Himachal Pradesh High Court, land acquisition, compensation, Article 300A, due process, property rights, State liability, adverse possession, delay and laches
 19 Mar, 2026
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The Pr. Secy. Revenue to the Govt. of H.P. & others Versus Sant Ram & others

  Himachal Pradesh High Court RSA No. 10 of 2026
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Case Background

As per case facts, the plaintiffs/respondents filed a suit seeking declaration of ownership and mandatory injunction over land utilized by the State for road construction since 1980 without compensation. Despite ...

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Document Text Version

  IN THE HIGH COURT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH, SHIMLA

RSA No. 10 of 2026

Date of decision: 19.03.2026.

The Pr. Secy. Revenue to the Govt. of H.P. & others

      ...Appellants.

Versus

Sant Ram & others            ...Respondents.

Coram:

The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Romesh Verma,  Judge .

Whether approved for reporting?

1

 

For the appellants      :Mr.   Diwakar   Dev   Sharma,

Additional Advocate General.

For the respondents     :Mr.  Malay  Kaushal,   Advocate,  for

respondents No.1, 3 & 4.

Romesh Verma, Judge (Oral):

 The present appeal arises out of the judgment and

decree,   dated   08.07.2024  as   passed   by  the  learned  District

Judge,   Bilaspur,   H.P.   in   Civil   Appeal   No.   32/13   of   2023,

whereby   the   appeal   preferred   by   the   present

appellants/defendants has been ordered to be dismissed and

the judgment and decree dated 15.05.2023, as passed by the

learned Senior Civil Judge, Bilaspur, H.P. in Civil Suit No. 74­1

of   2015,   titled   as   Sant   Ram   &   others   vs.   The   Principal

Secretary, Revenue & others, have been affirmed, whereby the

1

Whether reporters of Local Papers may be allowed to see the  judgment?

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suit   filed   by   the   plaintiffs/respondents   for   declaration   and

mandatory injunction was decreed. 

2. Brief   facts   of   the   case   are   that   the

plaintiffs/respondents   filed   a   suit   for   declaration   and

mandatory   injunction   in   the   Court   of   learned   Senior   Civil

Judge, Bilaspur, on 27.05.2015 on the ground that the land

comprised   in   Khata/Khatoni   No.   21/21,   Khasra   No.   162,

measuring   5­12   bighas,   situated   at   Village   Tramari,   Pargna

Rattanpur, Tehsil Sadar, District Bilaspur, H.P. is owned and

possessed by the plaintiffs. In the year 1980, the defendants

had constructed Deoth­Lag Ghat Jamli link road and for that

purpose, the land owned and possessed by the plaintiffs was

utilized.  The officials of the defendants assured the plaintiffs to

compensate them for utilization of their land, however no steps

were taken by them. Further, it has been averred in the plaint

that the lands of Surjan Ram and Chet Ram were also acquired

and utilized by the defendants for construction of the road in

question in the year 1987 vide Award No. 1/87. When the

plaintiffs   approached   the   defendants   for   the   grant   of

compensation, no steps were taken by them for the reasons

best   known   to   them.   Though,   assurance   was   given   to   the

plaintiffs to compensate them, but till date, no compensation

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amount   has   been   paid,   therefore,   the   plaintiffs   were

constrained to file a suit for declaration to the effect that they

are owners in possession of the suit land and for mandatory

injunction that since the defendants have utilized the suit land,

therefore, the plaintiffs sought vacant possession of the suit

land.

3. The suit was contested by the defendants/State by

raising preliminary objections qua maintainability, locus stand,

estoppel   etc.   On   merits,   it   was   averred   that   the

defendants/appellants had constructed the road in question

with the consent of the plaintiffs in the year 1980 and the

defendants had not given any assurance to the plaintiffs to pay

the compensation for the suit land.  Lands of Surjan Ram and

Chet Ram were acquired during the construction of the road in

question and other portion of the road was constructed with the

consent of the plaintiffs. At the time of construction of the road,

the plaintiffs never raised any objection and now they cannot be

permitted to raise objection that too after elapse of more than

35 years of the construction of road and consequently, the

defendants sought dismissal of the suit.

4. On the pleadings of the parties, the learned trial

court on 02.07.2018 framed the following issues:­ 

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“1. Whether the plaintiffs are entitled for the relief of

declaration to the effect that plaintiffs are recorded

owner in possession qua the suit land, as prayed?

OPP 

2. Whether the plaintiffs are entitled for the relief of

mandatory injunction, as prayed? OPP 

3. Whether the suit is not maintainable, as alleged?

OPD 

4. Whether the plaintiffs have not come to the Court

with clean hands, as alleged? OPD 

5. Whether   the   suit   is   barred   by   limitation,   as

alleged? OPD 

6. Whether the plaintiffs are estopped from filing the

present suit by their own act and conducts, as

alleged? OPD 

7. Whether the plaintiffs have no locus standi to file

the present suit, as alleged? OPD

 8. Relief.”

5. The   learned   trial   court   directed   the   respective

parties to adduce evidence in support of their contentions to

corroborate their respective case and ultimately, the learned

trial   court   vide   its   judgment   and   decree   dated   15.05.2023

decreed the suit of the plaintiffs/respondents and it was held

that the plaintiffs are owners in possession of the suit land

comprised   in   Khata/Khatoni   No.   21/21,   Khasra   No.   162,

measuring   5­12   bighas,   situated   at   Village   Tramari,   Pargna

Rattanpur, Tehsil Sadar, District Bilaspur, H.P. and are entitled

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for compensation from the defendants for the suit land utilized

by the defendants/State for the construction of the road in

question in the same manner as the lands of Surjan and Chet

Ram   were   acquired   for   the   same   road   and   ultimately,   the

defendants   were   ordered   to   acquire   the   suit   land   and

compensate the plaintiffs.

