2026 INSC 644 Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 1 of 32

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.3743 OF 2024

SPECIAL POLICE ESTABLISHMENT APPELLANT

VERSUS

KAMTA PRASAD MISHRA AND OTHERS RESPONDENT S

J U D G M E N T

ATUL S. CHANDURKAR, J

1. The appellant is aggrieved by the direction to supply

information to the first respondent as regards details of the process

of grant of sanction for his prosecution under the Prevention of

Corruption Act, 1988

1 as well as the response of the Lokayukt to

the queries made by him on various points.

According to the appellant, by virtue of Notification dated

25.08.2011 issued by the General Administration Department

2 of

the State of Madhya Pradesh in exercise of power under Section

24(4) of the Right to Information Act, 2005

3 and in view of Section

8(1)(h) thereof, it could not have been directed to supply such

1

For short, ‘the Act of 1988’

2

For short, ‘GAD’

3

For short, ‘the Act of 2005’

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 2 of 32

information. On the other hand, according to the first respondent,

the information sought is liable to be provided as there is no legal

impediment in doing so.

Background facts

2. Bereft of unnecessary details, the first respondent while

serving as Town Inspector, Police Station Madhav Nagar, Katni

came to be implicated by the Special Police Establishment, Bhopal,

Madhya Pradesh under the Act of 1988 in a trap case. A First

Information Report was registered on 11.04.2017. The Home

Department of the State Government on 20.05.2020 granted

sanction for his prosecution. The first respondent desired

information with regard to the decision making process in the

grant of sanction and thus moved an application dated 01.07.2020

under Section 6(1) of the Act of 2005. The request for supply of

information having been turned down, the proceedings reached

the State Information Commission

4 at the behest of the first

respondent which, however, rejected the appeal filed by him on

16.12.2020. According to the Commission, the first respondent

was not entitled to be supplied the said information in view of

Section 8(1)(h) of the Act of 2005. Being aggrieved, the first

4

For short, ‘the Commission’

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 3 of 32

respondent approached the High Court of Madhya Pradesh

5. The

Division Bench after hearing the first respondent found that the

investigation in the criminal proceedings was complete and

therefore the first respondent could not be denied such

information by relying upon Section 8(1)(h) of the Act of 2005. The

appellant was, accordingly, directed to supply the information

sought by the first respondent as per his application dated

01.07.2020. Being aggrieved by this direction, the present appeal

has been preferred.

Submissions of parties

3. Mr. Nishant Katneshwarkar, learned counsel appearing for

the appellant submitted that the High Court erred in directing the

appellant to supply the information sought by the first respondent.

According to him, in view of the provisions of Section 8(1)(h) of the

Act of 2005, the appellant was exempted from disclosing the

information sought by the first respondent inasmuch as that

information was likely to impede the process of investigation of the

criminal proceedings that had been initiated against him. He

further submitted that pursuant to Section 24(4) of the Act of

2005, the GAD of the State Government had issued a Notification

on 25.08.2011 by virtue of which the Act of 2005 was not made

5

For short, ‘the High Court’

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 4 of 32

applicable to the Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment of

Lokayukt Organisation

6. The investigation against the first

respondent having been carried out by the SPE, it was not

permissible to supply the information sought by him as the

provisions of the Act of 2005 were inapplicable. The High Court

failed to notice the provisions of Section 8(1)(h) of the Act of 2005

and directed supply of such information. Reference was made to

the Notification dated 25.08.2011 before the High Court but it was

not taken into consideration. On a plain reading of the same, it

was clear that the provisions of the Act of 2005 were not applicable

to the SPE. It was, therefore, submitted that the impugned

judgment of the High Court was liable to be set aside and the order

passed by the Commission ought to be restored.

4. Mr. Naveeen Kumar Singh, learned counsel appearing for the

first respondent supported the impugned order. According to him,

the provisions of Section 8(1)(h) of the Act of 2005 were not at all

attracted to the facts of the present case inasmuch as the

investigation of the offence registered against the first respondent

under the Act of 1988 was completed and a charge-sheet had been

filed. The object behind the provisions of Section 8(1)(h) of the Act

of 2005 was that information that was likely to impede the process

6

For short, ‘SPE’

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 5 of 32

of investigation or apprehension or prosecution of offenders was

not liable to be furnished. The first respondent had merely sought

information as to the manner in which sanction was granted to his

prosecution and the communications exchanged in that regar d.

Supply of such information was not likely to impede the process of

investigation. The High Court was, therefore, justified in directing

supply of the information sought by the first respondent on

01.07.2020. No case was, thus, made out to interfere with the

judgment of the High Court.

Issue re: applicability of Notification dated 25.08.2011

5. On behalf of the appellant, the issue as regards applicability

of the Notification dated 25.08.2011 was argued. Relying heavily

upon the same, it was urged that in view of the said Notification,

the impugned order could not have been passed. During the course

of hearing, the question whether the SPE while assisting the

Lokayukt in carrying out functions assigned to it under Section 3

of the Madhya Pradesh Lokayukt Evam Up -Lokayukt Adhiniyam,

1981

7 could be treated as an ‘intelligence and security’

organisation arose for consideration. Applicability of the said

Notification to the SPE in the absence of it being an ‘intelligence

and security’ organisation for the purposes of Section 24 (4) of the

7

For short, ‘the Act of 1981’

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 6 of 32

Act of 2005 was, prima facie, doubted. There was no appearance

on behalf of the State of Madhya Pradesh on 14.05.2026. With a

view to have the response of the State Government, the following

order insofar as it is material for the present adjudication was

therefore passed:

“1. In the instant case order impugned dated 20.12.2021 passed

by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Principal Bench at Jabalpur

in Writ Petition No. 1575 of 2021 is under challenge whereby the High

Court directed that the order dated 17.08.2020 issued by the

Assistant Public Information Officer and order dated 16.12.2020 of

the Chief Information Commissioner are liable to be quashed. It was

further directed that the respondent shall supply information as

sought by the appellant as per his request dated 01.07.2020 within

30 days and imposed a costs of Rs. 5,000/-.

