As per case facts, the Income Tax Department filed complaints against the petitioners for foreign assets and tax evasion based on secret information from French authorities. During pendency, the Directorate ...
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -1-
IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB AND HARYANA
AT CHANDIGARH
Pronounced on: 03.09.2025
CRM-M-37200-2021
Amarinder Singh …Petitioner(s)
Versus
Income Tax Department and another …Respondent(s)
With
CRM-M-37204-2021
Raninder Singh …Petitioner(s)
Versus
Income Tax Department and another …Respondent(s)
And
CRM-M-37207-2021
Raninder Singh …Petitioner(s)
Versus
Income Tax Department and another …Respondent(s)
CORAM: HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE TRIBHUVAN DAHIYA
Present:- Mr. Gurmohan Singh Bedi, Advocate,
Mr. Amandeep S. Talwar, Advocate,
Mr. Pawandeep Singh, Advocate,
Mr. Anand V. Khanna, Advocate, and
Ms. Ambika Bedi, Advocate for the petitioner(s) in all cases
Mr. Zoheb Hossain, Special Counsel
(through video conferencing) assisted by
Mr. Lokesh Narang, Senior Panel Counsel and
Mr. Vipul Joshi, Advocate for the respondents
TRIBHUVAN DAHIYA, J.
These three petitions are interconnected, and raise common
questions of law, therefore, the same are being decided together.
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -2-
2. The first petition, CRM-M-37200-2021, has been filed under
Section 482 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short, ‘Cr.P.C.’) for setting
aside the order dated 02.09.2021, Annexure P-8, passed by Additional Sessions
Judge, Ludhiana, in CRR No.12 of 01.10.2020 dismissing the revision petition
filed by the petitioner against the order passed by Judicial Magistrate I
st
Class,
Ludhiana, dated 18.09.2020, in COMA 7115/2020 dated 14.08.2020. Further,
prayer has been made to set aside the Magistrate’s order dated 18.09.2020 as
well, whereby the application filed by the second respondent/Directorate of
Enforcement (for short, ‘E.D.’) to inspect the documents attached with the
complaint filed by the first respondent/Income Tax Department (for short, ‘I.T.
Department’) has been allowed.
2.1. The other two petitions, CRM-M-37204-2021 and CRM-M-
37207-2021, have been filed under Section 482 Cr.P.C. by son of the petitioner
in the first petition with identical prayers to quash the orders dated 02.09.2021
passed by Additional Sessions Judge, Ludhiana, in CRR No.11 dated
01.10.2020 and CRR No.10 dated 25.09.2020, dismissing the revision petitions
filed by the petitioners, as also the orders dated 18.09.2020, whereby
applications filed by the E.D. to inspect documents attached with the complaint
filed by the I.T. Department have been allowed.
3. To notice the facts in brief from the first petition, CRM-M-37200-
2021, the I.T. Department filed a complaint dated 30.11.2016, before Chief
Judicial Magistrate, Ludhiana, against the petitioner under Section 277 of the
Income Tax Act, 1961, read with Sections 176, 177, 181, 186, 187, 193 and 199
of the Indian Penal Code (for short, ‘IPC’), inter alia, alleging as under:
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -3-
2. That the Income Tax Department, received credible
information from the Foreign Authorities through official
channels, that the accused is the beneficiary of foreign assets
maintained and controlled through foreign business entities. The
accused is also the beneficiary of foreign bank accounts
maintained with HSBC Private Bank (SUISSE) S.A Geneva,
Switzerland. Based upon these documents Summon u/s 131(1A)
of the Act was issued to Sh. Amarinder Singh 30.03.2016 to know
about his association/relation with the Jacaranda Trust and/or its
related entities and also about the property P29, Marina Mansions
in Dubai which was acquired through one of the beneficially
owned/associated companies of the Jacaranda Trust. As per
information available on record, original request to transfer the
property P29, Marina Mansions in Dubai was received from Mr.
Amarinder Singh i.e. father of Mr. Raninder Singh. Sh. Amarinder
Singh was asked to appear in person or furnish the required
information as per Annexure-A to Summons dated 30.03.2016
through AR in the form of a sworn affidavit duly notarized.