6. Feeling   dissatisfied   by   the   judgment   and   decree,

dated 15.05.2023, the defendants/State  preferred an appeal

before the learned first Appellate Court on 21.07.2023, which

came   to   be   dismissed   vide   judgment   and   decree   dated

08.07.2024.

7. Still  feeling aggrieved  by  the   aforesaid   judgments

and decrees, the appellants/State have preferred the present

regular second appeal.

8. It is contended by Mr. Diwakar Dev Sharma, learned

Additional Advocate General appearing for the appellants/State

that the learned courts below have not appreciated the real

point   of   controversy   inter­se   the   parties   and   the   impugned

judgments and decrees passed by the learned courts below are

perverse and thus, liable to be quashed and set aside. He has

further   contended   that   the   learned   Courts   below   have   not

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appreciated oral as well as documentary evidence, therefore, on

that count, the instant appeal deserves to be allowed.

9. On   the   other   hand,   Mr.   Malay   Kaushal,   learned

counsel for the respondents has defended the judgments and

decrees   as   passed   by   the   learned   courts   below   and   has

submitted that since the land of the respondents was utilized

for the construction of the road in question, therefore, in view of

the   mandate   as   laid   down   by   the   Hon’ble   Supreme   Court,

whereby it has been repeatedly held that no person can be

deprived of his property without following the due process of

law, therefore, the impugned judgments and decrees deserve to

be upheld.

10. I have heard the learned counsel for the parties and

have also gone through the material available on the case file. 

11.  With the consent of the parties, the case is finally

heard at admission stage. 

12. It   is   admitted   fact   that   the   land   of   the   plaintiff

/respondents has been utilized by the defendants/State for the

construction of road i.e. Deoth­Lag Ghat­Jamli link road.

13. The   Court  of   the   first   instance   as   also  the   First

Appellate Court have concurrently held that the land of the

plaintiffs/respondents was utilized for construction of Deoth­

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Lag Ghat­Jamli link road without payment of compensation to

them. No dispute has been raised as to such findings of fact. It

has only been contended on behalf of the defendants/State that

the suit was filed by the plaintiffs after almost 35 years and the

same was time barred. In alternative, it was contended that

since the plaintiffs/respondents remained silent for such a long

period,   they   were   estopped   from   raising   the   stale   claim.

Principle of acquiescence has also been sought to be applied

against   the   plaintiffs/respondents   on   the   premise   that   the

plaintiffs/respondents  were   aware  about  the   construction  of

road and the road was constructed with their implied consent

and now they cannot, turn around to raise objections against

the construction of road.

14. The   defendants/appellants   are   constituents   of   a

welfare State.   It is well settled that the welfare State cannot

claim adverse possession against its citizens. Thus, the suit on

the basis of title cannot be said to be time barred, which right

could only be defeated by proof of perfection of title by way of

adverse possession by the other.

15. Admittedly, the respondents/plaintiffs are the title

holder of the suit property. Being owner of the suit property,

they may file a suit at any stage until and unless the said right

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is defeated by the present appellants/ defendants by perfection

of title by way of adverse possession.

16. Being   the   owners   of   the   suit   land,   the

plaintiffs/respondents were well within their right to file a suit

for injunction and mandatory injunction since the suit land

was   utilized   by   the   State   for   construction   of   the   road   in

question without adopting due process of law including the

payment of amount of compensation.

17. Admittedly, the defendants/appellants were not in

possession of any document to show that the plaintiffs had

consented for construction of road through the suit land.

18. The Hon’ble Apex Court in Vidya Devi vs. State of

Himachal Pradesh & others (2020) 2 SCC 569  has held that

no person can be forcibly dispossess of his property without

any legal sanction and without following the due process of law

and depriving her payment of just and fair compensation. The

State being a welfare State governed by the rule of law cannot

arrogate   to   itself   a   status   beyond   what   is   provided   by   the

Constitution. The Court has held as follows:

“12. We have heard learned Counsel for the parties and

perused   the   record.   12.1.   The   Appellant   was   forcibly

expropriated of her property in 1967, when the right to

property was a fundamental right guaranteed by Article

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31 in Part III of the Constitution. Vidaya Devi vs The State

Of   Himachal   Pradesh   on   8   January,   2020   Article   31

guaranteed the right to private property 1, which could

not be deprived without due process of law and upon just

and fair compensation. 

12.2. The right to property ceased to be a fundamental

right by the Constitution (Forty Fourth Amendment) Act,

1978, however, it continued to be a human right 2 in a

welfare State, and a Constitutional right under Article 300

A   of   the   Constitution.   Article   300   A   provides   that   no

person shall be deprived of his property save by authority

of   law.   The   State   cannot   dispossess   a   citizen   of   his

property   except   in   accordance   with   the   procedure

established by law. The obligation to pay compensation,

though not expressly included in Article 300 A, can be

inferred   in   that   Article   The   State   of   West   Bengal   v.

Subodh Gopal Bose and Ors. AIR 1954 SC 92. 2 Tukaram

Kana Joshi & Ors. v. M.I.D.C. & Ors. (2013) 1 SCC 353.