2. The said order has been assailed in this appeal on the pretext

that as per Notification of the State Government dated 25.08.2011

exemption is granted to Madhya Pradesh Special Police

Establishment of Lokayukta Organisation, however, without taking

note of the said notification directions have been issued.

3. During the course of hearing, the provisions of Section 24(1) of

the Right to Information Act, 2005, (in short, “the RTI Act), applies to

the intelligence and security organisation of the Central Government

specified in the Second Schedule. In the Second Schedule, certain

organisations have been specified which are of the Central

Government.

4. Sub-section (4) of Section 24 of the RTI Act further specifies that

the provisions of the Act shall not apply to such intelligence and

security organisations established by the State Government if notified

in the Official Gazette. Thus, for issuance of the notification of

exemption under Section 24(4), it is incumbent to understand how

Lokayukta established is an intelligence and security organisation;

but nothing has been brought on record. In absence, the notification

dated 25.08.2011 is contrary to the spirit of Section 24(1) read with

Section 24(4) of the RTI Act. The counter affidavit filed by the State is

silent on this point, however, response of the State Government, if

any, may be filed, otherwise such notification do not have any

sanction of law.”

xxxxxxxx

“8. The Advocate General of the State may clarify about paragraph

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 7 of 32

4 above and to appear for argument on the next date, if he wish to

appear virtually, he is at liberty to do so. In absence of clarification,

appropriate orders may be passed.”

6. On 20.05.2026, Ms. Manisha Karia, learned Senior Advocate

as well as Mr. Prashant Singh, learned Advocate General for the

State of Madhya Pradesh were heard. It was submitted by them

that the Notification dated 25.08.2011 had not been challenged by

the first respondent in the writ petition preferred by him before the

High Court. There were no pleadings whatsoever raised in that

regard. In absence of any such material pleadings, it was

submitted that the validity of the said Notification may not be

examined for the first time by this Court. Without prejudice to the

aforesaid, it was submitted that the State Legislature was

competent to enact the Act of 1981. Reference was made to the

Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India and Entries 1 and 2

of List II to justify the exercise of power in this regard. Referring to

the object behind enacting the Act of 1981, it was submitted that

the Lokayukt was a statutory investigative authority vested with

plenary powers of enquiry and its jurisdiction extended to

allegations of corruption, misconduct and malfeasance by a public

servant. The SPE functioned as an investigative arm under the

superintendence of the Lokayukt. It was in this backdrop that the

power conferred by Section 24(4) of the Act of 2005 had been

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 8 of 32

exercised and the Notification dated 25.08.2011 had been issued

keeping in mind the principle of institutional parity. The object

behind Section 24 of the Act of 2005 would be defeated if the State

Government was compelled to furnish information which was

sought to be exempted by virtue of that provision. Reference was

made to Section 207 of the Code of the Criminal Procedure, 1973

to urge that at the initial stage of investigation, material collected

by the investigating agency could not be sought by an accused.

It was, therefore, submitted that the view taken by the

Commission was correct and the High Court was not justified in

directing supply of information sought by the first respondent. In

view of the Notification dated 25.08.2011, the impugned order was

liable to be set aside.

Consideration

7. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties at length.

We have also given due consideration to the relevant material on

record as well as material furnished by the learned counsel for the

parties. The High Court while allowing the writ petition preferred

by the first respondent held that the information sought by him

could not be denied by relying upon Section 8(1)(h) of the Act of

2005. Before this Court, the Notification dated 25.08.2011 was

relied upon to urge that the High Court could not have directed

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 9 of 32

supply of such information. It is in that context that the

applicability of the Notification dated 25.08.2011 was debated.

Besides its inapplicability, the question whether the SPE was an

‘intelligence and security’ organisation for the purposes of Section

24(4) of the Act of 2005 arose for consideration. It is true that the

said Notification was not specifically challenged in the writ petition

before the High Court. It is also a fact that the appellant had not

specifically supported the order passed by the Commission by

relying upon the same. The Notification was placed before this

Court in the present proceedings and the impugned order was

sought to be assailed by relying upon the Notification dated

25.08.2011. It was at this stage that the issue as regards

applicability of the Notification dated 25.08.2011 arose. It would,

therefore, be necessary to consider whether this Court should

examine the validity of the Notification dated 25.08.2011,

especially when the same had not been challenged by the first

respondent in his writ petition before the High Court.

Exercise of suo motu jurisdiction

8. The exercise of suo motu jurisdiction by the Court in

examining the validity of a subordinate piece of legislation has

been the subject matter of consideration in various decisions.

