2025 INSC 359 1

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

Criminal Appeal No.228/2013

SITA RAM & ANR. Appellant(s)

VERSUS

THE STATE OF HIMACHAL PRADESH Respondent(s)

O R D E R

1. This appeal arises from the judgment and order passed by the

High Court of Himachal Pradesh dated 13 -9-2012 in Criminal

Appeal No. 415/2005 by which the Criminal Appeal filed by the

State of Himachal Pradesh came to be allowed thereby set

asiding the Judgment and Order of acquittal passed by the

Additional Sessions Judge, Ghumarwin, District Bilaspur,

Himachal Pradesh dated 28-5-2005 in Sessions Trial No.11/7 of

2004/2002.

2. The two appellants – herein along with a third co -accused

namely Pyare Lal were put to trial in the Court of the

Additional Sessions Judge, Ghumarwin, District Bilaspur,

Himachal Pradesh in Sessions Trial No.11/7 of 2004/2002 for

the offences under Sections 451, 324, 504, 506 and 304 read

with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code (for short, “IPC”).

3. The Sessions trial culminated from the chargesheet filed in

connection with the First Information Report No.205/2000

lodged by the deceased himself.

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4. The First Information Report lodged by the deceased himself

reads as under: -

“FIRST INFORMATION REPORT

(Under Section 154 Cr.P.C.)

1. District Bilaspur; P.S. Ghumarwin; Year 2000; FIR

No. 205/2K Dated 17.11.2000

2. Acts: Under Sections 451, 324, 504, 506 & 34 IPC.

3. [a]. Occurrence of offence: Thursday 16.11.2000

from 10.30 p.m. to 11.00 p.m.

[b]. Information received at P.S. 17.11.2000 at

10.15 a.m.

[c]. General diary reference – DD No. 7 time 10.15

a.m.

4. Type of information: Written/Oral.

5. Place of occurrence:

[a]. Direction and distance from P.S. – 8 Km.

Palthin.

[b]. Address: Palthin, P.S. Ghumarwin, District

Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh.

[c]. In case, outside the limit of the Police

station:

6. Complainant/informant: Shri Prem Lal, S/o Shri Ram

Dittu, Occupation Farmer, R/o Palthin, Tehsil

Ghumarwin, District Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh).

7. Details of known/suspect/unknown accused with full

particulars (attach separate sheet if necessary):

8. Reason for delay in reporting by the complainant/

informant:

9. Particulars of the properties stolen/involved

(attach separate sheet if necessary).

10. Total value of the property stolen:

11. Inquest Report/UD Case number, if any:

12. FIR Contents (attach separate sheet, if

required).

Today on 17.11.2000, Shri Prem Lal, Complainant

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mentioned in Col. 6 above came to Police station and

filed his complaint which is lodged as Report no.7 in

DD dated 17.11.2000. Name of the Informant: Prem Lal,

S/o Ram Dittu, Caste Harijan, R/o Village Palthin,

P.S. Ghumarwin, District Bilaspur, aged about 42

years. Report lodged on 17.11.2000 at 10.15 a.m.

Complainant Prem Lal, S/o Ram Dittu, mentioned in

Col.2 came to Police station and reported that – I am

living in Village Palthin; on 16.11.2000 at around

10.30 p.m., I was sitting in the angan of my house

and was arguing with my brother Pyare Singh over the

issue of pile of cow -dung; during these arguments, my

brother Pyare Singh called Sita Ram and Onkar and

both of them reached there immediately and after that

all three of them started beating me in the angan of

my house; Sita Ram who was holding a darat in his

hands attacked me on my forehead with said darat and

after that all three of them beat me with kicks and

punches; in the meanwhile my wife came and save me

from them; thereafter all of them went away after

threatening to kill me and exhorted today you were

lucky – but next time we will kill you. Sir, I want

my medical checkup. I have come to you for reporting

above incident. Please take suitable action. Sd/ -

Prem Lal. Police proceedings: Contents of above

report prima facie reveal case of beating and

accordingly report has been registered and said

report has been read over to the complainant who has

admitted the same to be correct and he has put his

signatures in Hindi below his statement. After

completing necessary formalities, complainant has

been sent for his medical check up along with

Constable Daulat Ram no. 411. After some time,

Constable Daulat Ram came back to Police station

after check up of Complainant Prem Lal, S/o Ram Dittu

by CHC, Ghumarwin and submitted MLC of the

Complainant in which M.O. Sahib has made following

endorsement – ‘Duration of injury weapon used sharp’.

