Ram Nath case, criminal justice, UP
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Ram Nath Vs. The State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.

  Supreme Court Of India Criminal Appeal /472/2012
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Case Background

As per the case facts, the appeals concerned the relationship between provisions of the Food Safety and Standards Act and sections of the Indian Penal Code dealing with food adulteration, ...

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Document Text Version

2024 INSC 138 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 472 OF 2012

RAM NATH                                             …APPELLANT

VERSUS

THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH

& ORS.                …RESPONDENT(S)

WITH

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 479 OF 2012

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 476­478 OF 2012

CRIMINAL APPEAL @ SLP(Crl.) No. 1379 of 2011

J U D G M E N T

ABHAY S. OKA, J.

1.Leave granted in Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.

1379 of 2011.

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 1 of 24

2.The issue involved in these appeals is about the

interplay between the provisions of Chapter IX of the

Food  Safety  and  Standards  Act,  2006  (for  short,  ‘the

FSSA’) and Sections 272 and 273 of the Indian Penal

Code (for short, ‘the IPC’). 

FACTUAL ASPECT

3.Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 2012 takes exception to

the order dated 5

th

  October 2010 passed by a Division

Bench of Allahabad High Court. The appellant filed a

petition   under   Section   482   of   the   Code   of   Criminal

Procedure, 1973 (for short, ‘CrPC’) seeking quashing of

the   prosecution   for   the   offences   punishable   under

Sections 272 and 273 of the IPC. On 11

th

 May 2010, the

State of Uttar Pradesh issued an order granting power to

the authorities to initiate prosecutions under Sections

272 and 273 of the IPC as well as under the Prevention of

Food Adulteration Act, 1954 (for short, ‘PFA’). On 28

th

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 2 of 24

August 2010, a First Information Report (for short, ‘FIR’)

was lodged by a food inspector representing the Regional

Food Controller, Agra, against the petitioner alleging the

commission of offences under Sections 272 and 273 of

the IPC. The allegation was that, though the appellant did

not possess a licence to sell the commodity of mustard

oil,   he   continued   to   carry   on   the   business   of   sale.

Another   allegation   was   that   the   petitioner   had

adulterated the mustard oil, edible oil and rice brine oil.

The petitioner approached the High Court to quash the

FIR   on   various   grounds.   The   appellant   relied   on

Allahabad   High   Court's   decision   dated   8

th

  September

2010, in the case of M/s. Pepsico India Holdings (Pvt)

Ltd. & Anr v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors

1

. By the

impugned order, the High Court dismissed the petition

filed by the appellant. Incidentally, the decision in the

case of Pepsico India

1

 is the subject matter of challenge

by the State of Uttar Pradesh in Criminal Appeal No. 476­

1 2010 SCC OnLine All 1708

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 3 of 24

478 of 2012.  In this case, FIR was registered against the

respondent on 11

th

 August 2010, alleging the commission

of offences under Sections 272 and 273 of the IPC. The

allegation   was   of   adulteration   in   the   cold   drinks

manufactured by the respondent. The view taken in the

case of  Pepsico India

1  

was that, from 29

th

  July 2010,

when the FSSA came into force, the provisions thereof

would   have   an   overriding   effect   over   the   food­related

laws, including Sections 272 and 273 of the IPC. Further,

it   was   held   that   the   police   have   no   authority   or

jurisdiction to investigate a case under the FSSA. 

4.Criminal Appeal No. 479 of 2012 takes an exception

to the order dated 15

th

 September 2010, wherein the High

Court declined to quash an offence punishable under

Sections 272 and 273 of the IPC. In Special Leave Petition

(Crl.) No. 1379 of 2011, the challenge is to the order

dated 3

rd

  August 2010 of the Allahabad High Court by

which a petition under Section 482 of CrPC filed by the

appellant for quashing the FIR alleging commission of

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 4 of 24

offences   under   Section   272   and   273   of   the   IPC   was

dismissed.

5.In Short, the controversy is whether the view taken

in the case of Pepsico India

1

, which is the subject matter

of challenge in Criminal Appeal No. 476­478 of 2012, is

correct. In the said decision, it was held that after coming

into force of the FSSA with effect from 29

th

 July 2010, it

would   have   an   overriding   effect   on   other   food­related

laws, including the PFA. Therefore, the High Court held

that   invocation   of   Sections   272   and   273   of   the   IPC

concerning food adulteration pursuant to a Government

order dated 11th May 2010 was bad in law. 