Recently, in Bihar Rajya Dafadar Chaukidar Panchayat (Magadh

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 10 of 32

Division) Vs. State of Bihar and others

8, it was observed in

paragraph 33 as under:

“33. …While not suggesting for a moment that the course of action

which the Division Bench adopted in this case can routinely be adopted,

we see no reason as to why the power to suo motu declare a subordinate

legislation invalid, on the ground of its being manifestly contrary to a

Fundamental Right read with binding precedents in terms of Article

141, should not be conceded to be within the vast reserve of powers of

the Constitutional Courts. Though exercise of powers, suo motu, in an

appropriate case in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 226 of the

Constitution cannot be doubted, it is indubitable that such power has

to be exercised sparingly and with due care, caution and

circumspection. We are minded and do hold that, a writ court, when its

finds its conscience to be pricked in a rare and very exceptional case by

the patent unconstitutionality of a subordinate legislation connected

with the issue it is seized of, may, upon grant of full opportunity to the

State to defend the subordinate legislation and after hearing it, grant a

declaration as to unconstitutionality and/or invalidity of such

legislation. After all, as the sentinel on the qui vive, it is not only the

duty of the writ courts in the country to enforce Fundamental Rights of

individuals, who approach them, but it is equally the duty of the writ

courts to guard against breach of Fundamental Rights of others by the

three organs of the State. This power is a plenary power resident in all

the Constitutional Courts. Should, in a given case, it be found that there

has been an egregious violation of a Fundamental Right as a result of

operation of a subordinate legislation and the issue I concluded by a

binding decision of this Court, we consider it the duty of the writ courts

to deliver justice by declaring the subordinate legislation void to

safeguard rights of others who might not still have been affected

thereby. We reiterate, it can only be done rarely and in cases which

stand out from the ordinary.”

9. Absence of a prayer seeking declaration of invalidity of a piece

of subordinate legislation by itself would not deter the Court from

testing its validity. Such issue can be examined but after granting

opportunity to the concerned authority to justify its validity. We

may in this regard refer to the decision in Bharathidasan

8

SLP(C) No.18983 of 2023 decided on 02.04.2025

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 11 of 32

University and another Vs. All India Council for Technical

Education and others

9. The issue related to examining the validity

of a regulation duly framed. It was found that the regulation

provided for a matter that was beyond its authority. In that

context, the following observations are material for the present

purpose:

“The AICTE cannot, in our view, make any regulation in exercise

of its powers under Section 23 of the Act, notwithstanding sub-

section (1), which though no doubt enables such regulations being

made generally to carry out the purposes of the Act, when such power

is circumscribed by the specific limitation engrafted therein to ensure

them to be “not inconsistent with the provisions of the Act and the

rules…..” So far as the question of granting approval, leave alone prior

or post, Section 10(1)(k) specifically confines the limits of such power

of AICTE only to be exercised vis-a-vis technical institutions, as

defined in the Act and not generally. When the language is specific,

unambiguous and positive, the same cannot be over-looked to give

an expansive meaning under the pretext of a purposive construction

to perpetuate an ideological object and aim, which also, having regard

to the Statement of Objects and Reasons for the AICTE Act, are not

warranted or justified. Therefore, the regulation insofar as it compels

the universities to seek for and obtain prior approval and not to start

any new department or course or programme in technical education

(Regulation 4) and empower itself to withdraw such approval, in a

given case of contravention of the regulations (Regulation 12) are

directly opposed to and inconsistent with the provisions of Section

10(1)(k) of the Act and consequently void and unenforceable.

The fact that the regulations may have the force of law or when

made have to be laid down before the legislature concerned do not

confer any more sanctity or immunity as though they are statutory

provisions themselves. Consequently, when the power to make

regulations are confined to certain limits and made to flow in a well

defined canal within stipulated banks, those actually made or shown

and found to be not made within its confines but outside them, the

courts are bound to ignore them when the question o f their

enforcement arise and the mere fact that there was no specific relief

sought for to strike down or declare them ultra vires, particularly

when the party in sufferance is a respondent to the lis or proceedings

9

2001 INSC 454

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 12 of 32

cannot confer any further sanctity or authority and validity which it

is shown and found to obviously and patently lack. It would,

therefore, be a myth to state that regulations made under Section 23

of the Act have “Constitutional” and legal status, even unmindful of

the fact that anyone or more of them are found to be not consistent

with specific provisions of the Act itself. Thus, the regulations in

question, which the AICTE could not have made so as to bind

universities/UGC within the confines of the powers conferred upon

it, cannot be enforced against or bind an University in the matter of

any necessity to seek prior approval to commence a new department

or course and programme in technical education in any university or

any of its departments and constituent institutions.”

(emphasis supplied by us)

10. We are conscious of the fact that in Union of India and

others vs. Manjurani Routray and others

10, this Court has held

that before any provision of law is struck down or any Rule is

declared as ultra vires, specific pleadings raising a challenge and

seeking of such relief is necessary. Therein, an original application

was filed by a private respondent raising a challenge to the order

of promotion issued to her juniors. The Central Administrative

Tribunal directed the employer to indicate the reasons for non-

promotion of the private respondent by assigning reasons in that

regard. This order was challenged by the said respondent before

the High Court. While deciding the writ petition, the High Court

examined the vires of Rule 4(b) of the Ministry of Information

Technology (in-situ Promotion under Flexible Complementing

Scheme) Rules, 1998 and held the same to be invalid in law. The

10

2023 INSC 787

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 13 of 32

Union of India challenged the judgment urging that in absence of

any specific challenge being raised by the private respondent to the

vires of Rule 4(b), the High Court could not have entertained such

challenge. In that context, this Court held that in absence of

specific pleadings being raised for challenging the vires of Rule 4

(b), there would be no opportunity to the other side to justify the

validity of such Rule. It was held that the High Court was not

justified in declaring Rule 4(b) of the Ministry of Information

Technology (in-situ Promotion under Flexible Complementing

Scheme) Rules, 1998 as ultra vires. One of us (J. K. Maheshwari,

J) was a party to the aforesaid decision.

