Page 1 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO.2688 OF 2006

THE ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER

OF INCOME TAX, CHENNAI

— APPELLANT

VERSUS

M/S A.R. ENTERPRISES — RESPONDENT

WITH

CIVIL APPEAL NO.3127 OF 2006,

CIVIL APPEAL NO.3848 OF 2006,

CIVIL APPEAL NO.2580 OF 2010,

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 270 OF 2013

(Arising Out of SLP (C) NO.12537 of 2006)

AND

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 271 OF 2013

(Arising Out of SLP (C) NO.7635 of 2008)

J U D G M E N T

D.K. JAIN, J.

1.Leave granted in all the Special Leave Petitions.

1

Page 2 2.This batch of six appeals, arises from separate judgments

of the High Court of Madras in the appeals preferred by

the revenue under Section 260A of the Income Tax Act,

1961 (for short “the Act”) rendered in Tax Case (Appeal)

Nos.238 of 2000 on 8

th

September 2004; 1371, 1372, 1373

of 2005 on 2

nd

January 2006; 687 of 2007 on 18

th

June

2007; and 620 of 2009 on 21

st

July 2009. This judgment

shall govern all these appeals since they entail a common

substantial question of law, as is evident from the

adjudication of the High Court. However, to appreciate the

issue involved, Civil Appeal No.2688 of 2006 is treated as

the lead case. At the outset we may note that despite

service of notice, no appearance was entered for the

respondent-assesses, except in C.A. No. 2688/2006 and

C.A. No. 2580/2010.

Facts

3.The respondent-assessee is a firm which came into

existence on 25

th

June, 1992. On 23

rd

February, 1996, a

search operation under Section 132 of the Act was carried

2

Page 3 out at the premises of another concern, viz. M/s A.R.

Mercantile Private Limited. During the course of search,

certain books and documents pertaining to the assessee i.

e. M/s A.R. Enterprises, were seized. On scrutiny, the

Assessing Officer found that though the assessee had

taxable income for the assessment year 1995-96, no

return of income had been filed (due to be filed on or

before 31

st

October, 1995) till the date of search. Based on

the material seized by virtue of the aforesaid search, the

Assessing Officer was satisfied that the assessee had not

disclosed their income pertaining to the assessment year

1995-96. Accordingly (without recording any reasons for

his satisfaction), he initiated action under Section 158BD

of the Act requiring the assessee to file their return of

income. The assessee, after filing return for the block

period (ten years preceding the previous year), which

covered assessment years 1993-94 to 1995-96, pointed

out that they had already filed returns for the assessment

years 1993-94 and 1994-95. They objected to action

initiated under Chapter XIVB of the Act on the ground that

3

Page 4 in relation to the assessment year 1995-96, Advance Tax

had already been paid in three installments and,

therefore, income for that period could not be deemed to

be undisclosed.

4.Rejecting the plea of the assessee, the Assessing Officer

formed the opinion that the assessee had failed to file the

return as on the date of search, and the seized documents

did show income, which had not been or would not have

been declared. Accordingly, he proceeded to compute

total undisclosed income for the block period 1993-94 to

1995-96 (upto the date of search), treating the income

returned by the assessee for the period 1995-96 as NIL,

as stipulated in Section 158BB (1)(c) of the Act.

5.Against the said order, the assessee preferred an appeal

before the Tribunal. Accepting the stand of the assessee,

the Tribunal allowed the appeal, and held that having paid

the Advance Tax, the assessee had disclosed his income

for the relevant assessment year. The Tribunal observed

thus:

4

Page 5 “Now coming to the facts of the present case, as

stated supra, the assessee has not filed his return

in time, but even after that date the assessee has

filed his return voluntarily. Moreover not only that

the assessee has also estimated his income for the

year and paid advance tax thereon as detailed

below:

15.09.1994 Bank of Baroda,

T.Nagard.

Rs.1,60,000

12.12.1994 -do- Rs.1,60,000

16.03.1994 -do- Rs.1,60,000

Rs.4,80,000

This would indicate that the assessee has made

known to the income tax department his income

for the year and also paid the income tax thereon

well before the due dates and of course well before

the date of search also. Even this fact of income

was voluntarily disclosed by the assessee to the

ADI (inv.)…”

Consequently, the Tribunal declared the said assessment,

made under Section 158BD of the Act, as null and void.

