company” or “the company”

or “such company” shall be construed as references to a co -

operative bank.

• in clause (c), it is stated that in Section 5 as per clause (cci), “co-

operative bank” means a state co-operative bank, a central co-

operative bank and a primary co-operative bank.

• clause (ccv) defines “primary co-operative bank” while clause (ccvii)

defines “central co-operative bank” and “state co-operative bank” to

have the meanings assigned to them in the NABARD Act, 1981.

Since the expression ‘banking company’ is defined under the BR

Act, 1949, it would be useful to consider the definition of banking

58

company in Section 5(c) thereof which means any company which

transacts the business of banking in India. “Banking” is defined in

Section 5(b) of the said Act to mean the accepting, for the purpose of

lending or investment, of deposits of money from the public, repayable

on demand or otherwise, and withdrawal by cheque, draft, order or

otherwise. Therefore, a banking company must transact banking

business vis-à-vis the public. Thus, in the first place a co-operative

society must be engaged in banking business as defined in Section 5(b)

of the said Act. For that, Section 22 of the BR Act, 1949, speaks about

licence to be obtained by a bank to do banking business which is

modified as per clause (o) of Section 56 thereof which states that no co-

operative society shall carry on banking business in India unless it is a

co-operative bank and holds a licence issued in that behalf by the

Reserve Bank, subject to such conditions, if any, as the Reserve Bank

may deem fit to impose. Secondly, a co-operative society must obtain a

licence under Section 22 of the BR Act, 1949, only if it functions as a

co-operative bank and not otherwise. Thus, a co-operative society

including a co-operative credit society which is not a co-operative bank

does not require a licence to function as such.

15.5. Further, Section 2(d) of NABARD Act, 1981 defines central co-

operative bank while Section 2(u) defines a state co-operative bank to

mean the principal co-operative society in a State, the primary object of

which is financing of other co-operative societies in the State which

59

means, it is in the nature of an apex co-operative bank having regard to

the definition under Section 56 of the BR Act, 1949, in relation to co-

operative bank. The proviso states that in addition to such principal

society in a State, or where there is no such principal society in a State,

the State Government may declare any one or more co -operative

societies carrying on business of banking in that State to be also or to

be a state co-operative bank or state co-operative banks within the

meaning of the definition. Section 2(v) of NABARD Act, 1981 defines

state land development bank to mean the co-operative society which is

the principal land development bank (by whatever name called) in a

State and which has as its primary object the providing of long-term

finance for agricultural development.

15.6. Section 2(w) states that words and expressions used in the

NABARD Act, 1981 which are not defined therein but defined in the RBI

Act, shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Act.

Section 2(x) of the said Act states that words and expressions used in

the NABARD Act, 1981 and not defined either in the said Act or in the

RBI Act, but defined in the BR Act, 1949, shall have the meanings

respectively assigned to them in the BR Act, 1949. Therefore, we revert

back to BR Act, 1949.

15.7. What is central to the controversy in this batch of cases is,

whether, the appellant bank is a co-operative bank. What is of

significance to know is, a state co-operative bank or central co-operative

60

bank under the NABARD Act, 1981 is essentially a principal co-

operative society either in a district or in a State, respectively, the

primary object of which is the financing of other co-operative societies

in the district or the State respectively. Further, NABARD Act, 1981

does not define banking business. Hence, reliance is to be placed, on

the definition of banking business in terms of clause (w) of Section 2 of

NABARD Act, 1981 which means the RBI Act has to be seen. When the

RBI Act is perused, it is noted that clause (i) of Section 2 defines “co-

operative bank”, “co-operative credit society”, “director”, “primary

agricultural credit society”, “primary co-operative bank” and “primary

credit society” to have the meanings respectively assigned to them in

Part V of the BR Act, 1949. Therefore, we have to again fall back on Part

V of the BR Act, 1949 which has defined a co-operative bank in Section

56 (c)(i)(cci) to be a state co-operative bank, a central co-operative bank

and a primary co-operative bank and central co-operative bank and

state co-operative bank to have the same meanings as NABARD Act,

1981.

15.8. Since the words ‘bank’ and ‘banking company’ are not defined in

the NABARD Act, 1981, the definition in sub-clause (i) of clause (a) of

Section 56 of the BR Act, 1949 has to be relied upon. It states that a co-

operative society in the context of a co-operative bank is in relation to

or as a banking company. Thus, co-operative bank shall be construed

as references to a banking company and when the definition of banking

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company in clause (c) of Section 5 of the BR Act, 1949 is seen, it means

any company which transacts the business of banking in India and as

already noted banking business is defined in clause (b) of Section 5 to

mean the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits

of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise, and

withdrawal by cheque, draft, order or otherwise. Thus, it is only when a

co-operative society is conducting banking business in terms of the

definition referred to above that it becomes a co-operative bank and in

such a case, Section 22 of the BR Act, 1949 would apply wherein it

would require a licence to run a co-operative bank. In other words, if a

co-operative society is not conducting the business of banking as

defined in clause (b) of Section 5 of the BR Act, 1949, it would not be a

co-operative bank and not so within the meanings of a state co-operative

bank, a central co-operative bank or a primary co-operative bank in

terms of Section 56(c)(i)(cci). Whereas a co-operative bank is in the

nature of a banking company which transacts the business of banking

as defined in clause (b) of Section 5 of the BR Act, 1949. But if a co-

operative society does not transact the business of banking as defined

in clause (b) of Section 5 of the BR Act, 1949, it would not be a co-

operative bank. Then the definitions under the NABARD Act, 1981

would not apply. If a co-operative society is not a co-operative bank,

then such an entity would be entitled to deduction but on the other

hand, if it is a co-operative bank within the meaning of Section 56 of BR

Act, 1949 read with the provisions of NABARD Act, 1981 then it would

62

not be entitled to the benefit of deduction under sub-section (4) of

Section 80P of the Act.