In the present case, it is true that there is no specific

challenge raised by the first respondent to the Notification dated

25.08.2011. However, while assailing the order passed by the High

Court, the Notification dated 25.08.2011 has been relied upon by

the appellant to urge that the information sought by the first

respondent could not be supplied to him as the SPE was an

‘intelligence and security’ organisation that was excluded from the

applicability of the Act of 2005. The issue of applicability as well

as validity of the Notification dated 25.08.2011 having arisen, due

opportunity was granted to the State Government to justify the

same. Time was granted to the learned Advocate General to place

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 14 of 32

on record the stand of the State Government and also to

substantiate the contention that the Notification dated 25.08.2011

was in consonance with Section 24(4) of the Act of 2005 . The

opportunity so granted was utilised and the State Government

through Ms. Manisha Karia, learned Senior Advocate as well as

Mr. Prashant Singh, learned Advocate General for the State of

Madhya Pradesh were heard extensively. The State was also

permitted to place on record its written submissions in that regard.

The same have been accordingly filed.

It is, thus, evident that sufficient opportunity was granted to

the State Government to make its stand clear with regard to the

Notification dated 25.08.2011 and also to justify its validity in the

context of Section 24(4) of the Act of 2005.

11. In the present case, we are concerned with the aspect as to

whether the SPE as constituted under Section 2(1) of the Madhya

Pradesh Special Police Establishment Act, 1947

11 for investigating

offences specified by the State Government under Section 3 of the

Act of 1947 is entitled to exemption from the application of the Act

of 2005 by virtue of Section 24(4) thereof. What requires

examination is whether the SPE is an ‘intelligence and security’

organisation, given the nature of offences it can investigate. To put

11

For short, ‘the Act of 1947’

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 15 of 32

it differently, whether the SPE can seek exemption from the

application of the Act of 2005 on the ground that it is an

‘intelligence and security’ organisation. A pure question of

interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Act of 1947 and the

Act of 1981 in the context of Section 24 of the Act of 2005 arises.

The issue whether the Notification dated 25.08.2011 provides for

a matter beyond the parent legislation or whether it is intra vires

Section 24(4) of the Act of 2005 has to be examined. In absence of

any factual adjudication being required to be undertaken and a

pure question of interpretation having arisen, we are inclined to

examine this legal question though it was not specifically raised

before the High Court.

Grounds for challenging subordinate legislation

12. It is by now well settled that a piece of subordinate legislation

does not carry the same degree of immunity that is enjoyed by a

statute passed by a competent legislature. Besides the grounds on

which plenary legislation can be challenged, subordinate

legislation can also be challenged on the ground that it fails to

conform to the statute under which it is made or it exceeds the

limits of authority conferred by the enabling statute. In Indian

Express Newspapers (Bombay) Private Ltd. and others etc. Vs.

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 16 of 32

Union of India and others etc.

12, a three Judge Bench of this

Court observed as under:

“A piece of subordinate legislation does not carry the same degree of

immunity which is enjoyed by a statute passed by a competent

legislature. Subordinate legislation may be questioned on any of the

grounds on which plenary legislation is questioned. In addition it may

also be questioned on the ground that it does not conform to the

statute under which it is made. It may further be questioned on the

ground that it is contrary to some other statute.”

This view has been consistently followed. In State of Tamil

Nadu and another Vs. P. Krishnamurthy and others

13, it was

held as under:

“There is a presumption in favour of constitutionality or validity

of a subordinate legislation and the burden is upon him who attacks

it to show that it is invalid. It is also well recognized that a

subordinate legislation can be challenged under any of the following

grounds:

(a) Lack of legislative competence to make the subordinate

legislation.

(b) Violation of fundamental rights guaranteed under the

Constitution of India.

(c) Violation of any provision of the Constitution of India.

(d) Failure to conform to the statute under which it is made or

exceeding the limits of authority conferred by the enabling Act.

(e) Repugnancy to the laws of the land, that is, any enactment.

(f) Manifest arbitrariness/unreasonableness (to an extent where

the court might well say that the legislature never intended to

give authority to make such rules).”

Statutory scheme

13. For considering the aforesaid question, it would be necessary

to refer to some relevant provisions of the Act of 2005. Section 3

12

1984 INSC 231

13

2006 INSC 177

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 17 of 32

recognises the right of all citizens to information. A request for

obtaining ‘information’ as defined by Section 2(f) is required to be

made under Section 6 of the Act of 2005. While such request has

to be considered and disposed in accordance with Section 7,

Section 8(1) exempts disclosure of information in certain

contingencies. Section 8(1)(h) reads thus:

“8. Exemption from disclosure of information. -(1)

Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, there shall be no

obligation to give any citizen,-

(h) information which would impede the process of investigation or

apprehension or prosecution of offenders;”

Since the appellant has relied upon the provisions of Section

24 and especially Section 24(4) of the Act of 2005, the said

provision is reproduced hereunder:

“24. Act not to apply in certain organizations -(1) Nothing

contained in this Act shall apply to the intelligence and security

organisations specified in the Second Schedule, being organisations

established by the Central Government or any information furnished

by such organisations to that Government:

Provided that the information pertaining to the allegations of

corruption and human rights violations shall not be excluded under

this sub-section:

Provided further that in the case of information sought for is

in respect of allegations of violation of human rights, the information

shall only be provided after the approval of the Central Information

Commission, and notwithstanding anything contained in Section 7,

such information shall be provided within forty-five days from the

date of the receipt of request.

