Page 1 Reportable

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO.1071 OF 2006

M.B. Ramesh (D) By LRS. …Appellants

Versus

K.M. Veeraje Urs (D) By LRS. & Ors. …Respondents

J U D G E M E N T

H.L. Gokhale J.

This Civil Appeal raises the question as to whether

the will of one Smt. Nagammanni was validly executed, and

whether the same was duly proved by the respondent no.1

and another (original plaintiffs). There is one more connected

issue raised in this appeal as to whether a learned Judge of

the High Court of Karnataka was right in interfering in Second

Appeal, into the concurrent findings of the Trial Court and the

Page 2 Lower Appellate Court in exercise of High Court’s powers

under Section 100 of Code of Civil Procedure.

Facts leading to this Civil Appeal are as follows:-

2. The respondent no.1 and another, the original

plaintiffs are the sons of a cousin of one Smt. Nagammanni

who died on 21.11.1970. It is claimed by them that she left

behind a will executed way back on 24.10.1943, and

registered with the Sub-Registrar at Mysore, on 25.10.1943.

The original plaintiffs claimed that through the said will she

has bequeathed her property in their favour. The property

referred in the will is her ancestral property. The property of

late Smt. Nagammanni consisted of 11 parcels of dry land

situated in village Mallinathpuram, and 2 parcels of wet land

situated in village Kaggalli, both in taluk Mallavalli in district

Mandya, State of Karnatka. Out of these 11 parcels of dry

land those at Sl. Nos.2, 5 and 10 (from the list referred in the

plaint) were not covered in the will.

3. It was the case of the original plaintiffs that they

were in possession of these parcels of land, and their

possession was sought to be disturbed by the appellant herein

2

Page 3 (original defendant no.1 and others). Smt. Nagammanni is

the widow of one C. Basavaraje Urs, whereas the appellant is

the son of this C. Basavaraje Urs from his second wife. After

the death of Smt. Nagammanni, the plaintiffs, as well as the

defendants, applied for entering their names in the revenue

records as the owners of the concerned lands. The Mutation

Registrar however passed an order on 29.3.1971, in favour of

the defendants. The plaintiffs preferred an appeal against the

same to the Assistant Commissioner Mandya. However, when

they found that taking advantage of the said order the

defendant No 1 was trying to disturb their possession over the

suit properties, they were required to file a suit, on the basis

of the will, which they filed in the Court of Principal Civil Judge

at Mandya, and which was numbered as Suit No.32 of 1975.

They prayed for a declaration of their title to the suit property,

and for a permanent injunction restraining the defendants

from interfering with their possession thereof. Alternatively,

they prayed that in case it is held that they were not in

possession, a decree be granted for recovery of possession of

the property with future mesne profits.

3

Page 4 4. The suit was contested by the defendants, the

appellant herein, by contending that Smt. Nagammanni was

not the owner of the suit property, and in any case the will

relied upon by the respondents was not a valid one. It was

additionally submitted that the relations of Smt. Nagammanni

and the appellant were cordial, and the claimed will must

have been revoked, which revocation was being suppressed

by the respondents.

5. The learned trial judge raised in all ten issues. The

first out of these issues was whether the plaintiffs proved that

the suit property rightly belonged to Smt. Nagammanni, and

the learned Judge answered it in the affirmative. This finding

has not been disturbed by the fist appellate court, nor

seriously contested in the present Civil Appeal also. It is the

second issue framed by the trial judge which is the crucial

one, namely, whether the plaintiffs prove that Smt.

Nagammanni executed a registered will dated 24.10.1943 in

favour of the plaintiffs, and bequeathed the suit properties to

them.

4

Page 5 6. The plaintiff no.1 (PW-1) examined himself in

support of his case. He examined three more witnesses in

support, out of whom the second witness P. Basavaraje Urs

(PW-2) is the most relevant one. The defendants examined

three witnesses though nothing much turns on their evidence.