3. That on 22.07.2011 information in the form of master-
sheets was received by the Director General of Income Tax (Inv.),
Chandigarh, thereby indicating association/connection of the
family members of the accused with certain foreign entities. The
information in the form of master-sheets was originally received
in Paris (France) (on 28.06.2011 by the Competent Authority of
India i.e. Foreign Tax and Tax Research (FT&TR) Division of
Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), officially from the
Competent French Authority as per the provisions of Article 28 of
Double Taxation Avoidance Convention (DTAC) between India
and France. This information was received in soft copy in the form
of USB Pen Drive along-with a letter dated 28.06.2011 of the
Competent Authority of France. Subsequently, this information
was forwarded to the Commissioner of Income Tax (Inv.), CBDT,
New Delhi on 14.07.2011 by the FT&TR Division of CBDT. Then
on 22.07.2011, the CIT(Inv.), CBDT, New Delhi handed over this
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -4-
information to the DGIT(Inv.), Chandigarh. A certificate u/s 65B
of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 with regard to the print out of the
above mentioned master sheets has been received from the
Competent Indian Authority i.e. FT&TR Division of CBDT.
Copies of letter dated 28.06.2011 of the Competent French
Authority is annexed as Annexure-C-2, letter dated 14.07.2011 of
FT&TR Division is appended as Annexure-C-3 copy of certificate
dated 22.07.2011 regarding receipt of information by the
DGIT(Inv.), Chandigarh is annexed as Annexure-C-4. The copy
of master sheets received from competent Indian Authority i.e.
FT&TR division of CBDT is appended as Annexure-C-5 and
certificate dated 15.02.2016 u/s 65B of FT&TR Division of CBDT
are hereto appended as Annexure-C-6.
3.1. On the basis of allegations aforementioned and the documents
appended, the Magistrate found sufficient grounds for taking cognizance of the
alleged offences against the petitioner punishable under Section 277 of the
Income Tax Act and Sections 176, 177, 181, 186, 187, 193 and 199 IPC, and
summoned him vide order dated 24.04.2017. The petitioner challenged the
summoning order by filing a petition, CRR No.37 of 21.08.2017, which was
allowed by Additional Sessions Judge, Ludhiana; the Magistrate’s order was
set aside and the matter was remanded to pass a fresh order on the complaint,
vide order dated 27.11.2018, Annexure P-3. The said order was challenged by
the complainant/IT Department before this Court by filing a petition, CRM-M-
15062-2019, which is pending adjudication.
3.2. During pendency of the complaint, the E.D. moved an application
before the Magistrate for inspection of documents filed by the complainant/I.T.
Department, or, in the alternative, seeking directions to the complainant to
provide a copy of those documents. It was for the reasons, as mentioned in the
petition, that ‘directorate of enforcement was also seized of the matter with
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -5-
regard to the subject matter of the said complaint pending before the court and
that the subject matter came within the ambit of FEMA, 1999 and the applicant
Respondent No. 2 was the sole authority to administer the said law and for the
purpose of conducting investigation under the provisions of the said act the
documents attached with the complaint are required to be examined which are
on the judicial file of the Court
’. The application was allowed by the Magistrate
vide impugned order dated 18.09.2020, permitting inspection of the judicial file
by the E.D. The order was challenged by the petitioner by filing a revision
petition, CRR No.12 of 01.10.2020, before Additional District Judge,
Ludhiana, which was dismissed vide impugned order dated 02.09.2021, and the
Magistrate’s order was upheld.
