As per case facts, an FIR was lodged against the petitioner, a licensed miner, based on an inquiry report alleging mineral theft, charging higher prices, and not installing a weighing ...
CRM-M-15092-2023 -1-
IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB AND HARYANA
AT CHANDIGARH
02 CRM-M-15092-2023
Reserved on: 03.07.2026
Pronounced on: 31.08.2026
RAKESH KUMAR CHOUDHARY
...... PETITIONER
VERSUS
STATE OF PUNJAB AND OTHERS
...... RESPONDENTS
CORAM: HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE SURYA PARTAP SINGH
Present : Mr. Gurminder Singh, Senior Advocate with
Mr. R.P.S. Bara, Advocate
for the petitioner.
Mr. Eklavya Darshi, Deputy Advocate General, Punjab
for the respondents No.1 to 5.
*****
SURYA PARTAP SINGH . J.
1. This petition under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
hereinafter being referred to as “Cr.P.C.”, has been filed by the petitioner for
quashing of FIR No.100 dated 10.10.2022 Police Station Kiratpur Sahib,
District Rupnagar. The above-mentioned FIR has been lodged for the
commission of offence punishable under Sections 379 IPC and Sections 4(1),
21(1) of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957.
2. In nut-shell the facts emerging from record are that the FIR of this
case came into being on receipt of a complaint addressed to Senior
Superintendent of Police Rupnagar, by Executive Engineer, Watar Drainage-
CRM-M-15092-2023 -2-
cum-Mining Division Rupnagar. It was complained by the above-named
complainant that on 16.05.2022, a complaint submitted by Sh. Baljeet Singh
was received in the office of Principal Secretary and in response to above-
mentioned complaint, the Chief Engineer Vigilance, constituted a six members
Committee to conduct enquiry with regard to allegations contained in the
complaint. The above-mentioned committee conducted an enquiry and
submitted the report. In view of findings recorded in the above-said enquiry
report, the above-said Executive Engineer requested for registration of FIR,
against the petitioner, for the commission of offence punishable under Sections
4(1), 21(1) of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957 and
Section 379 IPC. Aggrieved of above-mentioned FIR, the present petition has
been filed.
3. Heard.
4. It has been contended by learned senior counsel for the petitioner
that petitioner is a licensee for the mining of minor minerals in Block No.1,
situated in District Ropar, and that the above-mentioned licence was awarded to
the petitioner in e-auction dated 29.07.2019, conducted by the respondent-
department. According to learned senior counsel for the petitioner, despite the
fact that the mining of minor minerals was being conducted by the petitioner,
strictly in accordance with terms and conditions of contract awarded to him by
the respondent, in total illegal and arbitrary manner and on false and frivolous
grounds, the instant FIR has been lodged. As per learned counsel for the
petitioner, for the redressal of his grievance the petitioner has knocked the door
of this Court, by invoking its extra-ordinary jurisdiction.
CRM-M-15092-2023 -3-
5. It has been further contended by learned senior counsel for the
petitioner that the entire prosecution case is based upon the plea that during the
course of enquiry, conducted by the Committee of six officers, it was found that
petitioner committed theft of minerals and the modus operandi allegedly
adopted by the petitioner was:-
i. that the petitioner used to charge price higher than the price
fixed as per revised contract, i.e. Rs.5.5 per cubic feet.
ii. that as per terms and conditions of the contract, the
petitioner had not installed weighing-machine for the
measurement of weight of goods carrier, carrying minerals,
and thus, extracted more minerals than shown in the books,
amounting to theft.
6. As per learned senior counsel for the petitioner first of all the
above-mentioned allegations are false, frivolous, motivated and unsubstantiated
and secondly even if the above-mentioned allegations are accepted to be a
gospel truth on the face of it, the above-mentioned allegations amounts to
breach of condition of contract, for which mechanism has already been
provided in the contract duly executed by the respondents with the petitioner. In
view of above it has been contended that any criminal offence on the basis of
above-mentioned allegations is not made out.