Documentary evidence was also produced by both the

parties, which has been considered by the courts below. The

respondent no.1/plaintiff identified the signatures made by

Smt. Nagammanni at two different places on the will (exhibit

P-3). Those signatures were marked as P-3 (a) and P-3(d).

While cross-examining him, the appellant produced two inland

letters written by Smt. Nagammanni to claim that their

relations had become cordial, but it must also be noted that

therein she had claimed her maintenance amount from the

appellant. The respondent no.1 identified the signatures of

Smt. Nagammanni on those two letters, and they were

marked as Exhibits D4 and D5. Theses signatures were clearly

comparable with her signatures on the will. This was

accepted by the learned trial judge by observing that “on a

comparison of the signatures I find there is some force in this

5

Page 6 contention. The signatures tally”. This finding of the trial

judge is neither disturbed by the first appellate court nor by

the High Court.

7. The next witness on behalf of the respondent

no.1/plaintiff was one P. Basavaraje Urs (PW-2). He was

working as a Patel (Village Officer) at village Mallinathpuram,

in district Mandya, at the relevant time. He is an

attesting witness to the will. He produced land revenue

receipts containing his signatures, which were marked as

Exhibits P7 to P14 and P19. He proved his own signature on

the will by comparing it with his signatures on these Exhibits

P7 to P14 and P19. He stated in his cross-examination that,

apart from him, two other persons were attesting witnesses,

namely, M. Mallaraje Urs and Sampat Iyanger. However, by

the time his evidence was being recorded in November 1978,

both of them had passed away. He stated that he could

identify the hand writing and signature of M. Mallaraje Urs.

The signature of M. Mallaraje Urs on the will was marked as

Exhibit P3 (h). He also identified the signatures of Smt.

Nagammanni on the will i.e. P3 (a) and P3 (d). He stated that

6

Page 7 she signed the will in his presence and he also signed the

same in her presence. This part of the evidence of PW1 and

PW-2 has remained undisturbed. Thus, it can be safely said

that Smt. Nagammanni has executed the will (Exhibit P3)

which also bears the signatures of PW-2 P. Basavaraje Urs,

and one M. Mallaraje Urs.

8. The appellants tried to dispute the validity of the

will by drawing attention of the Court to various

circumstances. They disputed the presence of P. Basavaraje

Urs at the time of signing of the will by asking him questions

as to when did he come down to Mysore on that day from

Mallinathpuram, and what did he do on that date. The

learned trial judge, as well as the judge of the first appellate

court, has been impressed by some of the discrepancies in

this behalf appearing in his statement, and which were

highlighted by the appellant. The fact, however, remains that

PW-2 was giving his deposition some 35 years subsequent to

the execution of the will, and therefore not much credence

can be given to such discrepancies in his evidence. It was

also submitted on behalf of the appellant that it was not clear

7

Page 8 as to how and when the will was discovered by the

respondents/plaintiffs herein. Further, much emphasis was

laid on the fact that when the will was made by Smt.

Nagammanni, she was just about 40 years of age, and still

described herself in the will as old and infirm. It was also

contended that it was surprising that though the will was

made some 35 years ago, the respondents/plaintiffs did not

know anything about it until the death of Smt. Nagammanni.

As far as the writing of the will is concerned, certain doubts

were raised by pointing out that the writing was not so very

continuous, and the signatures thereon appeared to have

been adjusted. The evidence of PW-2 was also sought to be

assailed by contending that he was an interested witness. It

was pointed out, for that purpose, that in an earlier suit,

arising out of a mortgage of a property of Smt. Nagammanni,

he had feigned ignorance about the place where the will was

written or the persons who were present at that time.

9. As far as this objection is concerned, it must be

stated and cannot be denied that in the earlier suit, PW2 had

very much deposed that he was an attesting witness to the

8

Page 9 will. Similarly, about Smt. Nagammani describing herself as an

old person, it must be noted that what she had stated was

that she was getting old. Such a statement by a person will

always depend upon the perception of the person concerned

about the condition of his or her health. It appears that, in

view of her strained relations with her husband, she wanted

her property to be protected, and wanted to make a provision

that it should devolve on her relatives. It is another matter

that she lived long, thereafter. Similarly, there is no substance

in the plea of the defendant No 1 that his relations with Smt.