Case no. 205/2K dated 17.11.2000 under Sections 451,

324, 504, 506 and 34 IPC has been registered at

Police Station. Investigation of this case has been

marked to ASI Jamer Singh.

13. Action taken (since the above information reveals

commission of offence(s) under Section as mentioned

at Item no.2 above. Registered the case and took up

investigation. Directed ASI Jamer Singh to take up

investigation. FIR read over to the

complainant/informant, admitted to be correctly

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recorded and a copy given to the complainant/

informant, free of cost.

RO & AC.”

5. Thus, it appears that on 16 -11-2000 at around 10.30 pm, the

deceased had a quarrel with his own brother Pyare Lal (co -

accused) in respect of setting a heap of cow dung on fire.

Pyare Lal getting annoyed called for his two friends i.e. the

appellants before us. All the three accused are alleged to

have laid an assault on the deceased.

6. It is the case of the prosecution that the Appellant No.1 –

herein (Sita Ram) had in his hand a weapon called `Darat’. He

is alleged to have hit a blow with `Darat’ on the forehead of

the deceased. Darat is in the form of a sickle and is used as

an agricultural tool.

7. The other two co -accused are alleged to have assaulted the

deceased with fist and kick blows.

8. The wife of the deceased (Roshani Devi) (PW -3) came to the

rescue of the deceased.

9. It appears that after taking preliminary medical treatment,

the deceased himself went to the Police Station and lodged the

First Information Report.

10. Later in point of time, as his health deteriorated , he got

himself admitted in the Civil Hospital.

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11. After about 9 days from the date of the incident i.e. on

25-11-2000, he passed away.

12. The original FIR lodged by the deceased was for the offenc es

punishable under Sections 451, 324, 504, 506 read with 34 of

IPC. As the deceased passed away, the police added Section 304

IPC.

13. The post-mortem report reveals that there was a fissure d

fracture in the skull of the deceased. While undergoing

treatment, he suffered gastroenteritis and that further

deteriorated his health. Ultimately, as per the opinion of the

medical expert, he died due to asphyxia.

14. The trial court framed charge against the accused persons vide

order dated 20-4-2004

15. Charge in respect of Sita Ram & Pyare Lal respectively reads

thus:

“That on 16.11.2000, at about 10.30 P.M. at

Village Palthi you and the co -accused in

furtherance of common intention of all

committed house trespass by entering into the

house of Prem Lal used as a human dwelling in

order to attack said Prem Lal and also to

criminally intimidate him and thereby

committed an offence punishable u/S. 451

I.P.C. read with section 34 I.P.C. and within

the cognizance of this court.

Secondly, on the aforesaid date, time and

place you and the co -accused in furtherance of

common intention of all voluntarily caused

hurt to said complainant Prem Lal by giving

blows with a 'Darat' an instrument meant for

cutting and that you thereby committed an

offence punishable u/S.324 I.P.C. read with

section 34 I.P.C. and within the cognizance of

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this court.

Thirdly, on the aforesaid date, time and place

you and the co -accused in furtherance of

common intention of all intentionally insulted

Prem Lal by abusing him and thereby gave

provocation to said Prem Lal intending or

knowing it to be likely that such provocation

will cause said Prem Lal to break public peace

and that you thereby committed an offence

punishable u/S. 504 I.P.C. read with section

34 I.P.C. and within the cognizance of this

court.