7. The learned senior counsel for the petitioner has further contended
that in fact in view of political rivalry and other reasons, the petitioner is being
harassed by the respondents and, merely, on the false and flimsy grounds, the
FIR has been lodged. It has been further contended by learned senior counsel
for the petitioner that before filing of present FIR, several other cases, too, were
CRM-M-15092-2023 -4-
lodged by the State, and that with regard to contract in question itself firstly
attempt was made to encash the bank guarantee and when above-mentioned
endeavour of respondents failed, due to intervention of Civil Court, the contract
of the petitioner was cancelled. According to learned senior counsel for the
petitioner the order with regard to cancellation of contract of petitioner was
challenged by the petitioner before this Court and this Court stayed the above-
said order, i.e. the order with regard to cancellation of contract of petitioner by
the respondents.
8. While alleging that the above-mentioned act and conduct of the
petitioner makes it apparent that sole motive behind the filing of FIR against the
petitioner is to create hindrance in the smooth running of business of the
petitioner, and to harass him by entangling in legal processes, it has has been
claimed by learned senior counsel for the petitioner that the filing of FIR is
nothing but an abuse of process of law. According to learned senior counsel for
the petitioner instant case is a fit case for invoking the extraordinary jurisdiction
vested in this Court, for the protection of legal and other civil rights of the
petitioner.
9. In support of his arguments, the learned senior counsel for the
petitioner has referred to the principles of law laid down by Hon’ble Supreme
Court of India in the case of ‘Shakson Belthissor vs. State of Kerala’, (2009) 14
SCC 466, ‘Nagawwa vs. Veeranna Shivalingappa Konjalgi’ [[1976) 3 SCC
736 ; 1976 SCC (Crl) 507] and ‘State of Haryana vs. Ch. Bhajan Lal & Ors.’,
1991(1) RCR (Criminal) 383.
10. On the basis of above-mentioned arguments, the learned senior
counsel for the petitioner has sought for quashing of above-mentioned FIR.
CRM-M-15092-2023 -5-
11. The above-mentioned augments have been controverted by learned
State counsel. The learned State counsel has contended that there are very
specific and categorical allegations against the petitioner that by adopting
illegal and dubious manner, not only the minerals belonging to the State have
been stolen by the petitioner, but also he caused huge loss to State exchequer,
and therefore, there are serious allegations for the commission of offence
punishable under Section 379 IPC and Sections 4(1), 21(1) of Mines and
Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957 against the petitioner.
12. It has been further contended by learned State counsel that present
petition is a petition for quashing of FIR, wherein determination or adjudication
of complicated questions of facts cannot take place. According to learned State
counsel once there are very specific allegations on the basis of which offence
under Section 379 IPC and Sections 4(1), 21(1) of Mines and Minerals
(Development and Regulation) Act 1957 are made out, no scope for quashing of
FIR is made out. The learned State counsel has also contended that the gravity
of offence committed by the petitioner stands enhanced during the pendency of
the present petition, as on legal advise by District Attorney, Section 420 IPC has
also been invoked in the present case.
13. The learned State counsel has further contended that in view of
terms and conditions of contract executed between petitioner and the
respondent No.5, the petitioner was supposed to charge price of sand and gravel
at the rate of Rs.9 per cubic feet till 09.11.2021, and thereafter, in the wake of
amendment in the relevant clause of the contract duly agreed upon both the
parties, the above-mentioned price should have been Rs.5.5 per cubic feet.
According to learned State counsel, in violation of above-mentioned clause
CRM-M-15092-2023 -6-
instead of charging price for sand and gravel at the rate of Rs.5.5 per cubic feet,
the petitioner continued to charge price at a higher rate, and thus, cheated the
State exchequer vis-a-vis consumer of sand and gravel.
14. The learned State counsel has further contended that in addition to
above, another illegal act committed by the petitioner was that as per terms and
conditions, contained in the agreement dated 14.01.2020, the petitioner was
supposed to install a weighing bridge at the mining site. As per learned State
counsel the weight of every vehicle, carrying minerals, was supposed to be
measured at the site itself and the vehicle driver was supposed to carry the
weight measurement slip, but the petitioner did not install any weighing
machine at the mining site, resulting into pilferage and theft of mineral.
According to learned State counsel, thus the petitioner committed the offence
punishable under Section 379 IPC read with Sections 4(1), 21(1) of Mines and
Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act 1957.