SUBMISSIONS

6.Detailed submissions have been made on behalf of

the State of Uttar Pradesh in Criminal Appeal No. 476­

478 of 2012. On behalf of the State, reliance was placed

on the decisions of this Court in the cases of  Swami

Achyutanand Tirth v. Union of India & Ors.

2

 and the

2 (2014) 13 SCC 314

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 5 of 24

State   of   Maharashtra   &   Anr.   v.   Sayyed   Hassan

Sayyed Subhan & Ors.

3

 The submission is that there is

no bar to the trial of an offender under two different

enactments, but the bar is only to the punishment of the

offender twice for the same offence. The learned counsel

submitted that where an act or omission constitutes an

offence   under   two   enactments,   the   offender   may   be

prosecuted under either one of the two enactments or

both enactments but shall not be liable to be punished

twice for the same offence. Reliance was placed upon

Section 26 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (for short,

‘the GC Act’). Learned counsel for the State also relied

upon another decision of this Court in the case of State

of M.P. v. Kedia Leather & Liquor Ltd. and Ors.

4

 He

submitted that the area of operation of the IPC and a

food­related law like the FSSA are entirely different and,

therefore, the same are mutually exclusive. The learned

counsel urged that Section 89 gives overriding effect to

3 (2019) 18 SCC 145

4 (2003) 7 SCC 389

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 6 of 24

the provisions of the FSSA over all other food­related

laws,   as   is   evident   from   the   title   of   the   Section.   He

submitted that the IPC is not a food­related law by any

stretch of the imagination. Therefore, wherever Sections

272 and 273 of the IPC are attracted even after coming

into force of the FSSA, the offender can be prosecuted

under the said IPC provisions. 

7.The   learned   counsel   appearing   for   the   accused

invited our attention to the objects and reasons of the

FSSA and its preamble. Their submission is that the

FSSA   is   very   exhaustive   legislation   dealing   with   all

aspects of food, including adulteration, unsafe food, etc.

Their   submission   is   that   Section   89   will   have   an

overriding   effect   over   the   provisions   of   the   IPC.   Our

attention is also invited to Section 5 and Section 41 of the

IPC. The submission is that in view of Section 5, any

special law will remain unaffected by the provisions of the

IPC. Reliance was placed on a decision of this Court in

the case of  Jeewan Kumar Raut & Anr. v. Central

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 7 of 24

Bureau of Investigation.

5

 The counsel for the accused

also placed reliance on the decision of this Court in the

case of  State of Uttar Pradesh v. Aman Mittal and

Anr

6

,  in support of the proposition that the FSSA, being

a special law, will exclude the applicability of the IPC for

the fields which are covered by the provisions of the

special Act. 

CONSIDERATION OF SUBMISSIONS

8.Different provisions of the FSSA were brought into

force on different dates by notifications issued from time

to time. The last of such notification is of 29

th

 July 2010.

All the provisions of the FSSA were in force as on 29

th

July 2010 except Section 22. The offences subject matter

of these appeals were registered after 29

th

 July 2010. We

have carefully considered the submissions made across

the bar. The statement of objects and reasons of the

FSSA mentions explicitly that the multiplicity of food laws

creates   confusion.   The   multiplicity   of   laws,   standard

5 (2009) 7 SCC 526

6 (2019) 19 SCC 740

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 8 of 24

setting and various implementing/enforcement agencies

are   detrimental   to   the   growth   of   the   nascent   food

processing industry. It is further provided that the FSSA

provides   a   single   window   to   guide   and   regulate   the

persons   engaged   in   manufacturing,   marketing,

processing, handling, transport, import and sale of goods.

The   preamble   of   the   FSSA   records   that   it   was   an

enactment to consolidate the laws relating to food. It is a

very comprehensive legislation on all the aspects of food.

  

9.Clause (zz) of Section 3 of the FSSA defines unsafe

food, which reads thus:

“(zz) “unsafe   food”   means   an

article   of   food   whose   nature,

substance or quality is so affected

as to render it injurious to health:

(i) by the article itself, or its package

thereof, which is composed, whether

wholly   or   in  part,   of   poisonous   or

deleterious substances; or

(ii) by the article consisting, wholly or

in part, of any filthy, putrid, rotten,

decomposed   or   diseased   animal

substance or vegetable substance; or

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 9 of 24

(iii)   by   virtue   of   its   unhygienic

processing or  the presence in that

article of any harmful substance;

or

(iv) by the substitution of any inferior

or cheaper substance whether wholly

or in part; or

(v)   by   addition   of   a   substance

directly or as an ingredient which

is not permitted; or

(vi) by the abstraction, wholly or in

part, of any of its constituents; or

(vii) by the article being so coloured,

flavoured   or   coated,   powdered   or

polished, as to damage or conceal the

article or to make it appear better or

of greater value than it really is; or

(viii) by the presence of any colouring

matter   or   preservatives   other   than

that specified in respect thereof; or

(ix)   by   the   article   having   been

infected   or   infested   with   worms,

weevils, or insects; or

(x) by virtue of its being prepared,

packed   or   kept   under   insanitary

conditions; or

(xi) by virtue of its being mis­branded

or sub­standard or food containing

extraneous matter; or

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 10 of 24

(xii) by virtue of containing pesticides

and other contaminants in excess of

quantities specified by regulations.”

(Emphasis added)

Thus, the concept of unsafe food is more comprehensive

than the concept of adulterated food. Unsafe food means

an article of food whose nature, substance or quality is so

affected as to render it injurious to health. 

10.The   word   sub­standard   has   been   defined   under

clause (zx) of Section 3, which reads thus:

“(zx)   “sub­standard”,   an   article   of

food   shall   be   deemed   to   be   sub­

standard   if   it   does   not   meet   the

specified standards but not so as to

render the article of food unsafe;”

Therefore, sub­standard food cannot be unsafe food. 

11.Another important definition is of adulterant under

clause (a) of Section 3, which reads thus:

“(a) “adulterant” means any material

which is or could be employed for

making   the   food   unsafe   or   sub­

standard   or   mis­branded   or

containing extraneous matter;”

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 11 of 24

Coming back to the definition of unsafe food, sub­clause

(v) of Clause (zz) of Section 3 provides that by adding a

substance   directly   or   as   an   ingredient   which   is   not

permitted   makes   an   article   of   food   unsafe   food.   The

presence of any harmful substance in the article of food

makes   it   unsafe   food.   Therefore,   if   any   adulterant   is

added to an article of food, which renders the article of

food injurious to health, the food article becomes unsafe

food. 

12.The offences and penalties are contained in Chapter

IX. Sub­Section 1 of Section 48 lays down how any article

of food can be rendered injurious to health. Sub­Section

1 of Section 48 reads thus:

“(1) A person may render any article

of food injurious to health by means

of   one   or   more   of   the   following

operations, namely: —

(a)   adding   any   article   or

substance to the food;

(b)   using   any   article   or

substance as an ingredient in

the preparation of the food;

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 12 of 24

(c) abstracting any constituents

from the food; or

(d) subjecting the food to any

other process or treatment,

with the knowledge that it may be

sold or offered for sale or distributed

for human consumption.”

Thus, if a person knows that a particular article of food is

being   offered   for   sale   or   distribution   for   human

consumption   and   adds   any   adulterant   (article   or

substance)   to   the   food,   he   renders   the   food   article

injurious to health. In Chapter IX, Sections 49, 50, 51,

52,   53,   54,   55,   56,   57   and   58   deal   with   penalties.

Sections 59 to 64 and 66 specifically deal with offences.

Section   74   of   Chapter   X   empowers   the   Central

Government  or State Government to establish Special

Courts for the trial of offences relating to grievous injury

or death of the consumer for which the punishment of

imprisonment is more than 3 years. 

13.In sub­Section 3 of Section 34, it is provided that

the trial of any offence under the FSSA by the Special

Court shall have precedence over the prosecution of any

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 13 of 24

other case against the accused in any other Court. In

cases where offences are not triable by the Special Court,

under Section 73 of the FSSA, there is a power vesting in

the   Courts   of   Judicial   Magistrates   to   try   the   case

summarily by following Sections 262 to 265 of the CrPC.

Against any decision or order of the Special Court, an

appeal is provided to the High Court under Section 76.

The appeal lies before a bench consisting of at least two

Judges. Another salutary provision is Section 77, which

prohibits any Court from taking cognizance of the offence

under the FSSA after the expiry of a period of one year

from the date of the commission of the crime. However,

the Commissioner of Food Safety, for reasons recorded,

can   extend   the   period   from   one   year   to   three   years.

