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S. Krishna Sradha Vs. State of andhra Pradesh and Ors.

  Supreme Court Of India Civil Appeal /1081/2017
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Case Background

The question for deliberation is whether a deserving student, who has actively exercised their legal rights without delay, should be denied admission solely because the September 30 cutoff has elapsed, ...

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1081 OF 2017

S. Krishna Sradha …Appellant(s)

Versus

The State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors.       …Respondent(s)

J U D G M E N T

M.R. SHAH, J.

1.The issue arises for consideration is whether a student, a

meritorious candidate, for no fault of his/her and who has

pursued his/her legal right expeditiously without delay, can be

denied admission as a relief, because the cut­off date of 30

th

September has passed.  In such a situation the relief which can

be given by the Court is to grant appropriate compensation

only?

1

2.Having noticed the conflict between the pronouncement of

this   Court   in  Asha  vs.  Pt.   B.D.   Sharma   UHS

1

 and

Chandigarh Admn. vs. Jasmine Kaur

2

, the aforesaid issue is

referred to a larger Bench.

3.At the outset, it is required to be noted that in the present

case, in spite of submitting the necessary material in support of

the claim of the appellant for reservation in the sports and

game   category   for   admission   into   MBBS   Course,   she   was

denied due priority in admission into MBBS Course.  Therefore,

the appellant immediately approached the High Court seeking

admission in the reserved quota of sports and games category.

However, it was found that at the time the petition was heard,

the   Academic   Session   for   the   year   in   question   already

commenced from 01.09.2015 and as per the decision of this

Court the last date for admission would be 30.09.2015, the

High Court considering the decision of this Court in the case

Jasmine   Kaur  (Supra)   observed   that   no   direction   can   be

issued to the appellant for grant of admission for the Academic

Session 2015­16.   However, relying upon the decision of this

1

(2012) 7 SCC 389

2

(2014) 10 SCC 521

2

Court in the case of  Jasmine Kaur  (Supra), the High Court

granted compensation of Rs.5 lakhs.  It is required to be noted

that the High Court came to a categorical and unequivocal

conclusion that the appellant was entitled to get priority.   It

was also found that the appellant was more meritorious than

others on the basis of the marks obtained.  However, the High

Court denied the admission solely on the ground that time limit

has expired.  The High Court has relied upon the decision of

this Court in the case of Jasmine Kaur (Supra).  In the case of

Asha (Supra) this Court held that in rarest of rare cases, when

the Court returns the finding that (i) no fault is attributable to

the candidate; (ii) the candidate has pursued her rights and

legal remedies expeditiously and without delay; (iii) where there

is fault on the part of the authorities and apparent breach of

rules   and   regulations,   an   exception   may   be   made   to   30

th

September cut­off date and in an exceptional case the Court

can direct for admission even in a case where cut­off date as

directed by this Court had expired.  As observed hereinabove,

the contrary view is taken subsequently in the case of Jasmine

3

Kaur (Supra) and therefore, the matter is referred to a larger

Bench to consider the aforesaid issue.

4.Learned Counsel Mr. K. Parameshwar appearing on behalf

of the appellant, has vehemently submitted that the present

case refers only to cases where (i) no fault is attributable to the

candidate; (ii) the candidate has pursued his/her rights and

legal remedies expeditiously and without delay; (iii) where there

is fault on the part of the authorities and apparent breach of

rules   and   regulations.     It   is   submitted   that   the   relief   of

admission is being denied because the case has been pending

in the relevant Court and the time for admission has expired.

It is vehemently submitted by Learned Counsel appearing on

behalf of the appellant that even in a case where a candidate is

meritorious and though entitled to  admission, but denied by

the authorities illegally and irrationally and though no fault is

attributable to the candidate and the candidate has pursued

his/her rights and legal remedies expeditiously and without

delay and when there is fault on the part of the authorities and

apparent   breach   of   rules   and   regulations,   to   deny   the

admission would be injustice to such a meritorious candidate

4

and punishing him/her for no fault of him/her.  It is submitted

that it is therefore rightly observed in the case of Asha (Supra)

that in rarest of rare cases, the Court can, while exercising

powers   under   Article   226   and/or   under   Article   32   of   the

Constitution of India can direct to grant admission despite the

fact that the time for admission has expired.