6.Being dissatisfied, the Revenue preferred an appeal before

the High Court of Madras under Section 260A of the Act,

questioning the validity of the order of the Tribunal.

5

Page 6 Entertaining the appeal, the High Court formulated the

following substantial question of law for adjudication:

“Whether the Appellate Tribunal is right in law in

cancelling the assessment under Chapter XIV-B in

light of the specific provision contained in Section

158BB(1) (c) of the Income Tax Act?”

7.Before the High Court, the stand of the Revenue was that

since return for the assessment year 1995-96 had not

been filed by the due date, by filing the return after the

search, the assessee could not escape the consequences

as stipulated in Chapter XIVB of the Act. It was contended

that payment of Advance Tax by itself did not establish the

intention to disclose the income. In support of the

proposition, reliance was placed on the decision of the

High Court of Madras in B. Noorsingh Vs. Union of India

& Ors.

1

. In that judgment, the High Court had

observed:

“…Counsel submitted that in cases (sic) whereas

in the case of the present petitioner, the assessee

had paid advance tax, such payment would clearly

indicate his intention to disclose his income and it

could not be said that such person would not have

disclosed his income. The payment of advance tax

1

(2001) 249 ITR 378

6

Page 7 by itself does not establish an intent to disclose the

income. The disclosure is to be made by filing the

return. Even in search cases where the time for

filing the return under section 139(1) has not

expired, income disclosed in the books of account

is not treated as undisclosed income. All that is

denied to the assessee in search cases is the

opportunity to file a return after the period

specified in section 139(1) and to claim that the

income that he would have disclosed in a belated

return is not to be regarded as undisclosed

income. The reason for denying such opportunity

in search cases is obvious. After having suffered a

search, the assessee is not to be enabled to

escape the consequences of his failure to disclose

all his income by filing a return after the search

and after the expiry of the time prescribed under

section 139(1) and by disclosing therein income

which had remained undisclosed upto the date of

the search.”

8.Revenue’s plea did not find favour with the High Court .

Inter-alia, observing that payment of Advance Tax itself

necessarily implies disclosure of the income on which the

advance is paid, the High Court held as follows:

“Under clause (d) of sub-section(1) of section

158BB while assessing the aggregate of the total

income, the income recorded in the books of

account and other documents maintained in the

normal course on or before the date of the search

or requisition relating to such previous year shall

be taken into consideration where the previous

year has not ended or the date of filing the return

of the income under sub-section (1) of section 139

has not expired. When the assessee is required to

7

Page 8 file the self-assessment for payment of the

advance tax before the income-tax authorities the

return of assessment would fall within the

documents maintained in the normal course by the

assessee and as such the income disclosed on

payment of the advance tax would fall within

clause (d) of sub-section (1) of section 158BB. In

any case although there is a difference between

the regular assessment and the block assessment,

as we have already noticed, unless the provisions

of the block assessment specifically bar the

assessing authority from taking into consideration

the income disclosed by the assessee on payment

of the advance tax to be taken into consideration,

the income disclosed by the assessee on payment

of advance tax would be an income disclosed to

the Revenue and cannot be treated as an income

undisclosed for the relevant assessment year.”

9.Aggrieved thereby, as aforesaid, the Revenue is before us

in these appeals.

10.The short question for consideration is whether

payment of Advance Tax by an assessee would by itself

tantamount to disclosure of income for the relevant

assessment year and whether such income can be treated

as undisclosed income for the purpose of application of

Chapter XIVB of the Act?

Scope of Chapter XIV-B and its Provisions

8

Page 9 11.Sections 132 and 132A of the Act incorporate provision

of search, seizure and requisition which were resorted to

for the conduct of search at the premises of M/s A.R.

Mercantile Pvt. Ltd. For the evaluation of the material

seized during the operation or proceedings under Sections

132 or 132A of the Act, as the case may be, the provisions

contained in Chapter XIV-B come into play. This chapter,

consisting of sections 158B to 158BH was inserted by the

Finance Act, 1995 with effect from 1.07.1995. The heading

of Chapter XIV-B reads “Special Procedure for Assessment

of Search Cases”. It was introduced for the assessment of

undisclosed income determined as a result of search

carried out under Section 132 of the Act or requisitioning

of documents or assets under Section 132A of the Act. The

chapter is a self-contained code and gets attracted as a

result of search proceedings initiated by the income tax

authorities, under Section 132 of the Act, notwithstanding

any other provisions of the Act except to the extent

provided for in the chapter.