Fourthly, on the aforesaid date, time and

place you and the co -accused in furtherance of

common intention of all criminally intimidated

said Prem Lal to do away with his life and you

thereby committed an offence punishable under

Section 505 IPC read with Section 34 IPC and

within the cognizance of this Court.

Lastly, on the aforesaid date, time and place

you and the co -accused in furtherance of

common intention of all committed culpable

homicide of Prem Lal not amounting to murder

and thereby committed an offence punishable

u/s. 304 I.P.C. read with Section 34 I.P.C.

and within the cognizance of this court.

I hereby direct that you be tried on the

aforesaid charge by this court.”

certified that the contents of the aforesaid

charge have been read over and explained to

accused in vernacular.

Statement of accused Sita Ram S/o Sh. Panju,

Distt. /Dittu R/o village Palthi, Police

Station Ghumarwin, Distt. Bilaspur, H.P. aged

42 years.”

Charge in respect of Onkar: -

“That on 16.11.2000, at about 10.30 P.M. at

Village Palthi you and the co -accused in

furtherance of common intention of all

committed house trespass by entering into the

house of Prem Lal used as a human dwelling in

order to attack said Prem Lal and also to

criminally intimidate him and thereby

committed an offence punishable u/S. 451

I.P.C. read with section 34 I.P.C. and within

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the cognizance of this court.

Secondly, on the aforesaid date, time and

place you and the co -accused in furtherance of

common intention of all voluntarily caused

hurt to said complainant Prem Lal by giving

blows with a 'Darat' an instrument meant for

cutting and that you thereby committed an

offence punishable u/S.324 I.P.C. read with

section 34 I.P.C. and within the cognizance of

this court.

Thirdly, on the aforesaid date, time and place

you and the co -accused in furtherance of

common intention of all intentionally insulted

Prem Lal by abusing him and thereby gave

provocation to said Prem Lal intending or

knowing it to be likely that such provocation

will cause said Prem Lal to break public peace

and that you thereby committed an offence

punishable u/S. 504 I.P.C. read with section

34 I.P.C. and within the cognizance of this

court.

Fourthly, on the aforesaid date, time and

place you and the co -accused in furtherance of

common intention of all criminally intimidated

said Prem Lal to do away with his life and you

thereby committed an offence punishable under

Section 506 IPC read with Section 34 IPC and

within the cognizance of this Court.

Lastly, on the aforesaid date, time and place

you and the co -accused in furtherance of

common intention of all committed culpable

homicide of Prem La l not amounting to murder

and thereby committed an offence punishable

u/s. 304 I.P.C. read with Section 34 I.P.C.

and within the cognizance of this court.

I hereby direct that you be tried on the

aforesaid charge by this court.”

certified that the contents of the aforesaid

charge have been read over and explained to

accused in vernacular statement of accused

Onkar S/o Sh. Panju Ram R/o Village Palthi,

Police Station Ghumarwin, Distt. Bilaspur,

H.P.”

16. The accused persons denied the charge and claimed to be tried.

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17. In the course of the trial, the prosecution examined as many

as 11 witnesses. The prosecution also relied on few pieces of

documentary evidence.

18. The trial court upon appreciation of the oral as well as

documentary evidence on record acquitted all the three accused

of the charges, referred to above.

19. The State, being dissatisfied with the Judgment and order of

acquittal passed by the trial court, challenged the same

before the High Court by way of Criminal Appeal No.415/2005.

20. The High Court upon re -appreciation and re -evaluation of the

entire evidence on record reached the conclusion that the

trial court committed an error in acquitting the accused

persons.

21. The High Court ultimately held the appellant No.1 – herein

Sita Ram guilty of the offence of culpable homicide not

amounting to murder punishable under Section 304 IPC and

sentenced him to undergo 6 years of rigorous imprisonment with

fine of Rs.5000/-.