4. In this factual background, learned counsel for the petitioners,
Mr. Gurmohan Singh Bedi, has contended that grave prejudice has been caused
to the petitioners by the impugned orders whereby the E.D., which is stranger
to the complaints, has been permitted to inspect the records/Court file and use
the same for investigation against them. It is further contended that the records
contain secret information given by the French Republic to the Government of
India and there is a specific bar on providing any such information to a stranger
under the “Agreement for Avoidance of Double Taxation with France”. It has
been entered into between the Government of India and the Government of
French Republic for avoidance of double taxation and prevention of fiscal
evasion with respect to taxes on income and capital, and has come in force on
01.08.1994. He has specifically relied upon Article 28 of Convention to the
Agreement notified on 07.09.1994 and amended on 12.08.2009, which reads as
under:
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -6-
28. (1) The competent authorities of the Contracting States
shall exchange such information (including documents) as is
necessary for carrying out the provisions of the Convention or of
the domestic laws of the Contracting States concerning taxes
covered by the Convention, insofar as the taxation thereunder is
not contrary to the Convention, in particular, for the prevention of
fraud or evasion of such taxes. Any information received by a
Contracting State shall be treated as secret in the same manner as
information obtained under the domestic laws of that Contracting
State. However, if the information is originally regarded as secret
in the transmitting State, it shall be disclosed only to persons or
authorities (including courts and administrative bodies) involved
in the assessment or collection of, the enforcement or prosecution
in respect of, or the determination of appeals in relation to, the
taxes which are the subject of the Convention. Such persons or
authorities shall use the information only for such purposes but
may disclose the information in public court proceedings or in
judicial decisions.
(2) In no case shall the provisions of paragraph 1 be construed
so as to impose on a Contracting State the obligation :
(a) to carry out administrative measures at variance with
the laws or administrative practice of that or of the other
Contracting State ;
(b) to supply information or documents which are not
obtainable under the laws or in the normal course of the
administration of that or of the other Contracting State ;
(c) to supply information or documents which would
disclose any trade, business, industrial, commercial or
professional secret or trade process or information the
disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy.
The argument is that the information is protected under Article 28 and cannot
be disclosed to any third person or authority. Accordingly, the complainant/I.T.
Department being bound under the Convention cannot disclose this information
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -7-
to the E.D.; consequently, the latter cannot be allowed to obtain the same in
circuitous manner by inspecting the Court records as it is legally impermissible.
In support of the contentions, he has relied upon a judgment rendered by the
Supreme Court in State of Tamil Nadu and Others v. K. Shyam Sunder and
others, (2011) 8 SCC 737.
5. Per contra, Mr. Zoheb Hossain, learned Special Counsel for the
respondents, contend that the order is well-reasoned and cannot cause any
prejudice to the petitioner, as the E.D. has only been allowed to access judicial
documents. Besides, Rule 2 of Part-C, Chapter 16, of the Punjab and Haryana
High Court Rules and Orders, Volume 4, specifically allows even a stranger to
inspect the Court record for sufficient reasons. The revisional Court has taken
that into consideration, and finding sufficient reasons in the E.D.’s application
for inspection of records, allowed the same which is in accordance with law.
He further contended that in Ram Jethmalani and others v. Union of India and
others, (2011) 8 SCC 1, an article similar to Article 28 has been examined and
interpreted by the Supreme Court holding that it is not a restrain on disclosing
the information.
6. Arguments advanced by learned counsel for the parties have been
considered.
7. As apparent on record, complaints have been filed by the I.T.
Department against the petitioners under Section 277 of the Income Tax Act,
1961, read with Section 176, 177, 181, 186, 187, 193 and 199 of the IPC,
wherein information in the form of master sheets originally received in Paris,
France, by the competent authority of India/Foreign Tax and Tax Research
Division of Central Board of Direct Taxes from the competent French authority,
has been placed on record. It is to the effect that the petitioners are ‘beneficiaries
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -8-
of foreign assets maintained and controlled through foreign business entities’.
During pendency of proceedings before the Magistrate, the E.D. moved an
application for inspection of the aforesaid information/documents on the
ground that it was also seized of the subject matter of the complaint, and for the
purpose of conducting investigation the documents were required to be
examined. The application was allowed vide impugned order dated 18.09.2020,
and revision petition against the same was dismissed vide impugned order dated
02.09.2021. While dismissing the revision petition, learned Additional Sessions
Judge referred to Rule 2 of Part-C, Chapter 16 of the Punjab and Haryana High
Court Rules and Orders, Volume 4, which allowed even a stranger to a civil or
a criminal case to inspect record of pending case(s) for sufficient reasons. The
reasons for inspection of record put forth by the E.D. were found sufficient, and
the E.D. was allowed to inspect the file, by recording as under:
14. Point No.2: …Before dealing with the matter the provisions
of Punjab and Haryana High Court relevant to the issue are
reproduced Volume 4 Chapter 16
Part C
Inspection of Judicial Records
Rule 2. Inspection of Pending cases:- Records of
pending cases shall be open to the inspection of the parties
or their pleaders of agents alone, subject to the general
control of the Judge of the Court in which the case is
pending. Inspection by the petition-writers is absolutely
forbidden; and Legal Practitioners’ Clerks may only inspect
records when the Legal Practitioner concerned is present.