15. In addition to above, the learned State counsel has also contended
that in the present petition, the petitioner has claimed that he is innocent, but
falsely implicated in the above-mentioned case. With regard to above-
mentioned stand of the petitioner, it has been contended by learned State
counsel that firstly the above-mentioned stand is far from truth and secondly to
test the veracity of above-mentioned stand of the petitioner, the only forum
prescribed under the law is the trial Court. As per learned State counsel to find
out as to whether allegations contained in the FIR are true or false, the only
method available under the law is to allow both the parties to lead their
respective evidence and then adjudicate upon the above-mentioned controversy.
According to learned State counsel at this stage when trial is yet to commence,
CRM-M-15092-2023 -7-
it cannot be determined as to whether the petitioner has committed any offence
or not.
16. While claiming that on the basis of allegations contained in the
FIR essential ingredients meant for the commission of offence punishable under
Sections 379/420 of IPC and Sections 4(1), 21(1) of Mines and Minerals
(Development and Regulation) Act 1957 are made out. The learned State
counsel has contended that the present petition is in fact utter misuse of process
of law, and therefore, the present petition deserves dismissal.
17. In support of his arguments, the learned State counsel has referred
to the principles of law laid down by Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in the
case of ‘Vinod Raghuvanshi vs. Ajay Arora and Others’ Criminal Appeal
No.1477 of 2013, ‘State of Orissa & Ors vs. Ujjal Kumar Burdhan’ Criminal
Appeal No.546 of 2012, ‘State of West Bengal and Ors. vs. Swapan Kumar
Guha and Ors.’ (1982) 1 SCC 561 and ‘State of Haryana vs. Ch. Bhajan Lal &
Ors.’, 1991(1) RCR (Criminal) 383.
18. The record has been perused carefully.
19. At the very out-set it is relevant to mention here that the present
petition is a petition seeking for quashing of FIR. With regard to above, it is
relevant to mention here that in the case of ‘Vinod Raghuvanshi’ (supra), it has
been observed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India that:
“It is a settled legal proposition that while considering the case for
quashing of the criminal proceedings the court should not "kill a
still born child", and appropriate prosecution should not be stifled
unless there are compelling circumstances to do so. An
investigation should not be shut out at the threshold if the
allegations have some substance.
CRM-M-15092-2023 -8-
When a prosecution at the initial stage is to be quashed, the test to
be applied by the court is whether the uncontroverted allegations
as made, prima facie establish the offence. At this stage neither the
court can embark upon an inquiry, whether the allegations in the
complaint are likely to be established by evidence or nor the court
should judge the probability, reliability or genuineness of the
allegations made therein. More so, the charge sheet filed or
charges framed at the initial stage can be altered/amended or a
charge can be added at the subsequent stage, after the evidence is
adduced in view of the provisions of Section 216 Criminal
Procedure Code. So, the order passed even by the High Court or
this Court is subject to the order which would be passed by the
trial court at a later stage.”
20. With regard to exercise of inherent jurisdiction vested in this Court
by virtue of Section 482 of Cr.P.C. in the case of ‘Ujjal Kumar Burdhan’
(supra), the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has ruled that:
“It is true that the inherent powers vested in the High Court under
section 482 of the Code are very wide. Nevertheless, inherent
powers do not confer arbitrary jurisdiction on the High Court to
act according to whims or caprice. This extra-ordinary power has
to be exercised sparingly with circumspection and as far as
possible, for extra-ordinary cases, where allegations in the
complaint or the first information report, taken on its face value
and accepted in their entirety do not constitute the offence alleged.
It needs little emphasis that unless a case of gross abuse of power
is made out against those incharge of investigation, the High Court
should be loath to interfere at the early/premature stage of
investigation.”
21. In the case of ‘Swapan Kumar Guha and Ors’ (supra), it has been
observed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India that:
“the Court will not normally interfere with an investigation and
will permit the inquiry into the alleged offence, to be completed,
CRM-M-15092-2023 -9-
this Court highlighted the necessity of a proper investigation
observing thus:
An Investigation is carried on for the purpose of gathering
necessary materials for establishing and proving an offence
which is disclosed. When an offence is disclosed, a proper
investigation in the interests of justice becomes necessary to
collect materials for establishing the offence, and for
bringing the offender to book. In the absence of a proper
investigation in a case where an offence is disclosed, the
offender may succeed in escaping from the consequences
and the offender may go unpunished to the detriment of the
cause of justice and the society at large, Justice requires that
a person who commits an offence has to be brought to book
and must be punished for the same. If the court interferes
with the proper investigation in a case where an offence has
been disclosed, the offence will go unpunished to the serious
detriment of the welfare of the society and the cause of the
justice suffers.”