22. So far as the appellant No.2 – Onkar Singh is concerned, the

High Court held him guilty of the offence punishable under

Section 323 and 451 IPC respectively and sentenced him to

undergo one year of rigorous imprisonment with fine.

23. The third accused does not seem to have preferred any appeal.

24. In such circumstances, referred to above, the appellants are

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here before this Court with the present appeal.

25. Mr. Vikrant Singh, the learned counsel appearing for the

appellant No.1 vehemently submitted that the High Court

committed an error in disturbing a very well -reasoned judgment

of acquittal passed by the trial court. He submitted that the

trial court looked into the entire evidence threadbare and

rightly held that the prosecution had failed to establish its

case beyond reasonable doubt.

26. He would submit that even if a second view was possible on the

same set of evidence , the High Court in an acquittal appeal

should not have disturbed the findings recorded by the trial

court so easily unless found to be perverse.

27. He would submit that the incident had occurred sometime in

2000. Almost 25 years have elapsed. His client is a rustic

villager and is about 63 years of age as on date.

28. Ms. Sangeeta Kumar, the learned counsel appearing for the

appellant No.2 adopted the submissions canvassed by the

learned counsel appearing for the appellant No.1. However, she

put forward two more submissions , which we must look into and

deal with.

29. Her first submission is that the deceased died of asphyxia and

that too after a period of nine days from the date of the

incident. According to her, the First Information Report

lodged by the deceased could not have been treated as a dying

declaration under Section 32 of the Evidence Act , as the same

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does not relate to the cause of death of the deceased. In

other words, the submission is that the cause of death being

asphyxia, the same had no nexus with the injury suffered by

the deceased on his head.

30. Her second submission is that when the FIR was lodged by the

deceased at the Police Station, there was no expectancy of

death. In other words, whatever the deceased stated in his FIR

was not said in expectancy of death and therefore, would not

be admissible under Section 32 of the Evidence Act.

31. On the other hand, Mr. Abhishek Gautam, the learned counsel

appearing for the State of Himachal Pradesh submitted that no

error not to speak of any error of law could be said to have

been committed by the High Court in holding the appellants

guilty of the offence charged with.

ANALYSIS

32. Having heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and

having gone through the materials on record, we are of the

view that we should not undertake any further exercise of re -

appreciating the evidence as the same has been looked into by

the High Court thoroughly.

33. We do not find any palpable error or perversity in the

reasonings assigned by the High Court while holding both the

appellants guilty of the alleged offence.

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34. As noted aforesaid, the cause of death appears to be asphyxia.

Ordinarily, asphyxia is due to strangulation or throttling .

However, such is not the case of prosecution. One would wonder

if a person has sustained or suffered injuries on his head,

how could he die of asphyxia. However, the medical science

says that at times due to head injury if sufficient oxygen

does not reach the brain that may lead to asphyxia. Lack of

adequate supply of oxygen to brain may lead to various

complications such as brain swelling, damage to breathing

centers, or impaired blood flow to the brain. The head injury

can cause the brain to swell, increasing pressure within the

skull. This pressure can compress vital brain areas, including

those responsible for breathing, leading to difficulty

breathing or even complete cessation of breathing.

Damage to Breathing Centers:

35. The brainstem, located at the base of the brain, contains the

centers that control breathing, heart rate, and other vital

functions. A head injury can cause damage to these areas,

disrupting their ability to regulate breathing, leading to

asphyxia.

Impaired Blood Flow

36. Head injuries can damage blood vessels in the brain, leading

to reduced blow flow and oxygen delivery to brain tissue. This

can lead to a condition called hypoxia, or a lack of oxygen,

which can cause brain damage and even death.

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Other Complications:

37. In some cases, head injuries may also lead to other

complications that can cause asphyxia, such as seizures,

vomiting, or aspiration (inhaling foreign materials).

Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury:

38. This type of brain injury occurs when the brain doesn’t

receive enough oxygen and blood, leading to damage and

potentially long-term disabilities.