4.1.Learned Counsel for the appellant has further submitted

that earlier this Court has considered different remedies in

cases   of   medical   admissions   where   candidates   were   denied

medical seats.

4.2.It is submitted by the Learned Counsel appearing for the

appellant that in the case of Indu Kant vs. State of U.P.

3

, this

Court has observed therein that in case where the candidate is

found   to   be   meritorious,   she   can   be   accommodated   in   a

subsequent year with a direction that seats be increased in the

next year.

4.3.It is submitted by learned counsel for the appellant that

when the candidate is found to be meritorious and denied the

3

1993 Suppl (2) SCC 71

5

admission more particularly in the courses like MBBS and has

approached   the   Court   expeditiously,   to   grant   relief   only   of

compensation cannot be said to be just and equitable relief.

4.4It is submitted that right to equal and fair treatment is a

component of Article 14 of the Constitution.   It is submitted

that a transparent and fair procedure is the duty of every legal

authority connected with admissions.  It is submitted that in

such cases, denial of fair treatment to the candidate would not

only violate his/her right under Article 14 but would seriously

jeopardize   his/her   right   under   Articles   19   and   21.   It   is

submitted that in the case of violation of constitutional rights,

restitution is the norm and compensation, an exception.  It is

submitted that the citizen injured must be put back to his/her

original   position.     It   is   submitted   that   in   that   sense,   the

primary relief is restitutionary.

4.5.It is further submitted that compensation could be an

additional   remedy   but   not   a   substitute   for   restitutionary

remedies.  It is submitted that in case of medical admissions,

even   the   restitutionary   remedy   of   providing   a   seat   in   a

subsequent year would lead to the loss of one full academic

6

year of a meritorious candidate, which cannot be compensated

in real terms.  It is submitted that compensation for loss of year

could   be   provided   but   denial   of   admissions   to   meritorious

candidate,   even   after   the   cut­off   date   in   exceptional

circumstances, set out in para 32 in Asha (Supra) cannot be

compensated in monetary terms.  It is further submitted that

the value and the enforcement of a fundamental right depends

upon the nature of remedies that a court of justice can fashion.

It is submitted that the power of Articles 32 and 226 ought not

to be read in a constricted manner so as to limit the scope of

remedies.   If the courts do not have the power to fashion

remedies, appropriate and adequate remedies, the enforcement

of fundamental rights would be rendered meaningless.  This is

not just a principle of constitutional remedies but also a rule of

equity.

4.6.It is further submitted by Learned Counsel appearing for

the appellant that the compensation and constitutional torts

are cases where restitution is impossible in real terms.   It is

submitted that the compensation cannot be the only remedy as

observed by this Court in the case of Jasmine Kaur (Supra).

7

5.Mr. Vikas Singh, Learned Counsel appearing on behalf of

MCI has as such supported the decision of this Court in the

case of Jasmine Kaur (Supra).  It is submitted that the time

fixed for the admission by this Court, namely, 30

th

 September

has to be scrupulously followed so that they are not to be

allowed to be derailed, under no circumstances.  It is submitted

that as per catena of decisions of this Court the time schedule

relating to admissions to the professional courses should be

strictly   adhered   to   and   shall   not   be   restricted   under   any

circumstances   either   by   this   Court   or   the   Board   and

admissions should not be permitted.  It is submitted that this

Court had consistently held that no admission should be given

in   technical   courses   in   mid­stream   after   the   course   has

commenced, even if there are unfilled seats in the same year.

5.1.It   is   further   submitted   by   Mr.   Vikas   Singh,   Learned

Counsel for the MCI that as held by this Court in  MCI vs.