[Provided that a stranger to a civil or criminal case
may, for sufficient reasons shown to the satisfaction of the
Court inspect record of such pending case(s) before the final
order is passed.]1
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -9-
Note: (1 Added by correction slip No.139 Rules/II.D.4,
dated 13th August 2007.)
Inspection shall not be allowed on the day fixed for the
hearing of the case without the special permission of the presiding
Judge, and then only if the urgent fee is paid (vide Rule 5 below),
except in challan cases which may be inspected at ordinary fees
even on the date of hearing.
The perusal of proviso to rule 2 reveals that a stranger to a
civil or criminal case may for sufficient reason shown to the
satisfaction of court inspect the record of such pending cases.
Thus, the matter regarding inspection was between the
Enforcement Directorate and the court. So, it was for the court
seized with the matter to record its satisfaction and allow the
inspection of the record to the stranger.
15. xxx xxx
16. … As discussed above, in view of inspection rules in
Volume 4 Chapter 16 Part C stranger to case can inspect civil as
well as criminal pending file for sufficient reasons and the
enforcement directorate is an independent investigation agency
under the FEMA. So the department has locus standi to inspect the
file and in case the inspection to the ED is not allowed which is
competent authority under the law to conduct the investigation, it
would create hurdle in the investigation.
This Court finds that the order is well-reasoned, and does not suffer from any
infirmity or error of law.
8. Further, learned counsel for the petitioners has assailed the
impugned orders permitting inspection of the records on the ground that in
Article 28 of the Convention under the “Agreement for Avoidance of Double
Taxation with France” entered into between the Government of India and the
French Republic, there is a bar on disclosing any information received by the
contracting State and it is to be treated as secret under the domestic law. And
as provided therein, it can only be disclosed to the persons or authorities
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -10-
involved in the assessment or collection of taxes or enforcement or prosecution
thereof, etc. However, it remains undisputed that the information or documents
placed on record before the Magistrate by the I.T. Department have been
received by it in the French Republic at Paris, and its use as well as
dissemination is regulated under the Agreement for Avoidance of Double
Taxation, referred to above. The Supreme Court in Ram Jethmalani case
(supra) had the occasion to examine one such Avoidance of Double Taxation
Agreement entered into between the Government of India and Germany; Article
26 of the said agreement was pari materia to Article 28 of the Agreement in
question. The Court examined the issue, whether the article proscribed
disclosing of information received by the Government of India under the
Agreement, and also whether in the context of proceedings under Article 32 of
the Constitution the Union of India could claim exemption from providing such
information to the petitioners. The Court held as under:
67. Relevant portions of Article 26 of the double taxation agreement
with Germany, a copy of which was submitted by the Union of India,
reads as follows:
“26. Exchange of information.—(1) The competent
authorities of the contracting States shall exchange such
information as is necessary for carrying out the purposes of
this agreement. Any information received by a contracting
State shall be treated as secret in the same manner as
information obtained under the domestic laws of that State and
shall be disclosed only to persons or authorities (including
courts and administrative bodies) involved in the assessment
or collection of, the enforcement or prosecution in respect of,
or the determination of appeals in relation to, the taxes covered
by this agreement. They may disclose the information in
public court proceedings or in judicial proceedings.
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -11-
(2) In no case shall the provisions of Para 1 be construed so
as to impose on a contracting State the obligation:
(a) to carry out administrative measures at variance
with the laws and administrative practice of that or of
the other contracting State;
(b) to supply information which is not obtainable under
the laws or in the normal course of the administration
of that or of the other contracting State;
(c) to supply information which would disclose any
trade, business, industrial, commercial or professional
secret or trade process, or information, the disclosure of
which would be contrary to public policy (order
public).”