12.3.   To   forcibly   dispossess   a   person   of   his   private

property, without following due process of law, would be

violative of a human right, as also the constitutional right

under Article 300 A of the Constitution. Reliance is placed

on the judgment in Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.

v. Darius Shapur Chenai4, wherein this Court held that:

“ 6. … Having regard to the provisions contained in

Article   300A   of   the   Constitution,   the   State   in

exercise   of   its   power   of   "eminent   domain"   may

interfere with the right of property of a person by

acquiring the same  but  the same  must  be for a

public   purpose   and   reasonable   compensation

therefor must be paid.” (emphasis supplied)

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12.4 In N. Padmamma v. S. Ramakrishna Reddy5, this

Court held that:

“21. If the right of property is a human right as also

a constitutional  right, the  same  cannot  be taken

away except in accordance with law. Article 300A

of   the   Constitution   protects   such   right.   The

provisions of the Act seeking to divest such right,

keeping in view of the provisions of Article 300A of

the   Constitution   of   India,   must   be   strictly

construed.”   (emphasis   supplied)   4   (2005)   7   SCC

627.

12.5 In Delhi Airtech Services Pvt. Ltd. & Ors. v. State of

U.P. & Ors., this Court recognized the right to property as

a basic human right in the following words:

“30. It is accepted in every jurisprudence and by

different   political   thinkers   that   some   amount   of

property   right   is   an   indispensable   safeguard

against   tyranny   and   economic   oppression   of   the

Government. Jefferson was of the view that liberty

cannot long subsist without the support of property.

"Property must be secured, else liberty cannot subsist"

was the opinion of John Adams. Indeed the view that

property itself is the seed bed which must be conserved if

other constitutional values are to flourish is the consensus

among political thinkers and jurists.” (emphasis supplied)

12.6 In Jilubhai Nanbhai Khachar v. State of Gujarat,7

this Court held as follows :

“48. …In other words, Article 300A only limits the

powers   of   the   State   that   no   person   shall   be

deprived of his property save by authority of law.

There   has   to   be   no   deprivation   without   any

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sanction of law. Deprivation by any other mode is

not acquisition or taking possession under Article

300A. In other words, if there is no law, there is no

deprivation.” (emphasis supplied) 10.3. In this case,

the   Appellant   could   not   have   been   forcibly

dispossessed   of   her   property   without   any   legal

sanction, and without following due process of law,

there is no deprivation.”

12.6 In   this   case,   the   Appellant   could   not   have   been

forcibly dispossessed of her property without any legal

sanction, and without following due process of law, and

depriving her 6 (2011) 9 SCC 354. 7 (1995) Supp. 1 SCC

596. payment of just compensation, being a fundamental

right on the date of forcible dispossession in 1967.

12.8. The contention of the State that the Appellant or her

predecessors had “orally” consented to the acquisition is

completely baseless. We find complete lack of authority

and legal sanction in compulsorily divesting the Appellant

of her property by the State.

12.9. In a democratic polity governed by the rule of law,

the   State   could   not   have   deprived   a   citizen   of   their

property without the sanction of law. Reliance is placed

on the judgment of this Court in Tukaram Kana Joshi &

Ors. v. M.I.D.C. & Ors. wherein it was held that the State

must   comply   with   the   procedure   for   acquisition,

requisition, or any other permissible statutory mode. The

State being a welfare State governed by the rule of law

cannot arrogate to itself a status beyond what is provided

by the Constitution.

12.10. This Court in State of Haryana v. Mukesh Kumar

held that the right to property is now considered to be not

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only a constitutional or statutory right, but also a human

right.   8   (2013)   1   SCC   353.   Human   rights   have   been

considered in the realm of individual rights such as right

to   shelter,   livelihood,   health,   employment,   etc.   Human

rights have gained a multi

− faceted dimension.

12.11. We are surprised by the plea taken by the State

before the High Court, that since it has been in continuous

possession   of   the   land   for   over   42   years,   it   would

tantamount to “adverse” possession. The State being a

welfare State, cannot be permitted to take the plea of

adverse   possession,   which   allows   a   trespasser   i.e.   a

person guilty of a tort, or even a crime, to gain legal title

over such property for over 12 years. The State cannot be

permitted to perfect its title over the land by invoking the

doctrine of adverse possession to grab the property of its

own   citizens,   as   has   been   done   in   the   present   case.

12.12. The contention advanced by the State of delay and

laches of the Appellant in moving the Court is also liable

to be rejected. Delay and laches cannot be raised in a

case   of   a   continuing   cause   of   action,   or   if   the

circumstances shock the judicial conscience of the Court.

Condonation of delay is a matter of judicial discretion,

which must be exercised judiciously and reasonably in

the facts and circumstances of a case. It will depend upon

the   breach   of   fundamental   rights,   and   the   remedy

claimed, and when and how the delay arose. There is no

period of limitation prescribed for the courts to exercise

their constitutional jurisdiction to do substantial justice.

12.13.   In   a   case   where   the   demand   for   justice   is   so

compelling,   a   constitutional   Court   would   exercise   its

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jurisdiction with a view to promote justice, and not defeat

it.

12.14.   In   Tukaram   Kana   Joshi   &   Ors.   v.   M.I.D.C.   &

Ors.,10   this   Court   while   dealing   with   a   similar   fact

situation, held as follows : “There are authorities which

state that delay and laches extinguish the right to put

forth a claim. Most of these authorities pertain to service

jurisprudence, grant of compensation for a wrong done to

them decades ago, recovery of statutory dues, claim for

educational   facilities   and   other   categories   of   similar

cases,   etc.   Though,   it   is   true   that   there   are   a   few

authorities that lay down that delay and laches debar a

citizen from seeking remedy, even if his fundamental right

has been violated, under Article 9 P.S. Sadasivaswamy v.