Nagammani had become cordial and she must have revoked

the will. If that was so, he would have surely produced such a

document of revocation. Similarly, no issue can be made out

of the production and reliance on the will, some 35 years

subsequent to its execution. There is no dispute about Smt.

Nagammani’s signature on the will, and her wishes are clear.

It is only when the properties bequeathed under the will had

to be protected, that the will was required to be produced and

relied upon. A will is required to be acted upon, only after the

testator passes away, and in the instant case immediately

9

Page 10 when the occasion arose, the will was produced and relied

upon. In the circumstances, we do not find much force in any

of these objections.

10. As against these discrepancies in the evidence of

PW-2, it was emphasized on behalf of the respondent

no.1/plaintiff that C. Basavaraje Urs, the husband of Smt.

Nagammanni had earlier filed a suit against her, claiming

these very properties as his own properties and that suit

came to be dismissed, which finding was confirmed in appeal.

It was also pointed out that the appellant was the son of C.

Basavaraje Urs from his second wife, and was required to pay

maintenance to Smt. Nagammanni, as required by a Court

order. It was also submitted by the plaintiffs that the will was

a document which was more than 30 years old, and under

Section 90 of Evidence Act, the Court is expected to presume

that the signature in every part of the document is in the

hand writing of the person concerned, and that the document

was duly executed.

11. The trial court accepted the submissions on behalf

of the appellant herein, and held that the plaintiffs had failed

10

Page 11 to prove the will since it had not come in the evidence of PW-2

that Smt. Nagammanni had executed the will in the presence

of the second witness M. Mallaraje Urs, or that this M.

Mallaraje Urs had also signed the will in her presence. Thus,

the requirement of Section 63 (c) of the Indian Succession

Act, 1925 (‘Succession Act’ for short) was not fulfilled viz. that

two or more witnesses have to see the testator sign or affix

his mark to the will, and each of the witnesses have also to

sign the will in the presence of the testator. The Court,

therefore, decided issue no.2 against the plaintiffs and

dismissed the suit. The first appellate Court also took the

same view in Regular Appeal No. 30 of 1989, and dismissed

the appeal filed by the respondents herein.

12. The respondent/plaintiff thereafter filed a second

appeal bearing R.S.A No. 546 of 1996, wherein, a learned

Single Judge of the High Court framed the question of law in

the following words:-

“Whether the concurrent findings of the

Appellate Court that the plaintiff have not proved

the will is bad in law and the finding in that regard

is perverse and contrary to the evidence on

record?”

11

Page 12 The learned Single Judge decided the said question of law in

favour of the respondents-original plaintiffs by his impugned

judgment and order dated 23.1.2004, which has led to the

present appeal by special leave. When the special leave

petition came up for consideration on 11.10.2004, this court

issued notice and directed that the status-quo as then

obtaining be maintained. Leave to appeal was granted

thereafter on 6.2.2006. We may note that an attempt was

made to settle the dispute by referring it to mediation, but

that has not succeeded.

Consideration of the submissions of the rival

parties:

13. The first submission on behalf of the appellant has

been that the learned judge of the high Court has erred by

framing the question of law, in the manner in which he has. It

was submitted that when the trial court and the first appellate

court have given a concurrent finding about the invalidity of

the will, it was a finding of fact, and the High Court could not

have disturbed the finding of fact by framing a question of law

as to whether the finding was bad in law, and perverse or

12

Page 13 contrary to the evidence on record. Reliance was placed, in

this behalf, on the observations of this Court in Narayanan

Rajendran Vs. Lekshmy Sarojini reported in 2009 (5) SCC

264. That apart, it was submitted that in any case, the

findings of the Courts below could not in any way be

categorized as perverse, since they were not contrary to the

evidence on record.