39. Ms. Sangeeta Kumar vehemently submitted that the deceased died

of asphyxia and that too after a period of nine days . She

would submit that since the cause of death has no proximate

connection with the actus reus of the accused, the statement

of the deceased in the form of an FIR cannot be considered to

be a dying declaration in terms of Section 32 of the Evidence

Act. In other words, the crux of her submission is that the

FIR cannot be treated as a dying declaration because the

statement of the deceased therein imputing the actus reus on

the part of the accused neither reveals the actual cause of

his death as per the post -mortem report, nor does the death of

the deceased itself bear any proximate relation with the actus

reus. To put it simply, s ince the statement of the deceased in

the FIR alleged only infliction of head wounds by the accused

whereas the post-mortem report suggest ed the cause of death to

be asphyxia, it could be said that there is nothing in his

statement which reveals his actual cause of death i.e.,

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asphyxia, and hence the same cannot be considered to be a

dying declaration.

40. In this regard, w e may refer to and rely upon the definition

of Asphyxia in Schmidt’s Attorneys’ Dictionary of Medicine,

Vol. 1, at page A-313, which states as:

“Asphyxia: The state of suffocation, marked by a

deficiency in oxygen and an oversupply or excess of

carbon dioxide in the blood and the tissues. If

unrelieved, the condition proceeds from a sense of

suffocation to coma, and finally to death. Asphyxia

may be brought about in many ways, by blocking the

entrance of air to the lungs, by inhaling carbon

monoxide which devitalizes the oxygen -carrying

capacity of the blood, by electric shock, by

drowning, etc. Local asphyxia involves a region or

part of the body, as the fingers. It is caused by

an inadequate blood supply. ”

41. A paper titled Male With Torso Injury purports that “it is not

unusual for patients with traumatic asphyxia to have

associated significant head (67%), thoracic (58% to 79%), or

abdominal (50%) injuries ”. Asphyxia in such patients is often

found to stem from bodily injuries sustained at an earlier

occasion. [See: Braslow, B. M., Stawicki, S. P., & Dickinson,

E. T., Male With Torso Injury, 53(1) Annals of Emergency

Medicine, 159–167 (2009).]

42. Another study, Hypoxic Brain Injury, published in the National

Library of Medicine of the United States of America, describes

‘anoxia’ as a complete lack of oxygen delivery to an organ

whereas, ‘hypoxia’ refers to a condition wherein an organ

experiences insufficient oxygen delivery to meet the tissue’s

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metabolic needs. The two terms are used interchangeably. The

study reveals that anoxic and hypoxic brain injury is a

phenomenon that can occur whenever oxygen delivery to the

brain is compromised. It can result from interruption of blood

flow to the brain, on account of cardiac arrest,

strangulation, or systemic derangements that affect the oxygen

content of the blood. It further reports anoxic brain injury

can result in prolonged coma to death. Their trials disclose

that 27% of patients with post -hypoxic coma regained

consciousness within a few days, 9% remained in coma or in

vegetative state, and 64% died. [See: Myriam Lacerte, Angela

Hays Shapshak, Fassil B. Mesfin, “Hypoxic Brain Injury”,

National Library of Medicine, January 27, 2023.]

43. Hypoxic brain injury (also known as hypoxic -ischemic

encephalopathy) is often caused by vascular injury or insult

(internal bodily trauma injury) [See: Zachary Messina; Angela

Hays Shapshak ; Rebecca Mills. “Anoxic Encephalopathy”,

National Library of Medicine]. Vascular injury can come in

three forms: blunt, penetrating, or combination. Typically,

patients who die of hypoxic brain injury or hypoxic -ischemic

encephalopathy often show asphyxia as one of the primary

symptoms. [See: Di Muzio B, Mahsoub M, Walizai T, et al.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (adults and children). 16 Mar

2025)]. Further, in the United States, hypoxic-ischemic brain

injury has been reported to be the third leading ca use of

death, affecting over half a million new victims of crime each

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year. [See: Laura L Dugan and Dennis W Choi. “Hypoxia -