9

Page 10 12.In the facts before us, resort to this chapter was

required to be made since on conduct of search at the

premises of M/s A.R. Mercantile Pvt. Ltd., documents of M/s

A.R. Enterprises, i.e. the assessee were recovered, that

indicated non-disclosure of income by the latter. In such a

scenario, Section 158BD gets attracted, which reads as

follows:

“Undisclosed income of any other person.

158BD. Where the Assessing Officer is satisfied

that any undisclosed income belongs to any

person, other than the person with respect to

whom search was made under section 132 or

whose books of account or other documents or any

assets were requisitioned under section 132A,

then, the books of account, other documents or

assets seized or requisitioned shall be handed over

to the Assessing Officer having jurisdiction over

such other person and that Assessing Officer shall

proceed [under section 158BC] against such other

person and the provisions of this Chapter shall

apply accordingly.”

13.A bare reading of the afore-extracted provision makes it

clear that the condition precedent for invoking a block

assessment is a search conducted under Section 132, or

documents or assets requisitioned under Section 132-A.

10

Page 11 Moreover, Section 158BD permits the application of the

provisions of this chapter only on the satisfaction of the

assessing officer that the seized documents show

undisclosed income of a person other than the person with

respect to whom search was conducted or a requisition

was made. It is trite law that such satisfaction must be

recorded for the benefit of the assessee. In Manish

Maheshwari Vs. Asstt. Commissioner of Income Tax

& Anr

2

., this Court summarized the prerequisites of

Section 158BD of the Act as follows:

“11. …(i) satisfaction must be recorded by the

assessing officer that any undisclosed income

belongs to any person, other than the person with

respect to whom search was made under Section

132 of the Act; (ii) the books of accounts or other

documents or assets seized or requisitioned had

been handed over to the assessing officer having

jurisdiction over such other person; and (iii) the

assessing officer has proceeded under Section

158-BC against such other person.”

14.In Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Hotel

Blue Moon

3

, one of us (H.L. Dattu, J.) while explaining the

2

(2007) 3 SCC 794

3

(2010) 3 SCC 259 at page 264

11

Page 12 purport of Chapter XIVB of the Act, has observed that a

search is the sine qua non for the block assessment; the

special provisions are devised to operate in the distinct

field of undisclosed income and are clearly in addition to

the regular assessments covering the previous years

falling in the block period, intended to provide a mode of

assessment of undisclosed income, which has been

detected as a result of search. Hence, from the

aforementioned discussion it is clear that a valid search

under Section 132 of the Act is a sine qua non for invoking

block assessment proceedings under Chapter XIVB.

Further according to Section 158BD of the Act the

assessing officer must record his or her satisfaction that

any undisclosed income belongs to any person, other than

the person with respect to whom search was made under

Section 132 of the Act.

15.It seems that these requisites were in fact not adhered

to in the present case. During the course of hearing,

learned counsel for the assessee did contend that the

Revenue did not have jurisdiction to invoke Chapter XIVB

12

Page 13 of the Act, against the assessee. According to the learned

counsel, before initiating proceedings under Section

158BD of the Act, the assessing officer had not recorded

his satisfaction that any undisclosed income belonged to

the assessee or that the assessee did not have the

intention to disclose their income. Hence, the block

assessment proceedings against the assessee should be

quashed. However, we are unable to appreciate the

submission of the learned counsel at this stage, since the

same was never urged before the High Court and the

Tribunal. Hence, we refrain from making any observations

on a contention that had never been argued before the

High Court and the Tribunal. We shall restrict our opinion

strictly to the issue before us, viz. whether the payment of

Advance Tax for the relevant assessment year is

tantamount to disclosure of income for the purpose of

application of Chapter XIVB of the Act.

16.The relevant provisions for assessment, computation

and procedure of block assessment, which would come

13

Page 14 into play on the application of Section 158BD, in their

erstwhile form at the relevant time, read as follows: -

“Assessment of undisclosed income as a

result of search.

158BA. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in

any other provisions of this Act, where after the

30

th

day of June, 1995 a search is initiated under

section 132 or books of account, other documents

or any assets are requisitioned under section 132A

in the case of any person, then, the Assessing

Officer shall proceed to assess the undisclosed

income in accordance with the provisions of this

Chapter.