(2) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official

Gazette, amend the Schedule by including therein any other

intelligence or security organisation established by that Government

or omitting therefrom any organisation already specified therein and

on the publication of such notification, such organisation shall be

deemed to be included in or, as the case may be, omitted from the

Schedule.

(3) Every notification issued under sub-section (2) shall be laid

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 18 of 32

before each House of Parliament.

(4) Nothing contained in this Act shall apply to such

intelligence and security organisations, being organisations

established by the State Government, as that Government may, from

time to time, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify:

Provided that the information pertaining to the allegations of

corruption and human rights violations shall not be excluded under

this sub-section:

Provided further that in the case of information sought for is

in respect of allegations of violation of human rights, the information

shall only be provided after the approval of the State Information

Commission and, notwithstanding anything contained in Section 7,

such information shall be provided within forty-five days from the

date of the receipt of request.

(5) Every notification issued under sub-section (4) shall be laid

before the State Legislature.”

It is to the noted that Section 24(1) and Section 24(4) use the

expression ‘intelligence and security organisations’. This would

indicate that an organisation governed by the said provision ought

to be empowered to go into aspects of ‘intelligence’ and ‘security’.

14. Section 24(1) of the Act of 2005 states that the provisions of

the Act would not apply to ‘intelligence and security’ organisations

specified in the Second Schedule to the Act of 2005. Perusal of the

Second Schedule indicates reference to about twenty-six

organisations concerned with ‘intelligence’ and ‘security’ that have

been established by the Central Government. Section 24(4) states

that nothing contained in the Act of 2005 would apply to such

‘intelligence and security’ organisations established by the State

Government as notified in the Official Gazette. The exemption from

application of the provisions of the Act of 2005 is, therefore,

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 19 of 32

restricted to ‘intelligence and security’ organisations that have

been established by the State Government by publishing

Notification in the Official Gazette. The first proviso to Section 24(4)

of the Act of 2005, however, does not exclude information

pertaining to allegations of corruption and violation of human

rights.

15. The expression ‘intelligence and security’ organisations found

in Section 24 has not been defined in the Act of 2005. We may,

therefore, consider the nature of various organisations established

by the Central Government which are concerned with ‘intelligence

and security’ that are referred to in the Second Schedule. For

example, the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) was established on

01.05.1956 for handling Exchange Control laws violations under

the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act, 1947. One of its functions

is to collect, develop and disseminate intelligence relating to the

Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. The Central Reserve

Police Force has been mentioned in the Second Schedule. As per

the Central Reserve Police Force Act, 1949, it is an armed force

maintained by the Central Government and is concerned with

internal security. A member of the force has to execute all orders

and warrants lawfully issued to him, detect and bring offenders to

justice and also apprehend all persons whom he is legally

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 20 of 32

authorised to apprehend. Then, the Border Security Force

constituted under the Border Security Force Act, 1968 is an armed

force of the Union for ensuring the security of the borders of India.

Similarly, the Central Industrial Security Force is an armed force

of the Union constituted under the Central Industrial Security

Force Act, 1968 for better protection and security of industrial

undertakings owned by the Central Government. The National

Investigation Agency is also referred to in the Second Schedule. It

is an investigation agency at the national level constituted to

investigate and prosecute offences affecting the sovereignty,

security and integrity of India.

It is, thus, clear that organisations referred to in the Second

Schedule to the Act of 2005 are specifically concerned with

‘intelligence’ and ‘security’, having been constituted by the Central

Government with that object in mind. On the other hand, the SPE

has been clothed with limited jurisdiction to investigate offences

punishable under the Act of 1988, Sections 409, 420 and Chapter

XVIII of the Penal Code. The submission on behalf of the State of

Madhya Pradesh that the principle of institutional parity was

considered while issuing the Notification dated 25.08.2011

therefore cannot be accepted.

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 21 of 32

Notification dated 25.08.2011

16. In exercise of the power conferred by Section 24(4) of the Act

of 2005, the GAD of the State of Madhya Pradesh has issued

Notification dated 25.08.2011 wherein it is stated that the

provisions of the Act of 2005 would not apply to cases under

investigation by the SPE and the State Bureau of Investigation of

Economic Offences. The Notification dated 25.08.2011 reads as

under:

“Whereas the State Government considers that the disclosure of the

information regarding names of informers or complainants in the

economic offences under investigation in Madhya Pradesh Special

Police Establishment of Lokayukta Organization and State Bureau of

Investigation of Economic Offences under the Right to Information

Act, 2005 (No. 22 of 2005) may likely to endanger the life or physical

safety of such informers or complainants;

And whereas the State Government also considered that the

disclosure of the information in the economic offences under the

investigation in the said organization would impede the process of

investigation or apprehension or prosecution of offenders;

And whereas Section 8(1) of the Right to Information Act, 2005 (No.

22 of 2005) provides for exemption from disclosure of information on

certain grounds, whereas clause (g) provides that information, the

disclosure of which would endanger the life of physical safety of any

person or identify the source of information, and clause (h) provides

that information which would impede the process of investigation or

apprehension or prosecution of offenders shall be denied to any

citizen;

Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (4)

of Section 24 of the said Act, the State Government, hereby specify

that the provisions of the said Act shall not apply with respect to the

cases under investigation by the following organizations:-

1. Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment of Lokayukta

Organization.