Ischemia and Brain infarction”, National Library of Medicine]

44. Head injuries can possibly lead to formation of ulcers in the

stomach known as ‘cushings ulcers’ because of irritation or

impairment of a nerve embedded in the brain known as ‘V agus

Nerve’ which is directly connected to the stomach and its

functioning. When a wound is inflicted such as to irritate or

impair the functioning of this nerve, the same leads to

gastroenteritis which causes formation of liquid in the

stomach known as ‘chyme’ that has the possibility of entering

the lungs if the victim happens to be in a near comatose

state, as often happens in head injuries, and this eventually

leads to the brain being deprived of oxygen, leading to

asphyxia. In the present case also, the post -mortem report

reveals that the deceased while undergoing treatment of the

skull fracture suffered gastroenteritis , which cut off the

supply of oxygen, when the liquid in the stomach entered his

lungs leading to his death by asphyxia. [See; M. Michael Wolfe

and George Sachs, Acid Suppression: Optimizing Therapy for

Gastroduodenal Ulcer Healing, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease,

and Stress -Related Erosive Syndrome , Vol 118(2)

Gastroenterology S9-S31 (2000)]

45. Although the post-mortem report simply says that the cause of

death was asphyxia, yet in the medico -legal jurisprudence the

cause of death of the deceased would be the wound in the head

leading to a fissured fracture in the skull which led to

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asphyxia and ultimately the death of the deceased by this

phenomenon; ‘hypoxic brain injury’. In light of the above

exposition, we do not find any force in the submission

canvassed on behalf of the appellants.

Whether Section 32 of the Evidence Act requires an Expectation of

Death?

46. Today, we have before us the First Information Report lodged

by the deceased himself. The question is whether we should

treat it as a dying declaration under Section 32 of the

Evidence Act or not?

47. Ms. Sangeeta Kumar, the learned counsel appearing for the

Appellant No.2 would submit that although the first

information report was lodged by the deceased himself, yet it

could not have been treated as a dying declaration as the same

was not in expectation of death.

48. Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act reads as under:

“Section 32. Cases in which statement of

relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be

found, etc., is relevant: -

Statements, written or verbal, of relevant facts

made by a person who is dead, or who cannot be

found, or who has become incapable of giving

evidence, or whose attendance cannot be procured

without an amount of delay or expense which

under the circumstances of the case appears to

the Court unreasonable, are themselves relevant

facts in the following cases:

(1) When it relates to cause of death. - When

the statement is made by a person as to the

cause of his death, or as to any of the

circumstances of the transaction which resulted

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in his death, in cases in which the cause of

that persons death comes into question. Such

statements are relevant whether the person who

made them was or was not, at the time when they

were made, under expectation of death, and

whatever may be the nature of the proceeding in

which the cause of his death comes into

question.”

49. Whether a dying declaration should be believed or not would

depend upon the circumstances of the case. It is essentially a

question of fact to be determined by the Court on the basis of

the circumstances of each case. As far as the credibility is

concerned, it is just like the evidence given by a witness. It

is for the Court to decide whether to believe it or not and no

rule can be laid down either that it should be believed or

that it should not be believed. Once it is believed, it is

irrelevant and illogical to consider that it is not made on

oath and that the maker has not been subjected to cross -

examination. The oath, is administered simply with the object

of making the witness speak the truth so that what he deposes

may be believed. The object of cross -examination is to test

the veracity of the witness. [See; Irfan @ Naka v. State of

Uttar Pradesh reported in 2023 INSC 758]

50. But once the dying declaration is held to be believable, the

questions that no oath was administered and that the dying

declaration was not tested by cross -examination cannot arise.