Section 79 of the FSSA overrides Section 29 of CrPC and

provides that it shall be lawful for the Court of ordinary

jurisdiction to pass any sentence authorised under the

FSSA   except   a   sentence   of   imprisonment   for   a   term

exceeding six years in excess of its powers conferred by

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 14 of 24

Section 29 of CrPC. Section 78 provides that at any time

during the trial of any offence under the FSSA, when an

offence has been alleged to have been committed by any

person not being the importer, manufacturer, distributor

or dealer, based on evidence adduced before it, the Court

has   the   power   to   proceed   against   the   importer,

manufacturer,   distributor   or   dealer.   This   provision

explicitly gives an overriding effect over the provision of

sub­Section 3 of Section 319 of CrPC. Another salutary

provision is Section 80, which lists the defences that may

or   may   not   be   allowed   in  the   prosecution   under   the

FSSA. For example, it is provided that it is no defence

that the accused had a mistaken but reasonable belief as

to the facts that constituted the offence. 

14.Therefore, as far as offences relating to food and

food   safety   are   concerned,   there   are   very   exhaustive

provisions made in the FSSA dealing with all aspects of

food and food security. 

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 15 of 24

15.In the facts of these cases, the offence under Section

59 of the FSSA is very relevant, which reads thus:

“59. Punishment for unsafe food.—

Any person who, whether by himself

or by any other person on his behalf,

manufactures  for   sale   or   stores   or

sells   or   distributes   or   imports   any

article   of   food   for   human

consumption which is unsafe, shall

be punishable,—

(i)   where   such   failure   or

contravention   does   not   result   in

injury,   with  [imprisonment   for   a

term which may extend to three

months and also with fine which

may extend to three lakh rupees];

7

(ii)   where   such   failure   or

contravention   results   in   a   non­

grievous   injury,   with   imprisonment

for a term which may extend to one

year and also with fine which may

extend to three lakh rupees;

(iii)   where   such   failure   or

contravention  results  in a  grievous

injury, with imprisonment for a term

which may extend to six years and

also with fine which may extend to

five lakh rupees;

7 Subs. for “imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months and also

with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees” by Act 18 of 2023, S. 2 and

Sch. (w.e.f. 8-11-2023).

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 16 of 24

(iv)   where   such   failure   or

contravention results in death, with

imprisonment for a term which shall

not   be   less   than   seven   years   but

which may extend to imprisonment

for life and also with fine which shall

not be less than ten lakh rupees.”

Any person, whether by himself or by any other person

on his behalf, manufactures or, stores or, sells or imports

unsafe food for human consumption, becomes guilty of

an offence of dealing with unsafe food. As can be noted,

there are different punishments provided, starting from

imprisonment   for   3   months   and   extending   to

imprisonment for life and a fine, depending upon the

extent and nature of injury caused by unsafe food. The

fine is in the range of rupees three lakh to rupees ten

lakh. 

16.In these appeals, we are dealing only with Sections

272 and 273 of the IPC. The same read thus:

“272. Adulteration of food or drink

intended   for   sale .—Whoever

adulterates   any   article   of   food   or

drink,   so   as   to   make   such   article

noxious as food or drink, intending

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 17 of 24

to sell such article as food or drink,

or knowing it to be likely that the

same will be sold as food or drink,

shall be punished with imprisonment

of either description for a term which

may extend to six months, or with

fine   which   may   extend   to   one

thousand rupees, or with both.

273. Sale of noxious food or drink.

—Whoever sells, or offers or exposes

for sale, as food or drink, any article

which   has   been   rendered   or   has

become noxious, or is in a state unfit

for food or drink, knowing or having

reason to believe that the same is

noxious as food or drink, shall be

punished   with   imprisonment   of

either description for a term which

may extend to six months, or with

fine   which   may   extend   to   one

thousand rupees, or with both.”

17.Section 272 is an offence of adulteration of any

article   of   food   or  drink.   The   definition  of   food   under

Clause (a) of Section 3 of the FSSA also includes a liquid.

If adulteration of an article of food is made which makes

such articles noxious as food or drink, the person who

adulterates   is   guilty   of   an   offence   punishable   under

Section   272   of   the   IPC.   It   contemplates   the   accused

adulterating food with the intention to sell adulterated

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 18 of 24

food.   Thus,   intention   is   an   ingredient   of   the   offence.

When   by   adulterating   an   article   of   food   or   liquid,   it

becomes harmful or poisonous, it can be said that it

becomes noxious. If, by adulteration, an article of food

becomes   noxious,   it   becomes   unsafe   food   within   the

meaning of Section 3 (zz) of FSSA. 