14. We may, however, note in this behalf that as held

by a Constitution bench of this Court in Chunilal Mehta Vs.

Century Spinning and Manufacturing Company reported

in AIR 1962 SC 1314, it is well settled that the construction

of a document of title or of a document which is the

foundation of the rights of parties, necessarily raises a

question of law. That apart, as held by a bench of three

judges in Santosh Hazari Vs. Purushottam Tiwari

reported in 2001 (3) SCC 179, whether a particular question

is a substantial question of law or not, depends on the facts

and circumstances of each case. When the execution of the

will of Smt. Nagammanni and construction thereof was the

subject matter of consideration, the framing of the question of

13

Page 14 law cannot be faulted. Recently, in Union of India Vs.

Ibrahim Uddin reported in 2012 (8) SCC 148, this Court

referred to various previous judgments in this behalf and

clarified the legal position in the following words:-

“67. There is no prohibition to entertain a

second appeal even on question of fact, provided

the Court is satisfied that the findings of the courts

below were vitiated by non-consideration of

relevant evidence or by showing erroneous

approach to the matter and findings recorded in

the court below are perverse.”

15. At the same time we cannot accept the submission

on behalf of the respondents as well that merely because the

will was more than 30 years old, a presumption under Section

90 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (‘Evidence Act’ for short)

ought to be drawn that the document has been duly executed

and attested by the persons by whom it purports to have

been executed and attested. As held by this Court in

Bharpur Singh Vs. Shamsher Singh reported in 2009 (3)

SCC 687, a presumption regarding documents 30 years old

does not apply to a will. A will has to be proved in terms of

Section 63 (c) of the Succession Act read with Section 68 of

the Evidence Act.

14

Page 15 16. That takes us to the crucial issue involved in the

present case, viz. with respect to the validity and proving of

the concerned will. A Will, has to be executed in the manner

required by S 63 of the Succession Act. Section 68 of the

Evidence Act requires the will to be proved by examining at

least one attesting witness. Section 71 of the Evidence Act is

another connected section “which is permissive and an

enabling section permitting a party to lead other evidence in

certain circumstances”, as observed by this Court in

paragraph 11 of Janki Narayan Bhoir Vs. Narayan

Namdeo Kadam reported in 2003 (2) SCC 91 and in a way

reduces the rigour of the mandatory provision of Section 68.

As held in that judgment Section 71 is meant to lend

assistance and come to the rescue of a party who had done

his best, but would otherwise be let down if other means of

proving due execution by other evidence are not permitted.

At the same time, as held in that very judgment the section

cannot be read to absolve a party of his obligation under

Section 68 of the Evidence Act read with Section 63 of the

Succession Act to present in evidence a witness, though alive

15

Page 16 and available. The relevant provisions of these three

sections read as follows:

” Section 63 of the Succession Act

"63. Execution of unprivileged wills.- Every

testator, not being a soldier employed in an

expedition or engaged in actual warfare, or an

airman so employed or engaged, or a mariner at

sea, shall execute his will according to the

following rules:-

(a) .....

(b) .....

(c) The will shall be attested by two or more

witnesses, each of whom has seen the testator

sign or affix his mark to the will or has seen some

other person sign the will, in the presence and by

the direction of the testator, or has received from

the testator a personal acknowledgement of his

signature or mark, or of the signature of such

other person; and each of the witnesses shall sign

the will in the presence of the testator, but it shall

not be necessary that more than one witness be

present at the same time, and no particular form

of attestation shall be necessary."

Section 68 of the Evidence Act

"68. Proof of execution of document required

by law to be attested.- If a document is required

by law to be attested, it shall not be used as

evidence until one attesting witness at least has

been called for the purpose of proving it's

execution, if there be an attesting witness alive,

and subject to the process of the Court and

capable of giving evidence..."

Section 71 of the Evidence Act

16

Page 17 "71. Proof when attesting witness denies the

execution.- If the attesting witness denies or does

not recollect the execution of the document, its

execution may be proved by other evidence."