22. It has been further observed in the above- mentioned case that:
“it is on the basis of this principle that the court normally
does not interfere with the investigation of a case where an
offence has been disclosed…. Whether an offence has been
disclosed or not must necessarily depend on the facts and
circumstances of each particular case…. If on a
consideration of the relevant materials, the court is satisfied
CRM-M-15092-2023 -10-
that an offence is disclosed, the court will normally not
interfere with the investigation into the offence and will
generally allow the investigation into the offence to be
completed for collecting materials for proving the offence”.
23. On the other hand, in the case of ‘Shakson Belthissor (supra), the
Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has observed that if the contents of FIR does
not constitute any offence, criminal proceedings can be quashed by the High
Court. According to Hon’ble Supreme Court of India the jurisdiction under
Section 482 Cr.P.C. is exercised by the Court to prevent abuse of the process of
law, and that such jurisdiction can be exercised only when the
complaint/charge-sheet does not disclose any offence, or when the complaint is
found to be frivolous, vexatious and oppressive.
24. In the light of above-mentioned principles of law, if the facts and
circumstances of the present case are analyzed, it transpires that being the
successful bidder the first contract between the petitioner and the representative
of respondent No.1 was executed on 14.01.2020. Clause 6 of the above-
mentioned contract provided that:-
(6) Cap on sale price-
A. Both sand and gravel shall not be sold by the
concessionaire at the mining site at more than Rs.9
per cubic feet which includes cost of loading on the
vehicle.
B. Maximum rates linked to distance that can be charged
per cubic feet for transportation of sand and gravel
will be notified.
C. Maximum rate of Sand and Gravel chargeable from
the end customer will in no case exceed the sum of
above said two rates.
CRM-M-15092-2023 -11-
D. The concessionaire will dispatch sand and gravel
through only those transporters who agree to
transport it at so notified or less rates.
E. Violation of above points will result in cancellation of
the agreement and forfeiture of the security amount.
25. Clause 46 of the above-mentioned contract was as under:-
To provide weighing machine:- The concessionaire shall
provide and at all times keep at or close to the pit head of
each of the pit heads at which the said minerals shall be
brought to bank a properly constructed and efficient
weighing machine and shall weigh or caused to be weighed
thereon all the said minor minerals, from time to time,
brought to bank, sold, exported and converted products and
shall at the close of each day cause the total weights
ascertained by such means of the said minerals, ores
products raised, sold, exported and converted during the
previous twenty-four hours to be entered in the aforesaid
books of accounts. The concessionaire shall permit the State
Government at all times during the said term to employ any
person or persons to be present at the weighing of the said
minor minerals as aforesaid and to keep accounts thereof
and to check the accounts kept by the concessionaire. The
concessionaire shall intimate the route of vehicles from
quarry to weighbridge to the District Mining Officer/
Assistant Mining Officer concerned before commencement
of mining operations.
26. Clause 31 provided that:
Penalty for default: In the event of termination of the
concession for concessionaire default, the security deposit
shall be forfeited and performance guarantee shall be liable
to be encashed by the Government.
CRM-M-15092-2023 -12-
27. If the above-mentioned terms and conditions of the agreement
between the parties are considered in conjunction, with the allegations
contained in the FIR, it transpires that:
i. One of the allegation against the petitioner is with regard to
violation of Clause 46 of the contract by the petitioner. As
per FIR the petitioner did not install weighing machine at or
close to pit-head.
Qua above-mentioned allegation, it is relevant to mention
here that the contract between the petitioner and the
respondents was arrived at in January, 2020 and the terms of
licence, awarded to the petitioner, for mining from
01.12.2019 till 30.11.2022, were reduced into writing
including the above-mentioned condition. The FIR was
lodged on 10.10.2022.