Procedure for block assessment.

158BC. Where any search has been conducted

under section 132 or books of account, other

documents or assets are requisitioned under

section 132A, in the case of any person, then,—

(a) the Assessing Officer shall—

(i) in respect of search initiated or books of

account or other documents or any assets

requisitioned after the 30th day of June, 1995,

but before the 1st day of January, 1997, serve

a notice to such person requiring him to

furnish within such time not being less than

fifteen days;

XXX XXX XXX

(b) the Assessing Officer shall proceed to

determine the undisclosed income of the

block period in the manner laid down in

section 158BB and the provisions of section

142, sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 143

14

Page 15 section 144 and section 145 shall, so far as

may be, apply;...”

[Emphasis

supplied]

17.Section 158B of the Act, which encompasses the crux of

the issue, reads as follows:

“Definitions.

158B. In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise

requires, -

(a) "block period" means the previous years

relevant to ten assessment years preceding the

previous year in which the search was conducted

under section 132 or any requisition was made

under section 132A, and includes, in the previous

year in which such search was conducted or

requisition made, the period up to the date of the

commencement of such search or, as the case may

be, the date of such requisition;

(b) "Undisclosed income" includes any money,

bullion, jewellery or other valuable article or thing or

any income based on any entry in the books of

account or other documents or transactions, where

such money, bullion, jewellery, valuable article,

thing, entry in the books of account or other

document or transaction represents wholly or partly

income or property which has not been or would not

have been disclosed for the purposes of this Act.”

[Emphasis

supplied]

18.The genesis of the issue before us lies within the folds of

this section. Sections 158BD and 158BC, along with the

15

Page 16 rest of Chapter XIV-B, find application only in the event of

discovery of “undisclosed income” of an assessee.

Undisclosed income is defined by Section 158B as that

income “which has not been or would not have been

disclosed for the purposes of this Act”. The legislature has

chosen to define “undisclosed income” in terms of income

not disclosed, without providing any definition of

“disclosure” of income in the first place. We are of the

view that the only way of disclosing income, on the part of

an assessee, is through filing of a return, as stipulated in

the Act, and therefore an “undisclosed income” signifies

income not stated in the return filed. Keeping that in mind,

it seems that the legislature has clearly carved out two

scenarios for income to be deemed as undisclosed: (i)

where the income has clearly not been disclosed and (ii)

where the income would not have been disclosed. If a

situation is covered by any one of the two, income would

be undisclosed in the eyes of the Act and hence subject to

the machinery provisions of Chapter XIVB. The second

category, viz. where income would not have been

16

Page 17 disclosed, contemplates the likelihood of disclosure; it is a

presumption of the intention of the assessee since in

concluding that an assessee would or would not have

disclosed income, one is ipso facto making a statement

with respect to whether or not the assessee possessed the

intention to do the same. To gauge this, however, reliance

must be placed on the surrounding facts and

circumstances of the case.

19.One such fact, as the assessee claims, is the payment

of Advance Tax. However, in our opinion, the degree of its

material significance depends on the time at which the

search is conducted in relation to the due date for filing

return. Depending on which side of the due date the

search is conducted, material significance of payment of

Advance Taxes vacillates in construing the intention of the

assessee. If the search is conducted after the expiry of the

due date for filing return, payment of Advance Tax is

irrelevant in construing the intention of the assessee to

disclose income. Such a situation would find place within

the first category carved out by Section 158B of the Act

17

Page 18 i.e. where income has clearly not been disclosed. The

possibility of the intention to disclose does not arise since,

as held earlier, the opportunity of disclosure has lapsed i.e.

through filing of return of income by the due date. If, on

the other hand, search is conducted prior to the due date

for filing return, the opportunity to disclose income or, in

other words, to file return and disclose income still

persists. In which case, payment of Advance Tax may be a

material fact for construing whether an assessee intended

to disclose. An assessee is entitled to make the legitimate

claim that even though the search or the documents

recovered, show an income earned by him, he has paid

Advance Tax for the relevant assessment year and has an

opportunity to declare the total income, in the return of

income, which he would file by the due date. Hence, the

fulcrum of such a decision is the due date for filing of

return of income vis-à-vis date of search. Payment of

Advance Tax may be a relevant factor in construing

intention to disclose income or filing return as long as the

assessee continues to have the opportunity to file return

18

Page 19 and disclose his income and not past the due date of filing

return. Therefore, there can be no generic rule as to the

significance of payment of Advance Tax in construing

intention of disclosure of income. The same depends on

the facts of the case, and hinges on the positioning of the

search operations qua the due date for filing returns.