18.Section 273 of the IPC applies when a person sells

or, offers or exposes for sale any article of food or drink

which has been rendered noxious or has become unfit for

food or drink. Section 273 incorporates requirements of

knowledge or reasonable belief that the food or drink sold

or offered for sale is noxious. Section 59 of the FSSA does

not require the presence of intention as contemplated by

Section 272 of the IPC. Under Section 59 of the FSSA, a

person commits an offence who, whether by himself or by

any person on his behalf, manufactures for sale or stores

or   sells   or   distributes   any   article   of   food   for   human

consumption   which   is   unsafe.   So,   the   offence   under

Section 59 of the FSSA is made out even if there is an

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 19 of 24

absence of intention as provided in Section 272 of the

IPC. However, knowledge is an essential  ingredient in

sub­Section 1 of Section 48, and therefore, it will be a

part   of   Section   59   of   the   FSSA.   The   maximum

punishment for the offence under Section 272 of the IPC

is  imprisonment   for   a   term   which  may  extend   to  six

months or with a fine. The substantive sentence for the

offence   punishable   under   Section   273   is   the   same,

whereas, under Section 59, the punishment is of simple

imprisonment   extending   from   three   months   to   a   life

sentence with a fine of rupees three lakh up to 10 lakhs.

19.Moreover, a limitation of one year is provided for the

offence under Section 59, which is extendable up to three

years as provided in Section 77 of the FSSA. By virtue of

Section 468 of CrPC, the limitation for taking cognizance

of the offence punishable under Sections 272 and 273 is

one year. There is a power to extend time under Section

473 of CrPC. The power is not limited to three years.  

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 20 of 24

CONCLUSION

20.Thus,   there   are   very   exhaustive   substantive   and

procedural   provisions   in   the   FSSA   for   dealing   with

offences concerning unsafe food. In this context, we must

consider the effect of Section 89 of the FSSA. Section 89

reads thus:

“89. Overriding effect of this Act over

all   other   food   related   laws.—The

provisions   of   this   Act   shall   have

effect   notwithstanding   anything

inconsistent therewith contained  in

any other law for the time being in

force   or   in   any   instrument   having

effect of virtue of any law other than

this Act.”

The title of the section indeed indicates that the intention

is to give an overriding effect to the FSSA over all ‘food­

related laws’. However, in the main Section, there is no

such restriction confined to ‘food­related laws’, and it is

provided that provisions of the FSSA shall have effect

notwithstanding   anything   inconsistent   therewith

contained in any other law for the time being in force. So,

the Section indicates that an overriding effect is given to

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 21 of 24

the provisions of the FSSA over any other law. The settled

law is that if the main Section is unambiguous, the aid of

the title of the Section or its marginal note cannot be

taken to interpret the same. Only if it is ambiguous, the

title of the section or the marginal note can be looked into

to understand the intention of the legislature. Therefore,

the main Section clearly gives overriding effect to the

provisions of the FSSA over any other law in so far as the

law applies to the aspects of food in the field covered by

the   FSSA.   In   this   case,   we   are   concerned   only   with

Sections 272 and 273 of the IPC. When the offences

under Section 272 and 273 of the IPC are made out, even

the   offence   under   Section   59   of   the   FSSA   will   be

attracted. In fact, the offence under Section 59 of the

FSSA is more stringent.

21.The decision of this Court in the case of  Swami

Achyutanand Tirth

2

 does not deal with this contingency

at all. In the case of  the State of Maharashtra

3

, the

question of the effect of Section 97 of the FSSA did not

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 22 of 24

arise for consideration of this Court. The Court dealt with

simultaneous   prosecutions   and   concluded   that   there

could be simultaneous prosecutions, but conviction and

sentence can be only in one. This proposition is based on

what is incorporated in section 26 of the GC Act. We have

no manner of doubt that by virtue of Section 89 of the

FSSA, Section 59 will override the provisions of Sections

272 and 273 of the IPC. Therefore, there will not be any

question   of   simultaneous   prosecution   under   both   the

statutes. 

22.Accordingly,   Criminal   Appeal   No.   472   of   2012,

Criminal Appeal No.479 of 2012 and Criminal  Appeal

arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 1379 of 2011 succeed, and we

set   aside   the   impugned   orders.   The   offences,   subject

matter of these appeals, are hereby quashed and set aside

with   liberty   to   the   authorities   to   initiate   appropriate

proceedings in accordance with the law if not already

initiated. Therefore, the concerned authorities are free to

act in accordance with the FSSA for offences punishable

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 23 of 24

under Section 59 of the FSSA. Criminal Appeal Nos. 476­

478 of 2012 are dismissed. 

23.No orders as to costs.

……………………..J.

(Abhay S. Oka)

……………………..J.

(Sanjay Karol)

New Delhi;

February 21, 2024

Criminal Appeal No. 472 of 20112 Page 24 of 24

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