17. In the present matter, there is no dispute that the

requirement of Section 68 of the Evidence Act is satisfied,

since one attesting witness i.e. PW-2 was called for the

purpose of proving the execution of the will, and he has

deposed to that effect. The question, however, arises as to

whether the will itself could be said to have been executed in

the manner required by law, namely, as per Section 63 (c) of

the Succession Act. PW-2 has stated that he has signed the

will in the presence of Smt. Nagammanni, and she has also

signed the will in his presence. It is however contended that

his evidence is silent on the issue as to whether Smt.

Nagammanni executed the will in the presence of M. Mallaraje

Urs, and whether M. Mallaraje Urs also signed as attesting

witness in the presence of Smt. Nagammanni. Section 63 (c)

of the Succession Act very much lays down the requirement of

a valid and enforceable will that it shall be attested by two or

more witnesses, each of whom has seen the testator sign or

affix his mark to the will, and each of the witnesses has

17

Page 18 signed the will in the presence of the testator. As held by a

bench of three judges of this Court (per Gajendragadkar J, as

he then was) way back in

R. Venkatachala Iyengar Vs. B N. Thimmajamma

reported in AIR 1959 SC 443 , that a will has to be proved

like any other document except that evidence tendered in

proof of a will should additionally satisfy the requirement of

Section 63 of the Succession Act, apart from the one under

Section 68 of the Evidence Act.

18. The propositions laid down in Venkatachala

Iyengar (supra) have been followed and explained in

another judgment of a bench of three Judges in Smt. Jaswant

Kaur Vs. Smt Amrit Kaur , reported in AIR 1977 SC 74,

wherein the law has been crystallized by Y.V. Chandrachud J

(as he then was), into the following propositions:-

“10.There is a long line of decisions bearing

on the nature and standard of evidence required

to prove a will. Those decisions have been

reviewed in an elaborate judgment of this Court in

R. Venkatachala Iyengar v. B.N. Thirnmajamma

and Ors. [1959] Su. 1 S.C.R. 426. The Court,

speaking through Gajendragadkar J., laid down in

that case the following propositions :-

18

Page 19 1. Stated generally, a will has to be proved like

any other document, the test to be applied

being the usual test of the satisfaction of the

prudent mind in such matters. As in the case of

proof of other documents, so in the case of

proof of wills, one cannot insist on proof with

mathematical certainty.

2. Since Section 63 of the Succession Act

requires a will to be attested, it cannot be used

as evidence until, as required by Section 63 of

the Evidence Act, one attesting witness at least

has been called for the purpose of proving its

execution, if there be an attesting witness alive

and subject to the process of the court and

capable of giving evidence.

3. Unlike other documents, the will speaks from

the death of the testator and therefore the

maker of the will is never available for deposing

as to the circumstances in which the will came

to be executed. This aspect introduces an

element of solemnity in the decision of the

question whether the document propounded is

proved to be the last will and testament of the

testator. Normally, the onus which lies on the

propounder can be taken to be discharged on

proof of the essential facts which go into the

making of the will.

4. Cases in which the execution of the will is

surrounded by suspicious circumstances stand

on a different footing. A shaky signature, a

feeble mind, an unfair and unjust disposition of

property, the propounder himself taking a

leading part in the making of the will under

which he receives a substantial benefit and

such other circumstances raise suspicion about

the execution of the will. That suspicion cannot

be removed by the mere assertion of the

propounder that the will bears the signature of

the testator or that the testator was in a sound

19

Page 20 and disposing state of mind and memory at the

time when the will was made, or that those like

the wife and children of the testator who would

normally receive their due share in his estate

were disinherited because the testator might

have had his own reasons for excluding them.

The presence of suspicious circumstances

makes the initial onus heavier and therefore, in

cases where the circumstances attendant upon

the execution of the will excite the suspicion of

the court, the propounder must remove all

legitimate suspicions before the document can

be accepted as the last will of the testator.