State of T.N. (1975) 1 SCC 152. 10 (2013) 1 SCC 353. 32

or 226 of the Constitution, the case at hand deals with a

different scenario altogether. Functionaries of the State

took   over   possession   of   the   land   belonging   to   the

Appellants without any sanction of law. The Appellants

had   asked   repeatedly   for   grant   of   the   benefit   of

compensation.   The   State   must   either   comply   with   the

procedure laid down for acquisition, or requisition, or any

other permissible statutory mode.” (emphasis supplied)

13. In the present case, the Appellant being an illiterate

person, who is a widow coming from a rural area has

been deprived of her private property by the State without

resorting   to   the   procedure   prescribed   by   law.   The

Appellant   has   been   divested   of   her   right   to   property

without being paid any compensation whatsoever for over

half a century. The cause of action in the present case is a

continuing   one,   since   the   Appellant   was   compulsorily

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expropriated   of   her   property   in   1967   without   legal

sanction  or  following  due   process  of  law.  The   present

case is one where the demand for justice is so compelling

since the State has admitted that the land was taken over

without   initiating   acquisition   proceedings,   or   any

procedure known to law. We exercise our extraordinary

jurisdiction   under   Articles   136   and   142   of   the

Constitution, and direct the State to pay compensation to

the appellant.

19. To   the   similar   effect,   the   Hon’ble   Apex   Court   in

(2022) 7 SCC 508 titled as Sukh Dutt Ratra and another  vs.

State of H.P. and others has held as under:

“14. It is the cardinal principle of the rule of law, that

nobody can be deprived of liberty or property without due

process, or authorization of law. The recognition of this

dates back to the 1700s to the decision of the King’s

Bench   in   Entick   v.   Carrington17   and   by   this   court   in

Wazir   Chand   v.   The   State   of   Himachal   Pradesh18.

Further, in several judgments, this court has repeatedly

held   that   rather   than   enjoying   a   wider   bandwidth   of

lenience, the State often has a higher responsibility in

demonstrating that it has acted within the confines of

legality, and therefore, not tarnished the basic principle of

the rule of law.

15. When it comes to the subject of private property, this

court has upheld the high threshold of legality that must

be met, to dispossess an individual of their property, and

even more so when done by the State. In Bishandas v.

State of Punjab19 this court rejected the contention that

-15-

the petitioners in the case were trespassers and could be

removed by an executive order, and instead concluded

that   the   executive   action   taken   by   the   State   and   its

officers, was destructive of the basic principle of the rule

of law. This court, in another case ­ State of Uttar Pradesh

and Ors. v. Dharmander Prasad Singh and Ors. 20, held:

“A lessor, with the best of title, has no right to resume

possession extra­judicially by use of force, from a lessee,

even after the expiry or earlier termination of the lease by

forfeiture or otherwise. The use of the expression 're­entry'

in   the   lease­deed   does   not   authorise   extrajudicial

methods   to   resume   possession.   Under   law,   the

possession of a lessee, even after the expiry or its earlier

termination   is   juridical   possession   and   forcible

dispossession   is   prohibited;   a   lessee   cannot   be

dispossessed otherwise than in due course of law. In the

present case, the fact that the lessor is the State does not

place it in any higher or better position. On the contrary, it

is   under   an   additional   inhibition   stemming   from   the

requirement   that   all   actions   of   Government   and

Governmental authorities should have a 'legal pedigree'”.

16.   Given   the   important   protection   extended   to   an

individual   vis­a­vis   their   private   property   (embodied

earlier in Article 31, and now as a constitutional right in

Article 300­A), and the high threshold the State must meet

while   acquiring   land,   the   question   remains   –   can   the

State, merely on the ground of delay and laches, evade

its legal responsibility towards those from whom private

property   has   been   expropriated?   In   these   facts   and

circumstances,   we   find   this   conclusion   to   be

-16-

unacceptable, and warranting intervention on the grounds

of equity and fairness.

17. When seen holistically, it is apparent that the State’s

actions,   or   lack   thereof,   have   in   fact   compounded   the

injustice meted out to the appellants and compelled them

to approach this court, albeit belatedly. The initiation of

acquisition   proceedings   initially   in   the   1990s   occurred

only at the behest of the High Court. Even after such

judicial intervention, the State continued to only extend

the   benefit   of   the   court’s   directions   to   those   who

specifically   approached   the   courts.   The   State’s

lackadaisical conduct is discernible from this action of

initiating   acquisition   proceedings   selectively,   only   in

respect to the lands of those writ petitioners who had

approached the court in earlier proceedings, and not other

land owners, pursuant to the orders dated 23.04.2007 (in

CWP   No.   1192/2004)   and   20.12.2013   (in   CWP   No.

1356/2010) respectively. In this manner, at every stage,

the State sought to shirk its responsibility of acquiring

land required for public use in the manner prescribed by

law.

18. There is a welter of precedents on delay and laches

which conclude either way – as contended by both sides

in   the   present   dispute   –   however,   the   specific   factual

matrix   compels   this   court   to   weigh   in   favour   of   the

appellant­land   owners.   The   State   cannot   shield   itself

behind   the   ground   of   delay   and   laches   in   such   a

situation; there cannot be a ‘limitation’ to doing justice.

This court in a much earlier case ­ Maharashtra State

Road   Transport   Corporation   v.   Balwant   Regular   Motor

Service, held:

-17-

‘11…..."Now   the   doctrine   of   laches   in   Courts   of

Equity is not an arbitrary or a technical doctrine.