Madhu Singh

4

, and  Neelu Arora vs. Union of India

5

, even

unfilled seats of one year cannot be telescoped into permissible

seats of the subsequent year.  It is submitted that the Court

4

(2002) 7 SCC 258

5

(2003) 3 SCC 366

8

has held that there cannot be a carry forward of unfilled seats

from one year to next year.  This is because, it would in effect,

increase the number of seats in the next year.  It is submitted

that in the aforesaid decision, this Court has opined a medical

seat has life only in the year it falls and a vacancy cannot be

carry forward in the next year.   In support, he has heavily

relied upon the decisions of this Court in Faiza Chowdhary

vs. State of J & K

6

.

5.2It is further submitted that this Court has consistently

taken a stand that even in cases where the candidate before the

Court is found meritorious; she cannot be accommodated in a

subsequent year with a direction that seats be increased in the

next year.  It is submitted that number of seats cannot be over

and above the number fixed by the MCI as per the regulations,

and cannot be increased indiscriminately without regard to

infrastructure.  It is submitted that as held by this Court in the

case   of  Chhavi   Mehrotra   vs.   Director   General   Health

Services

7

, the Courts cannot be generous in issuing directions

6

(2012) 10 SCC 149

7

(1994) 2 SCC 370

9

which in effect amount to directing authorities to violate their

own rules and regulations.

5.3.It is further submitted that however, with a view to see

that a meritorious student is not made to suffer because of no

fault of him/her and in rarest of rare cases or exceptional

circumstances, while exercising the powers under Article 226

or Article 32 of the Constitution of India, the Court alone can

grant the reliefs and may deviate from the normal rule.

5.4.It   is   further   submitted   by   Mr.   Vikas   Singh,   Learned

Counsel appearing for MCI that however, it is in rarest of rare

cases and in exceptional circumstances when it is found that

for no fault on the part of the candidate and due to the gross

negligence or inaction on the part of the concerned authority or

for some unforeseeable reasons a meritorious candidate has

been deprived of admission in medical course then in such

circumstances only the Court may consider granting relief to

the candidate, either by way of compensation or by directing

that   the   candidate   may   be   accommodated   in   the   quota   of

sanctioned seats available for the next academic session.  It is

submitted   that   however   only   in   cases   where   the   Court   is

10

satisfied that monetary compensation will not be adequate to

redress the injury suffered by the candidate, then and then

only   this   direction   to   accommodate   student   in   the   next

academic year may be passed.   It is submitted that however

while granting such a relief in the rarest of rare cases and in

exceptional circumstances, a candidate must have approached

the Court without any delay; candidate must be higher in the

merit list than the last student admitted in the college and the

candidate   has   complied   with   all   the   requirements   and

submitted each and every document on time as prescribed by

the counselling authority and there is no delay attributable on

the part of the student in this regard.

5.5.It is submitted to ascertain whether the candidate has

approached   the   Court   on   time   and   to   avoid   mischievous

persons from filing frivolous petitions the Court may consider

the following criteria for determining the delay:

(i)Where the candidate is challenging the validity of any

provision   in   notification/Information   Bulletin/

Prospectus   issued   by   the   concerned   authority

pertaining to admission in medicine course, then the

11

candidate must have approached the Court before the

commencement of the counselling process;

(ii)Where   the   candidate   is   challenging   any   eligibility

criteria   laid   down   in   the   notification/Information

Bulletin /Prospectus for Common Counselling issued

by the concerned authority, then the candidate must

have approached the Court before the commencement

of the counselling process i.e. first round of counselling;

(iii)Where the candidate is challenging the first round of

counselling   process   itself,   then   the   candidate   must

have approached the Court immediately after the first

round of counselling and before the commencement of

second round of counselling;

(iv)Where the candidate is challenging the second round or

mop up round of counselling process, then in that case

student   must   approach   the   Court   immediately

thereafter   but   before   the   cut   off/last   date   for

completion of admission process.

5.6It   is   further   submitted   by   Mr.   Vikas   Singh,   Learned

Counsel   appearing   for   MCI   that   in   case   all   aforesaid   pre­

12

requisites are fulfilled by candidate and the Court is of the

opinion that a case is made out having found rarest of rare

case and exceptional circumstances and the Court is of the

opinion that such a student can be accommodated in the next

academic year, in that case also out of the total sanctioned

intake   of   seats   not   more   than   two   seats   in   an

institution/college/University in a given academic year should

be considered to be filled by the students of the preceding

academic year who have been deprived of the MBBS students

due to the negligence and fault of the authorities.