5. It is in connection with wills, the execution of

which is surrounded by suspicious circumstance

that the test of satisfaction of the judicial

conscience has been evolved. That test

emphasises that in determining the question as

to whether an instrument produced before the

court is the last will of the testator, the court is

called upon to decide a solemn question and by

reason of suspicious circumstances the court

has to be satisfied fully that the will has been

validly executed by the testator.

6. If a caveator alleges fraud, undue influence,

coercion etc. in regard to the execution of the

will, such pleas have to be proved by him, but

even in the absence of such pleas, the very

circumstances surrounding the execution of the

will may raise a doubt as to whether the

testator was acting of his own free will. And

then it is a part of the initial onus of the

propounder to remove all reasonable doubts in

the matter.”

19. In Janki Narayan Bhoir (supra) , this Court has

explained the inter-relation between Section 63 (c) of the

20

Page 21 Succession Act, 1925 and Section 68 and 71 of the Evidence

Act, 1872. In that matter only one attesting witness to the

will was examined to prove the will, but he had not stated in

his deposition that the other attesting witness had attested

the will in his presence. The other attesting witness, though

alive and available, was not examined. The Court noted the

relevant facts in para 5 of the judgment (as reported in SCC)

as follows:-

“Prabhakar Sinkar, the attesting witness, in

his deposition stated that he did not know whether

the other attesting witness Ramkrishna Wagle was

present in the house of the respondent at the time

of execution of the will. He also stated that he did

not remember as to whether himself and Raikar

were present when he put his signature. He did

not see the witness Wagle at that time; he did not

identify the person who had put the thumb

impression on the will. The scribe Raikar in his

evidence stated that he wrote the will and he also

stated that he signed on the will deed as a scribe.

He further stated that the attesting witnesses,

namely, Wagle and Prabhakar Sinkar are alive.”

On this background, the Court held at the end of the para 6 of

the judgment that “it is true that although a will is required to

be attested by two witnesses it could be proved by examining

one of the attesting witnesses as per Section 68 of the Indian

21

Page 22 Evidence Act”, but it also noted in paragraph 9 that “that one

of the requirements of due execution of a will is its attestation

by two or more witnesses, which is mandatory.” In

paragraphs 11 and 12 of the judgment, the Court noted the

relevance of Section 71 of the Evidence Act by stating that

“aid of Section 71 can be taken only when the attesting

witnesses who have been called, deny or fail to recollect the

execution of the document to prove it by other evidence.”

“Section 71 has no application when the one attesting

witness, who alone has been summoned, has failed to prove

the execution of the will and the other attesting witness

though available has not been examined.” In the facts of the

case, therefore, the Court held that attestation of the will as

required by Section 63 of the Succession Act was not

established which was equally necessary.

20. In the present case, we may note that in para 21 of

his cross examination, P. Basavaraje Urs has in terms stated,

“Mr. Mallaraje Urs and Smt. Nagammanni, myself and one

Sampat Iyanger were present while writing the will.” One Mr.

Narayanmurti was also present. In para 22 he has stated that

22

Page 23 Narayanmurti had written Exhibit 3 (will) in his own

handwriting continuously. The fact that M.Mallaraje Urs was

present at the time of execution of the will is not contested by

the defendants by putting it to PW2 that M. Mallaraje Urs was

not present when the will was executed. As held by a Division

Bench of the Calcutta High Court in a matter concerning a will,

in para 10 of A.E.G. Carapiet Vs. A.Y. Derderian reported

in [AIR 1961 Calcutta 359 ],….”Wherever the opponent has

declined to avail himself of the opportunity to put his

essential and material case in cross-examination, it must

follow that he believed that the testimony given could not be

disputed at all. It is a rule of essential justice”. As noted

earlier the will was executed on 24.10.1943 in the office of

the advocate Shri Subha Rao situated at Mysore, and was

registered on the very next day at Mysore. The fact that the

will is signed by Smt. Nagammanni in the presence of PW2 on

24.10.1943 has been proved, that PW2 signed in her presence

has also been proved. Can the signing of the will by Smt.