Where   it   would   be   practically   unjust   to   give   a

remedy,   either   because   the   party   has,   by   his

conduct, done that which might fairly be regarded

as equivalent to a waiver of it, or where by his

conduct and neglect he has, though perhaps not

waiving that remedy, yet put the other party in a

situation in which it would not be reasonable to

place   him   if   the   remedy   were   afterwards   to   be

asserted in either of these cases, lapse of time and

delay are most material. 

But  in every case, if  an argument  against

relief, which otherwise would be just, is founded

upon   mere   delay,   that   delay   of   course   not

amounting to a bar by any statute of limitations,

the   validity   of   that   defence   must   be   tried   upon

principles   substantially   equitable.   Two

circumstances,   always   important   in   such   cases,

are, the length of the delay and the nature of the

acts done during the interval, which might affect

either   party   and   cause   a   balance   of   justice   or

injustice in taking the one course or the other, so far

as relates to the remedy."

19. The facts of the present case reveal that the

State has, in a clandestine and arbitrary manner,

actively tried to limit disbursal of compensation as

required by law, only to  those for which it was

specifically prodded by the courts, rather than to all

those who are entitled. This arbitrary action, which

is also violative of the appellants’ prevailing Article

-18-

31   right   (at   the   time   of   cause   of   action),

undoubtedly   warranted   consideration,   and

intervention by the High Court, under its Article 226

jurisdiction.   This   court,   in   Manohar   (supra)   ­   a

similar case where the name of the aggrieved had

been deleted from revenue records leading to his

dispossession  from   the   land   without  payment   of

compensation – held: 6“Having heard the learned

counsel for the appellants, we are satisfied that the

case projected before the court by the appellants is

utterly untenable and not worthy of emanating from

any State which professes the least regard to being

a   welfare   State.   When   we   pointed   out   to   the

learned   counsel   that,   at   this   stage   at   least,   the

State   should   be   gracious   enough   to   accept   its

mistake and promptly pay the compensation to the

respondent,   the   State   has   taken   an   intractable

attitude and persisted in opposing what appears to

be a just and reasonable claim of the respondent.

Ours is a constitutional democracy and the

rights available to the citizens are declared by the

Constitution. Although Article 19(1)(f) was deleted

by the Forty­fourth Amendment to the Constitution,

Article 300­A has been placed in the Constitution,

which reads as follows: “300­A. Persons not to be

deprived of property save by authority of law.—No

person shall be deprived of his property save by

authority of law.” 8.This is a case where we find

utter lack of legal authority for deprivation of the

respondent's property by the appellants who are

State authorities. In our view, this case was an

-19-

eminently fit one for exercising the writ jurisdiction

of   the   High   Court   under   Article   226   of   the

Constitution…

20. Again, in Tukaram Kana Joshi (supra) while

dealing with a similar fact situation, this court held

as follows: (SCC p. 359 para11) 

“11“There are  authorities which state  that  delay

and laches extinguish the right to put forth a claim.

Most   of   these   authorities   pertain   to   service

jurisprudence, grant of compensation for a wrong

done to them decades ago, recovery of statutory

dues,   claim   for   educational   facilities   and   other

categories of similar cases, etc. Though, it is true

that there are a few authorities that lay down that

delay   and   laches   debar   a   citizen   from   seeking

remedy,   even   if   his   fundamental   right   has   been

violated, under Article 32 or 226 of the Constitution,

the case at hand deals with a different scenario

altogether. The functionaries of the State took over

possession of the land belonging to the appellants

without any sanction of law. The appellants had

asked   repeatedly   for   grant   of   the   benefit   of

compensation. The State must either comply with

the   procedure   laid   down   for   acquisition,   or

requisition,   or   any   other   permissible   statutory

mode.”

21.   Having   considered   the   pleadings   filed,   this

court finds that the contentions raised by the State,

do   not   inspire   confidence   and   deserve   to   be

rejected.   The   State   has   merely   averred   to   the

appellants’ alleged verbal consent or the lack of

-20-

objection, but has not placed any material on record

to substantiate this plea. Further, the State was

unable to produce any evidence indicating that the

land   of   the   appellants   had   been   taken   over   or

acquired in the manner known to law, or that they

had ever paid any compensation. It is pertinent to

note   that   this   was   the   State’s   position,   and

subsequent findings of the High Court in 2007 as

well, in the other writ proceedings.”

20. The similar position has been reiterated and relied

upon in the judgment of the Hon’ble Apex Court by the Hon’ble

Division Bench of this Court in CWP No. 491 of 2022, titled as

Sakuntla Devi and another  vs. State of Himachal Pradesh

& another dated 20.10.2023. After relying upon the judgment

of the Apex Court in Vidya Devi & SukhDutt Ratra’s case, the

Court held as follows:

“7. In the aforesaid judgments, Hon’ble Apex Court has

categorically held that contention advanced by the State

of delay and laches of the appellant in moving the Court

is liable to be rejected especially when it is not in dispute

that petitioner are suffering continuous loss coupled with

the fact that they repeatedly requested the authorities to

initiate acquisition proceedings.

8. If the aforesaid judgments are read in their entirety, it

clearly emerges that land owners cannot be deprived of

their land, without following due process of law. If it is so,

ground raised by the respondents that petitioners have

-21-

made   their   land   available   with   consent,   is   of   no

consequence rather, this court, having taken note of the

fact that the land of petitioners stands utilized for the

construction of road in question, is compelled to agree

with the submission of learned counsel for the petitioners

that her clients are entitled for compensation qua the land

utilized   by   respondents   for   construction   of   road   in

question.