6.Heard   Learned   Counsel   for   the   respective   parties   at

length.  The short but an important question of law posed for

consideration   of   this   Court   is   what   relief   a   meritorious

candidate is entitled to when it is found that a meritorious

candidate is denied an admission arbitrary and illegally by the

concerned authorities and the fault is not attributable to the

candidate at all and the candidate has pursued his/her legal

rights   expeditiously   and   without   delay,   whether   in   such   a

situation awarding compensation only can be said to be just

and   an   adequate   relief?     The   issue   which   arises   for

13

consideration   is   whether   having   fulfilled   the   aforesaid   pre­

requisites, the Court can grant relief and order admission even

after the cut­off date for admission i.e. 30

th

 September is over

and whether the Court can grant admission beyond the intake

either in the same year or in the next academic year?

6.1.In the case of Asha (supra) following questions were posed

for consideration before the Court:

“(a) Is there any exception to the principle of strict

adherence to the rule of merit for preference of

courses   and   colleges   regarding   admission   to

such courses?

(b)   Whether   the   cut­off   date   of   30

th

September of the relevant academic year is a

date which admits any exception?

(c) What relief the courts can grant and to

what   extent   they   can   mould   it   while

ensuring   adherence   to   the   rule   of   merit,

fairness and transparency in admission in

terms of rules and regulations?

(d) What issues need to be dealt with and

finding returned by the court before passing

orders   which   may   be   more   equitable,   but

still in strict compliance with the framework

of regulations and judgments of this Court

governing the subject?”

After considering catena of decisions of this Court on the

subject   in  Asha  (Supra)   this   Court   answered   the  aforesaid

questions as under:

14

“38.     Now,   we   shall   proceed   to   answer   the

questions posed by us in the opening part of this

judgment.

38.1     Question   (a)   :   The   rule   of   merit   for

preference   of   courses   and   colleges   admits   no

exception.     It   is   an   absolute   rule   and   all

stakeholders   and   authorities   concerned   are

required to follow this rule strictly and without

demur.  

38.2 Question (b): 30

th

 September is undoubtedly

the   last   date   by   which   the   admitted   students

should report to their respective colleges without

fail.  In the normal course, the admissions must

close   by   holding   of   second   counselling   by   15

th

September of the relevant academic year (in terms

of   the   decision   of   this   Court   in   Priya   Gupta).

Thereafter, only in very rare and exceptional cases

of unequivocal discrimination or arbitrariness or

pressing   emergency,   admission   may   be

permissible   but   such   power   may   preferably   be

exercised by the courts.  Further, it will be in the

rarest of rare cases and where the ends of justice

would be subverted or the process of law would

stand frustrated that the courts would exercise

their   extraordinary   jurisdiction   of   admitting

candidates   to  the  courses   after   the  deadline   of

30

th

  September   of   the   current   academic   year.

This, however, can only be done if the conditions

stated   by   this   Court   in   Priya   Gupta   and   this

judgment   are   found   to   be   unexceptionally

satisfied and the reasons therefor are recorded by

the court of competent jurisdiction.

38.3.     Questions   (c)   &   (d):   Wherever   the   court

finds   that   action   of   the   authorities   has   been

arbitrary, contrary to the judgments of this Court

and violative of rules, regulations and conditions

of the prospectus, causing prejudice to the rights

of   the   students,   the   court   shall   award

compensation to such students as well as direct

initiation of disciplinary action against the erring

officers/officials.  The court shall also ensure that

the   proceedings   under   the   Contempt   of   Courts

Act,   1971   are   initiated   against   the   erring

authorities   irrespective   of   their   stature   and

empowerment.   Where the admissions given by

the authorities concerned are found by the courts

15

to be legally unsustainable and where there is no

reason to permit the students to continue with the

course, the mere fact that such students have put

in a year or so into the academic course is not by

itself a ground to permit them to continue with

the course.”