If the mining operations were being conducted by the
petitioner w.e.f. 01.12.2019 or from the date of contract, i.e.
14.01.2020 then definitely during the intervening period till
the receipt of complaint on 16.05.2022 several inspections
must have been conducted by the officers of respondents.
But at any point of time no deficiency was found in the
discharge of contractual obligation by the petitioner,
particularly with regard to Clause 46 of the Contract.
Thus, it is far from believable that for more than two and
half years without installation of weighing machine,
minerals were allowed to be mined by the respondents.
CRM-M-15092-2023 -13-
ii. Another allegation against the petitioner was that in
violation of terms contained in Clause 6 of the Contract he
used to sell mines, i.e. sand and gravel, at a rate higher
than Rs.5.5 per cubic feet.
With regard to above, it is relevant to mention here that if
that was a situation the compliant must have come from the
persons, who purchased above-said minerals from the
petitioner, but there is nothing on record to show that any
complaint was received from any such person.
28. Be that as it may. For the sake of arguments even it assumed that
the above-mentioned findings recorded by the enquiry committee were based
on true facts, even then it has to be looked into as to whether on the basis of
above-mentioned allegations FIR for the commission of offence punishable
under Sections 379 of IPC and Sections 4(1), 21(1) of Mines and Minerals
(Development and Regulation) Act 1957 could have been lodged or not.
29. With regard to above, it is pertinent to mention here that to deal
with a situation with regard to breach of condition of various terms and
conditions, detailed in the contract, the mechanism was provided by the contract
itself. Clause 6(e) of the contract provided that:-
Violation of above points will result in cancellation of the
agreement and forfeiture of the security amount.
30. In addition to above, Clause 48 of the contract prescribed that:
“all disputes under this contract shall be resolved by
invoking the Arbitration clause. The provisions of the
Arbitration and Reconciliation Act, 1996 or any other
CRM-M-15092-2023 -14-
statutory law there under or modification thereof and for the
time being in force shall apply to the arbitration
proceedings. The independent claims of the party other than
one seeking arbitration as also the counter claims of any
party shall be entertained by the Arbitrator, also”.
31. It is also relevant to mention here that the contract dated
14.01.2020 provided ample power to the respondent No.1 to deal with any kind
of violation of terms and conditions of concession of the contract executed in
favour of petitioner. In addition to above, clause 30 of the contract gave liberty
to the Government to prematurely terminate the concession in the following
circumstances:-
(a) If the annual concession value or any other amounts due to
the Government are not paid:
(b) if any of the terms and conditions of the concession
agreement or conditions of grant or permission to undertake
mining by any other statutory authority/Competent authority
is violated;
(c) if any of the provisions of these rules and other laws both
Central and State as are applicable to mines and minerals,
are not complied with.
Provided that in case of default in payment of
Government dues such as concession money/royalty, dead
rent or any other dues payable under these presents, the
concession may be terminated by the Director or any officer
authorised by him without affording hearing to the
concessionaire after serving upon a notice to make good the
payment within thirty days.
Provided further that the authorised officer may also
at any time after issuance of the notice for default on
account of non payment of dues, enter upon the said
CRM-M-15092-2023 -15-
premises and detain all or any of the mineral or movable
property therein and may carry away, detain or order the
sale of the property so detained, or so much of it as will
suffice for the satisfaction of the concession money or rent
or royalty or both dues and all costs and expenses
occasioned by the non-payment thereof.
32. Here it shall not be out of place to mention that Section 4(1) of
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 is relevant, which
is reproduced as under:-
Prospecting or mining operations to be under licence or lease.-
(1) [No person shall undertake any reconnaissance, prospecting or
mining operations in any area, except under and in accordance
with the terms and conditions of a reconnaissance permit or of a
prospecting licence [or of a exploration licence] or, as the case
may be, of a mining lease, granted under this Act and the rules
made thereunder]:
Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall affect any
prospecting or mining operations undertaken in any area in
accordance with terms and conditions of a prospecting licence [or
of a exploration licence] or mining lease granted before the
commencement of this Act which is in force at such
commencement:
33. The above-mentioned bare provisions contained in Section 4 of the
Act makes it abundantly clear that offence under Section 4(1) of Mines and
Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 is made out against only
those persons, who indulge in mining operations without any mining lease. The
situation in the case in hand is altogether different. There is no dispute in the
case in hand that mining lease was not given to the petitioner. In the present
case if in violation of terms of contract, the petitioner had failed to install a
weighing machine at the pit-head, the redressal mechanism available to the
CRM-M-15092-2023 -16-
respondents was either to cancel the mining lease awarded to the petitioner, or
to approach the Civil Court for implementation of above-mentioned clause of
the contract.