Nagammanni in the presence of M. Mallaraje Urs and his

signing in her presence as well not be inferred from the above

23

Page 24 facts on record? In our view, in the facts of the present case,

the omission on the part of PW2 to specifically state that the

signature of M. Mallaraje Urs on the will (which he identified)

was placed in the presence of Smt. Nagammani, and that her

signature (which he identified) was also placed in the

presence of M. Mallaraje Urs, can be said to be a facet of not

recollecting about the same. This deficiency can be taken care

of by looking to the other evidence of attendant

circumstances placed on record, which is permissible under

Section 71 of the Evidence Act.

21. The issue of validity of the will in the present case

will have to be considered in the context of these facts. It is

true that in the case at hand, there is no specific statement by

PW2 that he had seen the other attesting witness sign the will

in the presence of the testator, but he has stated that the

other witness had also signed the document. He has proved

his signature, and on the top of it he has also stated in the

Cross examination that the other witness (Mr. Mallaraje Urs),

Smt. Nagammani, himself and one Sampat Iyanger and the

writer of the will were all present while writing the will on

24

Page 25 24.10.1943 which was registered on the very next day. This

statement by implication and inference will have to be held as

proving the required attestation by the other witness. This

statement alongwith the attendant circumstances placed on

record would certainly constitute proving of the will by other

evidence as permitted by Section 71 of the Evidence Act.

22. While drawing the appropriate inference in a matter

like this, a Court cannot disregard the evidence on the

attendant circumstances brought on record. In this context,

we may profitably refer to the observations of a Division

Bench of the Assam High Court in Mahalaxmi Bank Limited

Vs. Kamkhyalal Goenka reported in [AIR 1958 Assam 56 ],

which was a case concerning the claim of the appellant bank

for certain amounts based on the execution of a mortgage

deed. The execution thereof was being disputed by the

respondents, amongst other pleas, by contending that the

same was by a purdahnashin lady, and the same was not

done in the presence of witnesses. Though the evidence of

the plaintiff was not so categorical, looking to the totality of

the evidence on record, the Court held that the execution of

25

Page 26 the mortgage had been duly proved. While arriving at that

inference, the Division Bench observed:-

“11………It was, therefore, incumbent on the

plaintiff to prove its execution and attestation

according to law. It must be conceded that the

witnesses required to prove attestation has (sic)

not categorically stated that he and the other

attesting witnesses put their signatures (after

having seen the execution of the document) in the

presence of the executants. Nevertheless, the

fact that they actually did so can be easily

gathered from the circumstances disclosed in the

evidence. It appears that the execution and

registration of the document all took place at

about the same time in the house of the

defendants. The witnesses not only saw the

executants put their signatures on the document,

but that they also saw the document being

explained to the lady by the husband as also by

the registering officer.

They also saw the executants admit receipt

of the consideration, which was paid in their

presence. As all this happened at the same time,

it can be legitimately inferred that the witnesses

also put their signatures in the presence of the

executants after having seen them signing the

instrument………

………There is no suggestion here that the

execution and attestation was not done at the

same sitting. In fact, the definite evidence here is

that the execution and registration took place at

the same time. It is, therefore, almost certain that

the witnesses must have signed the document in

the presence of the executants…….”

26

Page 27 23. The approach to be adopted in matters concerning

wills has been elucidated in a decision on a first appeal by a

Division Bench of Bombay High Court in Vishnu

Ramkrishana Vs. Nathu Vithal reported in [AIR 1949

Bombay 266 ]. In that matter, the respondent Nathu was the

beneficiary of the will. The appellant filed a suit claiming

possession of the property which was bequeathed in favour of

Nathu, by the testatrix Gangabai. The suit was defended on

the basis of the will, and it came to be dismissed, as the will

was held to be duly proved. In appeal it was submitted that

the dismissal of the suit was erroneous, because the will was

not proved to have been executed in the manner in which it is

required to be, under Section 63 of Indian Succession Act.