This Court also cautioned the courts for giving interim

orders   where   admissions   are   matter   of   dispute   before   the

Court.  This Court observed as under: 

“39.   With all humility, we reiterate the request

that we have made to all the High Courts in Priya

Gupta case that the Courts should avoid giving

interim orders where admissions are the matter of

dispute before the Court.  Even in case where the

candidates   are   permitted   to   continue   with   the

courses, they should normally be not permitted to

take   further   examinations   of   the   professional

courses.   The   students   who  pursue   the  courses

under   the   orders   of   the   Court   would   not   be

entitled to claim any equity at the final decision of

the case nor should it weigh with the courts of

competent jurisdiction.”

6.2.However,   subsequently   in   the   case   of  Jasmine   Kaur

(Supra) a contrary view is taken by this Court, contrary to the

law laid down by this Court in the case of Asha (Supra).  This

Court has held that in such a situation grant of compensation

is the only relief which can be granted and which a candidate is

entitled to.

16

7.In view of the contradictory views and decisions in the

case of Asha (Supra) and in the case of Jasmine Kaur (Supra)

the question which has been referred to the larger Bench is

where   a   student,   a   meritorious   candidate,   for   no   fault   of

his/her is denied admission illegally and arbitrary and who has

pursued her legal right expeditiously without delay, can be

denied admission as a relief, because of cut­off date of 30

th

September is over and in such a situation the relief which can

be given by the Court is to grant appropriate compensation

only?  Another question which is required to be considered is

what relief can be granted by the Court in such a situation?.

7.1.The   observations   and   the   ultimate   conclusion   by   this

Court in the case of Asha (Supra) and in the case of Jasmine

Kaur (Supra) are required to be referred to and considered.

After considering catena of decisions of this Court on the

point   this   Court   in   the   case   of  Asha  (Supra)   ultimately

concluded in para 38 as under:

“38.     Now,   we   shall   proceed   to   answer   the

questions posed by us in the opening part of this

judgment.

38.1     Question   (a)   :   The   rule   of   merit   for

preference   of   courses   and   colleges   admits   no

17

exception.     It   is   an   absolute   rule   and   all

stakeholders   and   authorities   concerned   are

required to follow this rule strictly and without

demur.  

38.2 Question (b): 30

th

 September is undoubtedly

the   last   date   by   which   the   admitted   students

should report to their respective colleges without

fail.  In the normal course, the admissions must

close   by   holding   of   second   counselling   by   15

th

September of the relevant academic year (in terms

of   the   decision   of   this   Court   in   Priya   Gupta).

Thereafter, only in very rare and exceptional cases

of unequivocal discrimination or arbitrariness or

pressing   emergency,   admission   may   be

permissible   but   such   power   may   preferably   be

exercised by the courts.  Further, it will be in the

rarest of rare cases and where the ends of justice

would be subverted or the process of law would

stand frustrated that the courts would exercise

their   extraordinary   jurisdiction   of   admitting

candidates   to  the  courses   after   the  deadline   of

30

th

  September   of   the   current   academic   year.

This, however, can only be done if the conditions

stated   by   this   Court   in   Priya   Gupta   and   this

judgment   are   found   to   be   unexceptionally

satisfied and the reasons therefor are recorded by

the court of competent jurisdiction.

38.3.     Questions   (c)   &   (d):   Wherever   the   court

finds   that   action   of   the   authorities   has   been

arbitrary, contrary to the judgments of this Court

and violative of rules, regulations and conditions

of the prospectus, causing prejudice to the rights

of   the   students,   the   court   shall   award

compensation to such students as well as direct

initiation of disciplinary action against the erring

officers/officials.  The court shall also ensure that

the   proceedings   under   the   Contempt   of   Courts

Act,   1971   are   initiated   against   the   erring

authorities   irrespective   of   their   stature   and

empowerment.   Where the admissions given by

the authorities concerned are found by the courts

to be legally unsustainable and where there is no

reason to permit the students to continue with the

course, the mere fact that such students have put

in a year or so into the academic course is not by

18

itself a ground to permit them to continue with

the course.”