34. Similarly in case the petitioner was charging higher rates for the
sale of sand and gravel, according to Clause 6(e) the lease of the petitioner
could have been cancelled.
35. In the instant case it shall not be out of place to mention here that
as per contention of learned counsel for the petitioner, the above-mentioned
clauses were illegally invoked by the respondents, but due to intervention of the
Court when the respondents failed in their above-mentioned illegal act, they
resorted to filing present FIR, for which neither any ground is made out, nor the
essential ingredients meant for the commission of offence are made out.
36. In the present case, it is also relevant to mention here that there are
allegations against the petitioner for the commission of offence punishable
under Sections 379 and 420 of IPC. However, in my opinion once licence for
mining of minerals was accorded to the petitioner the question of theft of
mineral does not arise at all and secondly in the absence of any description of
loss caused to anybody, the allegations of cheating are not made out.
37. In view of above-mentioned facts and circumstances of the case in
my opinion the principles of law laid down by Hon’ble Supreme Court of India
in the case of Ch. Bhajan Lal (supra) are applicable, wherein it has been
observed that:-
i. Where the allegations made in the First Information Report
or the complaint, even if they are taken at their face value
CRM-M-15092-2023 -17-
and accepted in their entirety do not prima facie constitute
any offence or make out a case against the accused.
ii. Where the allegations in the First Information Report and
other materials, if any, accompanying the F.I.R. do not
disclose a cognizable offence, justifying an investigation by
police officers under Section 156 (1) of the Code except
under an order of a Magistrate within the purview of Section
155(2) of the Code.
iii. Where the uncontroverted allegations made in the FIR or
complaint and the evidence collected in support of the same
do not disclose the commission of any offence and make out
a case against the accused.
iv. Where, the allegations in the F.I.R. do not constitute a
cognizable offence but constitute only a non-cognizable
offence, no investigation is permitted by a police officer
without an order of a Magistrate as contemplated under
Section 155(2) of the Code.
v. Where the allegations made in the F.I.R. or complaint are so
absurd and inherently improbable on the basis of which no
prudent person can ever reach a just conclusion that there is
sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused.
vi. Where there is an express legal bar engrafted in any of the
provisions of the Code or the concerned Act (under which a
criminal proceeding is instituted) to the institution and
continuance proceedings and/or where there is a specific
provision in the Code or the concerned Act, providing
efficacious redress for the grievance of the aggrieved party.
vii. Where a criminal proceeding is manifestly attended with
mala fide and/or where the proceeding is maliciously
instituted with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance on
the accused and with a view to spite him due to private and
personal grudge.
CRM-M-15092-2023 -18-
38. Taking into consideration the cumulative effect of above-
mentioned discussions, in my considered opinion in the present case on the
basis of allegations contained in the FIR any offence under Sections 379 IPC
and Sections 4(1), 21(1) of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation)
Act 1957 is not made out and the filing of FIR against the petitioner is
apparently an abuse of power and misuse of process of law, because the
remedial action for the alleged violation has been prescribed in the contract
itself. Thus, in my considered opinion instant case is a case wherein extra-
ordinary jurisdiction vested in this Court should be exercised to protect the
valuable rights of the petitioner. Hence, it is hereby observed that the present
petition has got merit and deserves to be accepted.
39. In view of above-mentioned observations, the present petition is
hereby allowed and the FIR No.100 dated 10.10.2022, under Sections 379 IPC
and Sections 4(1), 21(1) of Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation)
Act 1957, Police Station Kiratpur Sahib, District Rupnagar is hereby quashed.
40. The present petition stands allowed accordingly.
(SURYA PARTAP SINGH)
JUDGE
31.08.2026
vipin
Whether speaking/reasoned Yes/No
Whether reportable Yes/No
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