10. Admittedly, land of the petitioners stands utilized for

construction of road but till date, they have not been paid

any   amount,   which   action   of   the   respondent­State

certainly   amounts   to   forcible   dispossession   of   the

petitioners from their land, which is violative of provision

contained under Art. 300­A of the Constitution of India. 

14. In case titled, State of Himachal Pradesh v. Umed

Ram Sharma (1986) 2 SCC 68, Hon’ble Apex Court has

held that entire State of Himachal Pradesh is a hilly area

and   without   workable   roads,   no   communication   is

possible; every person is entitled to life as enjoined in

Article 21 of the Constitution of India; every person has

right under Article 19 (1) (b) of the Constitution of India to

move   freely,   throughout   the   territory   of   India;   for   the

residents of hilly areas, access to road is access to life

itself. Stand taken by the respondents that there was a

policy for providing roads on demand of residents as a

favour to them on conditions that they would not claim

compensation, cannot be sustained because such stand is

violative of Article 300A of the Constitution of India.

15. In case titled Hari Krishna Mandir Trust v. State of

Maharashtra and others, 2020 9 SCC 356, Hon’ble Apex

Court   has   held   that   though   right   to   property   is   not   a

-22-

fundamental   right,   but   it   is   still   a   constitutional   right

under Article 300A of the Constitution of India and also a

human right; in view of the mandate of Article 300A, no

person   can   be   deprived   of   his   property   save   by   the

authority of law. No doubt, State possesses the power to

take or control the property of the owner of the land for

the benefit of public, but at the same time, it is obliged to

compensate the injury by making just compensation.”

21. The Courts below, after appreciating the oral as well

as documentary evidence placed on record and on the basis of

the title, decreed the suit as filed by the respondents and have

rightly   came   to   the   conclusion   that   they   are   entitled   for

mandatory injunction with the direction to acquire the portion

of   the   suit   land   which   has   been   utilized   by   the   present

appellants for the construction of the road.

22.  The Hon’ble Apex Court has repeatedly held that no

person can be deprived of his property without adopting due

process of law, therefore, under such circumstances, the plea

as set up by the appellants­State is not tenable in the facts and

circumstances of the case, once they have utilized the land of

the villagers without adopting due process of law. Now the plea

as raised by the present appellants is not permissible that too

at the stage of Regular Second Appeal. There are concurrent

findings of fact by the Courts below.

-23-

23. The Hon’ble Supreme Court in catena of judgments

has held that the first appellate is the final court of the fact. No

doubt,   second   appellate   court   exercising   the   power   under

Section 100 CPC can interference with the findings of fact on

limited grounds such as ­ (a) where the finding is based on

inadmissible   evidence;   (b)   where   it   is   in   ignorance   of   the

relevant   admissible   evidence;   (c)   where   it   is   based   on

misreading of evidence; (d) where it is perverse, but that is not

case in hand.

24. The Hon’ble Supreme Court while dealing with scope

of interference under Section 100 in  Hero Vinoth (minor)  vs.

Seshammal, (2006) 5 SCC 545  has held as under:

“18.   It   has   been   noted   time   and   again   that   without

insisting for the statement of such a substantial question

of law in the memorandum of appeal and formulating the

same at the time of admission, the High Courts have been

issuing notices and generally deciding the second appeals

without   adhering   to   the   procedure   prescribed   under

Section 100 of the CPC. It has further been found in a

number of cases that no efforts are made to distinguish

between a question of law and a substantial question of

law.   In   exercise   of   the   powers   under   this   section   in

several cases, the findings of fact of the first appellate

court are found to have been disturbed. It has to be kept

in mind that the right of appeal is neither a natural nor an

inherent   right   attached   to   the   litigation.   Being   a

-24-

substantive   statutory   right,   it   has   to   be   regulated   in

accordance with law in force at the relevant time. The

conditions   mentioned   in   the   section   must   be   strictly

fulfilled before a second appeal can be maintained and no

court has the power to add or to enlarge those grounds.

The second appeal cannot be decided on merely equitable

grounds.   The   concurrent   findings   of   facts   will   not   be

disturbed by the High Court in exercise of the powers

under this section. Further, a substantial question of law

has to be distinguished from a substantial question of

fact. This Court in Sir Chunilal V. Mehta and Sons Ltd. v.

Century Spg. & Mfg. Co. Ltd. (AIR 1962 SC 1314) held

that : "The proper test for determining whether a question

of law raised in the case is substantial would, in our

opinion, be whether it is of general public importance or

whether it directly and substantially affects the rights of

the parties and if so whether it is either an open question

in the sense that it is not finally settled by this Court or

by the Privy Council or by the Federal Court or is not free

from difficulty or calls for discussion of alternative views.

If   the   question   is   settled   by   the   highest   court   or   the

general   principles   to   be   applied   in   determining   the

question are well settled and there is a mere question of

applying   those   principles   or   that   the   plea   raised   is

palpably absurd the question would not be a substantial

question of law.