 

Thereafter   in   paragraph   39   this   Court   observed   and

directed as under:

“39.   With all humility, we reiterate the request

that we have made to all the High Courts in Priya

Gupta case that the Courts should avoid giving

interim orders where admissions are the matter of

dispute before the Court.  Even in case where the

candidates   are   permitted   to   continue   with   the

courses, they should normally be not permitted to

take   further   examinations   of   the   professional

courses.   The   students   who  pursue   the  courses

under   the   orders   of   the   Court   would   not   be

entitled to claim any equity at the final decision of

the case nor should it weigh with the courts of

competent jurisdiction.”

7.2.However,   in   the   subsequent   decision   in   the   case   of

Jasmine Kaur  (Supra) after considering the decision of this

Court in the case of Asha (Supra) ultimately in paragraph 33, it

is observed and held as under:

“33.1. The schedule relating to admissions to the

professional   colleges   should   be   strictly   and

scrupulously adhered to and shall not be deviated

under any circumstance either by the courts or the

Board   and   midstream   admission   should   not   be

permitted.

33.2 Under exceptional circumstances, if the court

finds   that   there   is   no   fault   attributable   to   the

candidate i.e., the candidate has pursued his or her

legal right expeditiously without any delay and that

there is fault only on the part of the authorities or

there is an apparent breach of rules and regulations

19

as well as related principles in the process of grant

of   admission   which   would   violate   the   right   to

equality   and   equal   treatment   to   the   competing

candidates   and   the   relief   of   admission   can   be

directed   within   the   time   schedule   prescribed,   it

would   be   completely   just   and   fair   to   provide

exceptional   reliefs   to   the   candidate   under   such

circumstance alone.

33.3   If   a   candidate   is   not   selected   during   a

particular   academic   year   due   to   the   fault   of   the

institutions/authorities   and   in  this  process  if  the

seats   are   filled   up   and   the   scope   for   granting

admission is lost due to eclipse of time schedule,

then   under   such   circumstances,   the   candidate

should not be victimised for no fault of his/her and

the   Court   may   consider   grant   of   appropriate

compensation to offset the loss caused, if any.

33.4. When a candidate does not exercise or pursue

his/her   rights   or   legal   remedies   against   his/her

non­selection expeditiously and promptly, then the

courts cannot grant any relief to the candidate in

the form of securing an admission.

33.5.   If   the   candidate   takes   a   calculated

risk/chance   by   subjecting   himself/herself   to   the

selection process and after  knowing  his/her  non­

selection, he/she cannot subsequently turn around

and   contend   that   the   process   of   selection   was

unfair.

33.6. If it is found that the candidate acquiesces or

waives his/her right to claim relief before the court

promptly,   then   in   such   cases,   the   legal   maxim

vigilantibus et non dormientibus jura subveniunt,

which means that equity aids only the vigilant and

not   the   ones   who   sleep   over   their   rights,   will  be

highly appropriate.

33.7.   No   relief   can   be   granted   even   though   the

prospectus is declared illegal or invalid if the same

is not challenged promptly. Once the candidate is

aware that he/she does not fulfil the criteria of the

prospectus he/she cannot be heard to state that,

he/she   chose   to   challenge   the   same   only   after

preferring   the   application   and   after   the   same   is

refused on the ground of eligibility.

20

33.8. There cannot be telescoping of unfilled seats of

one   year   with   permitted   seats   of   the   subsequent

year i.e., carry­forward of seats cannot be permitted

how   much   ever   meritorious   a   candidate   is   and

deserved   admission.   In   such   circumstances,   the

Courts cannot grant any relief to the candidate but

it   is  up to the  candidate  to re­apply   in the  next

academic year.

33.9.   There   cannot   be   at   any   point   of   time   a

direction given either by the court or the Board to

increase the number of seats which is exclusively in

the realm of the Medical Council of India.

33.10.   Each   of   these   above   mentioned   principles

should   be   applied   based   on   the   unique   and

distinguishable   facts   and   circumstances   of   each

case and no two cases can be held to be identical.”