20.Thus, at the very outset, in our view, the question that

whether payment of Advance Tax by an assessee per se is

tantamount to disclosure of total income, for the relevant

assessment year, must be answered in the negative. On

further scrutiny, we find yet another reason to opine so.

Payment of Advance Tax and filing of return are functions

of completely different notions of income i.e. estimated

income and total income respectively. The payment of

Advance Tax is based on an estimation of the total

income that is chargeable to tax and not on the total

income itself.

21.Section 2(45) of Act defines “total income” as-

19

Page 20 "total income" means the total amount of income

referred to in section 5, computed in the manner

laid down in this Act ;”

22.Section 5 of the Act lays down the “scope of total

income” as-

“5. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the

total income of any previous year of a person who

is a resident includes all income from whatever

source derived which—

(a) is received

or is deemed to be received

in India

in such year by or on behalf of such person ; or

(b) accrues or arises or is deemed to accrue or

arise to him in India during such year ; or

(c) accrues or arises to him outside India during

such year :…”

23.Section 158BB(1) of the Act provides the method of

computation of undisclosed income for a block period. It is

significant to note that the computation of the undisclosed

income of the block period shall be the aggregate of the

total income of the previous years falling within the block

period, computed in accordance with the provisions of the

Act. This amount is reduced by the aggregate of the total

income, or as increased by the losses returned or

determined earlier, in respect of such previous years in

accordance with the provisions of this section.

20

Page 21 24.Section 158BB(1) reads as follows-

“158BB. (1) The undisclosed income of the block

period shall be the aggregate of the total income

of the previous years falling within the block period

computed, in accordance with the provisions of

this Act, on the basis of evidence found as a result

of search or requisition of books of account or

other documents and such other materials or

information as are available with the Assessing

Officer and relatable to such evidence, as reduced

by the aggregate of the total income, or as the

case may be, as increased by the aggregate of the

losses of such previous years, determined,—

(a)XXX XXX XXX

(b)XXX XXX XXX

(c)where the due date for filing a return of

income has expired but no return of income

has been filed, as nil

25.Further, the explanation to Section 158BB(1)

reads-

“Explanation: For the purposes of determination of

undisclosed income,—

(a) the total income or loss of each previous year

shall, for the purpose of aggregation, be taken as

the total income or loss computed in accordance

with the provisions of Chapter IV without giving

effect to set off of brought forward losses under

Chapter VI or unabsorbed depreciation under sub-

section (2) of section 32;

(b) of a firm, or its partners, the method of

computation of undisclosed income and its

allocation to the partners shall be in accordance

with the method adopted for determining the as -

21

Page 22 sessed income or returned income for each of the

previous years falling within the block period;...”

26.Hence, the computation of “undisclosed income” for the

purposes of Chapter XIVB has to be construed in terms of

the “total income” received, accrued, arisen; or which is

deemed to have been received, accrued or arisen in the

previous year, and is computed according to the

provisions of the Act. According to Section 139(1) of the

Act, every person who is assessable under the Act, must

file a return declaring his or her total income during the

previous year on or before the due date, for assessment

under Section 143 of the Act. Hence, the ‘disclosure of

income’ is the disclosure of the total income in a valid

return under Section 139, subject to assessment and

chargeable to tax under the provisions of the Act. It is

important to bear in mind that total income is distinct

from the estimated income, upon the basis of which,

Advance Tax is paid by an assessee. Advance Tax is based

on estimated income, and hence, it cannot result in the

22

Page 23 disclosure of the total income assessable and chargeable

to tax.

27.Before we proceed further to elaborate upon this

distinction, it would be useful to refer to the provisions

relating to payment of Advance Tax under the Act.

Chapter XVII of the Act, which deals with “Collection and

Recovery of Tax”, contains provisions for the payment of

Advance Tax and tax deducted at source. Advance Tax is

the tax payable on the estimated total income of the

relevant financial year which is chargeable to tax in the

assessment year but is payable in that very financial year.