" 19. It is not within the domain of the High Court to

investigate   the   grounds   on   which   the   findings   were

arrived   at,   by   the   last   court   of   fact,   being   the   first

appellate court. It is true that the lower appellate court

should  not ordinarily reject witnesses accepted  by the

-25-

trial court in respect of credibility but even where it has

rejected the  witnesses  accepted by the trial court, the

same is no ground for interference in second appeal when

it is found that the appellate court has given satisfactory

reasons for doing so. In a case where from a given set of

circumstances   two   inferences   of   fact   are   possible,   one

drawn by the lower appellate court will not be interfered

by the High Court in second appeal. Adopting any other

approach   is   not   permissible.   The   High   Court   will,

however, interfere where it is found that the conclusions

drawn by the lower appellate court were erroneous being

contrary to the mandatory provisions of law applicable or

its settled position on the basis of pronouncements made

by   the   Apex   Court,   or   was   based   upon   inadmissible

evidence or arrived at by ignoring material evidence. 20.

to 22 xx xx xx xx

23.   To   be   "substantial"   a   question   of   law   must   be

debatable, not previously settled by law of the land or a

binding precedent, and must have a material bearing on

the decision of the case, if answered either way, insofar

as the rights of the parties before it are concerned. To be a

question of law "involving in the case" there must be first

a foundation for it laid in the pleadings and the question

should   emerge   from   the   sustainable   findings   of   fact

arrived at by court of facts and it must be necessary to

decide that question of law for a just and proper decision

of the case. An entirely new point raised for the first time

before the High Court is not a question involved in the

case   unless   it   goes   to   the   root   of   the   matter.   It   will,

therefore, depend on the facts and circumstance of each

case whether a question of law is a substantial one and

-26-

involved   in   the   case,   or   not;   the   paramount   overall

consideration   being   the   need   for   striking   a   judicious

balance   between   the   indispensable   obligation   to   do

justice at all stages and impelling necessity of avoiding

prolongation in the life of any lis.”

25. The   Hon’ble   Supreme   Court   in  Annamalai  vs.

Vasanthi, 2025 INSC 1267 , has held as follows:­

“16. Whether D­1 and D­2 were able to discharge the

aforesaid burden is a question of fact which had to be

determined   by   a   court   of   fact   after   appreciating   the

evidence available on record. Under CPC, a first appellate

court   is   the   final   court   of   fact.   No   doubt,   a   second

appellate court exercising power(s) under Section 100 CPC

can interfere with a finding of fact on limited grounds,

such as, (a) where the finding is based on inadmissible

evidence;   (b)   where   it   is   in   ignorance   of   relevant

admissible evidence; (c) where it is based on misreading

of evidence; and (d) where it is perverse. But that is not

the case here.

17.   In   the   case   on   hand,   the   first   appellate   court,   in

paragraph 29 of its judgment, accepted the endorsement

(Exb. A­2) made on the back of a registered document

(Exb. A­1) after considering the oral evidence led by the

plaintiff­appellant   and   the   circumstance   that

signature(s)/thumbmark   of   D­1   and   D­2   were   not

disputed,  though  claimed  as  one   obtained  on  a  blank

paper.   The   reasoning   of   the   first   appellate   court   in

paragraph 29 of its judgment was not addressed by the

High Court. In fact, the High Court, in one line, on a flimsy

defense of use of a signed blank paper, observed that

-27-

genuineness of Exb. A­2 is not proved. In our view, the

High   Court   fell   in   error   here.   While   exercising   powers

under Section 100 CPC, it ought not to have interfered

with the finding of fact returned by the first appellate

court on this aspect; more so, when the first appellate

court   had   drawn   its   conclusion   after   appreciating   the

evidence  available   on  record  as  also   the  circumstance

that   signature(s)/thumbmark(s)   appearing   on   the

document   (Exb.A2)   were   not   disputed.   Otherwise   also,

while disturbing the finding of the first appellate court, the

High Court did not hold that the finding returned by the

first appellate court is based on a misreading of evidence,

or is in ignorance of relevant evidence, or is perverse.

Thus,   there   existed   no   occasion   for   the   High   Court,

exercising power under Section 100 CPC, to interfere with

the finding of the first appellate court regarding payment

of additional Rs. 1,95,000 to D­1 and D­2 over and above

the sale consideration fixed for the transaction. 18. Once

the   finding   regarding   payment   of   additional   sum   of

Rs.1,95,000 to D­1 and D­2 recorded by the first appellate

court is sustained, there appears no logical reason to hold

that the plaintiff (Annamalai) was not ready and willing to

perform its part under the contract particularly when Rs.

4,70,000, out of total consideration of Rs. 4,80,000, was

already paid and, over and above that, additional sum of

Rs.1,95,000 was paid in lieu of demand made by D­1 &

D­2.   This   we   say   so,   because   an   opinion   regarding

plaintiff’s readiness and willingness to perform its part

under   the   contract   is   to   be   formed   on   the   entirety   of

proven   facts   and   circumstances   of   a   case   including

conduct of the parties. The test is that the person claiming

-28-

performance must satisfy conscience of the court that he

has treated the contract subsisting with preparedness to

fulfill   his   obligation   and   accept   performance   when   the

time for performance arrives.”

26. No other point was raised by the learned counsel for

the parties. 

27.  Both the Courts below have rightly appreciated the

Point   in   controversy   after   considering   the   oral   as   well   as

documentary evidence placed on record. No question of law

much less substantial question of law arises in the present

case.

28. In view of above, the present appeal being devoid of

any   merit   deserves   to   be   dismissed.   Ordered   accordingly.

Pending application(s), if any, also stands disposed of.

(Romesh Verma)

        Judge

19

th

 March, 2026. 

        (vt)

Description

Himachal Pradesh High Court Upholds Constitutional Right to Property in Land Acquisition Case

In a significant ruling, the Himachal Pradesh High Court recently reinforced the inviolable nature of the constitutional right to property in India, dismissing a second appeal by the State against landowners whose land was used for public road construction without due process or compensation. This judgment, available in full on CaseOn, serves as a critical reference for legal professionals navigating similar land acquisition disputes.