The above clause in the relevant agreement with Germany
would indicate that, contrary to the assertions of the Union of India,
there is no absolute bar of secrecy. Instead, the agreement
specifically provides that the information may be disclosed in public
court proceedings, which the instant proceedings are. The
proceedings in this matter before this Court, relate both to the issue
of tax collection with respect to unaccounted for monies deposited
into foreign bank accounts, as well as with issues relating to the
manner in which such monies were generated, which may include
activities that are criminal in nature also. Comity of nations cannot
be predicated upon clauses of secrecy that could hinder constitutional
proceedings such as these, or criminal proceedings.
68. The claim of the Union of India is that the phrase “public court
proceedings”, in the last sentence in Article 26(1) of the double
taxation agreement only relates to proceedings relating to tax
matters. The Union of India claims that such an understanding
comports with how it is understood internationally. In this regard the
Union of India cites a few treatises. However, the Union of India did
not provide any evidence that Germany specifically requested it to
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -12-
not reveal the details with respect to accounts in Liechtenstein even
in the context of proceedings before this Court.
69. and 70. xxx xxx xxx
71. The last sentence of Article 26(1) of the Double Taxation
Avoidance Agreement with Germany, “[T]hey may disclose this
information in public court proceedings or in judicial decisions”, is
revelatory in this regard. It stands out as an additional aspect or
provision, and an exception, to the preceding portion of the said
article. It is located after the specification that information shared
between contracting parties may be revealed only to “persons or
authorities (including courts and administrative bodies) involved in
the assessment or collection of the enforcement or prosecution in
respect of, or the determination of appeals in relation to taxes covered
by this agreement”. Consequently, it has to be understood that the
phrase “public court proceedings” specified in the last sentence in
Article 26(1) of the double taxation agreement with Germany refers
to court proceedings other than those in connection with tax
assessment, enforcement, prosecution, etc., with respect to tax
matters. If it were otherwise, as argued by the Union of India, then
there would have been no need to have that last sentence in Article
26(1) of the double taxation agreement at all. The last sentence would
become redundant if the interpretation pressed by the Union of India
is accepted. Thus, notwithstanding the alleged convention of
interpreting the last sentence only as referring to proceedings in tax
matters, the rubric of common law jurisprudence, and fealty to its
principles, leads us inexorably to the conclusion that the language in
this specific treaty, and under these circumstances cannot be
interpreted in the manner sought by the Union of India. (Italics by
this Court)
72. xxx xxx xxx
73. The redundancy that would have to be ascribed to the said last
sentence of Article 26(1) of the double taxation agreement with
Germany, if the position of the Union of India were to be accepted,
also leads to a manifest absurdity, in the context of the Indian
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -13-
Constitution. Such a redundancy would mean that constitutional
imperatives themselves are to be set aside. Modern constitutionalism,
to which Germany is a major contributor too, especially in terms of
the basic structure doctrine, specifies that powers vested in any organ
of the State have to be exercised within the four corners of the
Constitution, and further that organs created by a Constitution cannot
change the identity of the Constitution itself.
74. to 80. xxx xxx xxx
81. It is now a well-recognised proposition that we are
increasingly being entwined in a global network of events and social
action. Considerable care has to be exercised in this process,
particularly where Governments which come into being on account
of a constitutive document, enter into treaties. The actions of
Governments can only be lawful when exercised within the four
corners of constitutional permissibility. No treaty can be entered into,
or interpreted, such that constitutional fealty is derogated from. The
redundancy, that the Union of India presses, with respect to the last
sentence of Article 26(1) of the double taxation agreement with
Germany, necessarily transgresses upon the boundaries erected by
our Constitution. It cannot be permitted.
8.1. Apparently, the Court concluded that Article 26 of the Agreement,
which is pari materia to Article 28 of the Agreement in the instant case, is no
obstacle to disclosure of information. However, on account of the fact that
investigation in those cases had not been concluded and right to privacy of an
individual was integral part of the right to life, it was held that ‘it would be
inappropriate for this Court to order the disclosure of such names, even in the
context of proceedings under clause (1) of Article 32’, to the petitioners therein.