However, it is required to be noted that in the case before

this Court in Jasmine Kaur (Supra) it was specifically found

by   this   Court   that   there   was   a   delay   on   the   part   of   the

candidate.   It was specifically found that the conduct of the

candidate in having fixed her own time limit in making the

challenge, namely, after three months of the issuance of the

prospectus and thereafter in filing the Letters Patent Appeal

which process resulted in the Division Bench in deciding the

Appeal only in the month of April, 2014 by which time the

substantial   part   of   the   academic   year   has   been   crossed,

disentitles the candidate any relief and the case would not fall

in any extra­ordinary circumstances.  

21

8.However, the question is with respect to a student, a

meritorious candidate for no fault of his/her has been denied

admission illegally and who has pursued his/her legal rights

expeditiously without delay is entitled to any relief of admission

more   particularly   in   the   courses   like   MBBS  the   relief   of

compensation as held by this Court in Asha (Supra)?

The aforesaid question is required to be considered only to

the cases where (i) no fault is attributable to the candidate; (ii)

the   candidate   has   pursued   her   rights   and   legal   remedies

expeditiously and without delay; (iii) where there is fault on the

part   of   the   authorities   and   apparent   breach   of   rules   and

regulations; and (iv) candidate is found to be more meritorious

then the last candidate who has been given admission.

8.1.At the outset, it is required to be noted that the question

is with respect to a student/candidate seeking admission in the

medical   course   more   particularly   in   MBBS   course.     For   a

student/candidate seeking admission in professional courses

more   particularly   the   medical   course   each   year   is   very

important   and   precious.     Similarly,   getting   admission   in

medical   course   itself   is   very   important   in   the   life   of   a

22

candidate/student and even a dream of man.  In light of the

above, the question for consideration is whether compensation

for   a   meritorious   candidate,   who   has   been   denied   the

admission illegally and arbitrary having approached the court

in time can be said to be just and equitable relief?

8.2.The right to equal and fair treatment is a component of

Article 14 of the Constitution. As held by this Court  Asha

(Supra) that a transparent and fair procedure is the duty of

every   legal   authority   connected   with   admissions.     In   such

cases, denial of fair treatment to the candidate would not only

violate   his/her   right   under   Article   14   but   would   seriously

jeopardize   his/her   right   under   Articles   19   and   21   of   the

Constitution of India. A natural corollary of declaring that an

administrative act more particularly the denial of admission

illegally   and   for   no   fault   of   a   candidate/student   violates

principles of Article 14 is that the citizen injured must be put

back to his/her original position.  In that sense, the primary

relief   is   restitutionary.       As   observed   hereinabove,   for   a

meritorious student seeking admission in medical course is

very important in the life of student/candidate and denial of

23

admission   to   a   meritorious   candidate   though   no   fault   of

his/her violates his/her fundamental rights.   Compensation

could   be   an   additional   remedy   but   not   a   substitute   for

restitutionary remedies.   In case of medical admissions, even

the restitutionary remedy of providing a seat in the subsequent

year   would   lead   to   loss   of   one   full   academic   year   to   a

meritorious candidate, which cannot be compensated in real

terms.  Thus compensation for loss of year could be provided,

but denial of admissions to a meritorious candidate cannot be

compensated in monetary terms.  Thus denial of admission in

medical   course   to   a   meritorious   candidate   for   no   fault   of

his/her and though he/she has approached the Court in time

and despite the same not granting any just and equitable relief

would be denial of justice.   Therefore, the question is what

relief the Court can grant by which right to equal and fair

treatment to a candidate are protected and at the same time

neither there is injustice to other candidate/student and even

compromising with the quality education.  Therefore, a balance

is required to be struck.   However, at the same time it can

safely be said that the view taken by this Court in  Jasmine

Kaur (Supra) that the only relief which can be granted to such

24

a candidate would be the compensation only is not good law

and cannot be accepted.   Even granting a relief to such a

candidate/student   in   the   next   academic   year   and   to

accommodate him/her in the next year and in the sanctioned

intake   may   even   affect   the   right   of   some   other

candidate/student   seeking   admission   in   the   next   academic

year and that too for no fault of his/her.  Therefore we are of

the view that in the exceptional and in the rarest of rare cases

and in case where all the conditions stipulated in paragraph

33.3 in the case of  Jasmine Kaur  (Supra) are satisfied, the

Court can grant exceptional relief to the candidate of granting

admission even after the cut off date is over.