The High Court was of the view that if at all there was any

deficiency, it was because of not examining more than one

witness, though it was not convinced that the testatrix

Gangabai had not executed the will. The Court remanded the

matter for additional evidence under its powers under Order

41 Rule 27 CPC. The observations of Chagla C.J., sitting in the

Division Bench with Gajendragadkar J. (as he then was in

27

Page 28 Bombay High Court) in paragraph 15 of the judgment are

relevant for our purpose:-

“15……… We are dealing with the case of a

will and we must approach the problem as a Court

of Conscience. It is for us to be satisfied whether

the document put forward is the last will and

testament of Gangabai. If we find that the

wishes of the testatrix are likely to be

defeated or thwarted merely by reason of

want of some technicality, we as a Court of

Conscience would not permit such a thing to

happen. We have not heard Mr. Dharap on the

other point; but assuming that Gangabai had a

sound and disposing mind and that she wanted to

dispose of her property as she in fact has done,

the mere fact that the propounders of the will

were negligent – and grossly negligent in not

complying with the requirements of S.63 and

proving the will as they ought to have should not

deter us from calling for the necessary evidence in

order to satisfy ourselves whether the will was

duly executed or not………..”

(emphasis

supplied)

24. As stated by this Court also in R. Venkatachala

Iyengar and Smt. Jaswant Kaur (both supra) , while

arriving at the finding as to whether the will was duly

executed, the Court must satisfy its conscience having regard

to the totality of circumstances. The Court’s role in matters

concerning the wills is limited to examining whether the

28

Page 29 instrument propounded as the last will of the deceased is or is

not that by the testator, and whether it is the product of the

free and sound disposing mind [as observed by this Court in

paragraph 77 of Gurdev Kaur Vs. Kaki reported in 2006 (1)

SCC 546]. In the present matter, there is no dispute about

these factors. The issue raised in the present matter was with

respect to the due execution of the will, and what we find is

that the same was decided by the trial Court, as well as by the

first appellate Court on the basis of an erroneous

interpretation of the evidence on record regarding the

circumstances attendant to the execution of the will. The

property mentioned in the will is admittedly ancestral

property of Smt. Nagammanni. She had to face a litigation,

initiated by her husband, to retain her title and possession

over this property. Besides, she could get the amounts for

her maintenance from her husband only after a court battle,

and thereafter also she had to enter into a correspondence

with the appellant to get those amounts from time to time.

The appellant is her stepson whereas the respondents are

sons of her cousin. She would definitely desire that her

29

Page 30 ancestral property protected by her in a litigation with her

husband does not go to a stepson, but would rather go to the

relatives on her side. We cannot ignore this context while

examining the validity of the will.

25. In view of the above factual and legal position, we

do hold that the plaintiffs/respondents had proved that Smt.

Nagammanni had duly executed a will on 24.10.1943 in

favour of the plaintiffs, and bequeathed the suit properties to

them. She got the will registered on the very next day. The

finding of the Trial Court as well as the First Appellate Court

on issue no.2 was clearly erroneous. The learned Judge of the

High Court was right in holding that the findings of the Trial

and Appellate Court, though concurrent, were bad in law and

perverse and contrary to the evidence on record. The second

appeal was, therefore, rightly allowed by him. Accordingly,

we dismiss the present civil appeal. The Suit No.32 of 1975

filed by the respondents in the Court of Principal Civil Judge at

Mandya in Karnataka will stand decreed. They are hereby

granted a declaration of their title to the suit property, and for

a permanent injunction restraining the defendants from

30

Page 31 interfering with their possession thereof. In case their

possession has been in any way disturbed, they will be

entitled to recover the possession of the concerned property,

with future mesne profits. In the facts of the present case,

however, we do not order any costs.

………..

………………………..J.

[ H.L. Gokhale ]

…………………………………..J.

[ Ranjana Prakash Desai ]

New Delhi

Dated : May 03, 2013

31