2. State Bureau of Investigation of Economic Offences.”

SPE whether an ‘intelligence’ and ‘security’ Organization

17. It would now be necessary to consider whether the SPE is an

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 22 of 32

‘intelligence’ and ‘security’ organisation. For this purpose, relevant

provisions of the Act of 1981 may be noticed. The Statement of

Objects and Reasons behind enacting the Act of 1981 reads as

under:

“Statement of Objects and Reasons

Currently there is no mechanism in place to investigate into

allegations of corruption, etc., against high ranking individuals such

as the Chief Minister, other elected officials and senior officers under

the control of the State Government and in order to maintain ethical

standards in public life, there has been a need since long time to

establish an independent mechanism for this purpose. Therefore,

this Bill has been formulated to establish such a mechanism.

Hence, this Bill is presented.

Bhopal:

Date : 19 September 1980.

Arjun Singh

Member-in-Charge

Recommended by His Excellency the Governor under Article 207 of

the Constitution of India.”

The Statement of Objects and Reasons indicates the absence

of a mechanism to investigate into allegations of corruption against

high ranking individuals and the need to establish such

independent mechanism. The preamble of the Act of 1981 reads as

under:

“An Act to make provision for the appointment and functions of

certain authorities for the enquiry into the allegations against [public

servants] [Substituted by M.P.Act No.1 of 1987 (w.e.f. 9-1-1987).] and

for matters connected therewith.”

Section 2(b) defines the expression ‘allegation’ which reads as

under:

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 23 of 32

“2. Definitions – In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

(b) “allegation” in relation to a public servant means any affirmation

that such public servant,-

(i) has abused his position as such to obtain any gain or favour

to himself or to any other person or to cause undue harm to any

person;

(ii) was actuated in the discharge of his functions as such public

servant by improper or corrupt motives;

(iii) is guilty of corruption; or

(iv) is in possession of pecuniary resources or property

disproportionate to his known source of income and such

pecuniary resources or property is held by the public servant

personally or by any member of his family or by some other

person on his behalf.

Explanation:– For the purpose of this sub-clause “family” means

husband, wife, sons and unmarried daughters living jointly with

him;”

Section 7 of the Act of 1981 specifies the matters that may be

enquired into by the Lokayukt or Up-Lokayukt. Section 7 reads as

under:

“

14 [7. Matters which may be enquired into by Lokayukt or Up -

Lokayukt-Subject to the provision of this Act, on receiving complaint

or other information-

(i) the Lokayukt may proceed to enquire into an allegation made

against a public servant in relation to whom the Chief Minister

is the competent authority;

(ii) the Up-Lokayukt may proceed to enquire into an allegation

made against any public servant other than referred to in

clause(i):

Provided that the Lokayukt may enquire into an allegation made

against any public servant referred to in clause (ii).]

15[Explanation. – For the purposes of this section the expressions

“may proceed to enquire”, and “may enquire,” include investigation

by police agency put at the disposal of Lokayukt and Up-Lokayukt in

pursuance of sub-section (3) of section 13.]”

18. The official website of Lokayukt Organisation, Madhya

14

Subs. by M.P. Act No.7 of 1982 (w.e.f. 28-1-1982)

15

Ins. By M.P. Act No.20 of 1984 (w.e.f. 16-5-1984)

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 24 of 32

Pradesh at mplokayukt.nic.in gives the following information:

“About Lokayukt Organization

The Lokayuykt Organization in Madhya Pradesh came into existence

in Feb.1982 after the Madhya Pradesh Lokayuykt and Up-Lokayukt

Act, 1981 (hereinafter called the Act) was enacted by the State

Legislature. Attempt to establish an independent Organization on the

lines of "Ombudsman" started way back in mid 70’s after the State

Administrative Reforms Commission recommended that the State

Vigilance Commission, which was then functioning as an instrument

to prevent/check corruption should be replaced by an organization

with statutory base and powers. Examining the role and limitations

of the State Vigilance Commission, the ARC had observed that in the

absence of a constitutional or even statutory recognition of its

position, the Vigilance Commission might act at best as a department

of the Government to check corruption. In view of the above

observations of the ARC and on the basis of various

recommendations received from the Government of India, a bill was

moved in the M.P. Legislative Assembly in the year 1975 which was

sent for President’s assent after its passage by the Assembly. But due

to certain rethinking at the level of the Union Government the bill

was returned to the State Government for reconsideration and the

same was passed in April 1981 with certain modifications. The bill so

passed became the Act after it received the Presidential assent in

September 1981.

The Lokayukt Organization constituted under the Act replaced the

Vigilance Commission. Having received the statutory base the

Lokayukt Organization is totally free from the executive influence.

Indeed, the organization functions as an instrument of control over

the executive by the legislature as its annual reports are submitted

to the Governor to be laid and discussed in the State Legislative

Assembly.”

Thus, even the Lokayukt Organisation states that it is an

organisation that functions to prevent/check corruption. We may

also refer to Section 63 of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

which reads as under:

“63. Establishment of Lokayukta.—Every State shall establish a

body to be known as the Lokayukta for the State, if not so

established, constituted or appointed, by a law made by the State

Legislature, to deal with complaints relating to corruption against

certain public functionaries, within a period of one year from the date

of commencement of this Act.”

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 25 of 32

Though this is a later central legislation, it is indicative of the

fact that the Lokayukt of a State is a body to deal only with

complaints relating to corruption against certain public

functionaries.