At the same time, it has also been held, if after proper investigation the State is
able to establish prima facie grounds to accuse the individuals of wrongdoing
based on material evidence, citizens of the country will have the right to be
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -14-
informed about the details of foreign accounts. The Court also held that in case
any citizen or entity has information of any wrongdoing associated with the
Bank account of an individual, it is their moral duty to inform the State about it
which would have the obligation to investigate the same. The observations of
the Court in this regard are as under:
88. The revelation of details of bank accounts of individuals,
without establishment of prima facie grounds to accuse them of
wrongdoing, would be a violation of their rights to privacy. Details
of bank accounts can be used by those who want to harass, or
otherwise cause damage, to individuals. We cannot remain blind
to such possibilities, and indeed experience reveals that public
dissemination of banking details, or availability to unauthorised
persons, has led to abuse. The mere fact that a citizen has a bank
account in a bank located in a particular jurisdiction cannot be a
ground for revelation of details of his or her account that the State
has acquired. Innocent citizens, including those actively working
towards the betterment of the society and the nation, could fall
prey to the machinations of those who might wish to damage the
prospects of smooth functioning of society. Whether the State
itself can access details of citizens’ bank accounts is a separate
matter. However, the State cannot compel citizens to reveal, or
itself reveal details of their bank accounts to the public at large,
either to receive benefits from the State or to facilitate
investigations, and prosecutions of such individuals, unless the
State itself has, through properly conducted investigations, within
the four corners of constitutional permissibility, been able to
establish prima facie grounds to accuse the individuals of
wrongdoing. It is only after the State has been able to arrive at a
prima facie conclusion of wrongdoing, based on material
evidence, would the rights of others in the nation to be informed,
enter the picture. In the event citizens, other persons and entities
have credible information that a wrongdoing could be associated
with a bank account, it is needless to state that they have the right,
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -15-
and in fact the moral duty, to inform the State, and consequently
the State would have the obligation to investigate the same within
the boundaries of constitutional permissibility. If the State fails to
do so, the appropriate courts can always intervene.
(Italics by this
Court)
8.2. Finally, the Court issued a direction to the Union of India to
disclose the names of individuals with respect to whose Bank accounts
investigations have been concluded, either partially or wholly, and show cause
notices issued and proceedings initiated. The Union of India was exempted
from revealing the names of those individuals with respect of whom
investigations/enquiries were in progress and no information or evidence or
wrongdoing was available.
8.3. In the facts of the case at hand, information regarding the foreign
assets concerning the petitioners has been placed on record in the form of
documents before the Magistrate by the I.T. Department which has been sought
by another government Department/E.D. for the purpose of investigation. It is
not a case that the information has been demanded for public dissemination;
rather, it is only for carrying out investigation against the petitioners. They have
no right to object to it by alluding to the Avoidance of Double Taxation
Agreement. It is the Government of India which has entered into this
Agreement with the French Republic, whereunder the information has been
handed over to the I.T. Department. In case disclosure of information causes
any violation of terms of the Agreement, including that of Article 28, it is for
the Department to oppose it on that ground and not for the petitioners. And the
former has no objection to sharing the information for investigation, nor can
such an objection be raised on its behalf in the light of law laid down in Ram
Jethmalani case ibid. holding, if a citizen or entity has any information of
CRM-M-37200-2021 with two connected matters -16-
wrongdoing with respect to a Bank account, it must be shared with the State
which is under obligation to investigate the same. Here, the information is being
sought by an organ of the State/the E.D. itself for the purpose of investigation
which cannot be taken exception to in view of the settled law.
8.4. The judgment in K. Shyam Sunder case (supra) relied upon by the
petitioner lays down what cannot be done directly, can also not be done
indirectly as that would be an evasion of law. In the instant case, as discussed
hereinbefore, there is no restriction on the E.D. to access the
information/documents placed on record before the Magistrate by the I.T.
Department for the purpose of investigation. Therefore, it cannot be said that
the E.D. is trying to procure the documents by circumventing the Agreement in
question.
9. In the light of foregoing discussion, the petitions stand dismissed.
The E.D. is permitted to inspect the record of the complaints before the
Magistrate and access the information/documents; however, the same shall not
be disseminated publicly unless permitted in accordance with law.
10. A photocopy of this order be placed on connected files.
(TRIBHUVAN DAHIYA)
JUDGE
03.09.2025
Payal
Whether speaking/reasoned Yes/No
Whether reportable Yes/No
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