15.9. Section 56 of the BR Act, 1949 begins with a non-obstante clause

which states that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law

for the time being in force, the provisions of the said Act, shall apply to,

or in relation to, co-operative societies as they apply to, or in relation to,

banking companies subject to certain modifications. The object of

Section 56 is to provide a deeming fiction by equating a co-operative

society to a banking company if it is a co-operative bank within the

meaning of the said provision. This is because Chapter V of the BR Act,

1949, deals with application of the Chapter to co-operative societies

which are co-operative banks within the meaning of the said chapter.

For the purpose of these cases, what is relevant is that throughout the

BR Act, 1949, unless the context otherwise requires, - references to a

“banking company” or “the company” or “such company” shall be

construed as references to a co-operative bank. Therefore, while

considering the meaning of a co-operative bank inherently, such a co-

operative society must be a banking company then only it would be

construed as a co-operative bank requiring a licence under Section 22

of BR Act, 1949 in order to function as such a bank.

15.10. Further, while considering the definition of a co-operative

bank under Section 56(cci) of the BR Act, 1949, to mean a state co-

operative bank, a central co-operative bank and a primary co-operative

63

bank which is defined in (ccviii) thereof, to have meanings respectively

assigned to them in the NABARD Act, 1981 would imply that if a state

co-operative bank is within the meaning of NABARD Act, 1981 then it

would be excluded from the benefit under Section 80P of the Act.

Conversely, if a co-operative society is not a co-operative bank within

the meaning of Section 56 of the BR Act, 1949, it would be entitled to

the benefit of deduction under Section 80P of the Act.

15.11. Looked at from another angle, a co-operative society which

is not a state co-operative bank within the meaning of NABARD Act,

1981 would not be a co-operative bank within the meaning of Section

56 of the BR Act, 1949. In the instant case, as already noted in A.P.

Varghese case, the Kerala State Co-operative Bank being declared as a

state co-operative bank by the Kerala State Government in terms of

NABARD Act, 1981 and the appellant society not being so declared,

would imply that the appellant society is not a state co-operative bank.

15.12. In fact, in Citizen Co-operative Society Ltd., this Court

held that the appellant therein was having both members as well as

nominal members who were depositing and availing loan facilities from

the appellant therein and therefore, appellant therein was not entitled

to the benefit of Section 80P of the Act as it was functioning as a co-

operative bank. But, the appellant herein is not a co-operative bank and

neither has it been so declared under the provisions of NABARD Act,

1981 or the State Act. On the other hand, under the provisions of State

64

Act, 1969, the Kerala State Co-operative Bank has been so declared by

the Government of Kerala as a co-operative bank.

15.13. Further, under the provisions of the State Act, 1984,

‘agricultural and rural development bank’ means the Kerala Co-

operative Central Land Mortgage Bank Limited, registered under

Section 10 of the Travancore-Cochin Co-operative Societies Act, 1951,

which shall be known as Kerala State Co-operative Agricultural and

Rural Development Bank Limited i.e. the appellant herein. Thus, from

a conjoint reading of all the relevant statutory as alluded to hereinabove,

it is quite clear that the appellant is not a co-operative bank within the

meaning of sub-section (4) of Section 80P of the Act. The appellant is a

co-operative credit society under Section 80P(2)(a)(i) of the Act whose

primary object is to provide financial accommodation to its members

who are all other co-operative societies and not members of the public.

15.14. Therefore, when the definition of “co-operative bank” in

Section 56 of BR Act, 1949 is viewed in terms of Sections 2(u) of the

NABARD Act, 1981, it is clear that only a state co-operative bank would

be within the scope and meaning of a banking company under Section

2(c) of the BR Act, 1949 on obtaining licence under Section 22 of the

said Act.

65

Conclusion:

In the instant case, although the appellant society is an apex co-

operative society within the meaning of the State Act, 1984, it is not a

co-operative bank within the meaning of Section 5(b) read with Section

56 of the BR Act, 1949.

In the result, the appeals filed by the appellant are allowed and

the order(s) of the Kerala High Court and other authorities to the

contrary are set aside. Consequently, we hold that the appellant is

entitled to the benefit of deduction under Section 80P of the Act. The

questions for consideration are answered accordingly.

Parties to bear their respective costs.

…………………………J.

(B.V. NAGARATHNA)

………………………..J.

(UJJAL BHUYAN)

NEW DELHI;

14

th SEPTEMBER, 2023 .