19. The SPE has been established and constituted pursuant to

the power conferred by Section 2(1) of the Act of 1947. The purpose

behind its constitution is the investigation of offences notified

under Section 3 of the Act of 1947. Notification dated 01.11.1959

by which the SPE was constituted reads as under:

“the lst November 1959-Kartika 10, 1881

NOTIFICATION

No. 111-89-I(VI) 59.-In exercise of the powers conferred by

sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Madhya Pradesh Special Police

Establishment Act, 1947 (XVII of 1947), the State Government hereby

constitutes a special police force to be called the Madhya Pradesh

Special Police Establishment for the investigation of offences which

may from time to time be specified under section 3 of the said Act.”

Section 3 of the Act of 1947 empowers the State Government

to specify the offences that can be investigated by the SPE. It reads

as under:

“3. Offences to be investigated by special police establishment:- The

State Government may, by notification, specify the offences or classes

of offences which are to be investigated by [Madhya Pradesh]

16

Special Police Establishment.”

On 01.11.1959, another Notification was issued under

Section 3 of the Act of 1947 specifying the offences that could be

16

Subs. By A.O. 1950, for Central Provinces and Berar

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 26 of 32

investigated by the SPE. The same reads as under:

“No. 113.89-I(VI)-59.-In exercise of the powers conferred by

section 3 of the Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment Act,

1947 (XVIÍ of 1947), the State Government hereby specifies the

following to be the offences or classes of offences which are to be

investigated by the Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment,

namely:-

(a) offences punishable under sections 161, 165 and 165-A of

the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (XLV of 1860) ;

(b) offences punishable under the Prevention of Corruption

Act, 1947 (II of 1947) ;

(c) offences under sections 409 and 420 and Chapter XVIII of

the Indian Penal Code, when they are committed, attempted or

abetted by public servants or the employees of a local authority or a

statutory corporation, when such offences adversely affect the

interests of the State Government or the local authority or the

statutory corporation, as the case may be ; and

(d) attempts, abetment and conspiracies in respect of offences

mentioned in items (a) and (b) above, by whomsoever committed.”

The subsequent Notification dated 28.11.1989 issued under

Section 3 of the Act of 1947 reads as under:

“Bhopal, the 28

th November 1989

No.F.15-2(I)-89-XLIC-10.- In Exercise of the powers conferred

by Section 3 of the Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment Act,

1947 (XVII of 1947), the State Government hereby specifies the

following to be the offences of classes or offences which are to be

investigated by the Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment,

namely :-

a) Offences punishable under the Prevention of Corruption Act,

1988 (No.49 of 1988);

b) Offences under Sections 409 and 420 and Chapter XVIII of the

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (XLV of 1860) when are committed,

attempted or abetted by public servants or the employees of a

local authority or a statutory corporation, when such offences

adversely affect the interests of the State Government or the

local authority or the status corporation, as the case may be;

and

c) Conspiracies in respect of offences mentioned in items (a) above.

2. (1) The General Administration Department Notification No.113-

89-1 (VI)-59, dated the 1

st November, 1959 is hereby repealed.

(2) Notwithstanding such repeal, any investigation or legal proceeding

pending on the date of commencement of the prevention of

Corruption Act, 1988 (No.49 of 1988) shall be continued as if the

repealing Notification had not been issued.

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 27 of 32

By order and in the name of the Governor of Madhya Pradesh.”

Thereafter, on 14.09.2000 the earlier Notification dated

28.11.1989 was superseded and a fresh Notification was published

in the Official Gazette. The Notification dated 14.09.2000 reads as

under:

“Notification No.F.15(1)(1)-2000-I-10 dated the 14th September,

2000.-In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 3 of the Madhya

Pradesh Special Police Establishment Act, 1947 (No.17 of 1947) and

in supersession of this Department Notification No.15(2)(1) 89-1-49-

10 dated the 28

th November, 1989, the State Government, hereby

specify the following offences to be the offences of class of offences

which are to be investigated by the Madhya Pradesh Special Police

Establishment, namely :-

(a) Offences punishable under the Prevention of Corruption Act,

1988 (No.49 of 1988) :

(b) Offences under Section 409 and 420 and Chapter XVIII of the

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (No.XLV of 1860) when they are committed,

attempted or abetted by Public Servants or employees of a local

authority or a statutory corporation, when such offences adversely

affect the interests of the State Government or the local authority or

the statutory corporation, as the case may be;

(c) Conspiracies in respect of offences mentioned in item (a) and (b)

above ; and

(d) Conspiracies in respect of offences mentioned in item (a) and (b)

shall be charged with simultaneously in one trial under the

provisions of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (No.2 of 1974).

[Published in M.P. Rajpatra (Asadharan) dated 14-9-2000 Pages 1099-

1100]”

Yet again on 03.05.2001, the GAD issued a fresh Notification

after superseding the earlier Notification dated 14.09.2000. The

Notification dated 03.05.2001 reads as under:

“No.15-(1)-(1)-2000-I-10.- In exercise of powers conferred by

Section 3 of the Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment Act,

1947 (No.17 of 1947) and in supersession of this Department

Notification No.15-(1)-(1)-2000-I-10, dated 14

th September, 2000, The

State Government hereby specify the following offences to be the

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 28 of 32

offences or class of offences which are to be investigated by the

Madhya Pradesh Special Police Establishment namely :

(a) Offences punishable under the Prevention of Corruption Act,

1988 (No.49 of 1988) ;

(b) Offences under Section 409 and 420 and Chapter XVIII of the

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (No.XLV of 1860) when they are

committed, attempted or abetted by Public Servants or employees

of a local authority or a statutory corporation, when such offences

adversely affect the interest of the Government or the local

authority or the statutory corporation, as the case may be ;

(c) Conspiracies in respect of offences mentioned in item (a) and

(b), above, and ;

(d) Conspiracies in respect of offences mentioned in item (a), (b)

and (c) shall be charged with simultaneously in one trial under the

provisions of Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (No.2 of 1974).”