9.In light of the discussion/observations made hereinabove,

a   meritorious   candidate/student   who   has   been   denied   an

admission   in   MBBS   Course   illegally   or   irrationally   by   the

authorities for no fault of his/her and who has approached the

Court   in   time   and   so   as   to   see   that   such   a   meritorious

candidate may not have to suffer for no fault of his/her, we

answer the reference as under:

(i) That   in   a   case   where   candidate/student   has

approached the court at the earliest and without any

25

delay and that the question is with respect to the

admission in medical course all the efforts shall be

made   by   the   concerned   court   to   dispose   of   the

proceedings by giving priority and at the earliest.

(ii)Under exceptional circumstances, if the court finds

that there is no fault attributable to the candidate

and the candidate has pursued his/her legal right

expeditiously without any delay and there is fault

only on the part of the authorities and/or there is

apparent breach of rules and regulations as well as

related   principles   in   the   process   of   grant   of

admission which would violate the right of equality

and  equal treatment to the  competing candidates

and if the time schedule prescribed – 30

th

 September,

is over, to do the complete justice, the Court under

exceptional circumstances and in rarest of rare cases

direct the admission in the same year by directing to

increase the seats, however, it should not be more

than one or two seats and such admissions can be

ordered   within   reasonable   time,   i.e.,   within   one

month from 30

th

  September, i.e., cut off date and

26

under no circumstances, the Court shall order any

Admission in the same year beyond 30

th

  October.

However,   it   is   observed   that   such   relief   can   be

granted only in exceptional circumstances and in the

rarest of rare cases.  In case of such an eventuality,

the Court may also pass an order cancelling the

admission given to a candidate who is at the bottom

of the merit list of the category who, if the admission

would   have   been   given   to   a   more   meritorious

candidate who has been denied admission illegally,

would   not   have   got   the   admission,   if   the   Court

deems it fit  and  proper, however, after giving an

opportunity of hearing to a student whose admission

is sought to be cancelled.

(iii)In case the Court is of the opinion that no relief of

admission can be granted to such a candidate in the

very academic year and wherever it finds that the

action of the authorities has been arbitrary and in

breach of the rules and regulations or the prospectus

affecting   the   rights   of   the   students   and   that   a

candidate   is   found   to   be   meritorious   and   such

27

candidate/student has approached the court at the

earliest and without any delay, the court can mould

the relief and direct the admission to be granted to

such   a   candidate   in   the   next   academic   year   by

issuing   appropriate   directions   by   directing   to

increase   in   the   number   of   seats   as   may   be

considered appropriate in the case and in case of

such   an   eventuality   and   if   it   is   found   that   the

management was at fault and wrongly denied the

admission to the meritorious candidate, in that case,

the Court may direct to reduce the number of seats

in   the   management   quota   of   that   year,   meaning

thereby the student/students who was/were denied

admission illegally to be accommodated in the next

academic   year   out   of   the   seats   allotted   in   the

management quota.  

(iv)Grant of the compensation could be an additional

remedy   but   not   a   substitute   for   restitutional

remedies.     Therefore,   in   an   appropriate   case   the

Court   may   award   the   compensation   to   such   a

meritorious candidate who for no fault of his/her has

28

to lose one full academic year and who could not be

granted any relief of admission in the same academic

year.

(v)It is clarified that the aforesaid directions pertain for

Admission in MBBS Course only and we have not

dealt with Post Graduate Medical Course.

10.In view of the above, the decision of this Court in the case

of Jasmine Kaur (Supra) or any other decisions contrary to the

above stand overruled.  The decision of this Court in the case of

Asha (Supra) is hereby affirmed to the aforesaid extent.  The

reference is answered accordingly. 

…………………………………J.

     [ARUN MISHRA]

………………………………….J.

       [M.R. SHAH]

NEW DELHI;     ………………………………….J.

DECEMBER 13, 2019.     [B.R. GAVAI]

29

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