28.Section 207 of the Act lays down the liability for

payment of Advance Tax as:-

“207. Tax shall be payable in advance during

any financial year, in accordance with the

provisions of sections 208 to 219 (both

inclusive), in respect of the total income of the

assessee which would be chargeable to tax for

the assessment year immediately following

that financial year, such income being

hereafter in this Chapter referred to as

“current income.”

23

Page 24 29.Section 208 specifies the conditions of liability to pay

Advance Tax as:-

“208. Advance tax shall be payable during a

financial year in every case where the amount

of such tax payable by the assessee during

that year, as computed in accordance with the

provisions of this Chapter, is one thousand five

hundred rupees or more.”

30.Thus, in every case where the amount of tax payable on

the total income earned during the financial year is one

thousand five hundred rupees or more, then, an assessee

would be liable to pay in the financial year itself, Advance

Tax on such income, also known as “current income.” It is

in this context the following questions arise: (i) What is

the nature of the “current income” upon which the

Advance Tax is paid and is it the same as the total

income? and (ii) Whether the payment of Advance Tax

results in the disclosure of the actual total income?

31.Section 210(1) of the Act refers to the payment of

Advance Tax by the assessee of his own accord:-

“210. (1) Every person who is liable to pay

advance tax under section 208 (whether or not he

has been previously assessed by way of regular

24

Page 25 assessment) shall, of his own accord, pay, on or

before each of the due dates specified in section

211, the appropriate percentage, specified in that

section, of the advance tax on his current income,

calculated in the manner laid down in section

209.”

32.Section 209(1)(a) lays down the method of computation

of Advance Tax to be paid by an assessee as follows:

“209. [(1) The amount of advance tax payable by

an assessee in the financial year shall, subject to

the provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3), be

computed as follows, namely :—

(a) where the calculation is made by the assessee

for the purposes of payment of advance tax under

sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) or sub-section (5)

or sub-section (6) of section 210, he shall first

estimate his current income and income-tax

thereon shall be calculated at the rates in force in

the financial year..”

33.According to Section 210(1) of the Act, every person

who is liable to pay Advance Tax under Section

208 (whether or not he has been previously assessed by

way of regular assessment) shall, of his own accord, pay

Advance Tax on his “current income”, calculated in the

manner laid down in section 209. Further according to

Section 209(1)(a), the assessee shall first estimate his

25

Page 26 “current income” and thereafter pay income tax

calculated on this estimated income on the rates in force

in the relevant financial year. It is significant to note that

this income is an estimation that is made by the assessee

and may not be the exact income, which may ultimately

be declared in the return under Section 139 and assessed

under Section 143 of the Act. Needless to emphasise that

payment of Advance Tax does not absolve an assessee

from an obligation to file return disclosing total income for

the relevant assessment year. In short, the disclosure of

total income by the filing of return under Section 139 of

the Act is mandatory even after the payment of Advance

Tax by an assessee, since the “current income” which

forms the basis of the Advance Tax is a mere estimation

and not the final total income for the relevant assessment

year liable to be assessed.

34.In Brij Lal & Ors. Vs. Commissioner of Income Tax,

Jalandhar

4

, while explaining the scope of the provisions

on Advance Tax, this Court expressed the view that the

4

(2011) 1 SCC 1

26

Page 27 “current income” in respect of which the assessee pays

Advance Tax is not the same as understood in Section

2(45). In this regard, the Court held:

“8. Liability to pay advance tax arises under

Section 207. The said section is based on the

principle “pay as you earn”. It requires tax to be

paid during the financial year. It has to be in

respect of the total income of the assessee which

would be chargeable to tax under the Act. The said

total income is not as understood in Section 2(45)

but it is equated to “current income” for the

purposes of Chapter XVII. After the amending Act

of 1987, advance tax is to be paid on the current

income which would be chargeable to tax for the

assessment year immediately following the

financial year. Section 210 casts the responsibility

of payment of advance tax on the assessee

without requiring the assessee to submit his

estimate of advance tax payable. Provision for

payment of advance tax is a mode of quick

collection of tax.

9. Thus, Section 207 defines liability to pay

advance tax in respect of incomes referred to in

Section 208. However, advance tax paid is

adjustable towards the tax due. Advance tax is

collected even before the income tax becomes due

and payable. By its very nature, advance tax is

pre-assessment collection of taxes either by

deduction of tax at source or by payment of

advance tax which has to be adjusted towards

income tax levied on the total income. The above

two methods of realisation even before any

assessment is authorised by Section 4(2) are

incorporated in Chapter XVII which deals with

“collection and recovery”.