The questions would have to be considered before holding the

dying declaration to be believable. When the law has made it a

“relevant fact” notwithstanding the absence of oath and cross -

18

examination, it means that it will not be held to be

unbelievable merely on account of the absence of these

matters. If it is held to be unbelievable, it must be done on

the basis of other circumstances. Therefore , it would be

incorrect to say that a dying declaration cannot be acted upon

without corroboration; if it is believed, it requires no

corroboration.

51. English law admits as dying declarations only such statements

of material facts concerning the cause and circumstances of

homicide, as are made by the victim under the fixed and solemn

belief that his death is inevitable and near at hand. The

solemnity of the occasion on which the statements are made is

deemed to supply the sanction of oath. The approach of death

is deemed to produce a state of mind in which the statements

of the dying person are to be taken as free from all ordinary

motives to misstate.

52. The law in India does not make the admissibility of a dying

declaration dependent upon the person's having a consciousness

of the approach of death. Even if the person did not apprehend

that he would die, a statement made by him about the

circumstances of his death would be admissible under Section

32 of the Evidence Act.

53. In the aforesaid context, we may refer to the decision of this

court in the case of State of Haryana v. Mange Ram and Others

reported in (2003) 1 SCC 637 wherein this Court observed as

under: -

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“11. … The basic infirmity committed by the

High Court is in assuming that for a dying

declaration to be admissible in evidence, it is

necessary that the maker of the statement, at

the time of making the statement, should be

under the shadow of death. That is not what

Section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act says.

That is not the law in India. Under the Indian

law, for dying declaration to be admissible in

evidence, it is not necessary that the maker of

the statement at the time of making the

statement should be under the shadow of death

and should entertain the belief that his death

was imminent. The expectation of imminent death

is not the requirement of law. ….”

(Emphasis Supplied)

54. In Kans Raj v. State of Punjab and Others reported in (2000)

5 SCC 207, this Court observed as under: -

“Section 32 does not require that the statement

sought to be admitted in evidence should have

been made in imminent expectation of death. The

words “as to any of the circumstances of the

transaction which resulted in his death”

appearing in Section 32 must have some

proximate relations to the actual occurrence.

In other words the statement of the deceased

relating to the cause of death or the

circumstances of the transaction which resulted

in his death must be sufficiently or closely

connected with the actual transaction. To make

such statement as substantive evidence, the

person or the agency relying upon it is under a

legal obligation to prove the making of such

statement as a fact.”

(Emphasis supplied)

55. Thus, we find no merit in both the submissions of Ms. Sangita

Kumar.

CONCLUSION

56. In the overall view of the matter, we have reached the

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conclusion that we should not interfere with the impugned

Judgment and order of the High Court. However, there are few

mitigating circumstances on the basis of which we are

persuaded to reduce the sentence imposed by the High Court.

57. So far as the appellant No.1 is concerned i.e. Sita Ram, he

has been sentenced to undergo 6 years of RI with fine of

Rs.5000/-. It appears that as an under -trial prisoner, he was

in jail for about 3 months.

58. We reduce the sentence from 6 years RI to 1 year RI while

maintaining the amount of fine of Rs.5000/ -. In the event if

the fine of Rs.5000/ - is not deposited, he shall further

undergo 6 months of RI.

59. So far as the appellant No.2 – Onkar Singh is concerned, he

has been sentenced to undergo 6 months of RI with fine of

Rs.10000/-.

60. In the case of Onkar Singh, we reduce the sentence to the

period already undergone. However, he shall pay the fine of

Rs.10000/- if not yet paid. In the event if the fine of

Rs.10000/- is not deposited, then he shall undergo 6 months of

RI as imposed by the High Court.

61. The appellant Sita Ram was ordered to be enlarged on bail by

this Court pending the present appeal. He shall now surrender

before the Trial Court to undergo the remaining part of the

21

sentence within a period of 8 -weeks from today.

62. The appeal stands disposed of in the aforesaid terms.

…………………………………………J

(J.B. PARDIWALA)

…………………………………………J

(R. MAHADEVAN)

NEW DELHI

6TH MARCH, 2025.