20. From the Notification dated 03.05.2001, it becomes clear that

offences under the Act of 1988 as well as offences under Sections

409, 420 and Chapter XVIII of the Indian Penal Code, 1860

17

committed or attempted or abetted by public servants or

employees of a local authority or a statutory corporation adversely

affecting the interest of the Government or a local authority or a

statutory corporation, as the case may be, have to be investigated

by the SPE. Conspiracies in respect of aforesaid offences are also

to be investigated by the SPE. Thus, offences or classes of offences

to be investigated by the SPE are limited to those punishable under

the Act of 1988 and under Sections 409, 420 and Chapter XVIII of

the Penal Code. The Act of 1988 seeks to prevent corruption

involving public servants. Section 409 of the Penal Code provides

17

For short, ‘the Penal Code’

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 29 of 32

for punishment for criminal breach of trust by a public servant or

by a banker, merchant or agent while Section 420 provides for

punishment for cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of

property. Chapter XVIII of the Penal Code relates to offences

concerning documents and property marks. Considering the

nature of offences covered by the aforesaid provisions, t he

jurisdiction of the SPE is clearly limited. This is for the reason that

under the Act of 1981, the Lokayukt has been conferred a limited

jurisdiction to enquire into an ‘allegation’ as defined by Section 2(b)

when made against a public servant. It is, thus, clear that insofar

as issues of ‘intelligence’ and ‘security’ are concerned, neither the

Lokayukt nor the Up-Lokayukt under the Act of 1981 has been

conferred jurisdiction to make any enquiry. The various

Notifications issued by the State Government under Section 3 of

the Act of 1947 from time to time are limited to offences punishable

under the Act of 1988, Sections 409, 420 and Chapter XVIII of the

Penal Code. Though Section 24(4) of the Act of 2005 states that the

Act would apply to such ‘intelligence and security organisations’

established by the State Government as notified, the SPE though

established by the State Government, it is not empowered to

investigate any offences or classes of offences related to

‘intelligence’ and ‘security’. The sphere of operation of the SPE

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 30 of 32

constituted under the Act of 1947 would be governed and guided

only by matters that may be enquired into by the Lokayukt or Up-

Lokayukt under Section 7 of the Act of 1981. The jurisdiction, in

that sense, is limited to an allegation in relation to a public servant

in the context of the Act of 1988. The statutory scheme under

which the SPE stands constituted coupled with the jurisdiction

conferred on the Lokayukt or Up-Lokayukt clearly indicate that the

SPE cannot be termed to be an ‘intelligence and securit y’

organisation when it assists the Lokayukt or Up -Lokayukt in

matters specified by Section 7 of the Act of 1981.

21. We may note that the Allahabad High Court in Dr.Nutan

Thakur vs State of U.P., through Principal Secretary,

Department of Vigilance

18 considered the validity of Notification

dated 03.08.2012 issued by the Principal Secretary Vigilance,

Government of U.P. through which the Lokayukt agency was

brought out of the purview of the Act of 2005 in view of Section

24(4) of that Act. After considering the matter in detail, it was

found that the office of the Lokayukt had been constituted in view

of the U. P. Lokayukt and Up-Lokayukt Act, 1975

19. It was mainly

concerned with the issue of corruption of public servants as

18

Misc. Case No.1748 of 2013 decided on 02.11.2017

19

For short, ‘the Act of 1975’

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 31 of 32

defined under the Act of 1975. In the context of Section 24(4) of

the Act of 2005, it was held that the office of Lokayukt was not

concerned with the issues of ‘intelligence and security’. It was,

thus, held that the Notification dated 03.08.2012 issued by the

State Government by which the office of Lokayukt and Up -

Lokayukt was sought to be brought out of the purview of the Act

of 2005 was illegal and it travelled beyond the provisions of Section

24(4) of the Act of 2005.

Conclusion

22. Thus, having considered the entire matter, we are of the

considered opinion that the Notification dated 25.08.2011 issued

by the GAD of the State of Madhya Pradesh to the extent it seeks

to exclude the SPE from the purview of the Act of 2005 in view of

Section 24(4) thereof is liable to be set aside as being bad in law as

it provides for matters not enumerated under Section 7 of the Act

of 1947. The SPE having been conferred jurisdiction only to

investigate offences punishable under the Act of 1988, Sections

409, 420 and Chapter XVIII of the Penal Code, it cannot be termed

to be an ‘intelligence and security’ organisation for the purposes of

Section 24(4) of the Act of 2005. The Notification dated 28.05.2011

does not conform to Section 24(4) of the Act of 2005 and is, thus,

excessive in nature.

Criminal Appeal No.3743 of 2024 Page 32 of 32

Thus, while maintaining the judgment of the High Court

dated 20.12.2021 in W.P. No.1575 of 2021, the Notification dated

25.08.2011 issued by the GAD seeking to exclude the SPE from

the applicability of the provisions of the Act of 2005 is struck down.

It is clarified that we have not examined the applicability of the

said Notification vis-a-vis the State Bureau of Investigation of

Economic Offences and therefore, the said Notification shall

continue to operate to that extent.

Subject to aforesaid, the Criminal Appeal is dismissed.

Pending interlocutory applications are also disposed of.

..………………………..J.

[ J.K. MAHESHWARI ]

.…..………………………..J.

[ATUL S. CHANDURKAR]

NEW DELHI,

JUNE 15, 2026.