Case Background

The case, RSA No. 10 of 2026, concerned land belonging to Sant Ram & others (plaintiffs/respondents) that was utilized by the State (appellants/defendants) for the construction of the Deoth-Lag Ghat Jamli link road back in 1980. The landowners asserted that this utilization occurred without any formal acquisition proceedings or payment of compensation, despite assurances from government officials. They filed a suit seeking a declaration of their ownership and a mandatory injunction for the State to acquire the land and provide fair compensation.

Lower Court Decisions

Both the learned Senior Civil Judge, Bilaspur, and the learned District Judge, Bilaspur (First Appellate Court), found in favor of the landowners. The trial court's judgment dated 15.05.2023 decreed the suit, declaring the plaintiffs as owners and entitling them to compensation. This decision was affirmed by the First Appellate Court on 08.07.2024, which dismissed the State's initial appeal.

The Legal Issues at Hand (IRAC - Issue)

The core legal question before the Himachal Pradesh High Court was: Can the State forcibly utilize private land for public infrastructure without adhering to the legally mandated acquisition procedures and providing just compensation? Furthermore, can the State subsequently evade its responsibility by citing arguments of delay, laches, estoppel, or adverse possession, especially when the lower courts have consistently ruled in favor of the landowners?

The State contended that the land was used with the plaintiffs' consent, no compensation was assured, and the claim was time-barred due to a 35-year delay, implying estoppel and acquiescence on the part of the landowners. They argued that the lower courts failed to appreciate the evidence correctly and that their judgments were perverse.

Governing Legal Principles (IRAC - Rule)

The High Court's decision was firmly rooted in established constitutional and judicial precedents:

  • Right to Property (Article 300A of the Constitution)

    This Article mandates that no person shall be deprived of their property except by authority of law. The Court emphasized that this is not merely a statutory right but also a human right.

  • Due Process and Just Compensation

    The State, when exercising its power of eminent domain for public purposes, must follow the prescribed legal procedures for acquisition and provide reasonable, just, and fair compensation.

  • State as a Welfare State

    A welfare State, governed by the rule of law, cannot claim adverse possession against its own citizens or arrogate to itself powers beyond what is provided by the Constitution. It cannot deny compensation based on delay or laches when the cause of action is continuing, or when the circumstances shock the judicial conscience.

  • Scope of Second Appeal (Section 100 CPC)

    The High Court's power to interfere with concurrent findings of fact by lower courts is limited. Such interference is only permissible if the findings are perverse, based on inadmissible evidence, or ignore relevant admissible evidence.

The Court specifically cited several landmark judgments from the Supreme Court, including:

  • *Vidya Devi vs. State of Himachal Pradesh & others (2020) 2 SCC 569*
  • *Sukh Dutt Ratra and another vs. State of H.P. and others (2022) 7 SCC 508*
  • *Hero Vinoth (minor) vs. Seshammal (2006) 5 SCC 545*
  • *Annamalai vs. Vasanthi (2025 INSC 1267)*

These rulings consistently underscore that the State cannot forcibly dispossess individuals of their private property without legal sanction and proper compensation, and it cannot use delay or laches as an excuse to avoid its constitutional obligations.

Applying the Rules to the Facts (IRAC - Analysis)

The High Court meticulously reviewed the arguments and the material on record. It found that the State utterly failed to present any document proving that the landowners had consented to the construction of the road through their land without compensation. The State also could not produce evidence of any formal acquisition process or compensation payment.

The Court reiterated that the right to property is a fundamental human and constitutional right. Forcible dispossession without due process violates Article 300A. It dismissed the State's reliance on delay, laches, and estoppel, citing the Supreme Court's clear position that a welfare State cannot use these doctrines to evade its duty to compensate citizens for their property. The cause of action, in such cases, is often considered a continuing one.

The Court emphasized that the trial court and the first appellate court had concurrently reached findings of fact after carefully considering all oral and documentary evidence. These concurrent findings were not found to be perverse or to fall under any of the limited grounds that would allow interference in a second appeal under Section 100 CPC. The judgments were based on sound appreciation of the evidence and established legal principles.

Legal professionals know that analyzing such rulings can be time-consuming. However, CaseOn.in's 2-minute audio briefs are specifically designed to assist legal professionals by providing concise summaries and key takeaways, making it easier to analyze these specific rulings quickly and efficiently.

Conclusion and Affirmation of Justice (IRAC - Conclusion)

The Himachal Pradesh High Court concluded that the State's appeal was without merit. It affirmed the judgments and decrees of the lower courts, holding that the plaintiffs/respondents are indeed the rightful owners of the land and are entitled to compensation for its utilization by the State for road construction. The Court reinforced the principle that the State must acquire private property through legal means and provide just compensation, upholding the fundamental rights of citizens.

Why This Judgment is Important for Lawyers and Students

This judgment serves as a vital precedent and a powerful reminder for legal practitioners and students:

  • Reinforcement of Article 300A

    It reiterates the sanctity of the right to property as a constitutional and human right, ensuring that the State cannot arbitrarily dispossess individuals.

  • Limitations on State's Powers

    The ruling clarifies that even for public purposes, the State must adhere to due process for land acquisition and cannot rely on technical defenses like delay, laches, or adverse possession against its citizens.

  • Understanding Second Appeals

    It provides a clear application of Section 100 CPC, illustrating the narrow scope for interfering with concurrent findings of fact by lower courts, which is crucial for appellate practice.

  • Advocacy for Landowners

    This case empowers landowners in similar situations, providing a strong legal basis to challenge illegal land appropriation and demand fair compensation from the State.

Disclaimer

All information provided in this analysis is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Readers should consult with a qualified legal professional for advice regarding their specific legal issues.

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