27

Page 28 15. Now, Chapter XVII deals with “collection and

recovery”. It covers tax deduction at source and

advance payment of taxes (see Section 190). Part

C Chapter XVII deals with advance payment of

taxes. Section 207 refers to liability to pay advance

tax whereas Section 209 deals with computation of

advance tax. Section 215 refers to interest payable

by the assessee. Section 210(1) inter alia provides

that every person who is liable to pay interest (sic

advance tax) under Section 208, shall of his own

accord pay, on each of the due dates specified in

Section 211, the appropriate percentage of

advance tax on his current income calculated in

the manner under Section 209.”

35.A catena of decisions by various High Courts has

reiterated that the Advance Tax payable under Chapter

XVII is based on an estimate of the total income of the

assessee for the relevant financial year, and is not the

final “total income” which must be disclosed for

assessment through the filing of a return under Section

139 of the Act in the following assessment year. An

estimate always has an element of guesswork. There could

be various reasons due to which an estimate may be

faulty and inaccurate which is why, there is a provision for

payment of interest on deficient or excess payment of

28

Page 29 advance tax when there is variation between advance tax

paid and actual liability to tax. [See: Commissioner of

Income Tax Vs. Smt. Premlata Jalani

5

, Bill & Peggy

Marketing India Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Assistant

Commissioner of Income Tax

6

, Prime Securities Ltd.

Vs. Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax

7

,

Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Nilgiri Tea Estate

Ltd.

8

, Kwality Biscuits Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of

Income Tax

9

which was subsequently affirmed in

Commissioner of Income Tax Vs. Kwality Biscuits

Ltd.

10

].

36.The Punjab and Haryana High Court in Commissioner

of Income Tax Vs. Upper India Steel Mfg. and Engg.

Co. Ltd.

11

made the following important observations:

“24. We fully concur with the view expressed in the

aforesaid judgments. The Madras High Court has

correctly pointed out that for the purpose of

payment of advance tax, all assessees including

companies, are required to make an estimate of

5

[2003] 264 ITR 744 (Raj)

6

191 (2012) DLT 249

7

[2011] 333 ITR 464 (Bom)

8

[2009] 312 ITR 161 (Ker)

9

[2000) 243 ITR 519 (Kar)

10

[2006] 284 ITR 434 (SC)

11

[2005] 279 ITR 123 (P&H)

29

Page 30 their current income. Even before the introduction

of the provisions of Section 115J of the Act,

companies had been estimating their total income

after providing deductions admissible under the

Act. In fact, all assessees who maintain books of

account have to undertake this exercise for the

purpose of payment of advance tax. If a profit and

loss account can be drawn up on estimate basis for

the purpose of Income-tax Act, it is not understood

as to why a similar profit and loss account on

estimate basis under the Companies Act cannot be

drawn up. If the explanation of the companies that

the profits under Section 115J of the Act can only

be determined after the close of the year were to

be accepted, then no assessee who maintains

regular books of account would be liable to pay

advance tax as in those cases also, income can

only be determined after the close of the books of

account at the end of the year.”

37.We are, therefore, of the view that since the Advance

Tax payable by an assessee is an estimate of his “current

income” for the relevant financial year, it is not the actual

total income, to be disclosed in the return of income. To

repeat, the vital distinction being that the “current

income” is an estimation or approximation, which may not

be accurate or final; whereas the “total income” is the

exact income disclosed in a valid return, assessable by the

Revenue. The fact that the “current income” is an

30

Page 31 estimation implies that it is not final and is subject to

further adjustments in the form of additions or reductions,

as the case may be, and would have to be succeeded by

the disclosure of final and total income in a valid return. It

will be a misconstruction of the law to construe the

undisclosed income for purposes of Chapter XIVB as an

“estimate” of the total income, which is assessable and

chargeable to tax. Therefore, we are unable to accept that

payment of Advance Tax based on “current income”

involves the disclosure of “total income”, as defined in

Section 2(45) of the Act, which has to be stated in the

return of income. The same is evidenced in the scheme of

Chapter XIVB, in particular.

38.Section 158BB(3) of the Act states-

(3) The burden of proving to the satisfaction of the

Assessing Officer that any undisclosed income had

already been disclosed in any return of income

filed by the assessee before the commencement of

search or of the requisition, as the case may be,

shall be on the assessee.

31

Page 32 39.Thus, for the purposes of computation of undisclosed

income under Chapter XIVB, an assessee can rebut the

Assessing Officer’s finding of undisclosed income by

showing that such income was disclosed in the return of

income filed by him before the commencement of search

or the requisition. In other words, when Section 158BB(3)

is read with Section 158B(b), which defines undisclosed

income, we reach the conclusion that for income to be

considered as disclosed income, the same should have

been disclosed in the return filed by the assessee before

the search or requisition. In our opinion, on failure to file

return of income by the due date under Section 139 of the

Act, payment of Advance Tax per se cannot indicate the

intention of an assessee to disclose his income.

40.If we were to hold that the payment of Advance Tax

reflects the intention of the assessee to disclose its

income, it could result in a situation where the mandatory

obligation of filing a return for disclosure of income under

the provisions of the Act, would not be necessary. It will be

32

Page 33 open to an assessee to contend that payment of Advance

Tax is tantamount to disclosure of income. Such a

proposition would be contrary to the very purpose of filing

of return, which ultimately leads to assessment of total

income for the relevant assessment year. Any anomaly in

the return entails serious consequences, which may not

otherwise be attracted on estimation of income for the

purpose of payment of Advance Tax. It would thus, be

difficult to accept the plea that payment of Advance Tax is

tantamount to the disclosure of income or that it indicates

the intention of the assessee to disclose income.

41.In the instant case, after the search was conducted on

23

rd

February 2006, it was found that for the assessment

year 1995-96, the respondent-assessee had not filed

its return of income by the due date. It is only when block

assessment proceedings were initiated by the assessing

officer, that the assessee filed its return for the said

assessment year on 11

th

July, 1996 under Section 158BC of

the Act, showing its total income as Rs.7,02,768/-. The

33

Page 34 assessee claimed, that since Advance Tax had been paid

in three installments, it could not have been said that the

income had not been disclosed or that there was no

intention to disclose income. We have already held that

the payment of Advance Tax, which is based upon

estimated income, cannot tantamount to the disclosure of

the total income, which must be declared in the return. In

our opinion, the fact that the assessee had not filed its

return of income by the due date, the Assessing Officer

was correct in assuming that the assessee would not have

disclosed its total income. For all these reasons, the

decision of the High Court cannot be sustained.

42.Lastly, since C.A. No. 2580/2010 refers to a slightly

different issue, we deem it fit to record our observations

with respect to the same. In this appeal, the issue is

whether tax deducted at source (and not payment of

Advance Tax) amounts to the disclosure of income.

43.Section 190 of the Act states-

190 (1) Notwithstanding that the regular

assessment in respect of any income is to be made

34

Page 35 in a later assessment year, the tax on such income

shall be payable by deduction

12

[or collection] at

source or by advance payment

13

[or by payment

under sub-section (1A) of section 192], as the case

may be, in accordance with the provisions of this

Chapter.

(2) Nothing in this section shall prejudice the

charge of tax on such income under the provisions

of sub-section (1) of section 4.

44.Since the tax to be deducted at source is also computed

on the estimated income of an assessee for the relevant

financial year, such deduction cannot result in the

disclosure of the total income for the relevant assessment

year. Subject to the monetary limit of the total income,

every person is obligated to file his return of income even

after tax is deducted at source. Hence, for the reasons

stated in the preceding paragraphs, we are of the opinion

that mere deduction of tax at source, also, does not

amount to disclosure of income, nor does it indicate the

intention to disclose income most definitely when the

same is not disclosed in the returns filed for the concerned

assessment year.

12

Inserted by the Direct Tax Laws (Amendment) Act, 1989, w.r.e.f. 1-6-1988.

13

Inserted by the Finance Act, 2002, w.e.f. 1-6-2002.

35

Page 36 45.Consequently, we allow the appeals; set aside the

impugned judgments and answer the question formulated

by the High Court, extracted in para 6 (supra), in favour of

the Revenue. The Revenue shall be entitled to costs,

quantified at Rs.50,000/- in each set of appeals.

……..………………………………….

(D.K. JAIN, J.)

……..………………………………….

(H.L. DATTU, J.)

……..………………………………….

(JAGDISH SINGH KHEHAR, J.)

NEW DELHI,

JANUARY 14, 2013.

ARS

36